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1
IVASTINOVIC, D., T. GEORGI, R. HORNIG, A. WEDRICH, and M. VELIKAY-PAREL. "Investigation of particular surgical steps in epiretinal prostheses implantation procedure in pigs." Acta Ophthalmologica 87 (September 2009): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.3112.x.
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Shabalov, N. P., L. V. Erman, P. D. Vaganov, and Al’mira D. Donetskova. "One step forward, two steps back." Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 22, no. 5 (October 15, 2016): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2106-2016-22-5-228-231.
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The article presents the history of Russian system of maternity and children care, including pediatric education organized for the first time in the world. the particular considerations concerning post-graduate training are exposed.
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TEKIĆ, JASMINA. "AMPLITUDE DEPENDENCE OF THE SHAPIRO STEPS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 23n24 (September 30, 2007): 4234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207045463.
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The existence and stability of the Shapiro steps in the ac driven dissipative Frenkel-Kontorova model are studied. The particular attention has been focused on, the variations of the step width and critical depinning force with the ac amplitude. The amplitude dependence is strongly influenced by the frequency of ac force where at the higher frequencies, the oscillations have the Bessel like form.
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Dailey, H. A. "Terminal steps of haem biosynthesis." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0300590.
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The terminal three steps in haem biosynthesis are the oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX, followed by the six-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin IX, and finally the insertion of ferrous iron to form haem. Interestingly, Nature has evolved distinct enzymic machinery to deal with the antepenultimate (co-proporphyrinogen oxidase) and penultimate (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) steps for aerobic compared with anaerobic organisms. The terminal step is catalysed by the enzyme ferrochelatase. This enzyme is clearly conserved with regard to a small set of essential catalytic residues, but varies significantly with regard to size, subunit composition, cellular location and the presence or absence of a [2Fe-2S] cluster. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase and protoporphyrinogen oxidase are reviewed with regard to their enzymic and physical characteristics. Ferrochelatase, which is the best characterized of these three enzymes, will be described with particular emphasis paid to what has been learned from the crystal structure of the Bacillus subtilis and human enzymes.
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Lee, Ah Rahm, Yoon Cheol Bae, Gwang Ho Baek, Je Bock Chung, Sang Hyo Lee, Hyun Sik Im, and Jin Pyo Hong. "Multifunctional resistive switching behaviors employing various electroforming steps." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 4 (2016): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc03303a.
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We examine the electroforming-dependent multifunctional resistive switching features by operating a merged Pt/Ta2O5−x/Ta–Ta/Ta2O5−x/Pt switching device under particular bias and polarity conditions.
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Misler, Nicoletta. "Seven Steps, Seven Veils: Salomé in Russia." Experiment 17, no. 1 (2011): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221173011x611888.
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Abstract The article concentrates on experimental dance movements of the outside of the Ballets Russes, especially the danse plastique, in St. Petersburg, Munich, and Moscow. Particular attention is paid to the innovative interpretations of Salomé and analogous subjects by Ida Rubinstein, Alexander Sacharoff, Lev Lukin, and Kasian Goleizovsky. Reference is made to the persistence of the Symbolist esthetic in dance of the 1910s and to pictorial renderings of the various performances by artists such as Léon Bakst, Marianne Werefkin, and Boris Erdman.
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Bozicevic, Goran. "Positive steps turning into a process." Temida 7, no. 4 (2004): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0404009b.
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The conclusion of the research conducted in Croatia for QPSW in 2003 is there is no systematic, accountable and structural confrontation with the past in Croatia, but there is growing concern within the civil society about the problems incurred by the lack of such a confrontation. Two different approaches can be discerned: individual work with particular persons or target groups and advocacy that could influence the alteration of the public opinion and decision-making. Both levels are necessary and they should unfold simultaneously. The systematization and regional cooperation of documentation centers, cooperation between victim organizations and peace initiatives, the inclusion of former warriors into peace building processes the cooperation of artists and activists - represent some of the new and promising steps on the civilian scene in Croatia. The constant strengthening of the independent media and the judiciary, coupled with constant efforts on both levels - the personal and the public - raises hopes that the confrontation with the past in Croatia is a process and not a trend.
