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Journal articles on the topic 'IMPORT RESTRICTIONS'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Wahyudin, Mohammad, Mochmammad Maksum, and Henry Yuliando. "DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN PEMBATASAN IMPOR BAWANG MERAH TERHADAP USAHATANI BAWANG MERAH DI KABUPATEN PROBOLINGGO Policy Impact of Import Restriction of Shalloton Farm in Probolinggo District." Jurnal Agritech 35, no. 03 (2015): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9347.

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On January - August 2013, the government implemented a quota-based import restriction policy for the shallot. While on September 2013, the government then changed it into a price-based import restriction. This research aims to determine how the impact of the quota-based and price-based import restrictions to the level of protection, profitability, andefficiency of farm. The method of analysis used in this research is PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix) method. The results showed that the quota-based import restriction policy has increased 141%, 270%, and 32% of protection, profitability, and efficien

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2

Güven, Çaǧlar. "Energy planning under import restrictions." European Journal of Operational Research 72, no. 3 (1994): 518–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(94)90420-0.

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3

Bown, Chad P. "Emerging Economies and the Emergence of South-South Protectionism." Journal of World Trade 47, Issue 1 (2013): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2013001.

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Do exports resume when import-restricting temporary trade barriers (TTBs) such as antidumping are finally removed? First, this paper uses data from the World Bank's Temporary Trade Barriers Database to update through 2011 a number of inter-temporal indicators of import protection. Second, it highlights the economic significance of emerging economy exporters affected by frequently bilateral import restrictions imposed by other emerging economies, that is, South-South protectionism. Third, it finds that China's exporters respond quickly and aggressively to the market access opening embodied in t

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4

Richards, Timothy J., Ignacio Molina, and Osman Hussein. "Welfare Impacts of the Mexico Potato Quarantine." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 41, no. 3 (2009): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003205.

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Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) tariffs on U.S. potato imports to Mexico were phased out by 1993. Citing phytosanitary issues, in 1996, the Mexican government placed quantitative restrictions on U.S. potato imports and restricted their import only to designated border areas. This article estimates the welfare cost of restricting U.S. potato imports into Mexico. We find that removing trade restrictions may lead to over 1.8 million tons of new imports into Mexico, a gain of consumer surplus of 4.0 billion pesos per year, and a loss of 2.9 billion pesos of producer surplus.

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5

Kupriyanova, L. M., and T. V. Petrusevich. "Regulation of Import Operations under Sanctions Restrictions." World of new economy 17, no. 4 (2024): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2023-17-4-109-119.

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In terms of market relations, Russia actively integrated into the world space as an outcome of globalization processes, which significantly determined its foreign economic activity. Increased political tension, growing threats to Russia’s national interests and unprecedented sanctions pressure bring to the fore the need seeking for new ways and tools for the country’s economic development. Analysis of import operations in real circumstances helps to identify factors of influence and opportunities for strengthening the Russian economy. In particularly such as analysis of the structure and dynam

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6

Hatzipanayotou, Panos, and Michael S. Michael. "Import Restrictions, Capital Taxes, and Welfare." Canadian Journal of Economics 26, no. 3 (1993): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135897.

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7

FINGER, J. MICHAEL. "A Special Safeguard Mechanism for Agricultural Imports: what experience with other GATT/WTO safeguards tells us about what might work." World Trade Review 9, no. 2 (2009): 289–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745609990243.

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AbstractThe success of existing GATT/WTO safeguard or flexibility provisions to sustain long-run liberalization stems from their procedural criteria (e.g., transparent and participatory decisions to impose new import restrictions) overcoming their suspect economic criteria (e.g., injury). The proposed SSM includes no procedural and minimal notification requirements. It would expand by arithmetic formulas the bounds within which a Member might unilaterally impose new import restrictions. Simulations indicate that the formulas provide a poor guide for policy – they would (a) allow an import rest

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8

Panjaitan, Dian Verawati, Steven Raja Ingot, Arie Mardiansyah, and Leo M. Christoffel. "ANALISIS DAMPAK EXPORT RESTRICTION KOMODITI PERTANIAN TERHADAP INDONESIA." Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia 8, no. 1 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jai.2020.8.1.1-16.

