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Journal articles on the topic 'In compositional fluctuations'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Cohen, Norman S., and Leon D. Strand. "Combustion response to compositional fluctuations." AIAA Journal 23, no. 5 (May 1985): 760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.8981.

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2

Klochikhin, A. A., V. Yu Davydov, and E. R. Seel’. "Compositional fluctuations in isotopic solid solutions." Physics of the Solid State 49, no. 1 (January 2007): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378340701009x.

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3

Verwey, G. C., and M. Warner. "Compositional Fluctuations and Semisoftness in Nematic Elastomers." Macromolecules 30, no. 14 (July 1997): 4189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma961801i.

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4

Grout, R. W., N. Swaminathan, and R. S. Cant. "Effects of compositional fluctuations on premixed flames." Combustion Theory and Modelling 13, no. 5 (December 2, 2009): 823–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13647830903160291.

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5

Chen, Shih-Yun, In-Gann Chen, Yang-Chung Liao, and Maw-Kuen Wu. "Effect of different nanoscale RE2BaCuO5 additions on the formation of compositional fluctuation in Sm–Ba–Cu–O superconducting bulk materials." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 2 (February 2005): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0055.

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This study presents the effect of different nanoscale RE211 additions—Y2BaCuO5 (nmY211), Sm2BaCuO5 (nmSm211), and Nd4Ba2Cu2O10 (nmNd422)—on the nano-scale compositional fluctuation and associated pinning mechanism of the melt-textured growth (MTG) Sm–Ba–Cu–O [SmBCO, of which the composition is Sm123 (Sm1Ba2Cu3Oy) + 25 wt% Sm211 (Sm2BaCuO5)] superconducting bulk materials. The superconductivity and microstructure results indicated that in samples with the addition of these nano-sized particles, nanoscale compositional fluctuations form during the peritectic transformation of melt-growth process, which cause Tc variation on a nanoscale and result in the formation of δTc pinning centers at high magnetic field. The compositional fluctuation regions (δTc pinning centers) are altered by the difference in peritectic temperature, the solubility in the liquid phase, and the ion radius. The direct current transport R-T properties elucidate the change of flux pinning behavior. In addition, the different influence on microstructure and superconductivity between the two methods: mixing rare-earth elements in nanoscale RE211 or in the homogeneous mixed precursor powders [e.g., (Nd, Eu, Gd)–Ba–Cu–O (NEG)] is also discussed.
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6

Uenoyama, Takeshi. "Optical Gain Spectra in InGaN/GaN Quantum Wells with the Compositional Fluctuations." MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 4, S1 (1999): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s1092578300002313.

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The compositional fluctuations of the In content were found in InGaN/GaN quantum wells and it caused the localized states by the potential fluctuation. We have evaluated the optical gain of GaN based quantum well structures with localized states. The localized states are treated as the subband states of the quantum disk-like dots in the well. It was found that the inhomogeneous broadening played an important role in the optical gain and that it should be reduced to use the benefit of the localized states for laser oscillations.
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7

Portz, V., M. Schnedler, M. Duchamp, F. M. Hsiao, H. Eisele, J. F. Carlin, R. Butté, N. Grandjean, R. E. Dunin-Borkowski, and Ph Ebert. "Strain and compositional fluctuations in Al0.81In0.19N/GaN heterostructures." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 13 (September 26, 2016): 132102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4963184.

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8

PĂCURAR, Florin, Ioan ROTAR, Albert REIF, Roxana VIDICAN, Vlad STOIAN, Stefanie M. GÄRTNER, and Robert B. ALLEN. "Impact of Climate on Vegetation Change in a Mountain Grassland – Succession and Fluctuation." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 42, no. 2 (December 2, 2014): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4229578.

