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1
N, Senthil Kumar, and l. Chandramohan K. "A Study on Foreign Direct Investment on Special Reference towards FDI Developed Countries." Shanlax International Journal of Commerce 6, S1 (2018): 134–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1419420.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been one of the defining characteristics of the world economy during the last two decades. Some developing economies have emerged as major recipients of FDI flows in recent years, while many others have attempted to attract such flows, often by offering fiscal and financial value to foreign investors. This work reviews and discusses recent empirical studies on key development issues related to FDI. The literature review focuses on five main areas of interest to host economies: the FDI-growth nexus; FDI-trade linkages; FDI and technology transfer; FDI, privatization and corporate governance; and host- government policies for attracting FDI. Three of the conclusions reached in this study deserve special attention. First, a vast majority of existing empirical studies indicate that FDI does make an appositive contribution to both income growth and factor productivity in host economies. FDI tends to “crowd in” domestic investment, as the creation of complementary activities outweighs the displacement of domestic competitors. Similarly, in the North-South context, the relationship between FDI and trade is more one of complementarily than of substitution, owing to backward and forward linkages. Second, host countries will not be able to capture the full benefits associated with FDI until they reach a certain threshold level regarding educational attainment, provision of infrastructure services, local technological capabilities and the development of local financial markets. Third, their role of FDI in development goes beyond the traditional areas of growth, trade and technology transfer to cover emerging areas of policy concern, such as mergers and acquisitions, privatization, corporate governance and “policy competition.” The study concludes by stressing that host-government policies should attach greater importance to the stability and redictability of the local business environment in which MNE affiliates operate.
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Vaupot, Zoran. "New Institutional Economics and FDI Determinants." Res novae: revija za celovito znanost 6, no. 2 (2021): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.62983/rn2865.212.5.
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The institutional reforms in many countries since the 1990s were introduced to attract more inward foreign direct investments (FDI). The findings of institutional theory and its economic application within the concept of the new institutional economics have confirmed its benefits as a valuable framework in analyzing the FDI determinants and for supporting the creation of the appropriate economic policies. After evaluating the theoretical concepts of institutional theory, new institutional economics and selected empirical research on the role of institutions as FDI determinants, we conclude by focusing on three research areas and related improvements that deserve additional attention from interested scholars. These are: introducing and generalizing the use of governance indicators at the regional level, better understanding the impact, and strengthening the importance of informal institutional variables in empirical models of FDI flows and emphasizing sectoral analysis of FDI determinants.
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Smirnov, Еvegenii N., and Sergey А. Lukyanov. "Global Foreign Direct Investment: Structural Changes in the Current Crisis." Economy of Region 17, no. 3 (2021): 1014–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-21.
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The current crisis, as well as complicated economic relations between countries, sustainable development risks of global value chains (GVCs), and international trade protectionism cause changes in the modern system of global foreign direct investment (FDI). Due to the complexity of these risks and the vulnerability of the world economy to future global recessions, it is necessary to develop a new concept of cross-border capital flows in the form of FDI. The research aims to identify structural changes in global FDI in the context of international trade and capital market challenges. Structural and dynamic analysis and a descriptive assessment were conducted to examine global foreign direct investment in the system of international capital movement, taking into account the unstable economic environment. A test of the impact of the current coronavirus crisis revealed that the retrospective transformation of global FDI occurred due to changes in the internationalisation of companies, cross-border mergers and acquisitions, and regional structure of FDI. Corporate disinvestment and the growing importance of intangible assets also played an important role. As a result, the slowdown in global FDI led to a decline in reinvested earnings in many economic sectors. As the long-term recovery of the world economy will be largely determined by the dynamics of global FDI, transnational companies (TNCs) should consider local crises and strive to geographically distribute capital investment. The research revealed that the differentiation of national GVC strategies and new approaches to foreign outsourcing of TNCs are the main risks of regionalisation or nationalisation of global value chains and a corresponding decrease in FDI. The findings can be used to modify well-known FDI concepts, taking into account their impact on modern international economic relations.
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Smirnov, Еvegenii N., and Sergey А. Lukyanov. "Global Foreign Direct Investment: Structural Changes in the Current Crisis." Economy of Region 17, no. 3 (2021): 1014–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-21.
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The current crisis, as well as complicated economic relations between countries, sustainable development risks of global value chains (GVCs), and international trade protectionism cause changes in the modern system of global foreign direct investment (FDI). Due to the complexity of these risks and the vulnerability of the world economy to future global recessions, it is necessary to develop a new concept of cross-border capital flows in the form of FDI. The research aims to identify structural changes in global FDI in the context of international trade and capital market challenges. Structural and dynamic analysis and a descriptive assessment were conducted to examine global foreign direct investment in the system of international capital movement, taking into account the unstable economic environment. A test of the impact of the current coronavirus crisis revealed that the retrospective transformation of global FDI occurred due to changes in the internationalisation of companies, cross-border mergers and acquisitions, and regional structure of FDI. Corporate disinvestment and the growing importance of intangible assets also played an important role. As a result, the slowdown in global FDI led to a decline in reinvested earnings in many economic sectors. As the long-term recovery of the world economy will be largely determined by the dynamics of global FDI, transnational companies (TNCs) should consider local crises and strive to geographically distribute capital investment. The research revealed that the differentiation of national GVC strategies and new approaches to foreign outsourcing of TNCs are the main risks of regionalisation or nationalisation of global value chains and a corresponding decrease in FDI. The findings can be used to modify well-known FDI concepts, taking into account their impact on modern international economic relations.
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Vicente, Montano, Sabroso Leomar, and Torres Restie. "The Governance-FDI Nexus: A Factor-Augmented Fixed Effect Analysis of ASEAN World Governance Indicators and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows." Journal of Economics, Finance And Management Studies 07, no. 08 (2024): 5017–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13309353.
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Utilizing a factor-augmented fixed effect model, this study investigates the intricate relationship between governance indicators and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows. Panel data from six ASEAN countries covering 26 years (1996 to 2022) is examined, incorporating World Governance Indicators (WGI) alongside derived institutional factors. The research methodology employs the Exploratory Factor Analysis with a fixed effects specification to mitigate multicollinearity and covers broader governance construct. The findings uncover distinct dynamics in the relationship between governance dimensions and FDI. Notably, Control of Corruption displays a significant positive relationship. Furthermore, a resulting Institutional Quality factor positively affects FDI dwelling on the significance of comprehensive institutional environments. Conversely, the Economic Environment factor depicts a negative relationship, inferring intricate trade-offs in investment decision-making and underlining the concept of governance paradox counterintuitive results in the relationship between WGI and FDI. The model explains a moderate FDI variance featuring the importance of governance factors while recognizing unexplained variables. Diagnostics assessments, including Hausman, Breusch-Pagan, and Pesaran, guide the methodological decisions, leading to estimation with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors. The findings contribute to the discussions on the institutional determinants of FDI, focusing on the requisite for detailed policy frameworks. Succeeding research should investigate non-linear associations and sector-specific dynamics to refine the comprehension of governance-FDI interactions. The methodological approach to examining governance and FDI relationship, this study offers policymakers and researchers a more holistic framework to comprehend and influence foreign investment trends within the realm of institutional.
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Sudibyo, Ivan. "THE NEXUS OF INDUCING DEVELOPMENT: MEASURE PATH DISCOURSES IN INDONESIA’S DYNAMIC LANDSCAPE." Journal of Applied Economics in Developing Countries 9, no. 2 (2024): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jaedc.v9i2.92370.
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The research objective underscores the importance of human capital, innovation, and research in fostering sustainable economic growth, with a focus on principal variables such as human capital development (measured by HDI), innovation and competitiveness (driven by FDI inflows), R&D expenditure, and employment dynamics. The research results reveals that FDI, R&D spending, and employment significantly impact TFP growth, with FDI inflows identified as a push driver of TFP growth by enhancing innovation and competitiveness. This research applies the research methodology ARDL model to delve into the factors that influence Total Factor Productivity (TFP), drawing on Romer’s theory of endogenous growth. The research results also highlight the role of R&D expenditure in boosting TFP, emphasizing the need for a supportive environment for research and innovation. The labor force is also found to contribute significantly to TFP. The research further explores the interaction between the labor force and R&D, suggesting the need for policies that support both workforce development and innovation for sustained prosperity. The study also incorporates the concept of employment elasticity with respect to growth as a measure of inclusive development. It concludes by advising stakeholders to prioritize the promotion of FDI inflows, entice R&D spending, and treatise labor force issues to enhance TFP growth and ensure long-term economic prosperity. This underscores the importance of stakeholders’ cooperation in leveraging investments for long-term economic prosperity.
