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1

S, Malta Loretta, and Blanchard Edward B, eds. Road rage: Assessment and treatment of the angry, aggressive driver. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2006.

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2

Fanning, Jennifer R., and Emil F. Coccaro. Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.24.

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Aggression is a behavior with evolutionary origins, but in today’s society it’s often both destructive and maladaptive. The fact that aggression has a strong basis in biological factors has long been apparent from case histories of traumatic brain damage. Research over the past several decades has confirmed the involvement of neurotransmitter function and abnormalities in brain structure and function in aggressive behavior. This research has centered around the “serotonin hypothesis” and on dysfunction in prefrontal brain regions. As this literature continues to grow, guided by preclinical research and aided by the application of increasingly sophisticated neuroimaging methodology, a more complex picture has emerged, implicating diverse neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems (e.g., glutamate, vasopressin, and oxytocin) and neural circuits. As the current pharmacological and therapeutic interventions are effective but imperfect, it is hoped that new insights into the neurobiology of aggression will reveal novel avenues for treatment of this destructive and costly behavior.
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3

Michael, Maes, and Coccaro Emil F, eds. Neurobiology and clinical views on aggression and impulsivity. Chichester: Wiley, 1998.

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4

Lee, Royce, Jennifer R. Fanning, and Emil F. Coccaro. The Clinical Neuroscience of Impulsive Aggression. Edited by Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel, and Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0008.

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Aggression can be categorized into three subtypes: premeditated aggression, frustration-related aggression, and impulsive aggression (IA), which is the focus of this chapter. It first delineates the social information processing model of IA and its neurobiological underpinnings, with a special focus on ventral prefrontal-amygdala, frontostriatal, and frontoparietal circuits. In these circuits, structural as well as functional alterations have been associated with IA. A large body of basic and clinical research has examined the role of neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA) and neuromodulators (monoamines and neuropeptides) in mediating IA. The important role of the monoamines dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine in the mediation of different aspects of IA and the pharmacological potential resulting from these alterations are depicted in the second half of the chapter. The chapter concludes with an overview of the most important etiological factors.
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5

Siever, Larry J., and Joshua E. Kuluva. Aggression, Impulsivity, and Personality Disorders. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0030.

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Aggressivity and impulsivity are traits that are core features of the Cluster B personality disorders. Within these disorders, impulsive aggression leads to a significant amount of morbidity and mortality. This type of behavior is intrinsically linked to violence, suicide, and substance abuse. In this chapter, we will discuss the phenomenology of these traits, the neurobiology of impulsive aggression, and some potential treatment options. We will conclude with some thoughts on the future direction of research in this filed.
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6

Trestman, Robert L. Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0048.

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Managing aggression is a challenge for psychiatry in all settings. Recognizing opportunities for appropriate assessment and intervention in correctional settings is an important component of correctional psychiatry. Studies reflect significant risks of violence for both correctional officers and inmates. Although prison homicides occur at rates below estimated community homicide rates, the rate of non-lethal violence is substantial. The data for assault are less clear, as definitions of what constitutes assault vary. Inmate-on-inmate assault has been estimated to range from 2 per 1000 inmates to as high as 200 per 1000 inmates. However assault is defined, correctional officers who have been the target of offender violence have elevated risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Effectively addressing aggression requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach that may incorporate elements of environmental management, evaluation of potential motivating factors, differential diagnosis, and a coordinated intervention. This always involves includes effective communication among stakeholders including the patient. Recommended milieu changes and psychotherapeutic and / or pharmacologic interventions need to be explicitly defined; available data are described in this chapter. Consistent oversight and follow up to measure the effects of each component of the intervention(s) is critical, as aggressive behavior may be both habitual and episodic. This chapter reviews the factors that contribute to the broad range of assaultive behavior observed in correctional settings, and some of the pragmatic issues and opportunities for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of aggressive behaviors, both impulsive and predatory.
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7

Trestman, Robert L. Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0048_update_001.

