Relevant bibliographies by topics / In-flame temperatures

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'In-flame temperatures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "In-flame temperatures"

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Wang, En Yu, Jing Qin, Xing Xiang, and Jin Xiang Wu. "Influence of Jet Angle on Diffusion Flames in Centrifugal Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 694 (November 2014): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.694.181.

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Diffusion combustion of propane and air in a rotational combustor was simulated by three-dimensional numerical model based on FLUENT. Influence of centrifugal field on the flame shapes and temperatures were discussed under various jet angles changing in the plane perpendicular to the rotational axis. The flame is compressed when the value of jet angle θ is less 90°, otherwise, the flame is stretched when |θ|>90°. When θ<90°, the deflection of flame becomes larger with an increase of θ. As contrasted to positive θ cases, the zones of high temperature in combustion chamber corresponding to negative are larger, and the maximal flame temperatures are likewise larger. The negative jet angle is useful to flame stability. External fluid is an important factor influence the distribution of temperature in combustion chamber.
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Masjudin and Wei-Chin Chang. "Combustion performance of the premixed and diffusion burners with used lubricating oil and used cooking oil as fuel." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 14n15 (May 28, 2019): 1940005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919400050.

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This work investigated combustion performance of the premixed and diffusion burners by measuring flame temperature and gas emissions with used lubricating oil (ULO) and used cooking oil (UCO). Air–fuel ratio (AFR) is an important parameter to investigate combustion performance. Flame temperatures and gas emissions of the burners were examined to know the combustion behavior. The results found were that the flame temperatures in the premixed burner were higher than the diffusion burner at all the AFRs. The maximum flame temperature was obtained at AFR = 16 at all types of burners and fuel blending ratios. The highest flame temperature was [Formula: see text], which occurred when using 100% ULO with premixed burner at AFR = 16. By adding UCO into ULO, the flame temperatures can be decreased. The premixed burner produced 86.67% and 71.23% less CO and HC emissions, respectively, than the diffusion burner, in contrast, the premixed burner formed 26.31% and 54.7% higher [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] emissions, respectively, than the diffusion burner.
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Petrucci, Giuseppe A., Denise Imbroisl, Robert D. Guenard, Benjamin W. Smith, and Jame D. Winefordner. "High-Spatial-Resolution OH Rotational Temperature Measurements in an Atmospheric-Pressure Flame Using an Indium-Based Resonance Ionization Detector." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 5 (May 1995): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964020.

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The use of a resonance ionization photon detector (RID) is described for the measurement of flame temperatures with a spatial resolution of less than 100 μm. The detector, based on the two-step excitation of indium atoms, with subsequent collisional ionization, was used to record rotational excitation scans of OH in an atmospheric-pressure acetylene/air flame. The OH excitation spectra were recorded by scanning an “excitation” laser in the A2σ+ ← X2II i (1, 0) vibronic band in the wavelength range, 281–288 nm, while simultaneously illuminating the same flame region with the “detection” laser, tuned to the 6 p2 P3/2 → 10 d2. D5/2 excited-state transition of In at 786.44 nm. The excitation and detection laser beams were made orthogonal in the flame, defining the resolution to be limited by the waist of the excitation beam (100 μm), whose diameter was always smaller than the detection laser beam. A temperature profile of the flame is recorded with the use of both the RID approach and a more conventional laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) approach for comparison. A more structured temperature profile is recorded with the RID owing to its high spatial resolution, whereas the LIF method, which is inherently a line-of-sight method, produces a rather featureless temperature distribution across the flame. Anomalously high flame temperatures were recorded at the flame edge with the RID. The cause of these high flame temperatures has not been determined.
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Wotton, B. Mike, James S. Gould, W. Lachlan McCaw, N. Phillip Cheney, and Stephen W. Taylor. "Flame temperature and residence time of fires in dry eucalypt forest." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 3 (2012): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10127.

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Temperature profiles of flames were measured using arrays of thermocouples on towers located in experimental bushfires of varying intensity, carried out in dry eucalypt forest of different fuel age and structure. In-fire video of flame-front passage and time series data from very fine exposed thermocouples were used to estimate the duration of passage of the main flaming front in these experimental fires. Flame temperature measured at points within the flame was found to vary with height; maximum flame temperature was greater in the tall shrub fuel than in the low shrub fuel sites. A model to estimate flame temperature at any height within a flame of a specific height was developed. The maximum flame temperature observed was ~1100°C near the flame base and, when observation height was normalised by flame height, flame temperature exponentially decreased to the visible flame tip where temperatures were ~300°C. Maximum flame temperature was significantly correlated with rate of spread, fire intensity, flame height and surface fuel bulk density. Average flame-front residence time for eucalypt forest fuels was 37 s and did not vary significantly with fine fuel moisture, fuel quantity or bulk density.
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Rajković, Miloš, Goran Malidža, Strahinja Stepanović, Marko Kostić, Kristina Petrović, Mirko Urošević, and Sava Vrbničanin. "Influence of Burner Position on Temperature Distribution in Soybean Flaming." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030391.