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The discussion on Restrictions on Agricultural Exports (ER) in the World Trade Organization (WTO), which is a mechanism to temporarily stop the export of agricultural products aimed at preventing food shortages in exporting countries has been intensively negotiated. However, as a net importer of agricultural products and a member of the G33 countries, Indonesia must overcome the ER policy because it might have the potential to increase prices and threaten food security in the Indonesian domestic market. This study uses descriptive qualitative statistical analysis to determine the Import Depend

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9

Zaverbnyj, Andrij S., Lyubov V. Zalizna, and Oleksandr О. Zhuk. "Export and Import Activities of Ukraine: Development Strategies under Port Restrictions." Business Inform 4, no. 567 (2025): 230–38. https://doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2025-4-230-238.

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The aim of this article is to study the export-import activities of Ukraine and the strategies for their development under conditions of port restrictions. The authors examine the current state of Ukraine’s export-import activities amidst limited port infrastructure functionality. The primary challenges and threats facing the foreign trade sector are analyzed. Possible strategies for adapting and developing the domestic economy aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of port restrictions are discussed. The proposed directions include diversifying logistics routes, expanding and modernizing tra

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10

Dewi, Yetty, and Mikaila Jessy Azzahra. "Re-examining Indonesia’s Nickel Export Ban: Does it Violate the Prohibition to Quantitative Restriction?" Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 6, no. 2 (2022): 180–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v6i2.797.

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The fundamental principles adopted by the WTO are free trade and trade liberalization, realized through the reduction of trade barriers like quantitative restrictions. This paper examines the parameters of a measure that can be construed as a quantitative restriction in violation of WTO law. It also examines whether Indonesia’s measures in prohibiting the export of nickel ores and imposing domestic processing requirements violate WTO law. The statutory and case study approaches were used to determine and analyze Indonesia’s measures. The parameter for quantitative restriction is imposed in Art

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11

O'Hagan, J., and C. McAndrew. "Restricting international trade in the national artistic patrimony: economic rationale and policy instruments." International Journal of Cultural Property 10, no. 1 (2001): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739101771196.

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This article examines the rationale for restricting the international artistic patrimony. The meaning of national patrimony is analysed, and rationales for state funding and interventions in the art market are analysed in light of the nonprivate benefits that this category of art produces. Distributional concerns about the international movement of art are considered. The second part of the article provides a taxonomy of restrictions used to prevent art objects leaving a nation, namely export restrictions, import regulations, and tax policies and incentives.

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12

Panchenko, V., and Y. Pinchuk. "CURRENT TRENDS IN THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE CONDITIONS OF EXCESSIVE CONFLICT OF GEOECONOMIC INTERESTS." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu Serìâ Ekonomìka 14, no. 27 (2024): 5–14. https://doi.org/10.34079/2226-2822-2024-14-27-5-14.

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The purpose of the study is to analyze modern trends in the regulation of international trade in the context of an aggravating conflict of geo-economic interests. It has been established that the need to balance the demands of the global and national economic environment becomes the dominant factor in the transformation of classic protectionist tools into tools of hidden protectionism or neo-protectionism. The use of non-tariff measures to regulate international trade is one of the manifestations of hidden protectionism. It was noted that the increase in the number of regional trade agreements

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13

Zhiryaeva, E. V., V. I. Murina, and I. L. Shandakova. "Wartime Trade Policy Measures in Comparison of the Historical Periods of the First World War and the Special Military Operation." Administrative Consulting, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2024-1-109-128.

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With the beginning of the special military operation (SMO), a new type of foreign trade policy is forming, based on restrictions. History shows that the practice of restrictions on trade operations is not new. The article compares Russia’s trade policy measures introduced during the First World War of 2014–2018 and the SMO, which began in 2022. The goal is to identify tools that are not currently used. Restrictions on exports and imports, measures to stimulate imports, and measures to build new trade routes are considered. Even before the start of the SMO, from the moment of political aggravat

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Zhiryaeva, Elena V., Veronika I. Murina, and Ilona L. Shandakova. "Wartime Trade Policy Measures in Comparison of the Historical Periods of the First World War and the Special Military Operation." Administrative Consulting, no. 1 (181) (June 7, 2024): 109–28. https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2024-1-109-128.