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Traditionally managed Central European mountain grasslands have high nature conservation value because of their high species diversity. Whether these grasslands and their diversity can be preserved will depend on many factors, including how plant species composition responds to changes in climate conditions. To differentiate between fluctuations and directional succession in the herbaceous layer composition of a Romanian Festuca rubra L. and Agrostis capillaris L. grassland in Apuseni and whether any compositional changes can be related to climate. The vegetation of permanent plots was recorded annually between 2004 and 2012. Temperature and precipitation were measured by an automatic weather station at the study site. Cluster analysis, Indicator Species Analysis and the co-dominance ratio between F. rubra L.- A. capillaris were analysed. The compositional data was related to the climate variables. Thresholds of relevant climate variables differentiating between clusters of plots with similar vegetation composition were determined using classification tree methods. The vegetation composition in our plots within the years 2004, 2005 and 2008 were different from each other. From 2004 to 2006 directional succession could be identified; however the major patterns to emerge were fluctuations which occurred over the whole study period. Compositional shifts included A. capillaris L. and F. rubra L exchanging co-dominance with each other. The most important variables differentiating clusters were temperature during the dormant and vegetation periods and water balance during the vegetation period. It can be concluded that compositional shifts among years were largely a consequence of year to year climatic fluctuations; however, there is some evidence for a directional shift during the early years of the study./span>
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9

Newcomb, S. B., and W. M. Stobbs. "Compositional fluctuations in scaling processes: their characterisation and relevance." Materials Science and Technology 4, no. 5 (May 1988): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1988.4.5.384.

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10

Li, S., L. Charles Dickinson, and James C. W. Chien. "Local compositional fluctuations in PPO/HIPSand PPO/SBS blends." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32, no. 4 (March 1994): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090320402.

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11

Ženíšek, J., E. Kozeschnik, J. Svoboda, and F. D. Fischer. "Modelling the role of compositional fluctuations in nucleation kinetics." Acta Materialia 91 (June 2015): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.031.

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12

Catalano, M., A. Taurino, M. Lomascolo, L. Vasanelli, M. De Giorgi, A. Passaseo, R. Rinaldi, et al. "Nanoscale compositional fluctuations in multiple InGaAs/GaAs quantum wires." Journal of Applied Physics 87, no. 5 (March 2000): 2261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372170.

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13

Lines, M. E. "Optical losses from compositional fluctuations in three-component glasses." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 195, no. 3 (March 1996): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(95)00534-x.

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14

De Giorgi, M., A. Passaseo, R. Rinaldi, T. Johal, R. Cingolani, A. Taurino, M. Catalano, and P. Crozier. "Nanoscale Compositional Fluctuations in Single InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dots." physica status solidi (b) 224, no. 1 (March 2001): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(200103)224:1<17::aid-pssb17>3.0.co;2-z.

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15

Belloeil, M., B. Gayral, and B. Daudin. "Quantum Dot-Like Behavior of Compositional Fluctuations in AlGaN Nanowires." Nano Letters 16, no. 2 (January 27, 2016): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03904.

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16

Novikov, Yu N., and V. A. Gritsenko. "Large-scale potential fluctuations caused by SiO x compositional inhomogeneity." Physics of the Solid State 54, no. 3 (March 2012): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783412030201.

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17

Einfeldt, S., T. Böttcher, D. Hommel, H. Selke, P. L. Ryder, F. Bertram, T. Riemann, D. Rudloff, and J. Christen. "Statistical Analysis of Local Composition and Luminescence in InGaN Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy." MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 4, S1 (1999): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s1092578300002568.

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InGaN layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy are investigated in terms of their compositional homogeneity using transmission electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy performed with high spatial resolution. Strong fluctuations of the indium content were found in bulklike layers, which could be partially reduced by modulating the indium flux during growth, i. e. by nominally growing a short period GaN/InGaN superlattice. For indium compositions above x ≅ 0.1 this approach fails. Strained InGaN in quantum wells exhibits lateral fluctuations on an atomic scale and on a scale of several hundred nanometers. The results are discussed in view of the origin of inhomogeneous indium incorporation.
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18

Fernández, J. F., C. Moure, M. Villegas, P. Durán, M. Kosec, and G. Drazic. "Compositional fluctuations and properties of fine-grained acceptor-doped PZT ceramics." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 18, no. 12 (November 1998): 1695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(98)00090-9.