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The main objective of this study was to identify optimal burner orientation for a newly designed flame cultivator by quantifying the flame temperature distributions of cross, back, and parallel position of burners at different heights of the soybean canopy (distance from the soil surface). Flame temperatures were measured within-row for three burner orientations at seven propane doses (20–100 kg/ha) and eight different canopy heights (0–18 cm above soil surface). Soybean plants in V3 growth stage were flamed with the same doses and burner orientations, and 28 days after treatment (DAT) crop injury (0%–100%), plant height (cm), dry matter (g) and grain yield (t/ha) were assessed. All three burner orientations had high flame temperatures at lower canopy heights (<6 cm high) that gradually decreased with increasing canopy height (6–18 cm). Measured temperatures ranged from 33 to 234 ℃ for cross flaming, 29 to 269 ℃ for back flaming and 23 to 155 ℃ for parallel flaming, with high variability in temperature patterns. Back flaming generated flame temperatures above 100℃ at a lower propane dose (27 kg/ha) compared to cross and parallel flaming (40 and 50 kg/ha). For all tested parameters, parallel and cross flaming had better impact on soybeans than back flaming, but for weed control in crop rows, cross flaming is recommended.
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Huang, Haiming, and Weijie Li. "Influence factors of methane-air counterflow diffusion flame." Thermal Science 21, no. 4 (2017): 1689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160506054h.

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This paper investigates the influences of pressures, velocities, and temperatures of gases at nozzles on the temperature of flame. Considering that temperature and species mass fractions are functions of axial co-ordinates, a quasi-1-D mathematic model in cylindrical co-ordinates for counterflow diffusion flame is built. The results show that the pressure, velocities, and temperatures of gases can affect the temperature distributions of methane-air counterflow diffusion flame, and that the influence of the variations of velocities at two nozzles on the movement of the starting reaction interface is most significant in these factors.
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Salman, Ahmed M., Ibrahim A. Ibrahim, Hamada M. Gad, and Tharwat M. Farag. "Effects of Air Temperature on Combustion Characteristics of LPG Diffusion Flame." Materials Science Forum 1008 (August 2020): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1008.128.

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In the present study, the combustion characteristics of LPG gaseous fuel diffusion flame at elevated air temperatures were experimentally investigated. An experimental test rig was manufactured to examine a wide range of operating conditions. The investigated parameters are the air temperatures of 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 K with constant percentage of nitrogen addition in combustion air stream of 5 % to give low oxygen concentration of 18.3 % by mass at constant air swirl number, air to fuel mass ratio, and thermal load of 1.5, 30, and 23 kW, respectively. The gaseous combustion characteristics were represented as axial and radial temperatures distributions, temperatures gradient, visible flame length and species concentrations. The results indicated that as the air temperature increased, the chemical reaction rate increased and flame volume decreased, the combustion time reduced leading to a reduction in flame length. The NO concentration reaches its maximum values near the location of the maximum centerline axial temperature. Increasing the combustion air temperature by 200 K, the NO consequently O2 concentrations are increased by about % 355 and 20 % respectively, while CO2 and CO concentrations are decreased by about % 21 and 99 % respectively, at the combustor end.
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Gupta, A. K., S. Bolz, and T. Hasegawa. "Effect of Air Preheat Temperature and Oxygen Concentration on Flame Structure and Emission." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795984.

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The structure of turbulent diffusion flames with highly preheated combustion air (air preheat temperature in excess of 1150°C) has been obtained using a specially designed regenerative combustion furnace. Propane gas was used as the fuel. Data have been obtained on the global flame features, spectral emission characteristics, spatial distribution of OH, CH, and C2 species, and pollutant emission from the flames. The results have been obtained for various degrees of air preheat temperatures and O2 concentration in the air. The color of the flame was found to change from yellow to blue to bluish-green to green over the range of conditions examined. In some cases a hybrid color flame was also observed. The recorded images of the flame photographs were analyzed using color-analyzing software. The results show that thermal and chemical flame behavior strongly depends on the air preheat temperature and oxygen content in the air. The flame color was observed to be bluish-green or green at very high air preheat temperatures and low-oxygen concentration. However, at high-oxygen concentration, the flame color was yellow. The flame volume was found to increase with increase in air-preheat temperature and decrease in oxygen concentration. The flame length showed a similar behavior. The concentrations of OH, CH, and C2 increased with an increase in air preheat temperatures. These species exhibited a two-stage combustion behavior at low-oxygen concentration and single-stage combustion behavior at high-oxygen concentration in the air. Stable flames were obtained for remarkably low equivalence ratios, which would not be possible with normal combustion air. Pollutant emission, including CO2 and NOx, was much lower with highly preheated combustion air at low O2 concentration than with normal air. The results also suggest uniform flow and flame thermal characteristics with conditioned, highly preheated air. Highly preheated air combustion provides much higher heat flux than normal air, which suggests direct energy savings and a reduction of CO2 to the environment. Colorless oxidation of fuel has been observed under certain conditions.
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Jeon, Min-Kyu, and Nam Il Kim. "Fuel pyrolysis and its effects on soot formation in non-premixed laminar jet flames of methane, propane, and DME." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 13, no. 6 (2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2018052.