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Mushkaanbanu, Shaikh, and Rajesh Kumar Pandey Dr. "A Study of Foreign Direct Investment in India with Special Reference to Pre & Post Covid Regime." Social Science Journal for Advanced Research 4, no. 3 (2024): 22–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11204997.
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The National Economies function on several dynamics. One of the essential contributors to the economy is the foreign direct investments (FDI). FDI essentially is a financial transactional strategy which infuses the global presence and enhanced operations. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a paradigm shift in economic dynamics with a potential impact on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India. The uncertainty and disruptions caused by the global health crisis prompted a cautious approach from investors, leading to a temporary decline in FDI inflows globally. The situation in India reflects the broader challenges faced by emerging economies, navigating through the economic fallout of the pandemic. Despite the initial setbacks, India’s resilience and strategic measures have positioned it as an attractive destination for FDI post-COVID. The government’s proactive steps, coupled with economic reforms, have aimed to restore investor confidence and create an environment conducive to sustained FDI growth.This study is a descriptive research conducted massively with the help of secondary data. The Researchers aim to understand the Concept & significance of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). The study further aims to analyze the dynamics of FDI in Indian Context with special reference to Pre- and Post-COVID regime. The Authors highlight the importance of FDI for India's growth and extend insights into FDI's role in shaping India's development post-pandemic. The Researchers Conclude that Post Covid FDI Inflow haven’t been affected much due to pandemic however the negative impact is attributed to the War (Russia – Ukraine) and subsequent Supply chain issues. The drop of 16% in recent past (22-23) didn’t had the impact of Covid, instead it was External environment pressure (War). (www.ibef.org) The Researchers further conclude that the FDI scenario in India is into positive direction (barring the external threats like war). As the global economy gradually recovers, India’s strategic initiatives and resilience are expected to contribute to the revival of FDI, playing a pivotal role in the nation’s economic resurgence in the post-COVID regime.
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Latifi, Burim. "CLUSTER POLICY AND ITS IMPACT ON FDI ATTRACTION MODELS AND BETTER COOPERATION BETWEEN MNEs AND SMEs." KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 58, no. 1 (2023): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij5801123l.
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The concept of FDI has been analyzed by several theorists and many of them see FDI as an engine of growth. FDI affects economic growth directly and indirectly. It is well known that FDI has a positive impact on the domestic economy through the transfer of technology and skills, development of local suppliers in terms of providing technical assistance, training for employees, transfer of knowledge, etc. In this way, FDI affects the improvement of productivity and competitiveness of the entire economy. Multinational enterprises and their foreign affiliates recently generate one third of the global GDP, as well as two thirds of international trade. They also account for half of global exports. Precisely because of their economic importance, many governments offer subsidies and tax breaks to attract multinational enterprises, and consequently FDI. According to OECD (2005), linking MNEs and SMEs is important in the context of investment for development. The so-called "spillover" of know-how and technology from foreign investors to the local business sector is one of the biggest benefits of FDI for development. In most countries, SMEs are considered as the majority of the domestic business sector, therefore the process of overcoming the barriers to the connection between large and small enterprises is of great importance for the overall development. But the benefits of cooperation between MNEs and SMEs do not come automatically. Consequently, if we analyze specifically only one segment of the effects of FDI, such as the introduction of new technologies and innovations, as one of the biggest benefits of the host country from FDI, we come to the conclusion that this transfer is not always the same, but is very more present and effective if it is done in geographically concentrated clusters, in contrast to the cases when it is realized in dispersed companies of the same sector. Companies operating in clusters are characterized by a high degree of specialization and complementarity. This generates dynamic processes of learning, innovation and knowledge transfer. In the clusters, a process of collective learning is realized, which results in innovation and competitiveness even in sectors where high technology is not applied. This paper aims to explore models and ways of attracting FDI as well as creating preconditions for realizing as many benefits and spillovers as possible from the established cooperation between foreign MNEs and local SMEs, such as clusters. The results show that although the clusters in the Republic of North Macedonia are formally functioning, they are far from the desired condition to be in a situation to provide essential assistance in the direction of increasing the positive effects of the cooperation of SMEs and MNEs. However, the clusters should continue to be supported by the relevant competent institutions in order for the desired effects to be measurable, concrete and significant for the local economy.
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Silva, Tharsila Martins Rios da, Márcia Regina Martins Alvarenga, and Maria Amélia de Campos Oliveira. "Evaluation of the vulnerability of families assisted in Primary Care in Brazil." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 20, no. 5 (2012): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692012000500016.
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OBJECTIVE: to characterize the profiles of families in the area covered by a Primary Health Center and to identify those in a vulnerable situation. METHOD: this is an epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional and quantitative study. 320 home visits were made, defined by a random sample of the areas covered by the Urban Center 1 in the city of São Sebastião, in Brazil's Federal District. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection, elaborated based on the Family Development Index (FDI). RESULTS: there was a predominance of young families, women, and low levels of schooling. The FDI permitted the identification of families in situations of "high" and "very high" vulnerability. The most critical dimensions were: "access to knowledge" and "access to work". CONCLUSION: the study indicated the importance of greater investments in the areas of education, work and income, and highlighted the need for the use of a wider concept of vulnerability by the health services.
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Bekun, Festus Victor, Toyo Amegnonna Marcel Dossou, Kayode Kolawole Eluwole, Taiwo Temitope Lasisi, and Gizem Uzuner. "Tourism and the Mediterranean Experience Amidst Environmental Issues: Fresh Insights from Panel Analysis." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13, no. 5 (2023): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14826.
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According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), tourism is critical to a country's economic development. It acts as a catalyst for direct and indirect job creation, economic growth, and the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI). To this end, the present study looks into the relationship between economic growth (GDP), domestic credit (DC), tourism (TR), FDI, and CO2 emissions for selected Mediterranean countries. This study employs panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) approaches to assure the trustworthiness of the findings. The empirical information gathered supports the idea that tourism adds to pollution in the analyzed blocs. Furthermore, the data supports the pollution haven hypothesis concept by demonstrating that an increase in FDI harms the environment. The study's findings advocate for precautionary actions to alleviate the detrimental effects of tourism-related pollution. Ecotourism policies that support sustainable behaviors must be developed and implemented. Countries can establish a balance between economic growth and environmental protection by implementing such policies. Governments, policymakers, and stakeholders must work together to create effective frameworks and policies that promote responsible tourism. This research fills a knowledge vacuum by shedding light on the specific dynamics of Mediterranean tourism businesses. Economic growth, domestic credit, tourism, FDI, and CO2 emissions are all linked, according to empirical research. The findings highlight the importance of establishing ecotourism legislation and constructing sustainable infrastructure to reduce tourism's negative environmental impacts. Countries may safeguard the long-term viability of their tourism businesses by finding a balance between economic growth and environmental protection.
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Yousaf, Muhammad, Sukaina Khalid, Salman Masood Sheikh, and Junaid Subhani. "From Policy to Progress: Evaluating Institutional Quality, Trade Openness, FDI, and Green Technologies' Role in Green Economic Growth Using an ARDL Approach in Emerging Asian Economies." Journal of Asian Development Studies 13, no. 4 (2024): 1022–39. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.4.83.
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This study scrutinizes the influence of institutional quality, green innovation, foreign direct investment, plus trade openness on green economic growth in emerging Asian countries, with a specific focus on China, India, and Pakistan, covering the period from 1999 to 2023. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the research assesses short-run and long-run affiliations among these variables in cooperation. The outcomes illustrate that, in the long run, FDI or green innovation positively contributes to green economic growth, emphasizing their importance in fostering sustainable development. Conversely, institutional quality (IQ) is negatively associated with green growth, suggesting that weak institutional frameworks can hinder environmental progress. TOP also negatively influences green development, likely due to the trade of pollution-intensive goods. In the short run, the effects of FDI are notably adverse. At the same time, the inspiration for green invention, institutional quality, plus trade openness are less significant, implying that their impact on green growth takes more time to manifest. The study finds indications supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for these nations, indicating that conservational degradation initially increases before improving as economic evolution progresses. Partial support is also found for the Pollution Halo Concept, where trade openness and green innovation can lead to cleaner industrial practices over time. Policymakers should focus on improving institutional quality, fostering green FDI, and supporting policies that promote green innovation and sustainable trade practices.
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Munongo, Simon, Olusegun Ayo Akanbi, and Zurika Robinson. "Do tax incentives matter for investment? A literature review." Business and Economic Horizons 13, no. 2 (2017): 152–68. https://doi.org/10.15208/beh.2017.12.
