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Journal articles on the topic 'Import of goods'
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Pavlov, P., and A. Kaukin. "Import substitution of investment goods in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2017): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-8-92-103.
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This paper investigates the sensitivity of the demand for imported capital goods to the influence of various factors of the investment dynamics with the aim to generate evidence-based recommendations for the import substitution policy in the Russian Federation. It provides a forecast of the dynamics of the demand for imported machinery, equipment, components and vehicles in various macroeconomic scenario conditions. The article estimates the influence of the EU and US sectoral sanctions on the volume of Russian imports of investment goods. We characterize different approaches to the import substitution policy in the Russian Federation and conditions for their implementation.
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Malenbaum, Michael. "China’s impact on pass-through to US import prices." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 12, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-11-2018-0043.
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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the marked decline in exchange rate pass-through to US import prices in the early 2000s focusing on the increased role of China as a trade partner. In particular, the research focuses on the impact of an exporter with a fixed exchange rate having large market shares of a particular importing country. Design/methodology/approach The study uses highly disaggregated US import data and rolling regressions to calculate quarterly pass-through estimates for specific goods from every exporter. This leads to a total of over 1.7 million pass-through coefficients. The second stage compares these pass-through coefficients with China’s share of US import market for that particular good and time. Findings The paper shows that as China’s market share for specific goods grows, pass-through rates of imports from other countries falls. Pass-through rates remain relatively stable for goods that China does not export to the USA or goods for which China’s share of US imports stays constant. This relationship is stronger when the dollar decreases in value, further suggesting that pressure from China forces competitors to maintain stable prices. Originality/value This paper is unique in its use of highly disaggregated data on US imports. While many analyses of exchange rate pass-through focus on overall levels or general goods, this work uses import data at the 10-digit HTS code level. Therefore, the findings are more detailed in showing how China’s increased presence in the US market influences prices of imports from other countries.
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Swagel, Phillip. "Import Prices and the Competing Goods Effect." International Finance Discussion Paper 1995, no. 508 (April 1995): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.1995.508.
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Bernard, Andrew B., and Teresa C. Fort. "Factoryless Goods Producing Firms." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151044.
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This paper documents the existence and characteristics of US firms that do not manufacture themselves, but nonetheless are heavily involved in the production of goods. These factoryless goods producing firms (FGPFs) are formally in the wholesale sector but, unlike traditional wholesale firms, FGPFs design the goods they sell and coordinate production activities. FGPFs in the wholesale sector are larger and younger, pay higher wages, span more sectors and had more manufacturing employment in previous years compared to traditional wholesalers. FGPFs are more likely to import than typical wholesalers, though their imports constitute a smaller share of their total domestic activity.
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LEVINA, Evgeniya P. "Import of goods of information and communication infrastructure in the context of customs services." National Interests: Priorities and Security 17, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 2361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.12.2361.
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Subject. The article updates the issue of information security associated with the extremely intense import of goods of information and communication infrastructure (ICT) and low volume of production of similar goods in the Russian Federation. Objectives. The aim is to develop principles of formation of customs tariff tools to regulate the import of ICT goods in the Russian Federation. Methods. The study employs the content analysis of existing approaches to defining the customs service concept, and general scientific methods of research. Results. The paper presents a unique approach to the development of tools for customs tariff regulation of imports, formulates an original definition of customs service, highlights the contradiction between the current model of implementation of the escalation principle, established by the World Trade Organization, underpins the need to differentiate the rates of import customs duties for the said group of goods. Conclusions. Due to the current specifics of the use of customs and tariff instruments, not all of them are applicable as measures to regulate the import of ICT goods. Currently, the most effective tools for regulating the import of information and communication technology goods are the unified customs tariff and the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity.
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Auer, Raphael, Ariel Burstein, and Sarah M. Lein. "Exchange Rates and Prices: Evidence from the 2015 Swiss Franc Appreciation." American Economic Review 111, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 652–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181415.
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We dissect the impact of a large and sudden exchange rate appreciation on Swiss border import prices, retail prices, and consumer expenditures on domestic and imported nondurable goods, following the removal of the EUR/CHF floor in January 2015. Cross-sectional variation in border price changes by currency of invoicing carries over to consumer prices and allocations, impacting retail prices of imports and competing domestic goods, as well as import expenditures. We provide measures of the sensitivity of retail import prices to border prices and the sensitivity of import shares to relative prices, which is higher when using retail prices than border prices. (JEL E21, E31, F14, F31, L11)
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Guoe, Xie, and Yu Jia. "Research on the Influence of Shanghai Import Trade Structure on Technological Progress." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.84.10033.
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Based on the statistical data from 1995 to 2018, this paper uses regression analysis, error correction model and impulse response analysis to empirically test the specific impact of import trade structure on Shanghai's technological progress. The results show that the decrease in the proportion of intermediate goods imports promotes the technological progress, while the increase in the proportion of capital goods imports has a significant positive impact on Shanghai's technological progress. The relationship between FDI and technological progress in Shanghai is negative. The development of Finance and the increase of patent authorization promote the technological progress of Shanghai. The stability test of VEC model shows that there is a long-term equilibrium and stable relationship among the variables. Impulse response analysis shows that there is a bidirectional interaction between the import trade structure and Shanghai's technological progress. Therefore, we should further reduce the quantity of intermediate goods with low technology content and increase the import volume of capital goods appropriately. At the same time, we should attach importance to innovation based on introduction and absorption, and use the platform of China International Import Expo to attract foreign enterprises to widely display new products, new technologies and new services of various countries, so as to help high-quality development in the future.
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Lytvynenko, N. O., M. M. Nashkerska, and Y. Y. Fal. "Import Operations with Goods: Features of Taxation and its Accounting Reflection." Business Inform 10, no. 513 (2020): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-10-276-285.
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The article, based on the analysis of views of scholars on the essence of the term of «import operation» and establishing the relationship of its content with the terms of «import activity» and «import», suggests a generalized definition of the term of «import operations with goods» as an aggregate of inter-relational actions, that are carried out by the subject of one country by means of buying (acquiring) commodity and material valuables from a resident of another country with mandatory or optional crossing of the customs border for further use (consumption) of such assets or their marketing. Import operations with goods are part of import activities. On analyzing the current legislative and normative regulations of foreign economic activity, the peculiarities of import operations carried out by entrepreneurial entities in Ukraine were disclosed and some inconsistencies in the accounting display of certain costs related to customs clearance of goods during import together with tax credit for the operations on the import of goods into the customs territory of Ukraine were identified. In order to correctly define the income taxation base for enterprises that carry out import operations with goods, it is proposed to differentiate (with the appropriate guidance, provided in the annex to the regulation on accounting policy) the non-base costs related to customs clearance of imported goods as those included in the original cost of goods under the article «Other expenses», and those related to the costs of certain period. The article proposes particular directions for improving the reflection in the system of double-recording of the tax credit on the operations of the import of goods into the customs territory of Ukraine, which will ensure compliance with the indicators both in the value added tax declaration and on the taxpayer’s personal account, considering their analytical context.