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High-temperature combustion techniques have recently attracted interest with regard to the improvement of the thermal efficiency of combustion systems. Fuel pyrolysis is an important factor, as it can affect such flame structures at high temperatures. In this study, the pyrolysis of methane, propane, and dimethyl ether (DME) was measured and the results were compared with theoretical predictions. Pyrolyzed fuels were quenched to room temperature before being introduced onto the burner. Thus, the pyrolysis effects on laminar non-premixed jet flames could be distinguished from many other complex thermal effects. It was found that the flame length was not notably extended in spite of the great increase in the volumetric flow rates resulting from the pyrolysis. In contrast, fuel pyrolysis could significantly affect the soot formation process,and the number of smoke points could be sharply reduced depending on the pyrolysis temperature. Distributions of the luminous intensity and scattering intensity levels in the soot region were discussed in terms of the soot temperatures obtained with a two-color method. Although the adiabatic flame temperatures of the pyrolyzed fuels were theoretically increased, the actual soot temperatures could be reduced when the soot particles were excessively formulated, as in the case with propane flames.
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Zhang, Hongyi, William R. Graves, and Alden M. Townsend. "Water Loss and Survival of Stem Cuttings of Two Maple Cultivars Held in Subirrigated Medium at 24 to 33 °C." HortScience 32, no. 1 (February 1997): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.1.129.

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We determined transpiration rate, survival, and rooting of unmisted, softwood cuttings of `Autumn Flame' red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and `Indian Summer' Freeman maple (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray). Effects of perlite at 24, 30, and 33 °C were assessed to determine whether responses of cuttings would be consistent with cultivar differences in resistance to root-zone heat previously shown with whole plants. During 7 d, cutting fresh mass increased by ≈20% at all temperatures for `Autumn Flame' red maple, but fresh mass of `Indian Summer' Freeman maple decreased by 17% and 21% at 30 and 33 °C, respectively. The percentage of cuttings of `Indian Summer' that were alive decreased over time and with increasing temperature. Transpiration rate decreased during the first half of the treatment period and then increased to ≈1.1 and 0.3 mmol·m-2·s-1 for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Mean rooting percentages over temperatures for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer' were 69 % and 16%, respectively. Mean rooting percentages at 24, 30, and 33 °C over both cultivars were 74%, 29%, and 25%, respectively. Over temperatures, mean root count per cutting was 41 and seven, and mean root dry mass per cutting was 4.9 and 0.4 mg, for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Use of subirrigation without mist to root stem cuttings was more successful for `Autumn Flame' than for `Indian Summer'. Temperature × cultivar interactions for cutting fresh mass and the percentage of cuttings remaining alive during treatment were consistent with previous evidence that whole plants of `Autumn Flame' are more heat resistant than plants of `Indian Summer'. Mass and survival of stem cuttings during propagation in heated rooting medium may serve as tools for screening for whole-plant heat resistance among maple genotypes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "In-flame temperatures"

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Macenauerová, Tereza. "Vliv vnitřní recirkulace spalin na charakteristické parametry spalování." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232140.

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This thesis deals with the evaluation of emissions of NOx and CO formed during the combustion process when the burner utilizing fuel staging and internal flue gas recirculation is used. In the theoretical part the NOx formation mechanisms and methods used to suppress their formation are described. This is followed with the currently valid legislation in the Czech Republic in terms of the emission limits for NOx and CO in stationary sources. In the work, combustion tests were performed at the burners testing facility at UPEI BUT. The tests revealed that the most important parameters, which influence the NOx formation, are fuel staging, increasing combustion air excess and the utilization of new equipment that induces the flue gas to be drawn back into the burner. The equipment is installed in the burner’s air channel. The dependence of flue gas temperature, heat flux to the combustion chamber’s section walls and in-flame temperatures distribution in the horizontal symmetry plane of the combustion chamber on various parameters were investigated. The parameters included the geometry of the equipment for flue gas recirculation, primary/secondary ratio, geometry of nozzles for secondary fuel supply, tangential orientation of these nozzles towards the burner axis, and the excess of combustion air.
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de, Rooy S. C. "Improved efficiencies in flame weeding." Lincoln University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/18.

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Possible areas of improving the efficiencies of the Lincoln University flame weeder are identified and investigated. The Hoffmann burner initially used in the Lincoln University flame weeder was found not to entrain sufficient air to allow complete combustion of the LPG used. A new burner, the Modified Lincoln University burner, was designed to improve the entrainment of air. Results show that the new design entrained sufficient air to theoretically allow complete combustion of the LPG, and this resulted in a 22.7% increase in heat output per Kg of LPG used over the Hoffmann burner. Temperature x time exposure constants required to kill weeds 0 - 15, 15 - 30, and 30 - 45 mm in size, were found to be respectively 750, 882, and 989 degrees Celsius.Seconds. These constants can be used to calculate the maximum speed of travel an operator can use a flame weeder at, once the temperature profile underneath its shields are established at various travel speeds, and therefore ensure that the flame weeder is used at its maximum efficiency. The constants can also be used to establish the cost efficiency of any flame weeder (in $/Ha), depending on the size of the weeds to be treated. The materials and methods used in establishing the temperature x time exposure constants can be used to establish the temperature x time exposure constant of any weed species at any size.
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Alhaji, Faroq Abdullahi. "Studies on the influence of flame retardants and temperature on cellulose pyrolysis in air." Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280869.