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Managing aggression is a challenge for psychiatry in all settings. Recognizing opportunities for appropriate assessment and intervention in correctional settings is an important component of correctional psychiatry. Studies reflect significant risks of violence for both correctional officers and inmates. Although prison homicides occur at rates below estimated community homicide rates, the rate of non-lethal violence is substantial. The data for assault are less clear, as definitions of what constitutes assault vary. Inmate-on-inmate assault has been estimated to range from 2 per 1000 inmates to as high as 200 per 1000 inmates. However assault is defined, correctional officers who have been the target of offender violence have elevated risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Effectively addressing aggression requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach that may incorporate elements of environmental management, evaluation of potential motivating factors, differential diagnosis, and a coordinated intervention. This always involves includes effective communication among stakeholders including the patient. Recommended milieu changes and psychotherapeutic and / or pharmacologic interventions need to be explicitly defined; available data are described in this chapter. Consistent oversight and follow up to measure the effects of each component of the intervention(s) is critical, as aggressive behavior may be both habitual and episodic. This chapter reviews the factors that contribute to the broad range of assaultive behavior observed in correctional settings, and some of the pragmatic issues and opportunities for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of aggressive behaviors, both impulsive and predatory.
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8

Buckholtz, Joshua W., and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. Genetic Perspectives on the Neurochemistry of Human Aggression and Violence. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.009.

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Violence is a devastating social phenomenon that is costly both to affected individuals and to society at large. Pathological aggression, especially reactive/impulsive aggression, is a cardinal symptom common to several psychiatric disorders—including antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and psychopathy—that are associated with risk for violence. Thus, understanding the factors that predispose people to impulsive violence represents a crucial goal for psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Although we are far from a full understanding of the etiopathophysiology of violence, impulsive aggression is heritable, suggesting that genetic mechanisms may be important for determining individual variation in susceptibility. This chapter synthesizes available preclinical and human data to propose a compelling neurogenetic mechanism for violence, specifically arguing that a genetically determined excess in serotonin signaling during a critical developmental period leads to dysregulation within a key corticolimbic circuit for emotional arousal and regulation, inhibitory control, and social cognition.
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9

Feinstein, Robert E., and Brian Rothberg. Violence. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0013.

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Potentially violent patients need immediate attention and evaluation to determine their risk of imminent violence. A past history of violence is the best predictor of future violent behavior, and individuals who have committed violent acts in the past and have been arrested for assaultive behavior represent the highest risk; people who carry weapons or have access to weapons are of relatively high risk. Individuals with violent impulses who are either intoxicated or are in withdrawal have the most extreme risk for imminent violence. The treatment of acute aggression or agitation involves the judicious use of sedative-anxiolytics or low doses of second-generation antipsychotics. SSRIs have been used to treat aggressive, impulsive, and violent symptoms, particularly in individuals with head injuries, and lithium carbonate can reduce impulsive aggression to extremely low levels in some aggressive patients. Two Tarasoff decisions have become national standards for clinical practice regarding “duty to warn” and “duty to protect” all potential victims of life-threatening danger from a homicidal patient.
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10

Patton, Jim H., and Matthew S. Stanford. Psychology of Impulsivity. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0086.

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Impulsive behavior is generally viewed as counterproductive by society, and individual differences in impulsivity have been found to be related to a number of socially relevant behaviors. Yet, there are times when acting quickly and without thinking may seem desirable, even adaptive. With the possible exception of intelligence, no other personality dimension or trait so broadly influences various areas of human endeavor: interpersonal relationships, education, fiscal responsibility, personal moral behavior, business ethics and entrepreneurship, aggression, and criminality. This chapter gives an overview of impulsivity from a personality theory perspective. Topics discussed include the historical development of the construct, the place of impulsivity in a broader personality theory, self-report and behavioral assessment, and the role of impulsiveness in impulse control disorders.
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11

Friedel, Robert O., Christian Schmahl, and Marijn Distel. The Neurobiological Basis of Borderline Personality Disorder. Edited by Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel, and Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0013.