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The effectiveness of tax incentives in attracting FDI remains one of the unsettled concepts in public finance. The importance of tax incentives in attraction of internationally mobile capital differs with the jurisdiction of the study and the methodology used in drawing conclusions. This study in reviewing both theoretical and empirical literature seeks to establish the merits and demerits of tax incentives. This is because though they receive a lot of criticism tax incentives continue to be used in most economies. Most of the empirical studies that this study explored concluded that though tax incentives might be important in attracting FDI they are more effective when combined with other non-tax factors. Macroeconomic conditions, infrastructure and strong institutions were found to be important non-tax factors that improve the attractiveness of an economy to FDI. The major weaknesses of using taxes in attracting FDI were discussed using the tax competition and tax harmonisation framework. Here it was noted that the use of tax incentives to attract FDI might improve the welfare of individuals in the jurisdiction that apply the incentives, but have external cost implications for residents in other competing jurisdictions that do not adopt tax incentives.
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Shaqiri, Mentor, Orhan Çeku, and Ismajl Mehmeti. "The Legal Aspect and the Economic Perspective of the Foreign Direct Investment." Mednarodno inovativno poslovanje = Journal of Innovative Business and Management 12, no. 2 (2020): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32015/jibm.2020.12.2.4.38-48.
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Foreign Direct Investment (hereinafter referred to as FDI) are an important segment of economic-financial activity in the national economy. Being so important they deserve special attention from the politicians as well as an analytical review in scientific terms. Foreign Direct Investment are one of the key factors for promoting the country's sustainable economic development. They have economic and financial impact but their legal aspect is also very important. This paper elaborates the concept of foreign direct investment, their impact on the national economy and the legal basis of foreign direct investment. As an analytical case is used the Republic of Kosovo, whose institutions are creating policies and are adopting laws for an appropriate environment that affects the attraction of foreign investors and investments. The focus of this paper is the analysis of the concept of FDI, the legal infrastructure, the factors that impact the attraction of investments, and their role in the economic development of the country. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role and importance of foreign direct investment for national economic development as well as the legal security of investments in the Republic of Kosovo. In the elaboration of the paper was used the literature of foreign authors, statistical reports of local and international institutions as well as local legislation dealing with the regulation of this issue. The main methods used are: descriptive methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical methods, legal methods and comparative methods.
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Hasan, Mohammad Khatim, Samsul Arifin Abdul Karim, and Jumat Sulaiman. "Sustainable Economic Growth And Industry Insights: Nonlinear Interaction Analysis of GDP Vs FDI in Malaysia Using SCILAB Programming." Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review 5, no. 2 (2024): e02953. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v5.n02.pe02953.
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Objective: To investigate the nonlinear relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Malaysia, with the aim of providing insights into their bidirectional interactions. Theoretical Framework: The main concepts and theories that underpin the research are nonlinear regression techniques and economic growth models. These frameworks provide a solid basis on understanding the dynamic interaction between GDP and FDI in the context of Malaysia’s economic. Method: The methodology comprises writing Scilab coding to analyze nonlinear regression models. Malaysia's economic data on GDP and FDI were utilized as inputs for the analysis. The study involves modeling the dynamics between these indicators and evaluating their relationship over time. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed a significant nonlinear relationship between GDP and FDI in Malaysia. These results are contextualized within the theoretical framework, highlighting the bidirectional nature of the relationship. Possible discrepancies and limitations, including data constraints and assumptions of the nonlinear models, are also considered. Research Implications: This research offers valuable insights for policymakers, helping shape economic planning,and investment strategies. It highlights the importance of FDI in promoting sustainable economic growth and industrial development towards United Nation SDG 8 and SDG 9. Originality/Value: This study contributes by using nonlinear regression techniques and Scilab programming to analyze the complex relationship between GDP and FDI, an approach not widely applied to Malaysia's context. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by its potential impact on economic policy and its contributions to a deeper understanding of Malaysia's economic development.
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Osei, Collins, Maktoba Omar, and Tasneem Suliman Joosub. "The effect of colonial legacies on Africa’s inward FDI: the case of UK FDI in Ghana." critical perspectives on international business 16, no. 3 (2020): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-05-2018-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role colonial ties play in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to Ghana, several years after the official end of colonisation in the African continent. Colonisation left behind legacies of institutional framework, social ties and remnants of companies of colonial masters, which could potentially offer contemporary businesses from home countries the benefits of country of origin agglomeration. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses sequential explanatory mixed research design through 101 questionnaires and 8 interviews from the UK companies with FDI in Ghana. This approached enabled the initial quantitative results to be explored further through the qualitative data. Findings Colonial ties have limited influence on contemporary flow of FDI to Ghana, in spite of the institutional legacies between former colonisers and colonies. Majority of UK companies are influenced by agglomeration opportunities in general rather than country of origin agglomeration. However, country of origin agglomeration remains important to over a third of the companies surveyed. Research limitations/implications The sample was taken from the non-extractive industry in Ghana, and caution must be applied in generalising the findings. However, some universal issues concerning agglomeration and institutions are discussed. Originality/value Although there has been some research on colonial history and its impact on FDI in Africa, existing knowledge on bilateral relations is rather limited. Unlike previous studies, this research provides depth by examining colonial influence on FDI between two countries, using two key concepts: country of origin agglomeration and institutions. It provides UK companies with contemporary views to consider when exploring FDI opportunities in Ghana, particularly in relation to the effects of the colonial history. It also provides investment promotion agencies with empirical results on the importance of various forms of agglomeration and institutions for FDI attraction.
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Kovačević, Slaviša, Mladen Rebić, and Drago Kurušić. "The Impact of the Inflow of Foreign Direct Investments on the Economic Development of Serbia." ECONOMICS 9, no. 2 (2021): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2021-0022.
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Abstract Foreign direct investments present one of the very important products of globalization, by establishing a new economic concept of free international movement of capital, people, goods and services. An analyses of the impact of this type of international movement of capital on economic growth and development is one of the modern tendencies of economic researchers. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the impact of the level and structure of foreign direct investment on the economic development of the Serbian economy, where the impact of foreign direct investment inflow on economic growth, current balance, manufacturing industry through the impact on total industry turnover, employment and productivity will be separately considered. The aim of this research is to prove the importance of FDI for developing countries, as well as to point out the need to improve and enhance the business environment in order to maximize FDI inflows. The main hypothesis of this research is that foreign direct investments significantly contribute to the economic growth and development of the Republic of Serbia. For the purposes of hypothesis analysis and testing, a simple linear regression model was used in this paper. The research was conducted for the period from 2010 to 2019. The obtained results present a positive relationship between the inflow of foreign direct investment and GDP growth, and show a positive relationship between growth of investments in manufacturing and growth in productivity, employment and total turnover, and show a positive relationship between FDI inflow and export value.
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Dobroskok, Iuliia B., and Maryna D. Dron. "The Strategy of Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in Ukrainian Enterprises." Business Inform 5, no. 544 (2023): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2023-5-67-72.
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The article provides an overview of current problems and opportunities associated with attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to determine the strategy of attracting foreign investments and to determine ways to increase the investment attractiveness of Ukrainian enterprises. The article also emphasizes the relevance of the study of factors of feasibility and efficiency of the involved investments, since these indicators determine the optimal approach to work with them. The article defines the essence of the concept of "foreign direct investment". Types of presentation of the investment activity of enterprises as a whole were determined and an overview of the main types of investments that can be involved in enterprises was carried out. A comparative analysis of real and financial investments was conducted, the advantages of these types of investments for enterprises were emphasized. Also, a comparative review of the main types of direct foreign investment was conducted. Various strategies and approaches that can be successful in attracting FDI and contributing to the economic growth of the country have been analyzed. The factors that contribute to the attraction of direct foreign investment in the State are highlighted. The research in the article focuses on the challenges that Ukrainian enterprises face when attracting FDI, such as corruption, political instability and uncertain legislation. References are used to the works of various researchers who studied investment activities and the importance of investments in the formation of the enterprise's capital. The importance of developing an investment strategy was determined and areas for increasing the investment attractiveness of the company were identified. At the end of the article, additional directions for increasing the investment attractiveness of companies are proposed, such as the development of an international brand, improvement of personnel qualifications, introduction of modern technologies, partnership with local and international structures. Development of a comprehensive investment strategy and implementation of recommended measures can increase the company's competitiveness, attract foreign investors, and ensure long-term stability and growth.
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Yao, Ling, and Goshu Desalegn. "Sustainable Practices in Global Supply Chains of Chinese Enterprises: Biblometeric Approach." Studia Mundi – Economica 10, no. 4 (2023): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18531/sme.vol.10.no.4.pp.5-19.