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Idris, Mahmoud [Verfasser]. "Two-Colour Pyrometer Technique for Coal-Particle Temperature Measurements in a Pulverised Coal Flame / Mahmoud Idris." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1181603501/34.

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Wu, Yi. "Experimental investigation of laminar flame speeds of kerosene fuel and second generation biofuels in elevated conditions of pressure and preheat temperature." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAM0011/document.

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La vitesse de flamme laminaire représente une grandeur physique clé à mesurer car elle permet d'obtenir des données fondamentales sur la réactivité, la diffusivité et l'exothermicité du carburant. Elle est également un des paramètres utilisés pour le développement et la validation des mécanismes réactionnels détaillés ainsi que pour la modélisation de la combustion turbulente. Bien que cette grandeur physique ait fait l'objet de nombreuses études expérimentales depuis plusieurs décennies, sa méconnaissance sur des carburants multi-composant dans des conditions haute-pression et haute-température similaires à celles existantes dans les chambres de combustion reste un sujet d'actualité pour les industriels des secteurs automobile et aéronautique. Au cours de cette thèse, un brûleur de configuration bec Bunsen fonctionnant avec un prémélange gazeux combustible/air a été conçu pour produire une flamme laminaire à pression élevée tout en permettant la mesure par voie optique de la vitesse de flamme laminaire de carburants multi-composant (kérosène, biocarburants de seconde génération...). La mesure est basée sur la détection du contour de flamme par diverses diagnostics optiques comme la chimiluminescence OH*, la PLIF-OH et la PLIF-acétone/aromatique. En premier lieu, les mélanges de carburants purs gazeux (CH4) ou liquide (acétone) avec de l'air ont été étudiés pour valider le brûleur expérimental et la méthodologie de mesure de la vitesse de flamme laminaire par voie optique. Les évolutions de la vitesse de flamme laminaire pour des carburants de type kérosène (composants purs, surrogate LUCHE et Jet A-1) en fonction de la pression, température de préchauffage et richesse ont été ensuite étudiées et comparées avec des simulations numériques utilisant un mécanisme réactionnel détaillé. La dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'influence des composés oxygénés présents dans un biocarburant de seconde génération de type d'essence sur la vitesse de flamme laminaire. Après avoir mesuré la vitesse de flamme laminaire de différentes molécules oxygénées, les effets d'addition de ces composés oxygénés dans le carburant ont été quantifiés
Laminar flame speed is one of the key parameters for understanding reactivity, diffusivity and exothermicity of fuels. It is also useful to validate both the kinetic chemical mechanisms as well as turbulent models. Although laminar flame speeds of many types of fuels have been investigated over many decades using various combustion methodologies, accurate measurements of laminar flame speeds of multicomponent liquid fuels in high-pressure and high-temperature conditions similar to the operating conditions encountered in aircraft/automobile combustion engines are still required. In this current study, a high-pressure combustion chamber was specifically developed to measure the laminar flame speed of multicomponent liquid fuels such as kerosene and second generation of biofuels. The architecture of the burner is based on a preheated premixed Bunsen flame burner operated in elevated pressure and temperature conditions. The optical diagnostics used to measure the laminar flame speed are based on the detection of the flame contour by using OH* chemiluminescence, OH- and acetone/aromatic- Planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). The laminar flame speed of gaseous CH4/air and acetone/air premixed laminar flames were first measured for validating the experimental setup and the measurement methodologies. Then, the laminar flame speeds of kerosene or surrogate fuels (neat kerosene compounds, LUCHE surrogate kerosene and Jet A-1) were investigated and compared with simulation results using detailed kinetic mechanisms over a large range of conditions including pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio. The last part of the thesis was devoted to study the effect of oxygenated compounds contained in the second generation of biofuels on the laminar flame speeds. After measuring the laminar flame speeds of various oxygenated components present in partially hydro-processed lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis oils, the effect of these oxygenates on the flame speeds of these fuels were quantitatively investigated
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Naď, Martin. "Modelování procesu spalování při využití vzduchu s obsahem kyslíku vyšším než 21 %." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231411.

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The main purpose of the master´s thesis is the experimental study and the mathematical modelling of the combustion process in which the combustion air is enriched with the high-purity oxygen, i.e. the oxygen content is more than 21 %. This combustion technology is called as the oxygen-enhanced combustion (OEC). Since the experimental work required the manipulation with the pure oxygen, a part of the thesis is focused on risks and necessary safety associated therewith. The detailed description of the combustion chamber as well as of the components necessary for the operation of OEC is included. The main part of the thesis is the computational model of the combustion chamber and the simulation of OEC using CFD methods. The numerical results were then compared with the experimental data acquired during the combustion tests, namely the heat flux distribution along the combustion chamber and the distribution of in-flame temperatures in the horizontal symmetry plane of the chamber.
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Nykodým, Jiří. "Vliv provozních parametrů spalování a konstrukčních parametrů nízkoemisního hořáku na charakteristické parametry spalovacích procesů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232142.