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With the beginning of the special military operation (SMO), a new type of foreign trade policy is forming, based on restrictions. History shows that the practice of restrictions on trade operations is not new. The article compares Russia’s trade policy measures introduced during the First World War of 2014–2018 and the SMO, which began in 2022. The goal is to identify tools that are not currently used. Restrictions on exports and imports, measures to stimulate imports, and measures to build new trade routes are considered. Even before the start of the SMO, from the moment of politi

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15

Guan, Zhijie, and Yue Zhang. "The Impact of Log Export Restrictions on China’s Log Import." Journal of Forest Economics 38, no. 3 (2023): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/112.00000567.

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16

Tran, Trang, Hiromasa Goto, and Takuma Matsuda. "The Impact of China’s Tightening Environmental Regulations on International Waste Trade and Logistics." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020987.

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In recent years, China’s influence as the dominant importer of waste products has reshaped global waste trade through restrictive programs such as Operation Green Fence in 2013 and National Sword in 2017. These restrictions have greatly affected not only China’s import of waste products but also the international trade and global logistics of these products. China’s import restrictions in 2017 decreased the country’s import of waste plastic by 92% and used paper by 56%. It also increased the unit value of these two categories of waste by 27% and 13%, respectively, showing an improvement in the

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17

Sokolov, N., and S. Larin. "As Russia has managed to protect its economy from the impact of sanctions." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 2 (February 15, 2017): 176–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.291868.

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The main purpose of this article is to analyse the response to the introduction of sanctions limitations with regard to the Russian economy. As the subject of the study were selected import mechanisms, structure and approaches to the implementation of which turned out to be significantly different in relation to the sectors of the Russian economy. Introduction US, EU and its allies of sanctions limitations with regard to the Russian economy was, in fact, tantamount to the top of these national policies aimed at the economic strangulation of Russia. It should be noted that most of these restric

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18

PANOVA, E. A. "PARALLEL IMPORT: THEORY, PRACTICE AND SPECIFICS IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS RESTRICTIONS." Lomonosov Economics Journal, no. 5_2023 (May 21, 2024): 262–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0105-6-58-5-12.

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Parallel import refers to one of the controversial and ambiguous issues actively discussed in scientific literature over the past decades. On the one hand, parallel import is associated with the violation of intellectual property rights of trademark owners, and on the other hand, it is an indirect tool to combat price discrimination on the world market. Parallel import as a forced measure under sanctions is of particular research interest. The legalization on parallel imports in Russia, which allows to freely import certain goods into the country without the copyright holders’ permission, is a

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19

Krasnykh, S. S. "Import of Russian regions under conditions of COVID-19." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 9 (November 12, 2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-9-87-93.

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The article examines the import activities of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the context of the coronavirus infection spread, analyses the import dynamics for 2019–2021, and constructs a regression model of panel data confirming the relationship between imports and the number of COVID-19 cases. It has been found that the number of cases of COVID-19 is directly impact on the import. Import volumes, in value terms, for the period 2019–2021, show a steady increase, which can be explained by an increase in mortality in the Russia, socio-economic consequences associated with the spread o

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20

Devadoss, Stephen. "Optimal Tariff Analysis of India's Apple Import Restrictions." Journal of Food Products Marketing 13, no. 1 (2007): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j038v13n01_04.

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21

Kojima, Michikazu. "The Impact of Recyclable Waste Trade Restrictions on Producer Recycling Activities." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 6 (2020): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0873.

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From the mid-1990s to 2017, China was a major importer of recyclable waste, including plastic waste, e-waste, wastepaper, and copper scrap. However, after experiencing pollution from the recycling process and improper disposal of imported waste, at the end of 2017, China prohibited the import of certain types of waste, including household plastic waste and waste fiber. Consequently, some types of recyclable waste were rerouted to Southeast Asia. However, after receiving contaminated recyclable waste imports, Southeast Asian countries also tightened import restrictions on recyclable waste. Thes

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22

Novikov, Maxim, and Stella Zemlyanskaya. "Features of the Use of Centralized and Decentralized Instruments of Foreign Trade Coercion." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 1 (March 2022): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2022.1.13.