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Khan, Irfan Hussain, Shumaila Hashim, and Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen. "Foreign influence on Pakistan's exports and imports Evidence from Pakistan." Review of Economics and Development Studies 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v2i2.129.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the Pakistani currency phase action on exports and imports. Two time series data base year and quarterly basic research use. Starting from the 1970 annual data for about 40 years, beginning with the beginning of 2000 to 2012 quarterly data. Johnson estimates quarterly observations using common integration techniques. In the current study results show that Pakistan first began trading volume for the US and developed countries, the UK and Europe. As a combination of export and import time Pakistan has improved. Production and manufacture of semi-finished goods and primary product alternatives, while the import of consumer goods, capital goods and petroleum products expanded. Due to low-cost elasticity of the export and import activity of the exchange of theoretical background reaction support. On the other hand, if the value of the rupees fell against the dollar, the import costs rose more than the export bills. In support of this study, Pakistan should focus on a small number of countries to reduce trade and expand trade. Similarly, on the basis of the goods may add some other goods.
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Keller, Florian, and Benedikt Zoller-Rydzek. "Trade and Attitude Towards the EU: What Really Matters." European Foreign Affairs Review 27, Issue 1 (February 1, 2022): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2022008.
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The main goal of this article is to identify which aspect of trade drives positive attitudes towards the trading partner country. Whereas research has shown a positive influence of trade already, it is not clear whether total trade, trade balance, exports or imports is the best variable to predict attitudes. Furthermore, we investigate whether different sorts of the traded good do impact attitudes differently. As attitudes are formed on an individual level, we estimate that goods whose origins are visible to the individual customer do have greater impact than goods with no visible origins. In our analysis we use data from the Global Attitudes Survey from the Pew Research Center to measure attitudes towards the European Union (EU) and data from UN Comtrade to measure trade with the EU. Our results show that imports from and total trade with correlate significantly with attitude towards the EU, whereas exports to the EU and the bilateral trade balance do not. Given that imports are a part of total trade, we argue that imports are the best variable to predict attitudes. Additionally, we found that it is the import of differentiated goods that impacts attitudes whereas the import of homogeneous goods does not. We argue therefore that positive attitudes towards a trading partner are driven by individual experiences of consumers with products from the respective countries. Trade, Attitude, Soft Power, Exports, Peace
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Mahendra, Made Satriawan, and Akhmad Solikin. "IMPACTS OF IMPORT TARIFFS AND NONTARIFF MEASURES ON INDONESIA’S TRADE PERFORMANCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS: A GRAVITY MODEL." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 4, no. 01 (September 12, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v4i01.217.
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<p><em>In 2011 leaders of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) members pledged to reduce tariffs and nontariff barriers on goods and services related to environmental goods, known as APEC Environmental Goods List. In 2012 it was agreed that the member countries will reduce import tariff for the environmental goods to be maximum of 5% by 2015. The commitment is controversial since it is agreed as APEC commitment and hence nonbinding. However, since the tariffs are applied under Most Favored Nation principle, by definition the tariffs apply to all countries. This article aims at analyzing impacts of import tariffs and nontariff barriers for the environmental goods on Indonesia’s trade performances. In this study, the environmental goods include APEC Environmental Goods List and WTO Environmental Goods Core. The gravity model is used to explain variations in Indonesia’s exports and imports of 54 environmental goods to 18 trading partners. Data included in the analysis were obtained from secondary sources and were analyzed using fixed effect panel data regression. The results show that import tariffs do not affect import, while they affect export negatively. The nontariff measures affect positively to both import and export performances. Other variables, namely the gross domestic product and distance are significant and have influence as predicted by theory.</em></p><p><strong><em>JEL Classification: </em></strong><em>F10, F13, F14</em></p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: APEC Environmental Goods List, Gravity model, Import tariffs, Nontariff barriers, Trade performance, WTO Environmental Goods Core List</em>
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Yoon, Jai Hyung, and Francis In Yoon. "Terms of Trade, Intermediate Goods and International Real Business Cycles: Australia Case." International Studies Review 5, no. 2 (September 28, 2004): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00502006.
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This paper examines whether a two-sector business cycle model with intermediate and import goods successfully replicates stylized facts of the international real business cycle in a small open economy. Our model incorporates the neoclassical framework, with productivity shocks in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, terms of trade shock, import goods and intermediate goods. Our model is able to mimic the important features of business cycles in Australia. The productivity shock of the non-manufacturing sector has a dominant role in a small open economy's business cycle. The productivity shock of the non-manufacturing sector increases imports more than exports.
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Vacu, Nomfundo Portia, and Nicholas Odhiambo. "The determinants of aggregate and dis-aggregated import demand in Ghana." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 10, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-08-2018-0246.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of aggregate and dis-aggregated import demand for Ghana for the period from 1985 to 2015. Design/methodology/approach The study employed the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach. Findings The long-run finding show that aggregate import demand (AIMD) is positively determined by exports of goods and services and consumer spending, but negatively determined by foreign exchange reserves. It is found that consumer spending is the key positive determinant of the import demand of consumer goods, while foreign exchange reserves, trade liberalisation policy and relative import price are negative determinants. It is found that import demand of intermediate goods is positively determined by consumer spending, government spending and investment spending. The long-run findings further confirm that import demand of capital goods is negatively determined by relative import price. In the short run, the findings suggest that AIMD is positively affected by exports of goods and services, investment spending and consumer spending, but negatively affected by foreign exchange reserves. Import demand of consumer goods is positively influenced by consumer spending, but negatively determined by relative import price. Finally, import demand for intermediate goods is found to be positively determined by investment spending and government spending, while import demand for capital goods is positively associated with exports of goods and services and trade liberalisation policy in the previous period. Originality/value A number of studies have looked at the determinants of import demand, focussing on the aggregated import demand. This study adds the component of dis-aggregated import demand, as it assist in dealing with the issues of bias.
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Bessonov, Vasiliy. "FOREIGN ECONOMIC SECURITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUC-ERS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE EAEU." Russian Journal of Management 8, no. 3 (November 24, 2020): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2020-8-3-76-80.
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The aim of the study is to determine the impact of foreign economic security of agricultural producers on the integration and stability of the EAEU. The positive and negative impact of exports and imports on economic growth in the industry and economy, which can pose threats to foreign economic security, is highlighted. Indices of gross added value of agricultural goods, structure of export and import of goods by purpose in dynamics for 2015-2019, changes of share of export and import of agricultural raw materials and food products were analyzed. A conclusion was made about similar trends in the EAEU member states in the dynamics of agricultural production, the growth of food exports, a decrease in imports, the impact of the export and import of agricultural raw materials and food products of the EAEU member states on the economic growth of the agricultural industry.
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Ivanov, I. "Imports and Import Substitution in Russia." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2012): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-1-15-21.
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The crisis of 2008 once more highlighted the problems of Russia economic security, of judicious combination of domestic production and imports, of protecting the interests of Russian producers. At this point, import performs quite important functions in the domestic reproduction process. It brings into the local market competition, prevents monopolization, covers the demand for the missing goods, forms a modern model of consumption, etc. However, the import’s excess significantly inhibits the process of import substitution. The lack of consistency in dealing with the import reduces its positive implications.
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Ostashko, Tamara, and Volodymyr Olefir. "Prospects of free trade with China: development of domestic export and risks of import dependence." Economy and Forecasting 2019, no. 1 (2019): 124–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2019.01.124.