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The main aim of the work was the investigation of the effect of operational parameters of the combustion process (combustion air excess, primary fuel ratio) and burner constructional parameters (the pitch angle of secondary nozzles, tangential orientation of secondary nozzles towards the axis of the burner) on the formation of NOx and CO, flue gas temperature, the shape, dimensions and stability of the flame, in-flame temperatures in the horizontal symmetry plane of the combustion chamber and the amount of heat extracted from the hot combustion gases in the combustion chamber’s shell. Experimental activities were carried out in the laboratory of the Institute of Process and Environmental Engineering, which is focused on burners testing. The combustion tests were performed with the experimental low-NOx type burner, namely the two-gas-staged burner. Mathematical model developed based on the experimental data describes the dependency of NOx on the operating parameters of the combustion process and burner constructional parameters. The model shows that increasing air excess and increasing angle of tangential orientation of the secondary nozzles reduce the formation of NOx. The temperature peaks in the horizontal symmetry plane of the combustion chamber decreases with increasing combustion air excess. The thermal load to the combustion chamber’s wall along the length of the flame was evaluated for selected settings. It was validated that the thermal efficiency of is reduced when higher air excess is used.
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Potier, Bruno. "Détermination des champs des températures et des concentrations dans une flamme de charbon pulvérisé de taille semi-industrielle : application au four pilote 1 mw du cerchar." Orléans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ORLE0012.

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Développement d'une méthode optique de mesure des températures, basée sur l'émission et l'absorption du rayonnement thermique dans le proche infrarouge, et permettant de déterminer la température en un point. Parallèlement aux champs des températures cette méthode permet d'accéder aux champs de concentrations relatives en particules et en dioxyde de carbone et fournir des renseignements sur les valeurs in situ de plusieurs paramètres nécessaires à la modélisation des transferts thermiques.
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Wang, Xiaodong. "Modélisation et simulation numérique de la combustion en présence d’interactions flammes/auto-inflammation Interactions between mixing, flame propagation, and ignition in non-premixed turbulent flames normalised residence time transportequation for the numerical simulation of combustion with high-temperature air." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0002.

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Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée à la modélisation des écoulements turbulents réactifs dans des cas où les niveaux de température peuvent conduire à l'auto-allumage du mélange. La stratégie de modélisation proposée consiste à traiter séparément les différents mécanismes physiques les plus importants : mélange des espèces chimiques, propagation de fronts de flammes et auto-inflammation. Ainsi, des méthodes simples, dérivées de modèles connus en combustion turbulente non-prémélangée et prémélangée (méthodes de tabulation, PDF présumée) sont utilisées pour représenter les mécanismes de mélange des espèces et de propagation des fronts. Des développements spécifiques sont apportés pour que ces modèles soient toujours valides en présence d'auto-allumage. Les paramètres de modélisation introduits sont clairement identifiés et la sensibilité des résultats numériques à leurs valeurs est étudiée en détail. Le développement le plus important de ce travail concerne la méthode basée sur l'utilisation d'un temps de résidence pour modéliser l'auto-allumage du mélange. Comme la comparaison directe du temps de résidence au délai d'auto-allumage n'a plus de signification physique dès lors que la composition et la température évoluent avant l'auto-inflammation, un temps de résidence normalisé est introduit. Cette quantité peut aussi être présentée comme l'âge relatif des particules qui vieillissent différemment selon les caractéristiques du mélange local. L'équation bilan correspondante est dérivée soit de celle pour le temps de résidence soit par analogie avec l'équation G décrivant la propagation d'un front de flamme. Dans ce dernier cas, le temps de résidence est considéré comme une fonction "level-set" adaptée au suivi de fronts d'auto-inflammation. L'utilisation de ce temps normalisé permet aussi de traiter la difficulté liée aux conditions limites de temps de résidence. Le modèle proposé est d'abord utilisé pour simuler une flamme turbulente non-prémélangée de type JHC (Jet-in-Hot-Coflow) en RANS avec le logiciel de calcul numérique Code-Saturne (Bas Mach). Les résultats numériques sont validés pour deux conditions expérimentales différentes. Le modèle est ensuite validé par des calculs DNS de couche de mélange 1D soumise à l'auto-inflammation. Enfin, des simulations numériques préliminaires d'une configuration expérimentale récente disponible au laboratoire (Constant Volume Vessel) sont réalisées pour évaluer la faisabilité de l'extension du modèle en LES compressible avec OpenFOAM
The present study is devoted to the modelling of turbulent reactive flows in cases where the temperature levels can lead to the self-ignition of the mixture. The proposed modelling strategy consists of treating separately the most important physical mechanisms : scalar mixing, flame propagation and self-ignition. Thus, simple methods derived from known models in non-premixed and premixed turbulent combustion(tabulation methods, presumed PDF) are used to represent the mixing mechanism of species and flame propagation. The most important development of this work concerns the method based on the use of a residence time to model the self-ignitionof the mixture. Since the direct comparison of the residence time with the self-ignition delay has no physical meaning as long as the composition and the temperature change before the self-ignition, a normalised residence time is introduced. This quantity can also be presented as the relative age of particles that age differently depending on the characteristics of the local mixture. The use of this normalised time also makes it possible to deal with the difficulty related to the boundary conditions of residence time. The proposed model is first used to simulate a non-premixed JHC(Jet-in-Hot-Coflow) turbulent flame in RANS with numerical computation softwareCode-Saturne(low Mach). This model is then validated by DNS calculations of 1D mixing layer subjected to self-ignition. Finally, preliminary numerical simulations of a recent experimental configuration available in the laboratory(Constant Volume Vessel) are carried out to evaluate the feasibility of extending the compressible LES model by using OpenFOAM
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Shih, Chih-Ping, and 施至平. "Temperature Measurements and Analyse in a Rotational by Using Laser Symmetrical Flame Interferometric Holography." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47465667470461284428.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
製造科技研究所
92
This paper used the holographic interferometry principle, measure axisymmetric premixed in different flat flame holder of rotation speed flame which the methane and air , explore flame temperature field distribute , flame type , flame highly and flame stabilities influence.The experiment used Mach-Zehnder interferometer,the parameter of equivalent ratios in the range Φ=0.6~1.5,comparing to K type thermocouple measurement.Both high resolution CCD(1300 1026)and image software Inspector 3.0 are to use in catch gray value of image.The interferogram’s theory is Abel transform , Gladstone-Dale equation and the ideal gas equation to compute the refractive index and temperature field. We use the cublic spline of clamp condition for boundary condition and center condition obtain the suitable temperature.The other studied rotational flame type(V-flame、M-flame、Conical-flame)and rotational flame stability and rotational flame flickering frequency which in fixed Reynolds number and different equivalent ratios and different flame holder of rotation speed in the range N=0rpm~2400rpm and comparing with non- rotational flame. The experimental result showed rotation that flame flickering frequency would be reduced , the flame would be highly reduced and expanded in the high-temperature district and M-flame expanded , so could increase the stability burnt and combustion efficiency ,also find that low Reynolds numbers has the lower critical flash-back rotation speed than high Reynolds numbers .Research this discovery rotation flame of characteristic , prove and popularize, its application of product produce and quite benefit to industry burner, and can save the energy.
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Books on the topic "In-flame temperatures"