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Chinese enterprises have indeed recognized the importance of sustainable practices in their global supply chains, with one key practice being the enhancement of supply chain transparency. These enterprises are implementing measures to trace and track raw materials and components, ensuring compliance with sustainability standards and ethical sourcing practices. This transparency is crucial in identifying and mitigating environmental and social risks within the supply chain. However, it is important to note that there is still a lack of extensive research in the context of China regarding sustainable practices in global supply chains. While some studies and initiatives have been conducted, there is a need for more comprehensive research to understand the specific challenges and opportunities faced by Chinese enterprises in adopting and implementing sustainable practices throughout their supply chains. The objective of this study is investigating the research progress on issue related Sustainable Practices in Global Supply Chains of Chinese Enterprises. In doing so, systematic literature research was implemented on the supply chains of Chinese enterprises' foreign direct investment (FDI) to provides insights into the penetration and significance of sustainable concepts in this topic. This paper utilizes advanced data visualization techniques and an in-depth literature review to comprehensively summarize and review previous research extracted from the Web of Science database. The study included 518 articles and analyzed them through RStudio and VOSviewer software. Research analysis reveals that most of the past research articles on this topic primarily come from China, followed by large economies such as the United States and the United Kingdom. However, when ranked by influence, the order is Canada, the UK, and the US. Around 2020, collaborations between countries mainly occurred in Asian nations. China, enterprises, and FDI are currently the most popular keywords. The importance of sustainability in the research on FDI in Chinese enterprises has been verified through data analysis and theoretical review. Key terms related to sustainability, such as "carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, and energy consumption", are expected to play a vital role in future research. Current theoretical studies confirm that integrating environmental, social, and economic goals (ESG) into supply chain operations can implement a sustainable philosophy for the entire product lifecycle in Chinese OFDI enterprises. Disseminating sustainable management principles in supply chains among Chinese OFDI companies can contribute to ESG sustainability goals, while also enhancing the long-term profitability of the companies themselves.
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Konewka, Tomasz, Joanna Bednarz, and Tomasz Czuba. "Building a Competitive Advantage for Indonesia in the Development of the Regional EV Battery Chain." Energies 14, no. 21 (2021): 7332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217332.
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In the process of the electrification of the vehicle industry, an important issue is to adapt production to new technological solutions and to achieve a break-even point in the production costs of an electric vehicle in the short term compared to its traditional counterparts. By the end of 2020, 10 million electric cars were sold worldwide. In today’s globalized and crisis market realities, it is very difficult for state authorities to build a competitive advantage. Based on the concept of M.E. Porter, generating competitiveness does not take place at the macroeconomic, but at the mezzoeconomic level. The key purposes of this review paper are threefold: firstly, to identify the infrastructure for the production of electric cars (market size, resources) in some major Asian countries, including Indonesia; secondly, to identify the importance of FDI for Indonesia and the essence of their relations with China, and thirdly, to investigate whether Indonesia is able to build a competitive advantage in the form of a regional EV battery chain hub. The Indonesian government should ensure a more sizeable investment in lithium-ion battery production in order to complete a whole downstream supply chain, which includes the synthesis of the remaining high-quality battery materials.
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Dr., N.Prasanna Kumar, and Vinod Babu M. "FDI IN RETAIL SECOR IN INDIA AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRIZES." International Journal of Marketing & Financial Management 2, no. 7 (2014): 123–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10803466.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> <em>Small and medium enterprises play a very important role in the development process of the country since independence. The sector is more labor intensive than large enterprises. In an agricultural based economy like India, it provides simple livelihood and employment opportunities to the people. It also helps in the development of entrepreneurial skill and helps in the equitable distribution of income through decentralization of economic activities. The MSME sector is the 2<sup>nd</sup> largest employer in the country after agriculture at the same time contributes nearly 6% in the GDP of the country in 2011. As per the Third all India Census of Small Scale industries conducted in 2004, the SME’s have increased from about 80,000 units in the 1940’s to more than 100 Lakh units till 2011. Their total employment is about 25 Million and they produce about 7500 products including high technology products. In the sports goods and garments sector their contribution to exports is as high as 90% to 100% . They constitute 90% of the industrial units in the country and also contribute to about 35% of India’s exports. Government of India, in its policy regulations and in different five year plans, recognized the importance of MSME sector and gave a special status and protection in its policies. It reserved 842 items to be exclusively manufactured by small industries, i.e., Large corporations were not allowed to enter in the reserved category. Further, Government policies to counter regional imbalances (1977) promote ancillarisation (1980), encourage exports and dispersal in rural areas (1990) and then to promote Small, Tiny and Village Industries (1991) were some of the measures to promote micro and small and medium enterprises. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 was passed to facilitate the development of these enterprises as also enhance their competitiveness. It provides the first ever legal framework for recognition of the concept of ‘enterprise’ which comprises both manufacturing and service entities. It defines medium enterprises for the first time and seeks to integrate the three tiers of these enterprises namely micro, small and medium. Globalization and Industrial Policy, 1991 brought a massive change in the economic scenario in the country. India became the member of World Trade Organization in 1995 which forced its member countries, including India, to bring economic reforms in the country. It forced its member countries to drastically scale down quantitative and non-quantitative restrictions on imports and pave the way for foreign direct investment in their country. As a result, restrictions were removed from many reserved categories including wholesale and retail business in India. As a result, de-reservation took place in the name of technological upgradation and higher productivity and the number of reserved items reduced from 842 in 1950-51 to 21 at present.</em> <strong><em> Key words:</em></strong><em> Small And Medium Enterprises, MSMED, Globalization, Decentralization, FDI</em>
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Wozar, Fabian, Immanuel Seitz, Felix Reichel, and M. Dominik Fischer. "Importance of Nonhuman Primates as a Model System for Gene Therapy Development in Ophthalmology." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 239, no. 03 (2022): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1777-5033.
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AbstractGene therapy is a treatment concept that uses, in most cases, viral vectors to deliver a therapeutic transgene to target cells. Although the idea of gene therapy dates back over 50 years ago, due to the complexity of the treatment concept, it took until the last decade for the responsible agencies like FDA and EMA to recommend the first gene therapy products for clinical use. The development of these therapies relies on molecular engineering of specifically designed vectors and models to test the effectiveness and safety of the treatment. Despite an increasing effort to find effective surrogates, animal models are still irreplaceable in gene therapy development. Rodents are important for exploring pathways and disease mechanisms and identifying potential treatment targets. However, only the primate eye resembles the human eye to a degree where most structures are nearly identical. Some research questions can therefore only be answered using a nonhuman primate (NHP) model. In this review, we want to summarize these key features and highlight the importance of the NHP model for gene therapy development in ophthalmology.
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Potapov, Sergey A. "The importance of a psychological portrait in unobvious crimes disclosure." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 2 (2023): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2023-7-2-348-356.
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The relevance of work is due to the complex study of the meaning of psychological portraiture in the detection of unobvious crimes. The purpose of work is to analyze the concept and essence of the psychological portrait and determine its significance in solving problems of criminal proceedings. The implementation of the purpose is achieved by the use of laws of dialectics, formal logic and the application of general scientific and private research methods. Analysis of disclosure and investigation statistics shows that the development of an effective and acceptable methodology for profiling an unidentified criminal is an urgent task for law enforcement agencies. Existing theoretical approaches to determine the links between the traces of a crime and the personality of a criminal, in particular, forensic, program-targeted, psychiatric and psychological, are explored. Their brief description is given. The concept and main purposes of drawing up a psychological portrait and its significance in the disclosure of unobvious crimes are investigated. The history of the development of this method both abroad and in Russia is considered. A comparative analysis of the method used abroad, in particular in the FBI, and in Russia is made, the differences and features in them are determined. The informational content of the method under study and the methodology for compiling a psychological portrait of a criminal are considered. It is concluded that a psychological portrait as a non-traditional method of cognition and the result of compiling a comprehensive description of an unknown criminal has a certain significance in solving the problems of revealing and investigating unobvious, unmotivated serial crimes. At the same time, it can be used in the investigation on an equal footing and in combination with other traditional methods and means.
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Khoirunnisa, Rini, Syuhendri, Kistiono, and Mardiah Afifa. "Misconceptions of High School Students on Motion and Force Using the Force Concept Inventory (FCI)." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 10, no. 5 (2024): 2711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i5.6979.