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Measures of foreign trade restriction are a set of restrictive actions taken against the violator of the norms of international law to ensure the fulfillment of obligations imposed on them within the framework of the institute of international legal responsibility. The application of these measures is based on strict observance of the principles of legitimacy, in connection with which it was found that their essence lies in the introduction of temporary retaliatory restrictions in the field of violated obligations, forcing the delinquent to ensure the restoration of the rights and interests of

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23

Safiullin, M. R., R. T. Burganov, L. A. Elshin, and A. M. Mingulov. "Assessment of Economic Growth Prospects in Russian Regions Considering Import Sanctions." Economy of Regions 19, no. 4 (2023): 1003–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-4-5.

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Sanctions restrictions and external pressure on the Russian economy resulted in significant transformations of cooperative foreign relations. Such developments require adaptive mechanisms to ensure sustainable economic growth at the macro- and meso-levels. In this regard, various studies aim to develop methodologies for building macroeconomic models adapted to institutional and market changes. The present article tries to solve this problem by proposing and testing approaches to the assessment of regional economic growth prospects by simulation modelling of localisation of transnational chains

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24

Österberg, Esa, and Juhani Pehkonen. "Travellers' Imports of Alcohol into Finland: Changes Caused by Finnish EU Membership." Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 13, no. 1_suppl (1996): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259601301s12.

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The article examines the development in travellers' imports of alcoholic beverages into Finland from 1994 to 1995, the year that Finland became a member of EU. The membership, beginning January 1st 1995, included provisions for increased allowances in travellers' tax-free import of alcoholic beverages and lifted time-limits restricting imports. These provisions have clearly increased the imported volumes, most sharply for beer, from 3.5 million litres in 1994 to around 30 million litres in 1995. The import of spirits increased from 3 million litres in 1994 to 7 million litres in 1995. It is es

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25

Mozgova, G. V., V. A. Yevtushenko, and D. D. Stovbunenko. "The Theoretical Aspects of Import Activity of Ukrainian Enterprises." Business Inform 12, no. 527 (2021): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-12-34-40.

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The article is aimed at studying the theoretical aspects of import activity of Ukrainian enterprises. On the basis of an analysis of scientific literature the essence of the concept of «import activity» is classified; the main functions of import activity are disclosed and its importance for the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises is determined. The factors and conditions influencing the implementation of import operations are substantiated; the reasons for the restriction and rules for the import of goods into the customs territory of Ukraine are provided; the main problem

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26

Zhang, Xiying, and Yihuan Wang. "Research on the Influence of Digital Technology and Policy Restrictions on the Development of Digital Service Trade." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (2022): 10420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610420.

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Due to economic globalization and the progress of digital technology, digital service trade develops rapidly, but it also faces challenges such as digital trade policy barriers, and gradually attracts the attention of all countries in the world. Based on panel data of 40 countries or regions from 2014 to 2020, this study empirically analyzed the moderating effects of digital technology and policy restrictions on digital service trade and the moderating effects of policy restrictions on the relationship between digital service trade and the other two by using a double fixed effect model. The re

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Guglielmi, Marco, Matthew Bullock, and Jean-Pierre Patureau. "INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE." International Journal of Space Technology Management and Innovation 1, no. 2 (2011): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijstmi.2011070102.

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The European Space Agency (ESA) has established a Technology Observatory to actively monitor and benchmark the evolution of space technologies worldwide in support of its space technology strategy. One of the issues that has been recently analysed is the effect of restrictions placed by national governments worldwide on the export of space technologies. In this paper, the authors discuss the main findings of this survey. Import and export restrictions and indicative space related export and import flows are mapped and analysed. In addition, space-related cooperation agreements are reviewed. Po

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28

Azizah, Mey Shinta Nur, and Ayub Torry Satrio Kusumo. "Legal Review of Restrictions on the Import of Chinese Shipped Goods in E-Commerce Trading in Indonesia." International Journal of Sustainability in Research 2, no. 3 (2024): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.59890/ijsr.v2i3.1921.

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In accordance with Minister of Finance regulation No.141/PMK. April 2020, 2020 concerning monitoring the import and export of prohibited and/or restricted goods (bans and restrictions) in the field of online trading which occurs when the Company owner sends a shipment of imported goods to be purchased by consumers or directly from factories abroad. Online business people cannot just set up their business without knowing the regulations related to Lartas regarding prohibited goods and restrictions on imports into Indonesia. The role of legal awareness in society, which is a very objective legal

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29

Smutka, Luboš, and Josef Abrhám. "The impact of the Russian import ban on EU agrarian exports." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 68, No. 2 (2022): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/351/2021-agricecon.