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Development of the trade between Ukraine and China generates serious challenges for the national economy, because, presently, the trade with China accounts for more than a half of Ukraine's negative balance in this country's international trade in goods (56% in January-November 2018). Despite the risks of further deterioration of trade balance, Ukraine has suggested to start consultations on the Ukraine-China free-trade agreement (FTA). The purpose of the paper is to estimate the possible impact of the liberalization of trade with China and to develop recommendations for raising exports and suppressing China's goods expansion on domestic market. In order to investigate the problem and shape the outlook for domestic exports to China, the following steps have been made: (1) compared the structure of external trade in goods of Ukraine and China; (2) evaluated the trade regimes' symmetry between China and Ukraine; (3) identified the characteristics of China's non-tariff trade regulations; (4) analyzed special ties features of negotiating with China on FTA; (5) analyzed the situation with the development of domestic export to China, and identified prospective markets for domestic goods; and (6) analyzed the dynamics of imports of goods from China during 2004-2018. Also, discussed the groups of import goods that are top items by absolute volume and possess a high share in imports and in local domestic consumption. Analysis of the structure of trade flows between Ukraine and China showed that the most probable development scenario in the trade with China is the increased orientation of Ukrainian export on raw materials and empowering of Ukraine's dependence on the import of Chinese industrial goods. Probability of this scenario is increasing since the trade regimes of Ukraine and China are asymmetrical, which creates unequal conditions of trade that are more preferable for China. It was found that, even in case of trade liberalization as the result of FTA negotiations between China and Ukraine, Ukraine could not expect sustainable increase in exports of agri-food goods, as China has special non-tariff regulations in domestic agri-food markets. Among the core directions of the government policy of supporting the development of agricultural export to China is promotion of corn export in accordance with the credit agreement of 2012 between State Food and Grain Corporation of Ukraine and Export-Import Bank of China, and soybean export promotion with the purpose to substitute US in the Chinese import soybean market, which opened up as a result of US-China trade disputes in 2017-2018. Negative trends in bilateral trade are the reason for active government policy promoting the export of processed goods to China, first of all the products of food industry and optical photographic instruments and apparatus that are of high demand in local Chinese markets. Import dependence of domestic local market remains high without significant signs of decrease. In 2017, the ratio between import and GDP was the highest for the recent 17 years. During 2013-2017, this ratio increased from 0.51 to 0.56. Dependence of Ukraine's economy on import could increase further as a result of liberalization of the trade with China. Despite the benefits for exporters (mostly exporters of raw goods), cheap Chinese import could delay the renaissance of the domestic light industry that has gradually started after a sharp decline in 2013-2015. Dynamics of goods import from China during 2004-2018 was analyzed, and discussed groups of goods that are the top import items by absolute volume, possess a high share in imports and in local domestic consumption. The research was conducted on agricultural and agri-food goods, and for 4- and 6- digit codes. Presence of Chinese goods in domestic market is constantly increasing. In 2002-2003, balance of trade between Ukraine and China was positive, and the share of China's goods in market was below 2%, but, starting from 2005, the trade balance has been always negative with share of Chinese goods increasing to 13% (2018). Machinery accounted for more than a half of Chinese import in 2018, with machinery, instruments and equipment making the highest share. China is the main exporter of telephone equipment for cellular networks, computers and notebooks, photo-sensitive semi-conductors, light-emitting diodes and other innovative and high technology products. China possesses top positions in imports of household electronics and appliances, light industry goods (shoes, toys, synthetic textiles etc.) and other goods. In 74 out of 178 analyzed 4-digit groups of goods, China's share in import in 2017 was higher than 50%. From the position of domestic market protection, trade liberalization with China could cause high risks for domestic producers. Assortment of industrial goods that are imported from China is very extensive, hence their expansion in domestic market could be quite significant. The publication was prepared during the research work "The modernization of economic policy of field of activities and markets development" (state registration number 0118U007329).
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Krivenko, N. V., A. V. Trynov, and D. S. Epaneshnikova. "Investment activity in the Ural Federal District in the context of import substitution." Finance and Credit 26, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 2678–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.12.2678.
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Subject. The article considers the investment activity in the regions of the Ural Federal District. Objectives. We analyze the impact of import substitution policy on investment activity by type of economic activity, using the regions of the Ural Federal District case. Methods. We employed methods of logic, statistical, and structural analysis. Results. We offer our own approach to the study of the impact of import substitution policy on the investment activity of regions. It rests on comparing the dynamics of Russian imports by major commodity group and the dynamics of investment in fixed assets by type of economic activity. The study revealed two trends. First, the development of substitute goods production. Second, the commodity sector development. It was found that in 2013–2019, investments in the sectors of mining and processing of mineral resources demonstrated faster growth. At the same time, investments in the production of import substituting goods did not show a stable positive dynamics. Thus, the enterprises of the Ural Federal District are more focused on the production of traditional export goods; the orientation of the import substitution policy to the domestic market and high-tech exports currently does not give the expected results and is local in nature. Conclusions. The results of the study can be used by Federal and regional authorities to assess the impact of import substitution policies on the investment activity of enterprises.
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Lovie, Pat, and A. D. Morgan. "British Imports of Consumer Goods: A Study of Import Penetration 1974-1985." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 152, no. 1 (1989): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2982842.
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Ovchinnikov, S. N. "The Concept of Import of Goods in the Context of Customs Procedures." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.122.1.064-070.
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The paper, based on comparative analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and acts of the Eurasian Economic Union, examines the legislative definition of the concept of import of goods, different approaches to understanding of the concept under consideration. The legislator’s definition of imports as importation of goods without the obligation to re-export them is not entirely consistent with the description of customs procedures in customs legislation, which gives rise to problems in law enforcement. In particular, the importation of alcoholic products by duty-free shops is considered as imports, which results in the requirement to obtain a license for the purchase (import) of alcohol products. The author highlights the discrepancy between this requirement and the law of the Eurasian Economic Community and the lack of uniformity of judicial practice on this issue. Conflicts of this kind in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Customs Code of the EAEU should be resolved in favor of international agreements. It is proposed to exclude the obligation to obtain a license to import alcohol products for duty-free shops.
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Horman, Edbert Seligshan. "The Exclusive Rights of Licensees in Parallel Import Practices." Yuridika 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i1.19378.
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Parallel imports are one of the most interesting and unique phenomena of international trade. On one hand, it applies competition law, while on the other, trademark law and the customs law also apply in this activity. Parallel imports occur when genuine goods are imported in parallel (concurrently) to goods imported by a licensee. These parallel imports are then sold at a cheaper price than that of the goods of the licensee. This parallel import activity is inconsistent with the exclusive rights that the licensee receives under the licensing agreement it makes with the owner of the trademark. This exclusive right is essentially monopolistic, entitling the licensee to prevent all parties with the commercial intention of selling the same or similar goods as their own. However, the right to monopoly is limited for the sake of a fair competition. The licensee can sue to get compensation in parallel importation base on unjust enrichment principle. Moreover, parallel importation can be inhabited by enforcing procedural and administration regarding import of goods such as, Indonesian national standard and label in bahasa
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Ponomareva, Yana. "Automatic licensing (surveillance) of export and import of goods." Trade policy 1, no. 17 (2019): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2499-9415-2019-1-17-44-59.