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Marin, Mario, Gene Lee, and Jaeho Kim. "Multiple Resolution Modeling: A Particular Case of Distributed Simulation." Information 11, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11100469.
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Multiple resolution modeling (MRM) is the future of distributed simulation. This article describes different definitions and notions related to MRM. MRM is a relatively new research area, and there is a demand for simulator integration from a modeling complexity point of view. This article also analyzes a taxonomy based on the experience of the researchers in detail. Finally, an example that uses the high-level architecture (HLA) is explained to illustrate the above definitions and, in particular, to look at the problems that are common to these distributed simulation configurations. The steps required to build an MRM distributed simulation system are introduced. The conclusions describe the lessons learned for this unique form of distributed simulation.
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Arregui, F. J., J. Soriano, E. Cabrera, and R. Cobacho. "Nine steps towards a better water meter management." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 7 (April 1, 2012): 1273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.009.
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The paper provides a comprehensive perspective of the critical aspects to be taken into account when planning the long-term management of water meters in a utility. In order to facilitate their quick understanding and practical implementation, they have been structured into nine steps. Ranging from an initial audit up to the final periodic meter replacement planning, these steps cover three aspects of the problem – field work, laboratory work and management tasks; and each one is developed in detail paying attention to the particular data needed and noting the practical outcome it will yield.
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Hathaway, Joshua, and Michael R. W. Dawson. "Giant Steps In The Interpretation Of A Musical PDP Network." Eureka 4, no. 1 (July 28, 2014): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/eureka22826.
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We first introduce the notion of chord progressions by describing a particular example (the II-V-I) that is related to the Coltrane changes. Second, we describe the Coltrane changes using a formalism derived from previous musical investigations with neural networks (Yaremchuk & Dawson, 2005, 2008). Finally, we describe how we trained a neural network to generate the Coltrane changes, how we analyzed its internal structure, and the implications of this interpretation. In particular, we discovered that a network represented transitions between chords in a fashion that could be described in terms of a new musical formalism that we had not envisioned. In short, this paper shows that the interpretation of the internal structure of a musical network can provide new formalisms for representing musical regularities, and can suggest new directions for representational research on musical cognition.
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Hochberg, Judith G. "First steps in the acquisition of Spanish stress." Journal of Child Language 15, no. 2 (June 1988): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090001237x.
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ABSTRACTThis article uses longitudinal data from four Mexican-American children to explore two aspects of the acquisition of Spanish word stress that precede and accompany learning of the stress system itself. First, contrary to Allen & Hawkins' proposed universal ‘trochaic bias’ (Allen 1982, Allen & Hawkins 1977, 1979, 1980), it is shown that children have a ‘neutral start’ in stress learning: they approach the task of stress learning unbiased towards any particular stress type. Secondly, several examples are found in which children's attention to phonetic or semantic aspects of normatively unstressed syllables leads them to shift stress to that syllable.
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Philip Jacob, Arul Balasubramanian, and Kothai Ramalingam. "A review on steps involved in drug utilization review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 24, 2020): 4095–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2612.
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Drug Utilization is also known as Drug Utilization Review, is an arrangement of persistent, orderly, criteria based medication assessment that guarantees the proper usage of drugs. Drug use/ utilization evaluation and medication utilization evaluations are the same as drug utilization review. It is a technique for acquiring data to recognize the problems related to the usage of drugs and if appropriately created, it also gives a method for revising the issue and in this way, it becomes a factor in reasonable drug usage. Evaluation of use can survey the real procedure of medication administration or dispensing of proper medication and furthermore the results of treatment. Drug utilization review services include corrective actions, prescriber reviews and further evaluations as a quality assurance mechanism. This article reviews the drug utilization pattern and evaluation of the process of drug utilization. The evaluation pattern can be classified into several categories such as prospective, concurrent and retrospective. The drug utilization evaluation process is a continuous cycle and its maximum effect is attained when it is conducted as a cycle rather than conducting in steps. This evidence-based approach with utilization of the medication is intended to depend on the best accessible clinical evidence to create explicit rules for a particular illness or utilization of a particular medication.