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The main goal of the paper is to evaluate the impact of the Russian import ban on the development of agricultural exports from EU member states. The study is based on a time-series analysis of empirical statistical indicators. The analysed period is between 2009 and 2019. The source of data for individual analyses is UN Comtrade (2021). The evaluation of export performance is extended by hierarchical cluster analysis. The study quantifies the effects of the import ban on the EU and individual member states through two scenarios. Scenario 1 is based on the cumulative loss of the value of export

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30

Oh, Seokjin, and Changmin Lee. "Analyzing the Import Trends of 3 Export Restrictions Items." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 12, no. 4 (2021): 1563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.12.4.111.

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31

Tosun, Jale, and Maurício de Moraes Marcondes. "Import Restrictions and Food-Safety Regulations: Insight from Brazil." Latin American Policy 7, no. 2 (2016): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12104.

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32

Ahn, Hongmin, and Juan Mundel. "Luxury brand advertising in Argentina: Changes following import restrictions." Journal of Marketing Communications 24, no. 3 (2015): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2015.1079548.

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33

Pehkonen, Juhani, and Esa Österberg. "Travellers' Imports of Alcoholic Beverages into Finland before and after EU." Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 13, no. 4 (1996): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259601300406.

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The article examines the development in travellers' imports of alcoholic beverages into Finland from 1994 to 1995, the year that Finland became a member of EU. The membership, beginning January 1st 1995, included provisions for increased allowances in travellers' tax-free import of alcoholic beverages and lifted time-limits restricting imports. These provisions have clearly increased the imported volumes, most sharply for beer, from 3.5 million litres in 1994 to around 30 million litres in 1995. The import of spirits increased from 3 million litres in 1994 to 7 million litres in 1995. It is es

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34

Priyono, Priyono, R. Nurmalina, Burhanuddin Burhanuddin, and N. Ilham. "Impact of Import Restrictions Policy on Dairy Supply and Demand in Indonesia." Tropical Animal Science Journal 46, no. 3 (2023): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2023.46.3.375.

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35

Erdőháti-Kiss, Attila, Henrietta Janik, András Tóth, Zsuzsanna Tóth-Naár, and Szilvia Erdei-Gally. "The effectiveness of Russian import sanction on the international apple trade: Network theory approach." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 10, no. 5 (2023): 712–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i5.1249.

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In August 2014, the Russian Federation imposed counter-sanctions against Western countries imposing restrictions against Russia following its aggression against Ukraine. It is worth examining to what extent the counter-sanctions have transformed the trade network between the countries. This study aims to show the impact of this embargo on apple import on the global trade network due to the Russian response to the Western countries’ measures in 2014. We chose the methodology of network research to examine the changes in trade networks. We analyzed the apple trade network because this was one of

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Akintola, Abdallah, Houcine Boughanmi, Alessandro Antimiani, Lokman Zaibet, and Hemesiri Kotagama. "Estimating the Impacts of Non-Tariff Measures in the Indian Ocean Rim Association." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010068.

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In recent years, the Indian Ocean Rim Association has witnessed an increasing trend in the use of non-tariff measures (NTMs). This study evaluated the impact of NTMs in the Indian Ocean Rim Association through estimations of their ad valorem equivalents at the HS chapter and country levels. A gravity model using NTM count data (intensity) was specified and estimated to derive the importer-specific ad valorem equivalents for the four (4) most used NTMs in the region. The results showed the presence of both import-impeding and import-promoting effects of NTMs; however, the import-impeding effect

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37

DERBENEV, A. V., and D. M. VADIVASOV. "Environmental and Climate Declarations as Tools for Exporting Russian Construction Materials." Stroitel'nye Materialy 786, no. 11 (2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-786-11-47-53.

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Environmental protection, climate change, and the protection of the planet’s biodiversity are becoming top priorities in modern society. Environmental agreements, while important and necessary, including for achieving sustainable development goals, impose additional restrictions on products and producers of these products. These restrictions can be used by countries to create barriers to the import of construction materials. Countries that have ratified environmental agreements may restrict the import of products that do not meet environmental requirements or criteria in one way or another. In

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Ding, Guangyu. "The Impact of Multinational Grain Export Restrictions on China." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 72, no. 1 (2024): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/72/20240660.