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This research aims to identify high school students' misconceptions regarding motion and force using the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) instrument. This study used a quantitative method with respondents of 108 students in class XI science. Misconception data was obtained using FCI in the form of multiple-choice questions. There are 30 questions with five options. The results showed that a total of 46 out of 108 students (19.44%) answered 8 to 11 questions correctly, 41 students (37.96%) answered 5 to 7 questions correctly and the other 21 students (42.59%) only answered 2 to 4 questions correctly. The conclusion is students had misconceptions about the concepts of motion and force, especially on topics such as kinematics, Newton's laws, the principle of superposition, and kinds of force. This research implies the importance of understanding students' misconceptions in developing physics curricula and learning strategies in high schools. It is hoped that the research results can provide information to teachers about students' conceptual understanding so that appropriate learning strategies can be developed to correct students' misconceptions in learning.
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Aldazharova, Salima, Gulnara Issayeva, Samat Maxutov, and Nuri Balta. "Assessing AI’s problem solving in physics: Analyzing reasoning, false positives and negatives through the force concept inventory." Contemporary Educational Technology 16, no. 4 (2024): ep538. http://dx.doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/15592.
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This study investigates the performance of GPT-4, an advanced AI model developed by OpenAI, on the force concept inventory (FCI) to evaluate its accuracy, reasoning patterns, and the occurrence of false positives and false negatives. GPT-4 was tasked with answering the FCI questions across multiple sessions. Key findings include GPT-4’s proficiency in several FCI items, particularly those related to Newton’s third law, achieving perfect scores on many items. However, it struggled significantly with questions involving the interpretation of figures and spatial reasoning, resulting in a higher occurrence of false negatives where the reasoning was correct, but the answers were incorrect. Additionally, GPT-4 displayed several conceptual errors, such as misunderstanding the effect of friction and retaining the outdated impetus theory of motion. The study’s findings emphasize the importance of refining AI-driven tools to make them more effective in educational settings. Addressing both AI limitations and common misconceptions in physics can lead to improved educational outcomes.
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Yoshimori, Atsushi, and Jürgen Bajorath. "Deep SAR matrix: SAR matrix expansion for advanced analog design using deep learning architectures." Future Drug Discovery 2, no. 2 (2020): FDD36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fdd-2020-0005.
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Aim: Enhancing the structure–activity relationship matrix (SARM) methodology through integration of deep learning and expansion of chemical space coverage. Background: Analog design is of critical importance for medicinal chemistry. The SARM approach, which combines systematic structural organization of compound series with analog design, is put into scientific context. Methodology: The new DeepSARM concept is introduced. The architecture of SARM-integrated deep generative models is detailed and the workflow for advanced analog design and matrix expansion described. Exemplary application: The DeepSARM approach is applied to design analogs of kinase inhibitors taking kinome-wide chemical space into account. Future perspective: Practical applications of DeepSARM will be a major focal point. Different applications are discussed. New computational features will be added to prioritize virtual candidate compounds.
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Xinfa Lin and Ayo Eso. "General Concept of FDI and China's FDI." China Report 34, no. 1 (1998): 11–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944559803400102.
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Hollister, S. J., M. B. Wheeler, S. E. Feinberg, and W. L. Murphy. "THE IMPORTANCE OF LARGE ANIMAL MODELS FOR TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab249.
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The translation of bone tissue engineering (BTE) research to clinical use has been absymal1. Outside of bone void filler biomaterials, only Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) has made significant inroads to clinical practice, and even BMP2 use has been associated with significant complications including death, dysphagia, and ectopic bone formation. The dearth of BTE products can be attributed to two main causes: (1) the need to develop BTE systems, that successfully integrate scaffolds, growth factors like BMP2 and cells and (2) the need to adapt and implement such systems for a wide variety of clinical indications in CranioMaxilloFacial (CMF), Spine and Orthopedic Surgery. Of course, to fully develop BTE systems (Issue 1) and adapt them to realistic clinical indications, we must be able to test such systems in bone defects that are as close to the human situation as possible. Thus, the use of domestic large animals for bone tissue engineering is critical, as these animals provide challenges in both defect volume and functional loading that can mimic the human situation. In addition, FDA approval for BTE products either through a 510K or IDE/IND/PMA pathway requires the use of a large pre-clinical animal model. However, despite this need, only approximately 60 large animal bone tissue-engineering studies have been published in the past 10 years. Furthermore, NIH has funded only 8% of these studies, and of the 17 bone tissue engineering studies supported by NIH in 2010, only three utilized a large animal model, and none of these used an animal larger than a rabbit. Clearly, increased translation and regulatory approval of BTE therapies will require greater testing in large animal models. We will discuss the current dearth of relevant pre-clinical studies in BTE, and present our work addressing these issues by developing BTE systems (integrated scaffold, growth factor and stem-cell constructs) and testing these systems for realistic clinical applications using the Yorkshire and other swine species as a large pre-clinical animal model. We will detail our work in developing BTE systems for CMF reconstruction and spine fusion in the swine model. Reference Hollister S. J. and Murphy W. L. Scaffold translation: barriers between concept and clinic. Tissue Eng. B. (in press).
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Ozols, Andris, and Valdis Avotiņš. "Role of innovation culture and post-Soviet mindset as factors determining speed of economic development in a small open economy: Case of Latvia." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, no. 12 (2024): 4360. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i12.4360.
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This research seeks to identify the value of a few common factors determining the speed of economic growth in Baltic states and analyzes their impact in detail on Latvia’s lagging. Latvia’s economic starting point after regaining independence because of the collapse of the Soviet Union was at least comparable to its neighbors. Still, after the implementation of liberal reforms towards a free market’ economy and 20 years of operation as an EU full member, Latvia is lagging in growth, prosperity, and innovation. Within the analysis, this scientific paper pays special attention to the three less discussed factors, namely, the impact of post-Soviet mind-set effects as a part of local innovation culture, lasting since regaining independence in 1991; the importance of the availability of talent pull, its density, diversity, and accessibility; and readiness and capability to capture external knowledge and technology adoption. The overall approach is the systemic assessment of the national innovation system and/or innovation ecosystem, trying to understand the differences between these two models. Research is performed by analysis of the performance of the local innovation ecosystem in connection with export- and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policies. The authors present a novel method for visually representing economic growth and its application in analyzing process development within transitional economic nations. The study uses an analytical and synthetical literature review. It offers a new GDP data visualization method useful for monitoring economic development and forecasting potential economic crises—the outcomes from aggregative literature analysis in a consolidated concept are provided for required talent policy proposals. The post-Soviet mindset is seen as a heritage and devious underdog that has left incredibly diverse consequences on today’s society, power structures, economic growth potential, and the emergence of healthy, well-managed, and sustainable innovation ecosystems. The post-Soviet mindset is a seemingly hidden and, at the same time, an intriguing factor that has a significant impact on the desire to make and implement the right decisions related to innovation, education, and other policies promoting business development. The key outcome of the article is that sociocultural aspects and differences in innovation culture led to a slow-down of Latvia’s economic growth compared to Estonia’s and Lithuania’s slightly more successful economic reforms.
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Gökmen, Aytaç. "The Importance of FDI Inflows in Turkey." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 9, no. 3 (2020): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2020070104.
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The Republic of Turkey is located at the threshold of Eurasia consolidating the East with the West and North with the South. Moreover, it is at the conjunction of many investment and commercial routes. These advantages disposition gives Turkey a favorable investment climate especially in the form of FDI. The volume of FDI in the world is well over 1 trillion USDs, but Turkey can attract only a small amount of it. Even tough Turkey has substantial foreign debt and commercial deficits, it still has a strong government with political stability. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present the literature on FDI, FDI and economic growth nexus, a historical background of FDI in Turkey, and FDI's contributions to the Turkish economy.
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Owen, J., and R. Baker. "P108 The importance of developing consensus-driven clinical data standards for Crohn’s disease to amplify data." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (2020): S189—S190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.237.
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Abstract Background When CDISC standards are applied, data is collected, organised and analysed in a clear and consistent manner so that all researchers can leverage and share information from individuals and studies around the world. Required by the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) and adopted by the world’s leading research organisations, CDISC standards enable the accessibility, interoperability, and reusability of data. Adopting CDISC standards is an invaluable investment that leads to more meaningful, more efficient research for your organisation and the entire global research community. Methods With support from The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust and following the CDISC consensus-based standards development process, a team of Crohn’s disease and standards development experts was created to develop clinical data standards for Crohn’s disease. The CDISC standards development process consists of five stages: Results The project scoping stage completed in July 2019. The scoping team, consisting of Crohn’s disease clinical SMEs, identified the following topics that would most benefit from development of clinical data standards and to move into the concept modelling and standards development phases of the project: Package 1 Package 2 Endoscopy assessments The first package of data standards for Crohn’s disease will be available for Public Review in July 2020 and is anticipated to be published in Q1 2021 for use by researchers and industry. The second package of data standards will be available for Public Review in Q3 2020 with publication in Q2 2021. Conclusion CDISC’s vision is to encourage the global adoption of standards to leverage and realise the full potential of data and produce faster, more efficient research, paving the way for more breakthroughs in Crohn’s disease treatments, therapies and cures. ECCO attendees and the Crohn’s disease community are encouraged to participate in CDISC’s informational webinars and Public Review stages to foster all-inclusive development, approval and adoption of the data standards.