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Sellier, Elodie. "Small steps towards a comprehensive approach after Lisbon." New Journal of European Criminal Law 9, no. 1 (March 2018): 109–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284418761070.
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This article examines the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty (LT) in the overall institutional architecture of the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), alongside their impact on the operation of the internal–external nexus in counterterrorism (CT) policies. It argues that the inclusion of CFSP actors in the making and implementation process of CT policies eased the legal, institutional and policy boundaries between the CFSP and the field of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA). This is despite the specific status granted to the CFSP in the Treaties, the former remaining subject to intergovernmental procedures and unanimity in decision-making, even after the strides towards the ‘communautarization’ of policies achieved by the LT, in Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters in particular. Central to the analysis is the interplay and division of competences between ‘new’ CFSP actors endowed with a coherence mandate, such as the European External Action Service and the upgraded office of High Representative, and ‘old’, pre-Lisbon, CT actors, JHA structures and member states in particular. This article finds that the involvement of the CFSP and more particularly its defence component, that is, the Common Defence and Security Policy, to realize CT objectives ‘affected’ the very content of foreign and security policies and heralded a process of ‘judiciarization’ of CSDP missions deployed in third countries resulting from the integration of criminal justice and law components in their mandate. The article concludes that the ensuing blurring of frontiers between the realms of CSDP and JHA raises fundamental rights concerns as to the judicial remedies available to individuals suspected or accused of terrorist activities.
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Coccetta, Francesca. "First Steps towards Multimodal Functional Concordancing." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 21, no. 41 (August 28, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v21i41.96813.
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The development of the MCA (Multimodal Corpus Authoring System, Baldry 2005, Baldry/Beltrami 2005) online corpus construction and concordancing system, capable of investigating a variety of multimodal texts without denuding them of their distinguishing features, has led to extensive research on the integration of multimodal corpora, and multimodal concordancing in particular, into university syllabuses in the past few years (Baldry et al. 2005, Grunther 2005, Ackerley/Coccetta 2007b, Baldry 2007, in press, Grunther 2007, Coccetta in press, Dalziel/Metelli in press). This article describes a pilot project set up at the University of Padua (Coccetta 2004) which through the use of the MCA system made a small corpus of film texts, the English Language Learning Oriented (ELLO) film corpus, more easily accessible to language learners and allowed them to investigate: a) how a specific language function (van Ek/Trim 1998a, 1998b, 2001) is enacted by a set of different language forms and b) the ways in which the various manifestations of this function perform in relation to the multimodal co-text in which they are produced. In so doing, it illustrates some of the benefits this approach brings to language learning and gives examples of teaching materials based on the ELLO film corpus which are designed to promote language learners’ communicative competence.
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Zhang, Buen, Shyuan Cheng, Fanghan Lu, Yuan Zheng, and Leonardo P. Chamorro. "Impact of Topographic Steps in the Wake and Power of a Wind Turbine: Part A—Statistics." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 6411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236411.