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19

Schorr, Susan, Galina Gurieva, Maxim Guc, Mirjana Dimitrievska, Alejandro Pérez-Rodríguez, Victor Izquierdo-Roca, Claudia S. Schnohr, Juran Kim, William Jo, and José Manuel Merino. "Point defects, compositional fluctuations, and secondary phases in non-stoichiometric kesterites." Journal of Physics: Energy 2, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ab4a25.

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20

Wu, Wen‐li. "Off‐specular reflection from flat interfaces with density or compositional fluctuations." Journal of Chemical Physics 98, no. 2 (January 15, 1993): 1687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.464284.

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21

Permogorov, S., A. Reznitsky, S. Verbin, A. Naumov, W. von der Osten, and H. Stolz. "EXCITON LOCALIZATION BY COMPOSITIONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN II-VI SEMICONDUCTOR SOLID SOLUTIONS." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 46, no. C7 (October 1985): C7–173—C7–177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1985733.

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22

Nag, S., Y. Zheng, R. E. A. Williams, A. Devaraj, A. Boyne, Y. Wang, P. C. Collins, et al. "Non-classical homogeneous precipitation mediated by compositional fluctuations in titanium alloys." Acta Materialia 60, no. 18 (October 2012): 6247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.07.033.

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23

Gozzi, Caterina, Roberta Sauro Graziano, and Antonella Buccianti. "Part–Whole Relations: New Insights about the Dynamics of Complex Geochemical Riverine Systems." Minerals 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10060501.

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Nature is often characterized by systems that are far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and rivers are not an exception for the Earth’s critical zone. When the chemical composition of stream waters is investigated, it emerges that riverine systems behave as complex systems. This means that the compositions have properties that depend on the integrity of the whole (i.e., the composition with all the chemical constituents), properties that arise thanks to the innumerable nonlinear interactions between the elements of the composition. The presence of interconnections indicates that the properties of the whole cannot be fully understood by examining the parts of the system in isolation. In this work, we propose investigating the complexity of riverine chemistry by using the CoDA (Compositional Data Analysis) methodology and the performance of the perturbation operator in the simplex geometry. With riverine bicarbonate considered as a key component of regional and global biogeochemical cycles and Ca2+ considered as mostly related to the weathering of carbonatic rocks, perturbations were calculated for subsequent couples of compositions after ranking the data for increasing values of the log-ratio ln(Ca2+/HCO3−). Numerical values were analyzed by using robust principal component analysis and non-parametric correlations between compositional parts (heat map) associated with distributional and multifractal methods. The results indicate that HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Sr2+ are more resilient, thus contributing to compositional changes for all the values of ln(Ca2+/HCO3−) to a lesser degree with respect to the other chemical elements/components. Moreover, the complementary cumulative distribution function of all the sequences tracing the compositional change and the nonlinear relationship between the Q-th moment versus the scaling exponents for each of them indicate the presence of multifractal variability, thus revealing scaling properties of the fluctuations.
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24

Hu, Jianhua, Charles A. Haynes, Amy HY Wu, Candy MW Cheung, Mark M. Chen, Eric GM Yee, Takehiko Ichioka, Keiko Nishikawa, Peter Westh, and Yoshikata Koga. "Chemical potential and concentration fluctuation in some aqueous alkane-mono-ols at 25oC." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-007.

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Vapour pressures of binary aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-hexanol were measured at 25.00oC in small compositional increments over the entire compositional range. Without resorting to any fitting function, the partial pressures were calculated numerically by methods based on the Gibbs–Duhem relation. When the system had an azeotrope, near which the numerical methods caused large errors, a graphical readjustment was applied such that the concentration fluctuation, SXX(0) = RT(1 – xAL)/([Formula: see text]µ EAL/[Formula: see text]xAL), connected smoothly across the azeotrope. Values of SXX(0) from scattering experiments were also used as a guide for the readjustment procedure. Hence, we report here chemical potential data free from any model or any fitting function.Key Words: aqueous mono-ols, partial pressures by the Boissonnas method, concentration fluctuations.
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25

Yankovich, Andrew B., Alexander V. Kvit, Xing Li, Fan Zhang, Vitaliy Avrutin, Huiyong Liu, Natalia Izyumskaya, et al. "Thickness Variations and Absence of Lateral Compositional Fluctuations in Aberration-Corrected STEM Images of InGaN LED Active Regions at Low Dose." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 3 (March 26, 2014): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614000427.