1

Faroq, Abdullahi Alhaji. Studies on the influence of flame retardants and temperatures on cellulose pyrolysis in air. Salford: University of Salford, 1991.

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Barton, S. A. Precision of single-pulse CARS temperature measurements in a hydrocarbon flame. Valcartier, Que: Defence Research Establishment, Valcartier, 1988.

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March, S. R. Temperature and species concentration measurements in a swirled hydrogen diffusion flame. Washington, D. C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991.

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Peter, Struk, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Comparisons of gas-phase temperature measurements in a flame using thin-filament pyrometry and thermocouples. [Cleveland, Ohio: NASA Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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Peter, Struk, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Comparisons of gas-phase temperature measurements in a flame using thin-filament pyrometry and thermocouples. [Cleveland, Ohio: NASA Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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Comparisons of gas-phase temperature measurements in a flame using thin-filament pyrometry and thermocouples. [Cleveland, Ohio: NASA Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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Peter, Struk, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Comparisons of gas-phase temperature measurements in a flame using thin-filament pyrometry and thermocouples. [Cleveland, Ohio: NASA Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Comparisons Of Gas-Phase Temperature Measurements In A Flame Using Thin-Filament Pyrometry And Thermocouples... NASA/TM-2003-212096... National Aeronautics And Space Administration... Feb. 2003. [S.l: s.n., 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "In-flame temperatures"

1

Crabol, Jean. "Spectropyrometric Determinations of Local Particles and Gas Temperatures in a Pulverized Coal Flame." In Heat Transfer in Radiating and Combusting Systems, 236–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84637-3_14.

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Zellhuber, Mathieu, and Wolfgang Polifke. "Large-Eddy-Simulation of High-Frequency Flame Dynamics in Perfect Premix Combustors with Elevated Inlet Temperatures." In Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation IX, 533–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14448-1_68.

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Jones, Simon B. "A Calculation and Contour Plotting System for Flame Temperatures." In Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Mathematics in Industry, 317–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0703-4_40.

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Bedat, B., A. Giovannini, and S. Pauzin. "Instantaneous Temperature Profile Measurements, in a Flame by Infrared Line Thermometry Technique." In Heat Transfer in Radiating and Combusting Systems, 297–308. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84637-3_18.

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Yamagishi, S. "Multiple Species Concentration and Temperature Measurements in Hydrocarbon Flame by Pulsed Laser Raman." In Laser Diagnostics and Modeling of Combustion, 125–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45635-0_16.

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Wang, Aihua, Jiuju Cai, and Guowei Xie. "Numerical Study of Flame Properties and Nitrogen Oxide Formation in High Temperature Air Combustion." In Challenges of Power Engineering and Environment, 1376–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76694-0_259.

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Liu, Qihang, Keng Wu, Ping Fu, Wenlong Zhan, Erhua Zhang, and Junjie Qu. "Influence of Different Parameters on Theoretical Flame Temperature Before Tuyere in Corex Melter Gasifier." In Proceedings of the 8th Pacific Rim International Congress on Advanced Materials and Processing, 703–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48764-9_88.

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Zhang, Erhua, Keng Wu, Wenlong Zhan, Qihang Liu, Xiaohui Wu, and Yong Zhao. "Influence of the Pulverized Coal Ash on Theoretical Flame Temperature Before Tuyere in BF." In Proceedings of the 8th Pacific Rim International Congress on Advanced Materials and Processing, 713–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48764-9_89.