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This chapter provides an overview of the biological underpinnings of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The total body of evidence indicates that BPD has a strong neurobiological basis. The material in this chapter is presented in five sections: one describing the structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for BPD and four describing our current knowledge about the anatomy and pathophysiology of symptom in each of the four domains of the disorder, that is, affective dysregulation, impulsive aggression, disturbances of perception and cognition, and interpersonal impairments. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the clinical, research, and educational implications of this information.
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12

Cavanna, Andrea E. Phenytoin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0010.

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Phenytoin is a first-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a good range of antiepileptic indications, with an acceptable interaction profile in polytherapy. The reasons for the decreased use of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy include its narrow therapeutic index and potential for long-term toxicity, as well as the development of other antiepileptic drugs throughout the second half of the twentieth century. Phenytoin has a good behavioural tolerability profile and a restricted range of psychiatric uses. Despite occasional reports of adverse behavioural effects (especially at higher doses), there is some weak evidence for its potential usefulness as mood stabilizer and in the pharmacological management of impulsive aggression.
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13

1957-, Hollander Eric, and Stein Dan J, eds. Impulsivity and aggression. Chichester: Wiley, 1995.

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14

Coccaro, Emil F., and Michael Maes. Neurobiology and Clinical Views on Aggression and Impulsivity. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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15

Ashenhurst, James R., and Kim Fromme. Alcohol Use and Consequences Across Developmental Transitions During College and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0015.

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Alcohol use generally peaks during emerging adulthood, which resides between adolescence and adulthood. For many, this period is also marked by participation in higher education, and college campuses are well-known environments of high-risk drinking. This chapter highlights trajectory groups of heavy episodic drinking and reviews well-studied risk factors for and consequences of alcohol use. Risk factors highlighted include demographics, peer norms, parental awareness and caring, academic motives, personality, and subjective response to alcohol. Those at greatest risk are men, those with greater family wealth, sexual minorities, and Caucasian students. Greater sensation seeking or impulsive personality, low parental awareness, greater stimulation response, and higher peer drinking norms are significant correlates of risky drinking. The consequences of alcohol use examined are aggression, drinking and driving, and alcohol-induced blackouts. The chapter describes findings about special events during which extreme drinking is relatively common: 21st birthdays and football games or other sporting events.
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16

Kessler, Ronald C., Emil F. Coccaro, Maurizio Fava, and Katie A. McLaughlin. The Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0053.

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Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of impulsive, uncontrollable aggression out of proportion to the severity of provoking agents. Few epidemiological studies have been carried out on the prevalence and correlates of IED. Data are reported here from the most recent and largest of these studies: the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) and the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. These studies show that IED is a commonly occurring disorder that typically has an early age of onset, a persistent course, and strong comorbidity with a number of other usually secondary mental disorders. This disorder is almost twice as common among men as women. It is often associated with substantial distress and impairment. However, only a minority of people with IED obtain treatment for their uncontrollable anger. This combination of features makes IED an ideal target for early detection and intervention aimed at secondary prevention of anger attacks as well as primary prevention of secondary disorders.
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17

Galovski, Tara E., Loretta S. Malta, and Edward B. Blanchard. Road Rage: Assessment And Treatment Of The Angry, Aggressive Driver. American Psychological Association (APA), 2005.

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18

Caligor, Eve, Frank Yeomans, and Ze’ev Levin. Personality Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses the personality disorders. Patients with personality disorders exhibit enduring patterns of behavior that are maladaptive, inflexible, and pervasive. These patients experience difficulty in three core domains of personality functioning: sense of self, interpersonal relationships, and affect regulation. Patients with the cluster A personality disorders (paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal) tend to suffer profound compromise of functioning. Features that are shared by many patients with the cluster B disorders (borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, and histrionic) include emotional reactivity, poor impulse control, and an unclear sense of identity. Patients with borderline, narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders are also often characterized by high levels of aggression, whereas patients with histrionic personality disorder share a more favorable prognosis with the cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive). Psychotherapy is the backbone of treatment for the personality disorders.
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