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AbstractAberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy images of the In0.15Ga0.85N active region of a blue light-emitting diode, acquired at ~0.1% of the electron dose known to cause electron beam damage, show no lateral compositional fluctuations, but do exhibit one to four atomic plane steps in the active layer’s upper boundary. The area imaged was measured to be 2.9 nm thick using position averaged convergent beam electron diffraction, ensuring the sample was thin enough to capture compositional variation if it was present. A focused ion beam prepared sample with a very large thin area provides the possibility to directly observe large fluctuations in the active layer thickness that constrict the active layer at an average lateral length scale of 430 nm.
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26

Walther, T., Colin J. Humphreys, A. G. Cullis, and D. J. Robbins. "A Correlation between Compositional Fluctuations and Surface Undulations in Strained Layer Epitaxy." Materials Science Forum 196-201 (November 1995): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.196-201.505.

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27

Grossberg, M., J. Krustok, A. Jagomägi, M. Leon, E. Arushanov, A. Nateprov, and I. Bodnar. "Investigation of potential and compositional fluctuations in CuGa3Se5 crystals using photoluminescence spectroscopy." Thin Solid Films 515, no. 15 (May 2007): 6204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.068.

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28

Kröger, R., S. Einfeldt, Z. J. Reitmeier, D. Hommel, and R. F. Davis. "Microstructural Evaluation of Compositional Fluctuations in AlGaN Grown on 6H-Sic Substrates." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S03 (September 2003): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603023146.

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29

Bullock, J. F., J. M. Titchmarsh, and C. J. Humphreys. "STEM/EDX microanalysis of compositional fluctuations in semiconductor multi-quantum-well structures." Semiconductor Science and Technology 1, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/1/6/001.

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30

Tsai, Yi‐Fen, Pai‐Chun Wei, Liuwen Chang, Kuang‐Kuo Wang, Chun‐Chuen Yang, Yen‐Chung Lai, Cheng‐Rong Hsing, et al. "Compositional Fluctuations Locked by Athermal Transformation Yielding High Thermoelectric Performance in GeTe." Advanced Materials 33, no. 1 (November 20, 2020): 2005612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202005612.

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31

Haak, Alfred B., and Wolfgang Schlager. "Compositional variations in calciturbidites due to sea-level fluctuations, late Quaternary, Bahamas." Geologische Rundschau 78, no. 2 (June 1989): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01776186.

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32

Shepherd, C. M., and S. M. Murphy. "The association of compositional fluctuations with clusters of cavities in irradiated alloys." Journal of Nuclear Materials 172, no. 2 (July 1990): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(90)90431-l.

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33

Tsai, Yi‐Fen, Pai‐Chun Wei, Liuwen Chang, Kuang‐Kuo Wang, Chun‐Chuen Yang, Yen‐Chung Lai, Cheng‐Rong Hsing, et al. "Compositional Fluctuations Locked by Athermal Transformation Yielding High Thermoelectric Performance in GeTe." Advanced Materials 33, no. 8 (February 2021): 2008808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202008808.

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34

Carvalho, Daniel, Francisco M. Morales, Teresa Ben, Rafael García, Andrés Redondo-Cubero, Eduardo Alves, Katharina Lorenz, Paul R. Edwards, Kevin P. O’Donnell, and Christian Wetzel. "Quantitative Chemical Mapping of InGaN Quantum Wells from Calibrated High-Angle Annular Dark Field Micrographs." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 4 (June 30, 2015): 994–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761501301x.