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We experimentally explored the modulation of various forward- and backward-facing topographic steps on the wake and power output of a wind turbine model. The sharp surface changes located in the vicinity of the turbine tower consisted of steps Δz0/dT=−0.64, −0.42, −0.21, 0, 0.21, and 0.42, where Δz0 is the level difference between the upwind and downwind sides of the step and dT is the turbine diameter. Particle image velocimetry was used to obtain the wake statistics in the wake within the streamwise distance x/dT∈[2, 5] and vertical span z/dT∈[−0.7, 0.7], where the origin is set at the rotor hub. Complementary single-point hotwire measurements were obtained in the wake along the rotor axis every Δx/dT=1 within x/dT∈[1, 8]. Mean power output and its fluctuations were obtained for each of the six scenarios. The results indicate strong modulation of the steps in the wake statistics and some effect on the power output. Remarkably, the backward-facing steps induced a larger velocity deficit in the wake with respect to the base case with substantial wake deflection. In contrast, the forward-facing steps exhibited a much lower velocity deficit and negligible wake deflection. The mean flow and velocity gradients’ changes promoted distinct turbulence dynamics and, consequently, associated levels. In particular, turbulence intensity and kinematic Reynolds shear stress were enhanced and reduced with the backward- and forward-facing steps, respectively. It is worth pointing out the particular effect of the steps on the transport of the turbulence kinetic energy TKE. Ejections were predominant around the top tip, whereas sweeps dominated around the turbine hub height. The magnitude of these quantities was sensitive to the step height. In particular, a much weaker sweep occurred in the forward-facing steps; in addition, the flat terrain and the backward-facing step cases shared strong sweeps.
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Paventi, Martino. "Particular solution for any consecutive second-order reaction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 1987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-329.
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Arguments are presented against the accepted notion that multiple rate constants may be obtained from observed singular or pooled kinetic runs. For any competitive consecutive second-order reaction, the particular solution satisfying the total differential equation, derived from (n + 1) simultaneous differential equations, is S = (aA0 − S0){(aA0/S0)[exp (aA0 − S0)kt] − 1}−1, where S is the concentration of reactant common for all the steps, A is the concentration of the substrate with a reactive sites, A0 and S0 are the concentration of reactants at zero time, k is the observed rate constant, and t is the time. This equation is shown to reproduce the experimental reported data and yields k = min(k(1), …, k(n)), where k(i) is the rate constant assigned to step i. It is also shown that the initial conditions need not be known. For experiments with the initial condition (aA0 = S0), with only species A and S are present at zero time, the expression [Formula: see text] may be useful for an approximate evaluation of k when values of S do not approach zero after an infinite time (i.e., Sx = α ≠ 0, where α is the asymptote for the data).
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Borwein, Jonathan M., Armin Straub, James Wan, Wadim Zudilin, and Don Zagier. "Densities of Short Uniform Random Walks." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 64, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 961–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2011-079-2.
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AbstractWe study the densities of uniform random walks in the plane. A special focus is on the case of short walks with three or four steps and, less completely, those with five steps. As one of the main results, we obtain a hypergeometric representation of the density for four steps, which complements the classical elliptic representation in the case of three steps. It appears unrealistic to expect similar results for more than five steps. New results are also presented concerning the moments of uniform random walks and, in particular, their derivatives. Relations with Mahler measures are discussed.
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Mikhailov, O. V., and Ya V. Denisova. "Distance Learning at Russian Universities: “Step Forward, Two Steps Back”?" Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 29, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2020-29-10-65-76.
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This article discusses the problems associated with the possible widespread introduction of distance learning in the practice of Russian higher education. The authors discuss and analyze in detail the advantages and disadvantages of distance learning in comparison with the traditional contact learning, involving “live” communication between teacher and trainees. The paper states that the disadvantages of learning generally prevail over the advantages. It is concluded that distance learning can become predominant only in completely unique situations, in which “live” communication between people in general and teachers and students in particular, for one reason or another, should be minimized or even eliminated altogether.
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Goehr, Lydia. "Adorno, Schoenberg, and the Totentanz der Prinzipien—in Thirteen Steps." Journal of the American Musicological Society 56, no. 3 (2003): 595–636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2003.56.3.595.