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Liu, Qihang, Keng Wu, Ping Fu, Wenlong Zhan, Erhua Zhang, and Junjie Qu. "Influence of Different Parameters on Theoretical Flame Temperature before Tuyere in Corex Melter Gasifier." In PRICM, 703–12. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792148.ch88.

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Zhang, Erhua, Keng Wu, Wenlong Zhan, Qihang Liu, Xiaohui Wu, and Yong Zhao. "Influence of the Pulverized Coal ASH on Theoretical Flame Temperature before Tuyere in BF." In PRICM, 713–23. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792148.ch89.

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Conference papers on the topic "In-flame temperatures"

1

Minotti, Angelo, and Claudio Bruno. "Flame Temperatures in Non-Premixed Flames." In 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-998.

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Ciccarelli, Gabriel, and Priscilia Dubocage. "Flame Acceleration in Fuel-Air Mixtures at Elevated Initial Temperatures." In 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-4020.

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Kearney, Sean P., Thomas W. Grasser, and Steven J. Beresh. "Filtered Rayleigh Scattering Thermometry in a Premixed Sooting Flame." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56894.

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Filtered Rayleigh Scattering (FRS) is demonstrated in a premixed, sooting ethylene-air flame. In sooting flames, traditional laser-based temperature-imaging techniques such linear (unfiltered) Rayleigh scatting (LRS) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) are rendered intractable due to intense elastic scattering interferences from in-flame soot. FRS partially overcomes this limitation by utilizing a molecular iodine filter in conjunction with an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser, where the seeded laser output is tuned to line center of a strong iodine absorption transition. A significant portion of the Doppler-broadened molecular Rayleigh signal is then passed while intense soot scattering at the laser line is strongly absorbed. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of FRS for sooting flame thermometry using a premixed, ethylene-air flat flame. We present filtered and unfiltered laser light-scattering images, FRS temperature data, and laser-induced incandescence (LII) measurements of soot volume fraction for fuel-air equivalence ratios of φ = 2.19 and 2.24. FRS-measured product temperatures for these flames are nominally 1500 K. The FRS temperature and image data are discussed in the context of the soot LII results and a preliminary estimate of the upper sooting limit for our FRS system of order 0.1 ppm volume fraction is obtained.
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Sahai, Vivek, and Dah-Yu Cheng. "Reduction of NOx and CO to Below 2ppm in a Diffusion Flame." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38208.

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The so-called “sudden death reaction” theory, for a diffusion flame, assumes that the fuel and oxidizer diffuse toward a stoichiometric concentration surface, and then suddenly disappear, due to their combustion which produces water and carbon dioxide. The presence of NOx and CO in the combustion products cannot be explained by the “sudden death” theory. NOx, due to its high activation energy may not be formed prior to the formation of H2O and CO2. NOx is created when both oxygen and nitrogen are present in a high temperature volume; after all the combustible species are consumed. Appearance of CO indicates a lack of oxygen or a low gaseous temperature. Traditionally, when steam is injected into the combustion air, its high heat capacity reduces the flame temperature, which then reduces NOx formation, and this is usually accompanied by high CO formation. This phenomenon is caused by the dilution of oxygen as a quenching effect. This paper describes a novel approach that reverses the traditional wisdom of using steam to control NOx and CO formation, by accelerating the combustion process. This new approach begins with (1) shrinking the flame envelope, (2) enhancing the oxygen diffusion rate, and (3) suppressing the nitrogen concentration diffusion rate. Test results showed that (1) a high temperature volume could form NOx after the combustion of fuel is reduced to a minimum, and (2) that a very high fuel jet momentum increases the oxygen diffusion rate, thus reducing the flame envelope. Also due to the inward movement of the flame envelope, the residential time for NOx formation is also reduced and with the presence of a diluent, the nitrogen penetration rate into the flame is controlled. When all three phenomena are working together, total NOx was reduced downward to below 2 ppm without losing flame stability. Since this process generates enhanced oxygen diffusion, CO has always been seen to be below 2ppm, which indicates extremely high combustion efficiency. The above theory was first simulated by numerical methods using a 3-step reaction for nitrogen and oxygen, and was further expanded to a 28-step chemical kinetic model. The simulation used gas turbine compressor discharge temperatures to produce real adiabatic flame temperatures. Atmospheric tests of real full-scale gas turbine combustors were used with appropriate air temperatures, to simulate adiabatic flame temperatures. Below 2ppm NOx and CO were consistently obtained, independent of turbine types. Actual turbine tests on GE 6B and W501D5A turbines consistently indicated pressure dependent exponents of 0.1.
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Engel, Sascha R., Yi Gao, Andreas F. Koegler, Daniel Kilian, Thomas Seeger, Wolfgang Peukert, and Alfred Leipertz. "Characterization of gas phase temperatures in dependence of particle presence in the flame spray pyrolysis process." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2012.jw2a.106.

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Vereschagin, K. A., A. K. Vereschagin, V. V. Smirnov, O. M. Stel’makh, V. I. Fabelinsky, W. Clauss, M. Oschwald, P. M. Champion, and L. D. Ziegler. "CARS at «Hard-to-Realize Conditions»: Lineshape Spectroscopy at High Temperatures in a Real Flame." In XXII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3482630.