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AbstractWe present a simple and robust method to acquire quantitative maps of compositional fluctuations in nanostructures from low magnification high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) micrographs calibrated by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) mode. We show that a nonuniform background in HAADF-STEM micrographs can be eliminated, to a first approximation, by use of a suitable analytic function. The uncertainty in probe position when collecting an EDX spectrum renders the calibration of HAADF-STEM micrographs indirect, and a statistical approach has been developed to determine the position with confidence. Our analysis procedure, presented in a flowchart to facilitate the successful implementation of the method by users, was applied to discontinuous InGaN/GaN quantum wells in order to obtain quantitative determinations of compositional fluctuations on the nanoscale.
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35

Takahashi, Mitsuo, Akihiro Moto, So Tanaka, Tatsuya Tanabe, Shigenori Takagishi, Kouichi Karatani, Masaaki Nakayama, Kazunari Matsuda, and Toshiharu Saiki. "Observation of compositional fluctuations in GaNAs alloys grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy." Journal of Crystal Growth 221, no. 1-4 (December 2000): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(00)00741-7.

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36

Rom, I., F. Hofer, E. Bucher, W. Sitte, K. Gatterer, H. P. Fritzer, and A. Popitsch. "Visualization of Compositional Fluctuations in Complex Oxides Using Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron Microscopy." Chemistry of Materials 14, no. 1 (January 2002): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm011108w.

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37

KAKEGAWA, KAZUYUKI, and JUN-ICHI MOHRI. "Synthesis of (Ba, Pb) (Zr, Ti)03 Solid Solution Having No Compositional Fluctuations." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 8 (August 1985): C—204—C—205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb10184.x.

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38

Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann, C. Aris, R. M. Friedrich Streffer, and Dan Larhammar. "A Quantitative Test of Long-range Correlations and Compositional Fluctuations in DNA Sequences." European Journal of Biochemistry 224, no. 2 (September 1994): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00365.x.

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39

Woodward, P. M., D. E. Cox, T. Vogt, C. N. R. Rao, and A. K. Cheetham. "Effect of Compositional Fluctuations on the Phase Transitions in (Nd1/2Sr1/2)MnO3." Chemistry of Materials 11, no. 12 (December 1999): 3528–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm990281d.

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40

Xiao Sun, N. Vogiatzis, and J. M. Rorison. "Modeling Dilute Nitride 1.3 μm Quantum Well Lasers: Incorporation of N Compositional Fluctuations." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 19, no. 5 (September 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2013.2238895.

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41

Marin, Riccardo, Gabriele Sponchia, Michele Back, and Pietro Riello. "Determining europium compositional fluctuations in partially stabilized zirconia nanopowders: a non-line-broadening-based method." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72, no. 1 (January 23, 2016): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520615021083.

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A method is reported for assessing the compositional fluctuations in a ceramic sample, based only on the determination of the crystalline lattice parameters. Pure tetragonal phase partially stabilized zirconia powders are synthesized through the co-precipitation method by incorporating 4% Eu3+. The powder is subjected to compression cycles to promote the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation. The Rietveld analysis of the X-ray powder diffraction patterns, recorded after each compression cycle, gives information about the lattice parameters and monoclinic phase content. The determination of europium content in the residual tetragonal phase is accomplished considering the unit cell volume oft-ZrO2using Vegard's law. Using this information the compositional fluctuations over the sample were determined by considering two possible distributions of lanthanide ion content in the powders: a Gaussian and a Log-normal one. It was found that the Gaussian distribution better fits the experimental data. It was eventually demonstrated that these results are physically meaningful.
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42

El Gomati, M. M., M. Prutton, R. H. Roberts, I. R. Barkshire, P. G. Kenny, and J. G. Greenwood. "Towards compositional imaging using auger electron signals." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100084338.