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Zhou, Hao. "Research of Innovative Risk Management in L/C Settlement - Based on Quality Control of Import Goods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 1037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.1037.
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Quality of import goods is possibly not up to standard in letter of credit settlement. In order to control the quality of import goods and to prevent exporter from fraudulent credit, importer takes some of the most effective terms that will be considered as soft term fraud by exporter. This paper analyzed the reason for the existence of such risks, and proposed innovative ideas on how to effectively control the quality of import goods in letter of credit settlement. Letter of credit (hereinafter referred as L/C) settlement serves as a more effective, timely and safe transaction way for both sellers and buyer in international trade, but there is still the risk of fraud [. Fraud risk is the greatest one in letter of credit settlement. Buyers will attach great importance to the quality of import goods, but exporter fraud will lead import goods not up to standard. In order to prevent such a quality risk, the importer will set some terms in the L/C, but these terms may be considered as soft term fraud by exporter. Research of risk management in L/C settlement will help importer effectively control the quality of import goods, and promote the L/C settlement.
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Rahman, Habib Ur, Ghulam Ali, Umer Zaman, and Carlo Pugnetti. "Role of ICT Investment and Diffusion in the Economic Growth: A Threshold Approach for the Empirical Evidence from Pakistan." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9010014.
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This study investigates the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) investment and diffusion on Pakistan’s economic growth by proposing the threshold level of ICT investment. At our proposed level, the ICT imports significantly enhance the intermediate inputs to capital goods, ultimately enhancing economic growth. For this empirical investigation, we use the maximum available data on technological innovation and investment, ranging from 2003 to 2018. Incorporating the structural breaks, the results of regression analysis reveal that Pakistan’s economic growth is unaffected by ICT development. However, we observe the mixed shreds of evidence on the ICT investment. Following existing literature, we use ICT goods exports and imports as a proxy for ICT investment. Interestingly, the economic growth of Pakistan is again unaffected by the ICT goods exports. However, we observe that a one percent increase in ICT goods imports enhances economic growth by 1.73 percent. Then, we extend this analysis to the threshold approach, which reveals that ICT imports affect the overall economic growth when the ICT goods imports reach the level of 4.13 percent of the total imports. At this threshold, the ICT goods import significantly enhances the intermediate input to the capital goods, leading to higher economic growth. Therefore, the policymakers should ensure that the ICT goods import must be greater than the 4.13 percent of Pakistani imports.
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Plaskon, Svitlana, Halina Seniv, Ivan Novosad, and Vadym Masliy. "APPLICATION OF ECONOMETRIC MODELING IN THE EVALUATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE." Economic Analysis, no. 30(3) (2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.03.025.
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Introduction. Foreign trade operations significantly affect the development of each country's economy, in particular the value of gross domestic product, which is one of the main indicators of economic development and welfare of population. Therefore, it is necessary to study and model the impact of exports, imports and net exports on macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze publications that consider export-import operations of Ukraine, study of statistical information in this area, construction and analysis of econometric models of the dynamics of foreign trade operations of Ukraine and their impact on gross domestic product. Method. The article uses regression-correlation analysis as one of the main research methods; time series theory; methods of mathematical modeling. Results. The dynamics of foreign economic operations and gross domestic product of Ukraine are researched and analyzed. It is revealed that the balance of export-import operations has a significant impact on the gross domestic product of Ukraine. An econometric model of the dependence of the nominal gross domestic product on the value of exports of goods and services (coefficient of determination 0.9795) is calculated, using statistical information for 2005-2019 years. It is substantiated that with the increase in exports of goods and services by UAH 1 billion Ukraine's nominal GDP grows by an average of UAH 2.2642 billion. The value of coefficients of import dependence and coverage of import by export in foreign economic operations of Ukraine are analyzed. It is noted that the coefficient of import dependence significantly exceeds the allowable level in the study period, due to certain imbalances in foreign trade relations. The coefficient of coverage of imports by exports only in 2005 was greater than one, and during 2006-2019 it became less than one. In this regard, it is necessary to increase export operations, obtain a positive balance of payments, make effective economic and political decisions to increase exports of Ukrainian goods and services, reduce import dependence, using and implementing innovative methods of production and management.
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Choudhury, Rahul Nath. "Assessing the trade of digitisable goods: implications for South Asia." Journal of Economic Studies 48, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2019-0317.
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PurposeThe technological progress has made it possible to transform a physical good into a digital one. This development has influenced international trade and a large volume of these digitisable items are increasingly crossing national boundaries. Goods like books, music and games which were earlier traded physically are now traded online. Digitalisation is reducing the cost of engaging in international trade, connecting businesses and consumers globally, helping to diffuse ideas and technologies and facilitating the coordination of global value chains. The emerging avenues of trade and its format supplemented with fast and ever-changing technology have posed a serious challenge for the policymakers around the world. Policymakers are grappling with several issues regarding digital trade for quite a long time but failed to provide any solution. Institutions like WTO and OECD are also seized with this matter. Yet, we do not have any correct assessment of the potential volume of digital trade. Second, due to the moratorium signed in WTO countries are unable to impose any duty of digital trade. South Asian region which is a net importer of these items loses a huge amount of revenue. Hence, in this study, we make an attempt to assess the potential volume of digital trade in South Asia. The study further tries to estimate the possible loss of tax revenue incurred by this region during the last decade. For both South Asia and India the results for actual import figure are found to be less than the estimated value. A gap of around US$1 billion was found between the actual and estimated import of India, while for South Asia it was the US$ 7 billion.Design/methodology/approachFor estimation, the study largely follows Banga (2019) and extends the methodology further to estimate the tariff revenue loss. Following Banga (2019) the study identifies a list of goods that can be traded in both digitally or physically. In other words, a list of digitisable goods is prepared. Then their import by the South Asian region is measured. Then we examine the tariffs imposed by the individual South Asian countries on the physical trade of these items. The estimation is done by projecting the value of the global physical imports of digitisable products from 2011 to 2017 would have been without digitalisation and what the actual global imports are with digitalisation in this period. The difference between the two gives estimates of total digital imports by the region. The total physical imports of digitisable products in the period 2011–2017 are estimated applying the cumulative growth rate (CAGR) of regional imports of these products over the period 1998–2010. The difference between the estimated physical imports and the actual physical imports provides the estimates of digital imports. Finally, the summation of the tariffs for each of the items gives us the possible figure that the countries are losing by not imposing customs duties.FindingsThe study finds globally an estimated value of digitise items to be US$246 billion which is around the US$100 billion higher than the actual value of $147 billion during 2017. For both South Asian region and India estimated import is found to be higher than the actual value. The study estimated an import of $1 billion and $7 billion took place during 2017 in India and South Asia respectively.Originality/valueDigital trade is undoubtedly one of the highest debated topics in international trade forums. Experts from both academic and corporate discourse are seized with this matter. Policymakers around the globe are poised with this issue to develop a comprehensive policy framework which facilitates the growth of the sector and at the same time safeguard the interest of the stakeholders. South Asian nations like India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are also grappling with this. In this background, it becomes utmost important to estimate the loss that they are incurring to take an informed policy decision.