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Nikolova, A., and Y. P. Yordanov. "Conservative Physiotherapy Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement." Acta Medica Bulgarica 49, no. 3 (2022): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2022-0030.
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Abstract The femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome is a motion-related disorder of the hip joint with premature contact between the acetabulum and the proximal femur. It is a relatively new clinical entity and no strict treatment protocols and guidelines have been established yet. Furthermore, patients are often misdiagnosed and not properly treated. We report a clinical case of a young adult female patient presenting with a bilateral FAI-CAM type deformity during the last 2 years. An individual progressive global elastic resistant training program was established which involved stimulation to all affected muscle groups using Pilates concept. Hip-specific and functional lower limb strengthening targeted the deep hip external rotators, abductors and flexors in the transverse, frontal, and sagittal planes. Improving the dynamic stability and Core stability was the main aim of the challenging physiotherapy treatment in this case. A good functional result was registered at 6 months follow up. All therapeutic activities were performed in a pain free range of motion which was of paramount importance for achieving excellent patient compliance and successful outcome respectively. The applied treatment strategy demonstrated to be reliable and could be a helpful tool in the armamentarium of contemporary physiotherapy when dealing with the FAI group of patients.
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Kersan-Skabic, Ines. "The importance of corporate taxation for FDI attractiveness of southeast European countries." Panoeconomicus 62, no. 1 (2015): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1501105k.
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The aim of this paper is to research the determinants of FDI inflows in the SEE region with a special emphasis on corporate tax rates. The panel data analysis (GMM methodology) was conducted on six countries in the period 2000-2011 in two versions: as gravity model based on bilateral FDI inflows and on the total FDI inflows (and inward stock). The results pointed the most important determinants for attracting FDI in SEE countries are market size (population), growth rates, GDP per capita, and wages. Institutional variables and corporate tax rates were not significant in the analysis of flows, but they become significant in the analysis of FDI inward stock.
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Yao, HongXing, Agyei Peprah Philip, and Geraude Fortune KOUNDE. "Importance of FDI in SME's Internationalization." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business research ISSN (2226-8235) 8, no. 4 (2019): 18–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3491771.
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Previous research on internationalization has focused on developed economy enterprises and multinationals (MNEs). A growing number of enterprises which are now internationalizing are Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The need for SMEs to internationalize has been increasing, and the consumption and production capacity of emerging nations is also significant. SMEs are key to reinforcing productivity, offering more inclusive growth and adapting to megatrends. Export and import activity is the most often used form of the global expansion of the companies of the SMEs sector. Therefore this research focused on the part played by foreign direct investment. The research aimed to explore the importance of FDI for SMEs internationalization. A systematic literature review was conducted in this research. A total of three relevant articles were selected for review. The results of this research provided evidence that SMEs which consider FDI as an investment resource appreciate the benefits of employment creation, innovation, skilled labor force, productivity growth, and competitiveness.
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Arain, Hira, Liyan Han, Arshian Sharif, and Muhammad Saeed Meo. "Investigating the effect of inbound tourism on FDI: The importance of quantile estimations." Tourism Economics 26, no. 4 (2019): 682–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816619859695.
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The current study investigates the asymmetric effect of inbound tourism on foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world’s top tourist destinations based on monthly data for the period between 1995 and 2017. The quantile-on-quantile (QQ) approach introduced by Sim and Zhou was adopted for this study, because it assesses how various quantiles of inbound tourism affect different quantiles of FDI. Thus, the QQ approach gives a more detailed explanation of the general dependence of inbound tourism and FDI than traditional approaches, such as ordinary least squares or quantile regression. Further, the test of Granger causality in quantiles proposed by Troster et al. was also applied in this study to check the causal relationship between inbound tourism and FDI. The empirical outcomes explain that the relationship between inbound tourism and FDI is mostly positive for all countries except Mexico and Russia on low and middle quantiles, although there are significant differences throughout the nations and across all quantiles of inbound tourism and FDI.
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TAST, Jelena, and Snezhana HRISTOVA. "Motives and Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Republic of Macedonia." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 6, no. 2 (2015): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v6.2(12).02.
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In order to design appropriate Foreigh Direct Investment (FDI) attraction policies there is a need of exploring which are the key motives and determinants of FDI inflow in the host-country.
 The aim is to see whether the Republic of Macedonia follows the global trends due to FDI in transition countries and, in this regard, to research the reasons for the low FDI inflow in the country. 
 The paper is organized as follows. In introduction we point the importance of FDI inflow in transition countries, and in this context we emphasize the importance of the motives, and therefore the determinants that conditioned the FDI inflow. Section I review the theoretical framework on the FDI determinants, with particular reference to the OLI paradigm. Section II analyses the inflow and structure of FDI in the Republic of Macedonia. In order to explore the FDI motives and determinants in the Republic of Macedonia, which will serve as a reference framework for defining the future direction of policy related to FDI in the Republic of Macedonia, in the third part an empirical research has been conducted in the form of a questionnaire. The conclusion defines the key findings in context of the policy for attracting FDI in the Republic of Macedonia.
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Jaiswal, Krishna Kumar, and Nand Kumar. "Symmetric and Asymmetric Association Between Foreign Direct Investments and Macroeconomic Variables: An Ardl Approach." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 1 (2024): e06697. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-103.
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Objectives: The main objective of the study is to investigating the dynamic relationship between FDI and different Macro Economic Variables (MEVs) using the ARDL procedure, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the association between FDI and MEVs and to evaluate their relative importance for FDI. Methods: This study utilizes annual data from 1991 to 2021 from the World Bank (2021) and the Reserve Bank of India (2021). Data on GDP, Export, Inflation and interest rate, and FDI are collected from the World Bank. Autoregressive Distributive lag Model procedure has been used for the study in order to establish relationship between Macro economic variables and FDI. Results: Our methodological approach using ARDL model and finds: (a) a positive correlation between exports and FDI, (b) a negative impact of inflation and exchange rates on FDI in the long run. Non-linear ARDL analysis reveals the asymmetric impact of inflation and interest rate on FDI, which includes the effect of positive and negative shock of interest rate and inflation on FDI. d) 1% increase in inflation reduces FDI by 0.4% and if Inflation is reduced by 1%, FDI is increased by 0.2%. At the same time, the non-linear estimation of interest rates concludes that there is an asymmetric and significant association between interest rates and FDI. e) If Interest rate has increased by 1% FDI is decreased by 0.9% and if interest rate has reduced by 1% FDI has deceased by 1.63%. f) The causality analysis reveals that exports, GDP, and exchange rates are the significant economic variables that affect FDI. Conclusion: The study's findings have practical implications for policymakers and investors looking to attract more FDI in India. The results indicate that exports play a critical role in attracting FDI and that the government should focus on improving export performance to increase FDI inflows. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of controlling inflation and exchange rates to attract more foreign investment. The finding that interest rates have an asymmetric relationship with FDI suggests that policymakers should be cautious when implementing monetary policies that may impact interest rates. Overall, the study provides valuable insights for policymakers and investors looking to attract more FDI in India and highlights the importance of considering the country's macroeconomic conditions when making investment decisions.
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Silajdzic, Sabina, and Eldin Mehic. "Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment: What Role for Investment Policy in Southeast Europe?" South East European Journal of Economics and Business 17, no. 1 (2022): 30–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2022-0003.
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Abstract Institutions are generally perceived as an important determinant of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Which institutions matter and why for FDI, remains however one of prominent questions in public policy debate amid complexities related to different institutional dimensions, and incomplete or even vague understanding of underlying mechanism(s) at work. In this paper we account for these ambiguities, and focus on institutions that reveal government efforts to design proper institutional and policy framework to attract FDI, as opposed to considering institutions in broader sense. Specifically, we contribute to FDI policy debate by analysing the impact of institutions measuring Investment policy and promotion on inward FDI flows in South East Europe (SEE). To this end we use a unique dataset that is comprised of specific, FDI related institutional indicators developed and published by the OECD. The results of this empirical investigation deeper our understanding on whether differences in FDI policies and institutional set-up across South East European (SEE) countries explain variations in inward FDI flows relaying on bilateral FDI flows and the gravity modelling technique. We bring novel evidence that investment policy efforts seemingly do pay off, highlighting the importance of progress and reforms embodied not only in FDI regulation, but also in FDI policy variables including FDI Promotion and Facilitation, Transparency, Privatisation policy and Public Private Partnership in attracting FDI in SEE. The analysed institutional effect properly accounts for the possible time-variant and context-dependant effect of institutions. The suggested importance of FDI policy variables seem valuable in terms of general FDI policy issues and trade-offs.