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Abstract By a “Totentanz der Prinzipien,” one might mean a dance in which the principles dance themselves to death, or a dance in which something dances between principles, much as human beings are said to dance their final death dance suspended between life and death, time and space, body and spirit. Focusing on points of contact between the work of Theodor W. Adorno and Arnold Schoenberg, this essay explores the idea of the Totentanz to develop a philosophical theory of Schweben (suspension) that captures the particular way Adorno believed music could be significantly philosophical and philosophy itself musical.
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Evans, Charlotte E. L. "Next Steps for Interventions Targeting Adolescent Dietary Behaviour." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010190.
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Adolescents in many countries consume poor quality diets that include high intakes of sugary drinks and fast food and low intakes of vegetables. The aims of this Special Issue on adolescent dietary behaviour were to identify methods and approaches for successful interventions to improve diet quality in this age group and identify at risk subgroups that need particular attention. In total, 11 manuscripts were published in this Special Issue—three qualitative studies which included a systematic review, five cross-sectional studies and three quantitative evaluations of interventions. This Editorial discusses the contribution of the studies and provides suggestions to improve the success of future interventions in adolescents. It is important that adolescents are involved in the design of interventions to improve social and cultural acceptability and relevance. Interventions targeting schools or communities framed within a larger food system such as issues around climate change and the carbon footprint of food may improve engagement. Furthermore, targeting adolescents in areas of lower deprivation is a priority where diet quality is particularly poor. Potentially successful interventions also include environmental policies that impact on the cost and marketing of food and drinks, although evaluations of these were not included in this issue.
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RAFIL, O., A. LALAOUI, M. TAMINE, and A. KHELIFI. "VIBRATIONAL PROPERTIES OF TWO ISOLATED STEPS: A THEORETICAL MODEL." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 03n04 (June 2002): 1387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02003986.
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We investigate the dynamical properties of two isolated steps on the surface. We present the solution of the full dynamical problem arising from the absence of translation symmetry in two dimensions due to extended surface steps on the surface boundary of an insulating substrate. The calculations concern in particular the dynamics of localized modes of an atomic step on the surface of a cubic lattice. The theoretical approach determines the vibrational field in both steps. The matching method, which constitutes a powerful formalism for determining the vibrational properties of such disordered surfaces, is used. The model presented in this study consists of two monatomic steps as the interface between three coupled semi-infinite and single semi-infinite atomic layers. The dynamical properties of the perfect waveguides are presented and calculated numerically. The breakdown of translational symmetry perpendicular to the step edges gives rise to several Raleigh-like branches localized in the neighborhood of the steps. Typical dispersion curves for these modes along the steps are given with their polarization.
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Novikov, Sergey A. "The Reduction of the Special Procedure for Judicial Examination: A March-Off Point or the End of the Route?" Russian judge 10 (October 8, 2020): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3791-2020-10-21-25.
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The article is devoted to actual problems of the institution of special procedure of a court trial in case of agreement of the accused person with the accusation. Appreciating the amendments made in July 2020 to the Chapter 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure dramatically reducing this institution, the author justifies a necessity of the further reforming and suggests particular steps for improvement of the legislation. Such steps include further reduction of the special procedure, new rules of the cases consideration relating to the persons concluded pre-trial cooperation agreements, and also establishment of particular research mechanism of the evidences by the court.
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Matthew, Dayna Bowen. "Next Steps in Health Reform: Hospitals, Medicaid Expansion, and Racial Equity." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 4 (2018): 906–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518821988.
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The confluence of racial unrest and Medicaid expansion in Virginia should inspire a national reimagining of how health care can contribute to health equity. Hospitals in particular can leverage their role as economic drivers in communities to equalize health and social outcomes for all. The urgent need for innovative opioid intervention presents a fertile proving ground for new ways that hospitals can act to reduce the impact of racial inequity. Inspired by the role hospitals played to achieve desegregation during the Civil Rights era, this essay proposes an integrated approach to use Medicaid expansion to advance health and racial healing in America.
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Travis, Anthony Stewart. "First Steps: Synthetic Ammonia in the United States." Substantia 5, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1181.
