Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'In-flame temperatures'

This thesis deals with the evaluation of emissions of NOx and CO formed during the combustion process when the burner utilizing fuel staging and internal flue gas recirculation is used. In the theoretical part the NOx formation mechanisms and methods used to suppress their formation are described. This is followed with the currently valid legislation in the Czech Republic in terms of the emission limits for NOx and CO in stationary sources. In the work, combustion tests were performed at the burners testing facility at UPEI BUT. The tests revealed that the most important parameters, which influence the NOx formation, are fuel staging, increasing combustion air excess and the utilization of new equipment that induces the flue gas to be drawn back into the burner. The equipment is installed in the burner’s air channel. The dependence of flue gas temperature, heat flux to the combustion chamber’s section walls and in-flame temperatures distribution in the horizontal symmetry plane of the combustion chamber on various parameters were investigated. The parameters included the geometry of the equipment for flue gas recirculation, primary/secondary ratio, geometry of nozzles for secondary fuel supply, tangential orientation of these nozzles towards the burner axis, and the excess of combustion air.

Possible areas of improving the efficiencies of the Lincoln University flame weeder are identified and investigated. The Hoffmann burner initially used in the Lincoln University flame weeder was found not to entrain sufficient air to allow complete combustion of the LPG used. A new burner, the Modified Lincoln University burner, was designed to improve the entrainment of air. Results show that the new design entrained sufficient air to theoretically allow complete combustion of the LPG, and this resulted in a 22.7% increase in heat output per Kg of LPG used over the Hoffmann burner. Temperature x time exposure constants required to kill weeds 0 - 15, 15 - 30, and 30 - 45 mm in size, were found to be respectively 750, 882, and 989 degrees Celsius.Seconds. These constants can be used to calculate the maximum speed of travel an operator can use a flame weeder at, once the temperature profile underneath its shields are established at various travel speeds, and therefore ensure that the flame weeder is used at its maximum efficiency. The constants can also be used to establish the cost efficiency of any flame weeder (in $/Ha), depending on the size of the weeds to be treated. The materials and methods used in establishing the temperature x time exposure constants can be used to establish the temperature x time exposure constant of any weed species at any size.

La vitesse de flamme laminaire représente une grandeur physique clé à mesurer car elle permet d'obtenir des données fondamentales sur la réactivité, la diffusivité et l'exothermicité du carburant. Elle est également un des paramètres utilisés pour le développement et la validation des mécanismes réactionnels détaillés ainsi que pour la modélisation de la combustion turbulente. Bien que cette grandeur physique ait fait l'objet de nombreuses études expérimentales depuis plusieurs décennies, sa méconnaissance sur des carburants multi-composant dans des conditions haute-pression et haute-température similaires à celles existantes dans les chambres de combustion reste un sujet d'actualité pour les industriels des secteurs automobile et aéronautique. Au cours de cette thèse, un brûleur de configuration bec Bunsen fonctionnant avec un prémélange gazeux combustible/air a été conçu pour produire une flamme laminaire à pression élevée tout en permettant la mesure par voie optique de la vitesse de flamme laminaire de carburants multi-composant (kérosène, biocarburants de seconde génération...). La mesure est basée sur la détection du contour de flamme par diverses diagnostics optiques comme la chimiluminescence OH*, la PLIF-OH et la PLIF-acétone/aromatique. En premier lieu, les mélanges de carburants purs gazeux (CH4) ou liquide (acétone) avec de l'air ont été étudiés pour valider le brûleur expérimental et la méthodologie de mesure de la vitesse de flamme laminaire par voie optique. Les évolutions de la vitesse de flamme laminaire pour des carburants de type kérosène (composants purs, surrogate LUCHE et Jet A-1) en fonction de la pression, température de préchauffage et richesse ont été ensuite étudiées et comparées avec des simulations numériques utilisant un mécanisme réactionnel détaillé. La dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'influence des composés oxygénés présents dans un biocarburant de seconde génération de type d'essence sur la vitesse de flamme laminaire. Après avoir mesuré la vitesse de flamme laminaire de différentes molécules oxygénées, les effets d'addition de ces composés oxygénés dans le carburant ont été quantifiés
Laminar flame speed is one of the key parameters for understanding reactivity, diffusivity and exothermicity of fuels. It is also useful to validate both the kinetic chemical mechanisms as well as turbulent models. Although laminar flame speeds of many types of fuels have been investigated over many decades using various combustion methodologies, accurate measurements of laminar flame speeds of multicomponent liquid fuels in high-pressure and high-temperature conditions similar to the operating conditions encountered in aircraft/automobile combustion engines are still required. In this current study, a high-pressure combustion chamber was specifically developed to measure the laminar flame speed of multicomponent liquid fuels such as kerosene and second generation of biofuels. The architecture of the burner is based on a preheated premixed Bunsen flame burner operated in elevated pressure and temperature conditions. The optical diagnostics used to measure the laminar flame speed are based on the detection of the flame contour by using OH* chemiluminescence, OH- and acetone/aromatic- Planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). The laminar flame speed of gaseous CH4/air and acetone/air premixed laminar flames were first measured for validating the experimental setup and the measurement methodologies. Then, the laminar flame speeds of kerosene or surrogate fuels (neat kerosene compounds, LUCHE surrogate kerosene and Jet A-1) were investigated and compared with simulation results using detailed kinetic mechanisms over a large range of conditions including pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio. The last part of the thesis was devoted to study the effect of oxygenated compounds contained in the second generation of biofuels on the laminar flame speeds. After measuring the laminar flame speeds of various oxygenated components present in partially hydro-processed lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis oils, the effect of these oxygenates on the flame speeds of these fuels were quantitatively investigated