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Wijaya, Suparna, Utari Ayu Surinawa, and Waidatin Nur Azizah. "EFFECT OF IHSG, MONEY ALLOCATED, AND IMPORT VALUE ON VAT RECEIPT IN INDONESIA." Dinasti International Journal of Management Science 1, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v1i4.203.
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Value Added Tax has a role that is quite large in state revenue. And the Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG) is a reflection of stock performance or good financial performance. If financial performance is good, sales and VAT will increase. Money supply reflects level of domestic consumption, if money supply rises, level of consumption increases, VAT will growth. Import value is a reflection of the import itself. If imports increase, the supply of goods from abroad to the country increases. If supply increases, consumption also increase, so VAT will grow. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of IHSG, Money Supply, and Import Value on VAT receipts. The research method used is quantitative. The results showed that IHSG did not affect VAT receipts. Whereas Money Supply and Import Value have a significant influence on VAT receipts. However, IHSG, Money Supply, and Import Value simultaneously influence VAT revenue.
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Mintasrihardi, Mintasrihardi, Baiq Rienelda, and Elisyah Elisyah. "Mekanisme Pengawasan terhadap Lalu Lintas Barang Masuk ( Impor ) dan Barang Keluar ( Ekspor ) pada Kantor Pengawasan dan Pelayanan Bea dan Cukai Type Madya Pabean C Mataram." JIAP (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik) 6, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jiap.v6i1.660.
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International Trade is conducted by all countries in the World including Indonesia. Indonesia conducts international trade with export goods import activities. The benefits of doing this activity one of them increase the state revenue. Any export activity of imported goods will result in customs duties. Technically, the importation process involves a lot of interests or parties, be it activities before the goods arrive, the process at the time of the goods arrived, the process of customs clearence, until the goods release process arrived. As good as any system that is used if it is not supported by a clean or professional apparatus plus parties who try to take advantage of existing regulatory weaknesses for personal benefit, of course the system will not be able to run well or even in vain. In this case, effective supervision of customs and customs authorities in carrying out the monitoring tasks of the goods. The purpose of this study is to describe the monitoring mechanisms on the export and import of goods and to determine what factors influence the control of customs.
This research is qualitative research with descriptive approach. In this case the researcher describes the monitoring mechanism to the traffic of export and import goods conducted by Customs and Excise of Mataram. Therefore, researchers conducted observations and interviews then analyzed it with data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusions.
From the analysis result, it is found that the monitoring mechanism to import export traffic conducted by KPPBC TMP C mataram is in accordance with the rules of invitation begins with gathering information from intelligence, document research, physical inspection, determining the path to goods passing through customs area and reporting supervision results to the center on a regular basis.
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Khomutenko, A., V. Khomutenko, and V. Drachenko. "Information and analytical review of tax revenues from import operations." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 66, no. 5 (2020): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2020.05.120.
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The importance of tax regulation of foreign economic activity is analyzed in this paper. The dynamics and structure of tax revenues to the State Budget of Ukraine are analyzed as well. Comparative analysis of VAT revenues from goods (works, services) produced in Ukraine and imported into its customs territory is carried out. The relationship between imports and VAT receipts of and excise duty on imported goods is determined. The dynamics and structure of excise duty revenues and import duties are investigated. The factors influencing the change of indicators of tax revenues from import operations are determined. Fiscal efficiency and taxes elasticity coefficient levied on imports are calculated. The regulatory role of special duties types (compensatory, special, anti-dumping), which are collected in order to protect the national producer and consumer is proved. Monitoring of additional customs receipts is carried out as a result of customs value correction by customs authorities. The preconditions and factors influencing the change in the volume of taxes on import transactions are identified. The necessity of improving the mechanism of collecting taxes on import operations is substantiated. It is proposed to reduce VAT rates, which depend on goods saturation in domestic market. Proposal to introduce the reduction factor to the duty rates used in order to stimulate critical and socially significant imports, as well as to investment goods imported into the customs territory of Ukraine is put forward. It seems that the tax policy in terms of import operations should be aimed at ensuring the rational commodity and geographical structure of imports, promoting domestic products competitiveness strengthening and protection domestic market and domestic producers. It is proposed to improve the mechanism of tax administration, which primarily involves focusing on working with dishonest taxpayers, exposing tax evasion schemes, providing appropriate tax collection services to honest taxpayers.
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Sarmad, Khwaja, and Riaz Mahmood. "Price and Income Elasticities of Consumer Goods Imports of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 24, no. 3-4 (December 1, 1985): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v24i3-4pp.453-462.
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Estimation of disaggregated import elasticities for developing countries presents a formidable data-handling problem. The available studies on the subject are concerned mostly with the estimation of income and price elasticities of imports at a disaggregated level corresponding to the one-digit level of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), see, e.g., Khan [I], Melo and Vogt [4], Nguyen and Bhuyan [5). Consequently, they apply a common elasticity estimate to all commodity sub-groups..
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Li, Chang, and Lianxing Yang. "Import to invest: Impact of cultural goods on cross-border mergers and acquisitions." Economic Modelling 93 (December 2020): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.08.014.
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Roger, MUGABE, Liu Shulin, and Byringiro Enock. "The Impact of ICT Investment and Diffusion on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Rwanda." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.74.2002.
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This study evaluates the influence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) investment and diffusion on Rwanda's economic growth. At the level we recommend, ICT imports greatly improve intermediate inputs to capital goods, resulting in increased economic growth. We use the most recent available data on technical innovation and investment for our empirical study, which spans the years 2005Q1 to 2020Q4. The results of regression analysis show that ICT development has little effect on Rwanda's economic growth. However, we notice a patchwork of information on ICT investment. We utilize ICT goods exports and imports as a proxy for ICT investment, based on previous research. Surprisingly, ICT goods exports have had no impact on Rwanda's economic growth. We do notice, however, that a 1% increase in ICT goods imports boosts economic growth by 3.9 percent. At this level, ICT goods import greatly boost the intermediate input to capital goods, resulting in increased economic growth. As a result, officials should ensure that ICT goods imports should be prioritized through supporting ICT investment to boost economic growth.
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Kim, Yongkyu. "Research paper: distribution channel decisions in import consumer goods markets." Logistics Information Management 11, no. 3 (June 1998): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576059810218982.
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Holubova, H. V. "Application of Index Models in Assessing the Foreign Economic Activity of Ukraine." Statistics of Ukraine 84, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(84)2019.01.03.
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The importance of statistical assessment of foreign economic activities in Ukraine, considering the structure and geographical re-orientation of the Ukrainian foreign trade and new challenges of the globalized and highly competitive market of goods and services, gives rise to the modeling of patterns underlying future tendencies in the development of the Ukrainian foreign trade. The article contains a description of approaches to the analysis of foreign economic activities in Ukraine by use of index models. Several index models are constructed and used for assessing the debt burden of Ukraine, the impact of selected sub-factors on it are determined, and the dynamics of the export quota in 2016–2017 are highlighted
By use of the chain substitutions method it is found that the debt burden of Ukraine decreased in 2017, compared to 2016, by 21.0% due to the reduced import dependence of Ukraine, by 12.0% due to the partial debt burden, but increased by 4.1% due to the export losses. The results show that the strongest impact on the dynamics of debt burden of Ukraine came from the import dependence (56.6%), which means that the strict import quota remains the main factor of the increasing foreign debt of Ukraine, which caused 5.9% loss of export earnings in 2016, and 2.3% in 2017.