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India is an important exporter of rice in the world. In 2022, India's total rice exports accounted for over 40% of the world's rice exports. With India's announcement of restrictions on rice exports, the import price of rice has also increased. As a populous country, although China has high grain production, due to factors such as food security and balancing international trade, China also imports a large amount of grain from other countries every year. Since 2022, many countries, including Russia, Brazil, and others, have also chosen to restrict grain exports due to certain factors. Although

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39

Lahiri, Sajal. "WE NEED TO IMPORT IN ORDER TO EXPORT." Ecofunomics 6, no. 1 (2023): 11–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11216792.

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During economic crises, governments often implement trade barriers to protect domestic industries and employment. This essay challenges the common belief that imports hurt local jobs by presenting two case studies from India. The first case study focuses on India's software industry, which initially heavily relied on imported computer hardware. In the pursuit of self-reliance, India imposed high import tariffs, causing IBM to leave. This led to a stagnation in software production. However, when tariffs were reduced in 1991, software production and exports soared.The second case centres on Indi

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40

Bailey, Kenneth W. "Implications of Dairy Imports: The Case of Milk Protein Concentrates." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 31, no. 2 (2002): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500004044.

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Imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are increasingly entering the United States with minimal trade restrictions. MPC is a general reference to a dried protein product derived from milk using a technology known as “ultra filtration.” Two questions are addressed in this article. First, did the combination of relaxed import restrictions, low world prices for protein, and relatively high domestic support levels for nonfat dry milk encourage imports of MPCs? Second, did increased imports of MPC displace domestic use of nonfat dry milk and thereby increase government purchases under the dair

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41

Lymar, Maria S., Alexander A. Reentovich, and Andrey A. Sinyakov. "A commodity exporting economy under financial and trade restrictions: Aggregate and structural changes." Russian Journal of Economics 10, no. (2) (2024): 103–29. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.10.127850.

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We study the situation when a commodity-exporting economy is under sanctions and cannot use its accumulated fx-reserves or attract new fx-debt to smooth import restrictions amid slower decline of income flow from a commodity-export. Our study attempts to determine the adequate response of the economy, depending on assumptions about the possibilities of import substitution within a structural dynamic general equilibrium model calibrated on Russian data. We use a modified version of the Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans' model to evaluate aggregate and structural changes in the economy in the shorter and lon

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Skvarciany, Viktorija, Daiva Jurevičienė, and Silvija Vidžiūnaitė. "The Impact of Russia’s Import Embargo on the EU Countries’ Exports." Economies 8, no. 3 (2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8030062.

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Political unrest inevitably has consequences for a national economy. International trade in a globalised world has great importance for countries. Unfortunately, due to various political events, countries apply some restrictions to each other. In 2014, Western countries imposed sanctions on trade with Russia, due to the annexation of Crimea. As a response, Russia announced an embargo on importing of some goods from European and North American countries, as well as Australia. The current study investigates the economic impact on EU countries due to the mentioned embargo. The EU countries were g

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Mogus, Anthony, Brad Stennes, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Canada–U.S. Softwood Lumber Trade Revisited: Substitution Bias in the Context of a Spatial Price Equilibrium Framework." Forest Science 52, no. 4 (2006): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/52.4.411.

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Abstract Softwood lumber trade between Canada and the United States has been characterized by various trade restrictions. Many studies have attempted to quantify the effects of such sanctions, modeling softwood lumber as a single, homogenous commodity, although recent research suggests that this may be a misleading assumption because softwood lumber products vary. In this article, we address the problem of “substitution bias” in estimates of the effects of trade restricting policies. A spatial price equilibrium model is used to examine the effects of import duties on Canadian lumber, comparing

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Nissen, Aleydis. "Can WTO Member States Rely on Citizen Concerns to Prevent Corporations from Importing Goods Made from Child Labour?" Utrecht Law Review 14, no. 2 (2018): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1478131.