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The synthetic ammonia industry, originally based on Fritz Haber's 1909 invention of a catalytic high-pressure method as scaled up by Carl Bosch at BASF, grew globally in the years following World War I, based on the processes of Brunner, Mond & Co. (Britain), Luigi Casale (Italy), Georges Claude (France), and Giacomo Fauser (Italy). The ammonia was mainly converted into ammonium sulphate fertilizer. There was less impetus in the United States for taking up these developments, because America relied on ammonium sulphate from its by-product coke ovens, sodium nitrate (Chilean nitrate) from South America, ammonia from coal gas works, and calcium cyanamide as manufactured by the American Cyanamid Company. Even when a synthetic ammonia industry started up in the United States, it was on a smaller scale than in Europe. However there emerged just before the Wall Street Crash two major producers of synthetic ammonia, Allied Chemical and Du Pont. This article presents a historical reconstruction of the early synthetic ammonia industry in the United States focusing on the 1920s, paying particular attention to Du Pont's success, which relied on the ammonia process of Casale. Standard accounts suggest that Du Pont acquired Casale technology as the result of a straightforward business acquisition. However, the situation, as shown here, was far more complex. Du Pont had to engage in aggresive litigation in order to acquire rights to the Casale process in 1927.
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Mujević, Mersad. "MEASURING PERFORMANCE QUALITY OF APPLICATION OF PARTICULAR LEGAL SOLUTIONS IN CERTAIN STEPS IN THE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT CYCLE IN MONTENEGRO." Knowledge International Journal 29, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2901051m.
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With an aim to achieve a more comprehensive monitoring of public procurement system implementation and an immediate application of the Public Procurement Law and secondary legislation for 2017/2018, I conducted a specific research activity on a sample of 54 respondents or about 9.57% of the total number of parties covered by application of this Law.
It is a special-purpose sample, which is composed of individuals having the most experience and knowledge in public procurement affairs, public procurement officers employed in state administration bodies, local selfgovernment units, and business entities operating in the fields of water management, energy, transport and postal services.The aim of the research is to assess the situation regarding application of the Law from the respondents’ point of view, for the period of 12 x 2 months of the years 2017 and 2018.The research was done in a way that I have compiled a questionnaire and submitted it directly to selected representatives of the contracting authorities. The questionnaire contained questions related to the following: the method of organization of public procurement tasks within the contracting authority; the process of public procurement planning; the existence or non-existence of violation of anti-corruption rules and the rules for preventing conflict of interest within the contracting authority; the difficulties related to application of specific public procurement procedures and framework agreements; establishment of optional conditions for assessment of bidders’ capability; the method of conducting low value procurements and urgent procurements; the method of monitoring implementation of public procurement contracts; the training for public procurement tasks; the method of monitoring and observing the decisions of the State Commission for Control of Public Procurement Procedures; the inspection control.After having completed the questionnaire, the contracting authorities submitted their answers electronically, which I processed and analysed.
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Tulus, Muhammad Zarlis, Sawaluddin, Muhammad Romi Syahputra, and Tulus Joseph Marpaung. "Models in active learning in schools." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v5i1.4230.
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The model is part of a learning structure that has a scope large. Inside there are approaches, strategies, methods, and techniques. One of an important aspect of a learning model is syntax, which is standard steps that must be taken in implementing the model. This syntax should be reflected in the steps of learning in particular detailed in the core learning activities. The results achieved in this activity are the teacher has the ability to develop scenarios or core steps active learning that uses certain learning models through the use of supporting media in teaching and learning activities
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Manis, George, Matteo Bodini, Massimo W. Rivolta, and Roberto Sassi. "A Two-Steps-Ahead Estimator for Bubble Entropy." Entropy 23, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23060761.