The analysis of the export quota dynamics based on the index model showed that the impact of the international intraspecific specialization of the country on it was 43.2%, and the impact of the exports’ share in the foreign trade balance made 44.7%. That is, the main factors of change are the commodity and geographical specialization of Ukraine, as well as the imbalance in the foreign trade.
Results of the analysis of the indices of averages show that due to the growth in export quotas of products of vegetable origin, fats and oils by 12.7%, and under the influence of the commodity structure of exports (–8.4%), the export quota increased by 3.2% in 2017 compared to 2012. The import quota of goods decreased by 17%, including by 7.6% due to the reduced import dependence of the country, and by 10.1% due to the changed structure of imports.
Results of the analysis indicate significant change in the trend of export and import quotas of Ukraine on account of geographical reorientation: due to changes in the geographical structure of exports and imports of Ukraine, the export and import quotas decreased by 41.5%, and 32.2%, respectively.
The analysis of the commodity structure of the Ukrainian foreign trade in 2012–2017 shows that the largest export positions were non-precious metals (ferrous metals and products made thereof), grain crops, fats and oils, electric machinery; in the exports of services, the largest share was accounted for by transport services, telecommunication services, computer and information services, processing of material resources, and business services. In the commodity structure of imports, mineral products had the largest share, which, however, decreased by 7.36 percentage points in 2017 compared to 2012. Imports of services are dominated by transport services and government services.
The Russian Federation remains to be main partner in export-import operations of Ukraine: 9.1% of the Ukraine’s exports of goods in 2017, which is 16.53 percentage points less than in 2012; and 14.5% of the imports of goods in 2017, which is 17.86 percentage points less than in 2012. The main partner of Ukraine in the imports of services is the U.S., with 11.78% of the total imports of services in 2017, which is 6.7 percentage points more than in 2012.
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Tsap, Myroslava, Mykola Palinchak, and Ján Holonič. "PROBLEMS OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION IN UKRAINE." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 37, no. 6 (May 1, 2020): 37–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/3702.
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The article analyses the problems of import substitution in Ukraine and features of import substitution policy. Mechanisms of import substitution policy in Ukraine and the concept of "import substitution" are analysed.
The results of import substitution policies are changes in the volume and share of goods produced on the territory of the country, in total domestic consumption, capital and finance, labour and intellectual capital, technologies and know-how, elements of material and technical base, innovative resources, elements of the institutional environment.
Regarding the economic stimulation of import substitution, it should be added that in our country there are practically no economic incentives for the retail network and for the population to be aimed at refusing to purchase imported goods.
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Bobarykina, Elena Nikolaevna, and Viacheslav Aleksandrovich Khokhlov. "FACTORS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE LOCAL RUSSIAN MARKET OF ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS." Scientific Bulletin: finance, banking, investment., no. 3 (52) (2021): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2312-5330-2020-3-130-140.
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The purpose of the research is to systematize the factors of formation of one of the directions of the market of industrial goods, namely, the market of electrical goods. Many works by both domestic and foreign authors, who present different points of view and approaches to the study of this phenomenon, are devoted to the functioning of local markets. The market of industrial goods and its component — the market of electrical goods-occupies its place among the local markets of the Russian Federation. Exterial and internal factors of this market formation are considered, and dominant factors are highlighted. External, uncontrolled factors have a significant impact on the formation and implementation of the strategy of enterprises participating in the local market. Internal, controlled factors, in turn, are divided into stable and changing. Internal factors allow local market participants to respond to external factors in a timely and adequate manner and minimize their negative impact. The current state of the Russian local market of electrical goods is characterized by the import dependence of some Russian manufacturers of electrical goods on separate product groups. The market is also characterized by growth, which is due to the strategic importance of this product for other sectors of the economy. Modern trends in the development of the market of electrical goods are identified and analyzed, including the analysis of the structure and volume of production of electrical products in the context of domestic production and import revenues for selected groups of goods. The structure and dynamics of export deliveries of electrical goods are also analyzed in the context of the selected groups of goods and recipient countries. Keywords: local market, electrical goods, demand, supply, import, export.
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Amaliati Setiawan, Desy. "Tinjauan Atas Implementasi Siklus Pembelian Dan Pembayaran Barang Import." Jurnal STEI Ekonomi 26, no. 01 (September 4, 2017): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36406/jemi.v26i01.196.
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This research was conducted at PT. Fanuc A phenomenon that occurs is sometimes an error occurs in the data input purchase and payment of goods, so it must propose improvements to the input data. The formulation of this research is to investigate the implementation of the buying cycle and payment for goods for commercial transactions as well as recording. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method, data collection techniques done of literature study, field study consisted of interviews, observation and documentation. The results showed that in implementing the buying cycle and payment of goods have been properly and in accordance with the theory that there is visible from the application of the cycle automatically computerized, recording is also done after the goods have been received from the supplier. But sometimes an error occurs in the data input purchase and payment of goods
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Sun, J., Y. Suo, S. Park, T. Xu, Y. Liu, and W. Wang. "Analysis of Bilateral Trade Flow and Machine Learning Algorithms for GDP Forecasting." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 5 (October 13, 2018): 3432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2311.
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The terms imports and exports describe goods and services traded between countries. Countries import goods they cannot produce domestically or can obtain at a lower cost from another country. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO) reports, the U.S. is the world’s largest importer based on capital investment, followed by the E.U., China, Germany, and Japan. For exports, China leads the world with an official trade amount of $1.904 trillion in 2013. E.U. ranks second, followed by U.S., Germany, and Japan. Trade in goods and services is defined as a change in ownership of material resources and services between economies. Trade indicators include the sale of goods and services as well as barter transactions or goods exchanged and are measured in million USD, the percentage of GDP for net trade, and the annual export and import growth. This study analyzes imports and exports of all countries for the 1960-2017 period and evaluates the correlations in trade statistics to predict future imports and exports. Since the GDP for any country depends mainly on trade, this study examines trade data and compares various machine learning algorithms to forecast a country’s GDP.
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Kardanov, V. "CONSIDERING THE PROSPECTS OF PARALLEL IMPORT." Vestnik Universiteta 1, no. 7 (September 7, 2019): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-7-113-117.