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There has been a polarised debate on the desirability of import restrictions to increase corporate accountability for child labour that occurs in global supply chains. Some scholars have indicated that states in favour of imposing import restrictions could sidestep this debate relying upon the perceptions that people in the importing market might have. They have based this argument on the case law of the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism (WTO DSM). The attitude-behaviour gap has, however, been largely overlooked in their analyses. This behavioural phenomenon provide

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Oxman, Bernard H., and Gregory Shaffer. "International trade—WTO—quantitative restrictions—environmental protection—endangered species—U.S. import ban on shrimp." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 2 (1999): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998005.

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United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products.World Trade Organization, Appellate Body, October 12, 1998.In May 1996, the United States effectively prohibited imports of shrimp and shrimp products from all countries that do not require commercial shrimp trawlers to use turtle-excluder devices (TEDs) to permit endangered species of sea turtles to escape from trawling nets to avoid drowning. In January 1997, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand requested that the WTO Dispute Settlement Body establish a panel to determine whether this import ban, among other things, vio

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Ilyashenko, Svetlana B., and Alla N. Stolyarova. "PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RETAIL TRADE IN RUSSIA UNDER SANCTIONS RESTRICTIONS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3/2, no. 135 (2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.03.02.001.

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The article is devoted to the issues of describing the state of the domestic retail sector during the period of sanctions restrictions and determining the prospects for its development. It is clarified that the retail sector in 2022 faced a number of problems, including the outflow of capital investments, the instability of the national currency, the growth of banking risks, inflation, the disruption of supply chains, the curtailment of promising projects, as well as the introduction of direct restrictions, for example, in the field of technology imports, fashion industry, etc., the exit of re

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Menshchikova, V. I., N. K. Rodionova, and A. A. Burmistrova. "Production capabilities of Russian regions under new sanctions and restrictions." Scientific notes of the Russian academy of entrepreneurship 21, no. 4 (2023): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-6258-2022-21-4-22-32.

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The article reveals the reasons for the introduction of economic sanctions and restrictions against Russia. The commodity structure of exports and imports of the Russian Federation was analyzed; the grouping of Russian regions by the volume of exports and imports with countries of the far and near abroad was carried out, which allowed identifying at least 20 regions of the Russian Federation in each group that are actively engaged in foreign economic activity. It is concluded that the industrial specialization of the regions of the Russian Federation determines the nature of their foreign econ

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KONOVALOVA, Mariya E., Sergei А. ZHIRONKIN, and Ol’ga Yu KUZ’MINA. "Import substitution in industries: Economic and theoretical aspects of structural modernization under sanctions pressure." National Interests: Priorities and Security 21, no. 4 (2025): 77–93. https://doi.org/10.24891/ni.21.4.77.

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Subject. The article addresses the concept of import substitution, its functional and institutional aspects. Objectives. The purpose is to systematize factors affecting the effectiveness of import substitution, and to develop methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of import substitution. Methods. The study employs methods of systems, comparative, and institutional analysis. Results. We developed a theoretical model of import substitution enabling to assess its functional and institutional aspects. The paper offers a methodology to assess the import substitution policy effecti

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Zatsarinnaya, Elena I., Lyudmila V. Goloshchapova, and Alexey G. Ilmushkin. "IMPORT SUBSTITUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL SANCTIONS: IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/10, no. 157 (2025): 77–83. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2025.04.10.010.

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The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of import substitution policy in the context of increasing global sanctions pressure on the Russian economy. The impact of restrictions on the structure of industrial production, investment activity, innovative development and state industrial policy is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to assessing the degree of dependence of industries on imports, the effectiveness of localization measures, as well as identifying key problems and risks accompanying the import substitution process. Based on the analysis of statistical data and ex

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Gopinath, Gita, Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Andrea F. Presbitero, and Petia Topalova. "Changing Global Linkages: Bridging Geopolitical Fragments." AEA Papers and Proceedings 115 (May 1, 2025): 605–10. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20251043.

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The recent surge in geopolitical tensions and trade restrictions raises important questions about the global allocation of production, investment, and trade across countries. Using bilateral sectoral data on FDI, trade, and trade distortive measures over the past decade, we show that countries have responded to trade restrictions imposed on their exports by moving production to third countries whose exports face few import restrictions from their trading partners. Our findings show that FDI flows are fragmenting along geopolitical lines but are also responding to trade restrictions by relocati

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