The main purpose of the master´s thesis is the experimental study and the mathematical modelling of the combustion process in which the combustion air is enriched with the high-purity oxygen, i.e. the oxygen content is more than 21 %. This combustion technology is called as the oxygen-enhanced combustion (OEC). Since the experimental work required the manipulation with the pure oxygen, a part of the thesis is focused on risks and necessary safety associated therewith. The detailed description of the combustion chamber as well as of the components necessary for the operation of OEC is included. The main part of the thesis is the computational model of the combustion chamber and the simulation of OEC using CFD methods. The numerical results were then compared with the experimental data acquired during the combustion tests, namely the heat flux distribution along the combustion chamber and the distribution of in-flame temperatures in the horizontal symmetry plane of the chamber.

The main aim of the work was the investigation of the effect of operational parameters of the combustion process (combustion air excess, primary fuel ratio) and burner constructional parameters (the pitch angle of secondary nozzles, tangential orientation of secondary nozzles towards the axis of the burner) on the formation of NOx and CO, flue gas temperature, the shape, dimensions and stability of the flame, in-flame temperatures in the horizontal symmetry plane of the combustion chamber and the amount of heat extracted from the hot combustion gases in the combustion chamber’s shell. Experimental activities were carried out in the laboratory of the Institute of Process and Environmental Engineering, which is focused on burners testing. The combustion tests were performed with the experimental low-NOx type burner, namely the two-gas-staged burner. Mathematical model developed based on the experimental data describes the dependency of NOx on the operating parameters of the combustion process and burner constructional parameters. The model shows that increasing air excess and increasing angle of tangential orientation of the secondary nozzles reduce the formation of NOx. The temperature peaks in the horizontal symmetry plane of the combustion chamber decreases with increasing combustion air excess. The thermal load to the combustion chamber’s wall along the length of the flame was evaluated for selected settings. It was validated that the thermal efficiency of is reduced when higher air excess is used.

Développement d'une méthode optique de mesure des températures, basée sur l'émission et l'absorption du rayonnement thermique dans le proche infrarouge, et permettant de déterminer la température en un point. Parallèlement aux champs des températures cette méthode permet d'accéder aux champs de concentrations relatives en particules et en dioxyde de carbone et fournir des renseignements sur les valeurs in situ de plusieurs paramètres nécessaires à la modélisation des transferts thermiques.

Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée à la modélisation des écoulements turbulents réactifs dans des cas où les niveaux de température peuvent conduire à l'auto-allumage du mélange. La stratégie de modélisation proposée consiste à traiter séparément les différents mécanismes physiques les plus importants : mélange des espèces chimiques, propagation de fronts de flammes et auto-inflammation. Ainsi, des méthodes simples, dérivées de modèles connus en combustion turbulente non-prémélangée et prémélangée (méthodes de tabulation, PDF présumée) sont utilisées pour représenter les mécanismes de mélange des espèces et de propagation des fronts. Des développements spécifiques sont apportés pour que ces modèles soient toujours valides en présence d'auto-allumage. Les paramètres de modélisation introduits sont clairement identifiés et la sensibilité des résultats numériques à leurs valeurs est étudiée en détail. Le développement le plus important de ce travail concerne la méthode basée sur l'utilisation d'un temps de résidence pour modéliser l'auto-allumage du mélange. Comme la comparaison directe du temps de résidence au délai d'auto-allumage n'a plus de signification physique dès lors que la composition et la température évoluent avant l'auto-inflammation, un temps de résidence normalisé est introduit. Cette quantité peut aussi être présentée comme l'âge relatif des particules qui vieillissent différemment selon les caractéristiques du mélange local. L'équation bilan correspondante est dérivée soit de celle pour le temps de résidence soit par analogie avec l'équation G décrivant la propagation d'un front de flamme. Dans ce dernier cas, le temps de résidence est considéré comme une fonction "level-set" adaptée au suivi de fronts d'auto-inflammation. L'utilisation de ce temps normalisé permet aussi de traiter la difficulté liée aux conditions limites de temps de résidence. Le modèle proposé est d'abord utilisé pour simuler une flamme turbulente non-prémélangée de type JHC (Jet-in-Hot-Coflow) en RANS avec le logiciel de calcul numérique Code-Saturne (Bas Mach). Les résultats numériques sont validés pour deux conditions expérimentales différentes. Le modèle est ensuite validé par des calculs DNS de couche de mélange 1D soumise à l'auto-inflammation. Enfin, des simulations numériques préliminaires d'une configuration expérimentale récente disponible au laboratoire (Constant Volume Vessel) sont réalisées pour évaluer la faisabilité de l'extension du modèle en LES compressible avec OpenFOAM
The present study is devoted to the modelling of turbulent reactive flows in cases where the temperature levels can lead to the self-ignition of the mixture. The proposed modelling strategy consists of treating separately the most important physical mechanisms : scalar mixing, flame propagation and self-ignition. Thus, simple methods derived from known models in non-premixed and premixed turbulent combustion(tabulation methods, presumed PDF) are used to represent the mixing mechanism of species and flame propagation. The most important development of this work concerns the method based on the use of a residence time to model the self-ignitionof the mixture. Since the direct comparison of the residence time with the self-ignition delay has no physical meaning as long as the composition and the temperature change before the self-ignition, a normalised residence time is introduced. This quantity can also be presented as the relative age of particles that age differently depending on the characteristics of the local mixture. The use of this normalised time also makes it possible to deal with the difficulty related to the boundary conditions of residence time. The proposed model is first used to simulate a non-premixed JHC(Jet-in-Hot-Coflow) turbulent flame in RANS with numerical computation softwareCode-Saturne(low Mach). This model is then validated by DNS calculations of 1D mixing layer subjected to self-ignition. Finally, preliminary numerical simulations of a recent experimental configuration available in the laboratory(Constant Volume Vessel) are carried out to evaluate the feasibility of extending the compressible LES model by using OpenFOAM

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
製造科技研究所
92
This paper used the holographic interferometry principle, measure axisymmetric premixed in different flat flame holder of rotation speed flame which the methane and air , explore flame temperature field distribute , flame type , flame highly and flame stabilities influence.The experiment used Mach-Zehnder interferometer,the parameter of equivalent ratios in the range Φ=0.6~1.5,comparing to K type thermocouple measurement.Both high resolution CCD(1300 1026)and image software Inspector 3.0 are to use in catch gray value of image.The interferogram’s theory is Abel transform , Gladstone-Dale equation and the ideal gas equation to compute the refractive index and temperature field. We use the cublic spline of clamp condition for boundary condition and center condition obtain the suitable temperature.The other studied rotational flame type(V-flame、M-flame、Conical-flame)and rotational flame stability and rotational flame flickering frequency which in fixed Reynolds number and different equivalent ratios and different flame holder of rotation speed in the range N=0rpm~2400rpm and comparing with non- rotational flame. The experimental result showed rotation that flame flickering frequency would be reduced , the flame would be highly reduced and expanded in the high-temperature district and M-flame expanded , so could increase the stability burnt and combustion efficiency ,also find that low Reynolds numbers has the lower critical flash-back rotation speed than high Reynolds numbers .Research this discovery rotation flame of characteristic , prove and popularize, its application of product produce and quite benefit to industry burner, and can save the energy.