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The issue of parallel import is сomplex. The problem has geopolitical nature. The price of the existing ban is billions of dollars in overpayment for imported goods per year, because of it, the structure of domestic trade in Russia is extremely monopolized: no one can supply goods other than official importers. The article analyzes the typology of import, clarifies the concept of «parallel import», studies the difference between parallel import and counterfeit, etc. It has been concluded, that in Russia parallel import is still in a semi-legal status and efforts should be made to legalize it and establish state control. The movement in this direction was the Resolution No. 8-P / 2018 of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
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Putri, Diva Permata Tri, Eva Wina Aprielya Damayanti, and Intan Sianturi. "Pengaruh COVID-19 Terhadap Kegiatan Ekspor Impor di Indonesia." Dinamika Bahari 2, no. 2 (October 26, 2021): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46484/db.v2i2.271.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has fatal consequences for the world economy, one of which occurred in Indonesia. Government regulations require the public to apply health protocols that must be obeyed, namely social distancing which causes traders to be hampered in the process of buying and selling activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Covid-19 on export-import activities in Indonesia. This research method uses the desk study method, namely the collection of data sourced from secondary data obtained from BPS in 2020. The results show that: Covid-19 has had an impact including: (1) The largest decline in the value of imports in Indonesia was experienced in February 2020 and May 2020; (2) Document processing must take longer due to this pandemic and all import-export activities must be guided by health protocols that must be carried out; (3) Delay in handling the ship at the port (ship delay), which will have an impact on the delay of the goods arriving at the hands of the owner of the goods (importer) which causes the importer to also have to prepare more costs for importing the goods.
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Carlson, Geoffrey. "Argentina – Import Measures (DS438, DS444, DS445)." World Trade Review 14, no. 3 (July 2015): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000300.
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(1) The procedure connected to the Advance Sworn Import Declaration (Declaración Jurada Anticipada de Importación, DJAI), required by the Argentine Government since February 2012 for most imports of goods into Argentina; and (2) the imposition by Argentine authorities on economic operators of one or more trade-related requirements (TRRs) as a condition to import into Argentina or to obtain certain benefits.
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Sugiyah, Sugiyah, and Nurhidayati Nurhidayati. "Prosedur Pengadaan Barang Impor Produk sepatu Di PT Sinar Pratama Agung Jakarta." Jurnal Akuntansi dan Manajemen 16, no. 02 (October 10, 2019): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36406/jam.v16i02.248.
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Procurement of goods is important for the company, because it is very important to the company and corporate profits. Procurement can be done in several ways, one of which is by way of import. In this time, an activity of importing a goods is not a difficult way because and many offer services to import the goods. Methods of data collection is done by observation, interview and documentation. Steps for procurement of goods is start from product selection, ordering of goods, making and checking documents to import, delivery of goods, payment of invoices, PIB payments, processes on shipping and customs, further processing of ports arriving at destination, carrying out goods, and finally can check the condition of goods in the warehouse. Documents required for the procurement process of imported goods are: Purchase Order, Invoice, Packing List, Bill of Lading, Certificate of Origin, Insurance, and Surveyor Report. To facilitate the process on customs and shipping until the expenditure of goods from the port can use forwarder services. This makes it easier and very helpful in the procurement process by importing.
Pengadaan barang merupakan hal yang penting dalam suatu perusahaan dagang, karena sangat berpengaruh terhadap jalannya suatu perusahaan dan keuntungan perusahaan. Pengadaan barang dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, salah satunya yaitu dengan cara impor. Pada saat ini kegiatan mengimpor barang bukanlah hal yang sulit dan banyak yang menawarkan jasa untuk mengimpor barang. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Prosedur pengadaan barang impor dilakukan mulai dari pemilihan produk barang, pemesanan barang, membuat dan pengecekan dokumen untuk mengimpor barang, pengiriman barang, pembayaran Invoice, pembayaran PIB, proses pada pelayaran dan beacukai, selanjutnya proses pengeluaran barang dari pelabuhan hingga barang tiba pada tempat tujuan, penerimiaan barang, dan terakhir kemudian dapat melakukan pengecekan terhadap kondisi barang pada gudang. Dokumen yang dibutuhkan untuk proses pengadaan barang impor tersebut diantaranya yaitu Purchase Order, Invoice, Packing List, Bill of Lading, Certificate of Origin, Insurance, dan Laporan Surveyor. Untuk mempermudah dalam proses pada bea cukai dan pelayaran hingga pengeluaran barang dari pelabuhan dapat menggunakan jasa forwarder. Hal ini membuat semakin mudahnya dan sangat membantu dalam proses pengadaan barang dengan cara impor.
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Mozgova, G. V., V. A. Yevtushenko, and D. D. Stovbunenko. "The Theoretical Aspects of Import Activity of Ukrainian Enterprises." Business Inform 12, no. 527 (2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-12-34-40.
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The article is aimed at studying the theoretical aspects of import activity of Ukrainian enterprises. On the basis of an analysis of scientific literature the essence of the concept of «import activity» is classified; the main functions of import activity are disclosed and its importance for the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises is determined. The factors and conditions influencing the implementation of import operations are substantiated; the reasons for the restriction and rules for the import of goods into the customs territory of Ukraine are provided; the main problems of import activity are identified. Strategies for overcoming the negative consequences of imports are also proposed, the main positive aspects and types of effects from import activity are determined. The import activity, as a form of foreign economic activity, plays a significant role in the development of the country’s economy and determines its entry into international economic integration. Therefore, the import activity should be considered not as a negative phenomenon and not as a kind of payment for the possibility of using external markets – it is an independent source of financial income into the country, also of a number of other macroeconomic effects. Imports of goods should be regulated by national legislation, customs tariff, other political and legal restrictions. Prospects for further research in this direction are a comprehensive study of the problem, which would reveal tendencies in the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises in this sphere. Improving the efficiency of import activities of enterprises is an opportunity for Ukraine to achieve high economic development.
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Fruscione, Alessandro. "Focus EU: Import Control System 2 at the Starting Gate." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2021): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021043.
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On 15 March 2021, a new import control system for the European Union was launched, called Import Control System 2 (or ICS2): it will guarantee a more efficient and effective import control activity and facilitate communications between economic operators and customs administrations of Member States. However, a gradual adaptation of the information systems will be necessary and, further, different procedures, especially for postal operators and express carriers, who are the first to deal with the new system, will be needed. There are three versions of the new system, the first just entered into effect and the others to be implemented by 2024: Release 1 requires postal operators and express carriers to submit a subset of their Entry Summary Declaration data, for goods transported by air only; Release 2 will require all air carriers, for all goods transported by air, to integrate the subset of data with the other information required for the complete Entry Summary Declaration; Release 3 requires specific functions to submit the complete Entry Summary Declaration for all goods carried by means of transport other than air, and therefore will concern maritime, rail and road operators as well as certain importers and recipients of the goods in the European Union. Declaration, Control, Summary, Transport, Goods, Carriers, Air, Postal, Import
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Banerjee, Subrata. "India's Foreign Trade and Industrial Development." Foreign Trade Review 24, no. 1 (April 1989): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515890106.
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THE BASIC strategy of export promotion currently in vogue is import liberalization. The objective is to remove every possible obstacle to the production of goods for export. The logic is that the liberal import of machinery and intermediate products would make production for export less expensive, more profitable and hence easier. Whatever way we might look at it, the major beneficiary of a strategy of import-based export production and industrialization is the transnational corporation. We need a different approach to foreign trade as one of the components of industrial development. Foreign trade must become an integral part of the planning process. The basic principle of imports for industrial development and exports bas to be modified, to ensure that import liberalization meets priority needs of industry, not indigenously available or likely to be developed within a short time. Import substitution has not become irrelevant, however fashionable it might be to say so. In our drive to increase our exports of engineering goods, we should not Jose sight of our traditional exports. In the case of nontraditional goods, the need is to bear in mind comparative advantage and build up such thrust areas as are likely to have a continuing and expanding market over a reasonable time-frame. This is what demands unport substitution in certain well-identified thrust areas, in which we have comparative advantage.