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Brava, Feim. "IMPORTANCE OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS (FDI) IN KOSOVO AND CREATION OF FAVORABLE POLICIES IN ATTRACTING THEM." Knowledge International Journal 30, no. 6 (2019): 1607–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij30061607b.
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Domestic investments are essential to develop of each country, but sometimes insufficient, in most countries that aim for sustainable and long-term growth. Hence, most countries, and Kosovo, have a continuing need for additional capital, which, with adequate institutional policies, can be provided through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).While in developed countries there are debates about and against FDI (especially about the type of FDI when an investment can be made from domestic capital), in underdeveloped and developing countries there is a consensus on the need for FDI to meet the need for investments that can not be realized through local investment.Several emerging countries and Kosovo have made constant efforts to increase these investments but have faced significant problems in attracting foreign investors. Disadvantaged institutional policies, including monopoly policies and fiscal policies, have been one of the limiting factors.This paper aims at analyzing current policies related to attracting FDI and identifying and analyzing institutional policies that are facilitating FDI, but the main focus will be on current and potential policies that can will negatively impact on FDI withdrawal. At the end of the paper, some conclusions will be drawn based on research on the current situation as well as some recommendations on policies that may advance attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
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POPA, Cristina Elena. "THE IMPORTANCE AND EVOLUTION OF FDI INFLOWS IN CHINA." Revista Economica 74, no. 2 (2022): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56043/reveco-2022-0014.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) produce a plethora of positive direct effects on the host countries, such as additional resources and capabilities, added tax revenues, and GDP growth. Furthermore, they link the host economy to the global marketplace and improve the balance of payment. Apart from these direct effects, there are also many indirect consequences that must be taken into consideration, such as new management styles, new work culture, and more dynamic competitive practices. The sustained flow of FDI into developing nations is without a doubt an important stimulus for economic growth. In the present paper, the main objective is to present the inward FDI in China over the last 5 years, while highlighting the impact of the pandemic on the investment inflow. To achieve this goal, I have explained the importance of FDI inflows in the economic development of a country, I presented China s macroeconomic performance in recent years, and finally, I performed an analysis of the evolution of FDI inflows in China for the period 2017 – 2021. Regarding the methodology used, I have elaborated quantitative research, by collecting information and data from China s national statistics, international statistics, and from specialized literature. The hypothesis of the research is that despite being the country where the pandemic broke out, China managed to remain an attractive place for foreign investors.
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Popa, Cristina Elena. "THE IMPORTANCE AND EVOLUTION OF FDI INFLOWS IN CHINA." Revista Economica 72, no. 2 (2022): 30–39. https://doi.org/10.56043/reveco-2022-0014.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) produce a plethora of positive direct effects on the host countries, such as additional resources and capabilities, added tax revenues, and GDP growth. Furthermore, they link the host economy to the global marketplace and improve the balance of payment. Apart from these direct effects, there are also many indirect consequences that must be taken into consideration, such as new management styles, new work culture, and more dynamic competitive practices. The sustained flow of FDI into developing nations is without a doubt an important stimulus for economic growth. In the present paper, the main objective is to present the inward FDI in China over the last 5 years, while highlighting the impact of the pandemic on the investment inflow. To achieve this goal, I have explained the importance of FDI inflows in the economic development of a country, I presented China s macroeconomic performance in recent years, and finally, I performed an analysis of the evolution of FDI inflows in China for the period 2017 – 2021. Regarding the methodology used, I have elaborated quantitative research, by collecting information and data from China s national statistics, international statistics, and from specialized literature. The hypothesis of the research is that despite being the country where the pandemic broke out, China managed to remain an attractive place for foreign investors.
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Triarchi, Eirini, and John Marangos. "The political determinants of inward FDI." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan210928008t.
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The popularity of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) stimulates research on its determinants. This paper highlights the importance of political determinants in explaining inward FDI variation across countries. Adopting the argument that no single theory exists for FDI, it identifies the political factors based on the results of related empirical studies. The literature review?s primary concern is to provide underpinnings for further research on inward FDI distribution in the contemporary international political scene. It sets up the theoretical links between political regimes, political determinants, and FDI. The paper focuses on the importance of specific political variables established in all political systems to influence foreign investors' decision-making process. The distinguished determinants are property rights protection, the signing of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), human rights, and quality of governance.
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Chaerunisa, Fitri ,. "ANALISIS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) INDONESIA DI NIGERIA PERIODE 2014—2017: STUDI KASUS PT. INDOFOOD SUKSES MAKMUR*." Jurnal Mandala : Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional 2, no. 1 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.33822/jm.v2i1.998.
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Liberalism in international trading opens the opportunity for any country to sell their products to the whole world. One of the activities that cannot be separated from international trading is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Nigeria is one of many countries which really welcome the concept of FDI. There are Indonesian corporations that have been investing in Nigeria, one of them is PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur. With the Toleram Group from Singapore, the company has built a new corporation together, called De United Foods Industries Ltd (DUFIL). FDI concept and Product Life Cycle (PLC) theory are used in this research, along with the qualitative method and descriptive technique of data analysis. The result shows that PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur (De United Foods Industries Ltd) is a company with horizontal FDI model. The company classified in greenfield FDI category, which developed with merger. According to PLC theory, instant noodle from PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur which has been produced by De United Foods Industries Ltd in Nigeria is currently in the mature step.
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Nasri, Leila. "The Impact Of The Exchange Rate On Tunisia's Attractiveness To Foreign Direct Investment, The Impact Of The Exchange Rate On The Attractiveness Of Tunisia To Foreign Direct Investments." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 12 (2024): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/ev9afs54.
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Using an econometric panel data model, this study analyzes the impact of the exchange rate on the attractiveness of Tunisia's manufacturing sector to FDI. The results show that FDI received by this site is negatively related to the real effective exchange rate. This shows the importance of a cheap exchange rate in attracting FDI, especially vertical FDI. This effect is increasingly noticeable in the manufacturing sector.
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Thi, Dung Mai, and Quynh Chau Tran Diem. "ATTRACTING GREEN FDI IN VIETNAM - CURRENT SITUATION AND SOLUTIONS." GPH-International Journal of Business Management 06, no. 09 (2023): 30–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8338188.
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<strong>Green growth is currently a prevailing trend in the global economic landscape. As a developing nation, Vietnam's goal of attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is focused on various sectors, including high technology, innovation, research and development, green economy, digital economy, circular economy, and clean energy. This trend, along with practical challenges that have arisen over the 35 years of FDI attraction in Vietnam, has been incorporated into numerous policies and national strategies related to green growth and climate change adaptation. This article analyzes the concept, necessity, and content of attracting green FDI, as well as the current situation of attracting both FDI and green FDI in Vietnam. It does so from two perspectives: (i) FDI projects in environmental products and services, and (ii) FDI projects utilizing clean energy or having low energy consumption. Based on this analysis, the authors propose several solutions to enhance the effectiveness of attracting green FDI in Vietnam.</strong>
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Mancini, Alessandro, Luca De Carolis, Monia Capponi, et al. "Importance of FDG-PET (Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography) in Staging and Response Assessment of Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL)." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (2023): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-177603.