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Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is a well established, quantitative surface analytical technique with reasonable accuracy of the order of 1% of an atomic monolayer. When it is combined with a small electron beam diameter, high resolution concentration maps of the surface distribution of elements can be obtained. This has been demonstrated to be a useful and powerful method in surface analysis. However, because of the rather low efficiency of Auger electron production (∼ 10-5 - 10-4 per incident electron) long frame scan times (of the order of hours) have to be employed in the case of multi-element composite samples. The raw images often reflect not only surface elemental distribution but also electron beam fluctuations. In addition, subsurface atomic number variations as well as local surface topography are known to alter the contrast of these images. In order to quantify Auger maps to give concentration distribution of the surface elements, sample and instrumental effects have to be separated.
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43

Lowery Claiborne, L., C. F. Miller, B. A. Walker, J. L. Wooden, F. K. Mazdab, and F. Bea. "Tracking magmatic processes through Zr/Hf ratios in rocks and Hf and Ti zoning in zircons: An example from the Spirit Mountain batholith, Nevada." Mineralogical Magazine 70, no. 5 (October 2006): 517–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461067050348.

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AbstractZirconium and Hf are nearly identical geochemically, and therefore most of the crust maintains near-chondritic Zr/Hf ratios of ∼35–40. By contrast, many high-silica rhyolites and granites have anomalously low Zr/Hf (15–30). As zircon is the primary reservoir for both Zr and Hf and preferentially incorporates Zr, crystallization of zircon controls Zr/Hf, imprinting low Zr/Hf on coexisting melt. Thus, low Zr/Hf is a unique fingerprint of effective magmatic fractionation in the crust. Age and compositional zonation in zircons themselves provide a record of the thermal and compositional histories of magmatic systems. High Hf (low Zr/Hf) in zircon zones demonstrates growth from fractionated melt, and Ti provides an estimate of temperature of crystallization (TTiZ) (Watson and Harrison, 2005). Whole-rock Zr/Hf and zircon zonation in the Spirit Mountain batholith, Nevada, document repeated fractionation and thermal fluctuations. Ratios of Zr/Hf are ∼307–40 for cumulates and 18–30 for high-SiO2 granites. In zircons, Hf (and U) are inversely correlated with Ti, and concentrations indicate large fluctuations in melt composition and TTiZ (>100°C) for individual zircons. Such variations are consistent with field relations and ion-probe zircon geochronology that indicate a >1 million year history of repeated replenishment, fractionation, and extraction of melt from crystal mush to form the low Zr/Hf high-SiO2 zone.
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44

Grifoll, Manel, Thanassis Karlis, and M. Ortego. "Characterizing the Evolution of the Container Traffic Share in the Mediterranean Sea Using Hierarchical Clustering." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040121.

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This research investigates the traffic share evolution of the container throughput in the Mediterranean ports from 2000 to 2015 considering hierarchical clustering and concentration indexes. Compositional Data analysis techniques are used to illustrate periods with similar traffic share composition. Two different regions (East and West) in the Mediterranean Sea (Med) are selected in the function of the long haul services. The standard concentration indexes (i.e., concentration ratio, Gini coefficient, and Normalized Herfindahl-Hirschman) reveal a gentle decreasing of the concentration with relevant fluctuations mainly in the East region. This is due to the investment in port infrastructure in the area resulting from privatization initiatives in many Eastern Mediterranean countries. The periods obtained from the hierarchical clustering show a differentiated pattern in traffic share composition. For these periods, the shift-share results are consistent with traffic fluctuations and in line with the evolution of the concentration indexes. The combination of methods has allowed a good interpretation of the spatial and temporal evolution of the Med ports’ traffic being the methodology applicable elsewhere in the context of port system analysis.
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45

Ikeda, Yuji, Fritz Körmann, Isao Tanaka, and Jörg Neugebauer. "Impact of Chemical Fluctuations on Stacking Fault Energies of CrCoNi and CrMnFeCoNi High Entropy Alloys from First Principles." Entropy 20, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20090655.