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Afontsev, S. "Trade Liberalization and Trade Balance." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 20, 2005): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-7-19-36.
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The paper estimates the impact of import tariffs on Russia's trade balance. Empirical model analyzes Russian trade by industries and partner countries, taking into account import tariffs on both industrial output and intermediate goods. It is shown that the aggregate impact of import duties on trade balance is negative in all industries outside the fuel and energy sector. Decrease in import tariffs is likely to improve market positions of Russian non-fuel exports, especially in such industries as machine building and metal works, agriculture and forestry, chemistry and light industry.
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GRIGOL GLUNCHADZE, GRIGOL GLUNCHADZE. "DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA'S TRADE RELATIONS WITH UKRAINE." Economics 104, no. 3-5 (June 22, 2021): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/104/3-5/202101192.
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The title of the article - "Development of Georgia's Trade Relations with Ukraine" shows Georgia's trade relations with Ukraine. According to the information presented in the article, which is spread over the years 2016-2020, in this 5-year period, the total trade turnover and export-import are increasing, which does not apply to the last 2020. This year, all the above indicators have been reduced - turnover by 9%, exports - by 13%, imports - by 6%. The author connects this situation with the cooling of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Because of Saakashvili's personality and emphasizes that this situation has improved today. Georgia has a special close economic and economic ties with Ukraine among the countries of the world. This applies not only to the export-import of goods, but also to tourist traffic, investment, employment, etc. Sh. This relationship was established in 1995 with the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement [1]. One of the characteristic features of foreign trade between Ukraine and Georgia is the fact that Georgia's share in the total foreign trade of Ukrainian goods is insignificant (about 0.5%), while Ukraine's share in Georgia's total trade turnover reaches 5.1%. According to the results of January-September 2020, among all Georgia's trading partners, Ukraine ranks 7th in terms of trade turnover, 5th in terms of exports of goods and 8th in terms of imports of goods. Georgia-Ukraine turnover in 2020 compared to 2019 has decreased - by 9%, exports - by 13%, imports - by 6% (Table 1). Under these conditions, there is an increase in some goods, in particular, an increase in imports: Beef - by 43%; Copton – by 17%; Milk and cream – by 29%; Flat rolled- by 10%. As for exports from Georgia to Ukraine, the export of ferroalloys (17 times) and the export of scrap (6 times) have increased. Key words: Ukraine, Georgia; Trade relations; Export-import.
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Pitaloka, Riski Arum, Sugito Sugito, and Rita Rahmawati. "PERBANDINGAN METODE ARIMA BOX-JENKINS DENGAN ARIMA ENSEMBLE PADA PERAMALAN NILAI IMPOR PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH." Jurnal Gaussian 8, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/j.gauss.v8i2.26648.
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Import is activities to enter goods into the territory of a country, both commercial and non-commercial include goods that will be processed domestically. Import is an important requirement for industry in Central Java. The increase in high import values can cause deficit in the trade balance. Appropriate information about the projected amount of imports is needed so that the government can anticipate a high increase in imports through several policies that can be done. The forecasting method that can be used is ARIMA Box-Jenkins. The development of modeling in the field of time series forecasting shows that forecasting accuracy increases if it results from the merging of several models called ensemble ARIMA. The ensemble method used is averaging and stacking. The data used are monthly import value data in Central Java from January 2010 to December 2018. Modeling time series with Box-Jenkins ARIMA produces two significant models, namely ARIMA (2,1,0) and ARIMA (0,1,1). Both models are combined using the ARIMA ensemble averaging and stacking method. The best model chosen from the ARIMA method and ensemble ARIMA based on the least RMSE value is the ARIMA model (2,1,0) with RMSE value of 185,8892 Keywords: Import, ARIMA, ARIMA Ensemble, Stacking, Averaging
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Faltsman, V. "Russia’s Economy Diversification." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 5 (May 20, 2015): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-5-48-62.
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The article studies import substitution potential in a new geopolitical situation for the four most “import-intensive” industries that are characterized with the highest volume of import and negative foreign trade balance: agri-food sector, mechanical engineering, chemicals, transportation services and traveling. Prospects, preconditions and threats for import substitution of certain foodstuffs, tractors, rail cars, trucks, passenger cars, civil aircraft, plastics, tires, transportation services and traveling are analyzed. The import substitution process will be accompanied by diversification of industrial production. Potential reducing of the burden on primary exports due to contraction of imports in certain market niches and filling them with domestic manufacturing goods is assessed.
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Prabowo, Sakti. "Determinants And Efficiency Level Of Capital Goods Imports In Indonesia : Exploring Using Gravity Models." Jurnalku 1, no. 3 (November 28, 2021): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54957/jurnalku.v1i3.45.
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The study aims to investigate the significant factors and efficiency of capital goods imports in Indonesia. This study applies the stochastic frontier gravity approach (SFGA) to explore Indonesia's capital goods import values. The results suggest that there are positive impacts of some factors on the capital goods imports, including the GDP and population of the trading partners, distance, and regional cooperation such as the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). However, some factors, including the exchange rate and some global crises have significant negative impacts on the capital goods imports. The positive effects of FTA on capital goods imports may contribute to a reduction in the behind-the-border constraints. Furthermore, the trade efficiency resulting from the model may suggest that there is still a gap between potential and actual trade affected by the country-specific constraints, implying the requirement to investigate the appropriate reforms in Indonesia to reduce such constraints. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor signifikan dan tingkat efisiensi impor barang modal di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan stochastic frontier gravity (SFGA) untuk mengeksplorasi nilai impor barang modal Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat dampak positif dari beberapa faktor terhadap impor barang modal, antara lain PDB dan populasi mitra dagang, jarak, dan kerjasama regional seperti Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Namun, beberapa faktor, seperti nilai tukar dan beberapa krisis global berdampak negatif signifikan terhadap impor barang modal. Efek positif FTA pada impor barang modal dapat berkontribusi pada pengurangan hambatan di belakang perbatasan. Selain itu, efisiensi perdagangan yang dihasilkan dari model tersebut dapat menunjukkan bahwa masih ada kesenjangan antara perdagangan potensial dan aktual yang dipengaruhi oleh kendala khusus negara, yang menyiratkan kebutuhan untuk menyelidiki reformasi yang tepat di Indonesia untuk mengurangi kendala tersebut.
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Karpovich, N. V., and E. P. Makutsenya. "Development of foreign trade in agricultural products and foodstuffs of Belarus by the degree of processing of goods." Agrarian Economics, no. 9 (October 6, 2021): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1818-9806-2021-9-53-63.
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The structure of world trade in agricultural products and food is analyzed based on the degree of processing of goods. A comparative assessment of the export and import of agro-food products of Belarus is given in the context of the increasing role of products with a high degree of processing of raw materials. The main commodity positions of the country in export and import are presented, systematized into 3 groups – unprocessed products, goods with partial processing and goods with a high level of processing.