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Alessandro Mancini and Luca De Carolis are Co-first authors. Nicodemo Baffa, Brunangelo Falini and Enrico Tiacci are Co-last authors. INTRODUCTION HCL is an indolent BRAF-mutated leukemia usually presenting with cytopenias, splenomegaly, little or no lymphadenopathy, heavy bone marrow (BM) infiltration and few circulating leukemic cells. Imaging exams for staging include abdominal echography and computed tomography (CT), while the role of PET is largely unknown. METHODS 84 patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory HCL participating to our clinical trials of BRAF inhibitor-based therapies prospectively underwent PET/CT pre- and post-treatment, in addition to usual examinations for response assessment. Since FDG uptake is normally higher in liver than spleen, BM and lymph nodes, uptake in the latter tissues was considered abnormal if equal to or higher than the liver. Splenomegaly was defined by a longest spleen diameter &gt;13 cm on PET/CT. The standard definition of complete remission (CR) in HCL just requires no palpable splenomegaly on physical examination, in addition to resolution of cytopenias as well as no hairy cells visible in the blood smear and the BM biopsy by non-immunological stains. RESULTS Pre-therapy, 58/77 (75%) non-splenectomized pts showed abnormal splenic FDG uptake (maximal standardized uptake value/SUVmax: median 4.8, vs 3.9 for the liver), which was always diffuse without focal lesions. Conversely, focal splenic uptake is not infrequent in splenic marginal zone lymphoma (18%, 7/39 pts - Abdom Radiol 2018;43:2721; vs of 0/58 HCL pts, p=0.0003), which may aid in the differential diagnosis with this HCL-mimicker. Moreover, 14/58 (24%) HCL pts. with a PET+ spleen did not have splenomegaly, and splenic uptake returned to normal in 10/11 evaluable cases (91%) achieving at least a partial response post-therapy, which suggests leukemic spleen involvement even without splenomegaly. Abnormal diffuse BM uptake was observed in 41/82 evaluable pts (50%; median SUVmax 5, vs 3.4 for the liver). In these cases, leukemic involvement in the BM biopsy was greater (median 80%) than in the other 41 pts (median 65%; p-value &lt;0.01), pointing to HCL infiltration as the cause of abnormal BM uptake rather than to reactive hyperplasia of non-involved BM. Post-therapy, pathologic spleen uptake normalized in 46/51 evaluable pts (90%), and their CR rate was higher (32/46 pts, 70%) than in the other 5 pts remaining PET+ (1/5, 20%; p=0.047). Among the 46 PET- cases, 31 (67%) were not splenomegalic while 15 (33%) had residual splenomegaly (up to 17 cm; Fig. 1A); interestingly, within PET- cases relapse-free survival (RFS) was similar not only in conventionally defined CR cases with (n=8) vs without (n=24) residual non-palpable splenomegaly (p=0.84 after a median follow-up of 19 months), but also when the 6 cases meeting all conventional CR criteria except for still palpable splenomegaly were added to the 8 CR pts with residual non-palpable splenomegaly (p=0.7 after a median follow-up of 20.5 months - Fig. 1B). These findings suggest that metabolic status reflects splenic HCL involvement more reliably than spleen size or palpability, a concept that could improve the current definition of CR in HCL. Abnormal BM uptake resolved after treatment in 34/37 evaluable pts (92%), and their CR rate was again higher (23/34, 68%) than in the other 3 pts remaining PET+ (0/3; p=0.047). Leukemic infiltration of the BM biopsy was lower in the 34 PET- vs the 3 PET+ pts (median 5% vs 70%-80%, respectively; p=0.0004), indicating that BM abnormal uptake reflects HCL infiltration load rather than reactive BM hyperplasia post-therapy. Finally, abnormal lymph node uptake was observed pre-therapy in 9/84 (11%) pts (median SUVmax 7.1, vs 3.4 for the liver) and normalized after treatment in 7/8 evaluable pts (88%), including one case with residual lymph node enlargement (2.2 cm); all these 7 pts had achieved a CR while the remaining pt had no response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS PET is potentially useful in the differential diagnosis with splenic marginal zone lymphoma and may aid in the clinical management of HCL pts by detecting metabolic involvement of the main disease sites even in the absence of organomegaly. Importantly, PET signal tracks with response to therapy even in case of persistent organomegaly, which may lead to refine the definition of CR in HCL.
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Khakan, Najaf, and Najaf Rabia. "IMPORTANCE OF FDI ON THE GROWTH OF PAKISTAN AND AFGANISTAN." International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah 4, no. 5 (2017): 92–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.845847.
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The main objective of the is study is to find out the impact of foreign direct investment on the economic development of central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan particular. For this research we have collected the data from the secondary source. The study was showing that the inflows of FDI are increasing in some countries. In 1992 the inflows of FDI of Pakistan was 258.43 US dollar, at that time the inflows of Afghanistan was nothing. In the year 2007 it was concluded that inflows of Pakistan was us $4374 million during the 2007 the inflows level in Afghanistan was US$ 289.in this paper it has concluded that the most profitable area are power sector, telecom, education and information technology. Thus, our paper is trying to prove that FDI has main role for the development of welfare with the way of providing the welfare society. Therefore, the study is trying to suggest that for the enhancement of FDI government of Pakistan and Afghanistan need to remove the political instability and terrorism and should focus on the physical infrastructure.
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Ming, Yue, Ying Nie, Lan Yang, et al. "From Context Dependence to Scientific Understanding: Modeling Students’ Learning Progressions of Force Concepts via Latent Transition Analysis." X-Disciplinarity 1, no. 2 (2025): 10. https://doi.org/10.63174/xdi.wgbq7700.
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In response to ongoing calls in physics and science education to support conceptual change and promote deeper scientific understanding, research on learning progressions (LPs) has increasingly focused on modeling how students' conceptual reasoning evolves over time. However, substantial evidence indicates that novice learners' understanding remains fragmented and highly sensitive to contextual features. This study investigates the relationship between students’ conceptual development and their dependence on context by employing a person-centered analytical method—Latent Transition Analysis (LTA). Pre- and post-test data were collected from 474 students enrolled in a calculus-based introductory physics course, using eight items selected from the 1995 version of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI). These items targeted two fundamental conceptual domains: Force and Motion (F&M) and Newton’s Third Law (NTL). The analysis identified four latent statuses for F&M and five for NTL, representing qualitatively distinct levels of understanding ranging from naïve to near-scientific. Results indicate a clear pattern: as students’ conceptual understanding progressed, their reliance on surface-level contextual features decreased. These findings suggest a dynamic and interdependent relationship between conceptual development and context sensitivity. This study demonstrates the potential of LTA to reveal developmental trajectories in students’ conceptual understanding and underscores the importance of incorporating contextual features in both instructional design and diagnostic assessment strategies.
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Filipec, Ondřej. "Europeanization of FDI Screening." New Perspectives on Political Economy 14, no. 1-2 (2018): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.62374/b7dr0w66.
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The main aim of this article is to assess the current debate of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) security screening at the EU level in the context of the Europeanization concept. The article reveals various mechanisms EU member states are using for FDI screening and places them in the context of a framework for screening which was presented by the European Commission in September 2017. The article reveals the level of compatibility of the European Commission’s proposal with existing FDI screening mechanisms among selected EU member states and presents criteria for countries seeking to establish their own FDI screening mechanism.
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Mekki, Hadjer, and Yasmine Derradj. "POLICIES AND VARIABLES AFFECTING FDI IN ALGERIA COUNTRY." International Journal of Professional Business Review 9, no. 11 (2024): e05140. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2024.v9i11.5140.
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Objective: This study aims to investigate the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Algeria from 2002 to 2012, focusing on the relationship between FDI and six key economic indicators: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Inflation Rate, Economic Openness, Political Stability and Security, Real Exchange Rate, and Interest Rate. Theoretical Framework: The research builds on international investment and economic development theories, emphasizing the importance of macroeconomic stability and institutional factors in attracting FDI. It integrates models addressing economic openness, exchange rates, and political stability to analyze FDI dynamics. Method: A time series econometric approach is applied, using dynamic modeling techniques to capture temporal relationships between FDI and the selected indicators. Data preprocessing ensures quality, while statistical tools are employed to mitigate potential biases. Results and Discussion: The analysis finds that economic openness and current political stability have minimal impact on FDI inflows. However, lagged political stability shows marginal significance, indicating that historical stability may influence investment decisions. Inflation and other economic factors significantly shape the investment climate, highlighting their importance. Research Implications: The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and researchers, emphasizing macroeconomic stability and historical political stability as key factors in fostering a favorable FDI environment. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature with a dynamic econometric analysis of Algeria's FDI determinants, offering new insights into the role of macroeconomic and institutional factors in enhancing investment attractiveness.
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Loots, Elsabe, and Alain Kabundi. "Foreign direct investment to Africa: trends, dynamics and challenges." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 15, no. 2 (2012): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v15i2.148.
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The FDI debate is often characterised by generalities about the importance of these flows within the global context. This article aims to unpack the African-specific FDI issues in order to get a clearer and more substantiated understanding of the current trends, dynamics and challenges, with emphasis on the period since 2000. The research concludes that nominal flows to the continent are on the increase, with exponential increases over the past decade. The descriptive analysis indicates that flows to the continent are unevenly spread and are concentrated in the largest economies and/or in petroleum-/oil-exporting countries. The impact of FDI on growth and investment in particularly smaller economies indicates that FDI inflows are making a substantial contribution to these economies and illustrates the importance of this source of investment. The econometric analysis reveals that oil exporters and the size of the economy are powerful explanatory variables in explaining FDI flows to Africa, with trade openness a positive, but less powerful variable.