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Medium and high entropy alloys (MEAs and HEAs) based on 3d transition metals, such as face-centered cubic (fcc) CrCoNi and CrMnFeCoNi alloys, reveal remarkable mechanical properties. The stacking fault energy (SFE) is one of the key ingredients that controls the underlying deformation mechanism and hence the mechanical performance of materials. Previous experiments and simulations have therefore been devoted to determining the SFEs of various MEAs and HEAs. The impact of local chemical environment in the vicinity of the stacking faults is, however, still not fully understood. In this work, we investigate the impact of the compositional fluctuations in the vicinity of stacking faults for two prototype fcc MEAs and HEAs, namely CrCoNi and CrMnFeCoNi by employing first-principles calculations. Depending on the chemical composition close to the stacking fault, the intrinsic SFEs vary in the range of more than 150 mJ/m 2 for both the alloys, which indicates the presence of a strong driving force to promote particular types of chemical segregations towards the intrinsic stacking faults in MEAs and HEAs. Furthermore, the dependence of the intrinsic SFEs on local chemical fluctuations reveals a highly non-linear behavior, resulting in a non-trivial interplay of local chemical fluctuations and SFEs. This sheds new light on the importance of controlling chemical fluctuations via tuning, e.g., the annealing condition to obtain the desired mechanical properties for MEAs and HEAs.
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46

Livescu, Daniel. "Turbulence with Large Thermal and Compositional Density Variations." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 52, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 309–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060114.

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Density variations in fluid flows can arise due to acoustic or thermal fluctuations, compositional changes during mixing of fluids with different molar masses, or phase inhomogeneities. In particular, thermal and compositional (with miscible fluids) density variations have many similarities, such as in how the flow interacts with a shock wave. Two limiting cases have been of particular interest: ( a) the single-fluid non-Oberbeck–Boussinesq low–Mach number approximation for flows with temperature variations, which describes vertical convection, and ( b) the incompressible limit of mixing between miscible fluids with different molar masses, which describes the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The equations describing these cases are remarkably similar, with some differences in the molecular transport terms. In all cases, strong inertial effects lead to significant asymmetries of mixing, turbulence, and the shape of mixing layers. In addition, density variations require special attention in turbulence models to avoid viscous contamination of the large scales.
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47

Parikh, Pritesh, Corey Senowitz, Don Lyons, Isabelle Martin, Ty J. Prosa, Michael DiBattista, Arun Devaraj, and Y. Shirley Meng. "Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Mapping of State-of-the-Art Field-Effect Transistors (FinFETs)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 5 (August 31, 2017): 916–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617012491.

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AbstractThe semiconductor industry has seen tremendous progress over the last few decades with continuous reduction in transistor size to improve device performance. Miniaturization of devices has led to changes in the dopants and dielectric layers incorporated. As the gradual shift from two-dimensional metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor to three-dimensional (3D) field-effect transistors (finFETs) occurred, it has become imperative to understand compositional variability with nanoscale spatial resolution. Compositional changes can affect device performance primarily through fluctuations in threshold voltage and channel current density. Traditional techniques such as scanning electron microscope and focused ion beam no longer provide the required resolution to probe the physical structure and chemical composition of individual fins. Hence advanced multimodal characterization approaches are required to better understand electronic devices. Herein, we report the study of 14 nm commercial finFETs using atom probe tomography (APT) and scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). Complimentary compositional maps were obtained using both techniques with analysis of the gate dielectrics and silicon fin. APT additionally provided 3D information and allowed analysis of the distribution of low atomic number dopant elements (e.g., boron), which are elusive when using STEM-EDS.
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48

Nakazawa, Katsuaki, Tomohiro Miyata, Shin-ichi Amma, and Teruyasu Mizoguchi. "Identification of nanometer-scale compositional fluctuations in silicate glass using electron microscopy and spectroscopy." Scripta Materialia 154 (September 2018): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.05.048.

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49

Jiang, Nan, Jianrong Qiu, C. J. Humphreys, and John C. H. Spence. "Observation of long-range compositional fluctuations in glasses: Implications for atomic and electronic structure." Micron 39, no. 6 (August 2008): 698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2007.10.014.

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50

Ishikawa, Yuichi, Yuko Koguchi, and Toshihiko Yoshimura. "Atom-Probe Micro-Characterization of Local Compositional Fluctuations and Passivated Surfaces of Stainless Steel." CORROSION ENGINEERING 39, no. 5 (1990): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1974.39.5_232.

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