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7

Crabol, Jean, Bruno Potier, and Olivier Mace. "Optical measurement of local temperatures in a semi-industrial pulverized coal flame by infrared spectroscopy." In San Dieg - DL Tentative, edited by Irving J. Spiro. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.23112.

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Levy, Yeshayahou, Alon Gany, Yakov Goldman, Vladimir Erenburg, Valery Sherbaum, Vitaly Ovcharenko, Leonid Rosentsvit, Boris Chudnovsky, Amiel Herszage, and Alexander Talanker. "Increasing Operational Stability in Low NOx GT Combustor by a Pilot Flame." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22785.

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The need for NOx reduction in gas turbine (GT) stimulates research for new combustion methods. Lean combustion is a method in which combustion takes place under low equivalence ratio and relatively low combustion temperatures. As such, it has the potential to lower the effect of the relatively high activation energy nitrogen-oxygen reactions which are responsible for substantial NOx formation during combustion processes. Moreover, lowering temperature reduces the reaction rate of the hydrocarbon-oxygen reactions and deteriorates combustion stability. The objective of the present study is to reduce the lower equivalence ratio limit of the stable combustion operational boundary in lean GT combustors. A lean premixed gaseous combustor was equipped with a surrounding concentric pilot flame operating under rich conditions, thus generating a significant amount of reactive radicals. The main combustor’s mixture composition was varied from stoichiometric to lean mixtures. The pilot’s mixture composition varied by changing the air flow rate, within a limited reach mixtures range. The pilot gas flow rate was always lower than five percent of the total gas supply at the specific stage of the experiments. The experiments and simulation showed that despite the high temperatures obtained in the vicinity of the pilot ring, the radicals’ injection by the pilot combustion has the potential to lower the limit of the global equivalence ratio (and temperatures) while maintaining stable combustion. Therefore the amount of generated NOx is expected to be significantly reduced as compared to a similar combustor of identical inlet and exit temperatures. In order to study the relevant mechanisms responsible for combustion stabilization, CFD and CHEMKIN simulations were performed to reveal the detailed flow characteristics and their spatial distribution within the combustor. Based on the CFD results, the CHEMKIN model was developed. The CHEMKIN simulations for atmospheric pressure showed satisfactory agreement with experimental results. Further simulation confirmed the advantageous of the technique also at elevated pressures. It is therefore important to understand the relevant mechanisms responsible for combustion stabilization and their spatial distribution within the combustor. The present work discusses an experimental- CFD-CHEMKIN combined approach aimed at studying the influence of radicals generated in the pilot ring combustion on the processes taking place in the main combustor.
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Diwakar, Philip, and Jaleel Valappil. "Flame Speed and Deflagration-Detonation Analysis in Flare Stack and Header." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83445.

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This paper examines safety concerns related to flame speeds when warm relief gas snuffs out the pilot at the flare stack and pulls in ambient air and a spark ignites the vapor in the header. The flame speed essentially determines if the propagating flame speed is a deflagration or a detonation based on whether its subsonic or supersonic. While pipes are sized for deflagrations, they need to be analyzed and tested for detonation pressures and temperatures. Transient CFD calculations help determine the flame speeds, deflagration to detonation transition, pressures and temperatures are compared to pipe specifications and help determine if a detonation leads to a Loss of Containment and suggests mitigations.
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Kim, H. S., V. K. Arghode, and A. K. Gupta. "Hydrogen Addition Effects on Swirl Stabilized Methane Flame." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34133.

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Effect of hydrogen addition in methane-air premixed flames has been examined from a swirl stabilized combustor under confined flame conditions. Different swirlers have been examined to investigate the effect of swirl intensity on enriching methane-air flame with hydrogen in a laboratory-scale pre-mixed combustor operated at 5.81 kW. The flame stability was examined at same head load (5.81 kW) for various parameters such as amount of hydrogen addition, combustion air flow rates and swirl strengths. This was done by comparing adiabatic flame temperatures at the lean flame limit. The combustion characteristics of hydrogen enriched methane flames at constant heat load but different swirl strength were examined using particle image velocimetry (PIV), OH chemiluminescence, micro-thermocouples diagnostics to provide information on velocity and temperature field, and combustion generated OH concentration in the flame. Gas analyzer was used to obtain NOx and CO concentration at the exit. The results show that the the lean stability limit is mostly extended by hydrogen addition, but it can reduce in case of higher swirl intensity operating at lower adiabatic flame temperatures. The addition of hydrogen increases the NOx emission; however, this effect can be reduced by increasing either the excess air or swirl intensity. The results of NOx and CO emissions were also compared with a diffusion flame type combustor. The NOx emissions of hydrogen enriched methane premixed flame was found to be lower than the corresponding diffusion flame under the fuel lean condition.
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Reports on the topic "In-flame temperatures"

1

Long, M. Simultaneous multipoint measurements of density gradients and temperature in a flame. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5523612.

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Kearney, Sean P., Daniel Robert Guildenbecher, Caroline Winters, Paul Abraham Farias, Thomas W. Grasser, and John C. Hewson. Temperature, Oxygen, and Soot-Volume-Fraction Measurements in a Turbulent C2H4-Fueled Jet Flame. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1221520.

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