Y2O3:Eu particles are phosphors that have found wide applications. Flamesynthesized Y2O3:Eu particles may have either the cubic or the monoclinic structure. The effects of particle size and Eu doping concentration on crystal structure and the surface elemental composition of the flame-synthesized Y2O3:Eu particles had not been previously reported. In this study, a flame aerosol process was used to generate polydisperse Y2O3:Eu particle. H2 was used as the fuel gas, with either air or O2 gas as the oxidizer. The precursor was aqueous solutions of the metal nitrates, atomized using a 1.7-MHz ultrasonic atomizer. The product particles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorescence spectrophotometer, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The Y2O3:Eu particles generated in H2/O2 flames were spherical and fully dense, with diameters in the range of 10~3000 nm. In particle samples with lower Eu doping concentrations, a critical particle diameter was found, whose value increased with increasing Eu doping concentration. Particles well below the critical diameter had the monoclinic structure; those well above the critical diameter had the cubic structure. At sufficiently high Eu doping concentrations, all Y2O3:Eu generated in H2/O2 flames had the monoclinic structure. On the other hand, all particles generated in the H2/air flames had the cubic structure. For the Y2O3:Eu particles generated in H2/O2 flames, XPS results showed that the surface Eu concentration was several times higher than the doping concentration. For Y2O3:Eu particles generated in H2/air flames, the surface Eu concentration was equal to the doping concentration. For both types of particles, the photoluminescence intensity reached a maximum corresponding to a surface Eu concentration 40~50%. The photoluminescence intensity then decreased rapidly with higher Eu doping concentration. The effect of particle size and Eu doping concentration on crystal structure may be explained by the interplay between surface energy and polymorphism. A mechanism for this surface enrichment phenomenon was proposed based on the binary Eu2O3-Y2O3 phase diagram.

碩士
國立中央大學
機械工程學系在職專班
105
Natural gas combined cycle power generation is one of the current power generation mainstream, but there are still higher fuel costs, nitrogen oxides emission reduction and other issues. The practical aspect of use the air-fuel ratio (AFR) method to derive the combustion flame temperature and that can be calculated as the function of gas turbine inlet temperature and thermal efficiency. In addition, we also compare with power output conversion thermal efficiency method. They can be correlated with the equipment performance and as a diagnostic method. In this thesis, the application of thermodynamics principle to the first law of thermal balance, the second law entropy increase theorem and natural gas components after combustion of flue gas emissions from excess oxygen are adopted to calculate the air-fuel ratio(AFR) and used to chemical equilibrium reaction derived gas turbine inlet temperature(TIT), combined with the operation example of the gas turbine thermal cycle, to calculate the Brayton cycle efficiency of the gas turbine and to evaluate the performance of the equipment. At the same time, the air-fuel ratio is calculated as a function of the combustion flame temperature, to provide the application of the calculation model and the relationship between nitrogen oxide emissions and AFR adjustment is proposed. Experimental results showed that 501F type GT AFR(kg) is about 46 and 501G GT is about 42 when the gas turbine thermal efficiency is the optimal. And the promotion of fuel and combustion air temperature on the thermal efficiency and nitrogen oxide emission concentration is very promising, and enhancement of the combustion air temperature function has greater impact than that of the fuel temperature. The maximum flame temperature of the combustor is calculated by using the AFR as a function of TIT to further evaluate the working capacity of the gas turbine, and it is highly accurate (favorable) to compare with the actual power output efficiency of the gas turbine. Furthermore, TIT can be used as the diagnostic tool for the early monitoring of defective components or assembly of the power plant. Keywords：Natural gas combined cycle power generation , NOx, Air-fuel ratio (AFR), Gas turbine inlet temperature (TIT), Combustor, Flame temperature

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-125).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-198).