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Aims: Bubble entropy (bEn) is an entropy metric with a limited dependence on parameters. bEn does not directly quantify the conditional entropy of the series, but it assesses the change in entropy of the ordering of portions of its samples of length m, when adding an extra element. The analytical formulation of bEn for autoregressive (AR) processes shows that, for this class of processes, the relation between the first autocorrelation coefficient and bEn changes for odd and even values of m. While this is not an issue, per se, it triggered ideas for further investigation. Methods: Using theoretical considerations on the expected values for AR processes, we examined a two-steps-ahead estimator of bEn, which considered the cost of ordering two additional samples. We first compared it with the original bEn estimator on a simulated series. Then, we tested it on real heart rate variability (HRV) data. Results: The experiments showed that both examined alternatives showed comparable discriminating power. However, for values of 10<m<20, where the statistical significance of the method was increased and improved as m increased, the two-steps-ahead estimator presented slightly higher statistical significance and more regular behavior, even if the dependence on parameter m was still minimal. We also investigated a new normalization factor for bEn, which ensures that bEn=1 when white Gaussian noise (WGN) is given as the input. Conclusions: The research improved our understanding of bubble entropy, in particular in the context of HRV analysis, and we investigated interesting details regarding the definition of the estimator.
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Chen, Jau-Nian, Frauke van Bebber, Allan M. Goldstein, Fabrizio C. Serluca, Donald Jackson, Sarah Childs, George Serbedzija, et al. "Genetic Steps to Organ Laterality in Zebrafish." Comparative and Functional Genomics 2, no. 2 (2001): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfg.74.
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All internal organs are asymmetric along the left–right axis. Here we report a genetic screen to discover mutations which perturb organ laterality. Our particular focus is upon whether, and how, organs are linked to each other as they achieve their laterally asymmetric positions. We generated mutations by ENU mutagenesis and examined F3 progeny using a cocktail of probes that reveal early primordia of heart, gut, liver and pancreas. From the 750 genomes examined, we isolated seven recessive mutations which affect the earliest left–right positioning of one or all of the organs. None of these mutations caused discernable defects elsewhere in the embryo at the stages examined. This is in contrast to those mutations we reported previously (Chenet al., 1997) which, along with left–right abnormalities, cause marked perturbation in gastrulation, body form or midline structures. We find that the mutations can be classified on the basis of whether they perturb relationships among organ laterality. In Class 1 mutations, none of the organs manifest any left–right asymmetry. The heart does not jog to the left and normally leftpredominantBMP4in the early heart tube remains symmetric. The gut tends to remain midline. There frequently is a remarkable bilateral duplication of liver and pancreas. Embryos with Class 2 mutations have organotypic asymmetry but, in any given embryo, organ positions can be normal, reversed or randomized. Class 3 reveals a hitherto unsuspected gene that selectively affects laterality of heart. We find that visceral organ positions are predicted by the direction of the preceding cardiac jog. We interpret this as suggesting that normally there is linkage between cardiac and visceral organ laterality. Class 1 mutations, we suggest, effectively remove the global laterality signals, with the consequence that organ positions are effectively symmetrical. Embryos with Class 2 mutations do manifest linkage among organs, but it may be reversed, suggesting that the global signals may be present but incorrectly orientated in some of the embryos. That laterality decisions of organs may be independently perturbed, as in the Class 3 mutation, indicates that there are distinctive pathways for reception and organotypic interpretation of the global signals.
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Harris, William E. "Young, old, massive: Steps to understanding globular cluster formation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S351 (May 2019): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319006495.
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AbstractOn observational grounds we now know a huge amount about the characteristics of massive star clusters in galaxies of all types, from the smallest dwarfs to the most massive giants and even into the Intracluster Medium. The old globular clusters (GCs) in particular exhibit a high degree of uniformity across all these environments in their physical properties including scale size, luminosity distribution, metallicity distribution, and age. As survivors of a long period of dynamical evolution, they are “unusual, but not special” among star clusters.The past few years have seen major advances in theoretical modelling that are starting to reveal how these massive star clusters formed in the early stages of galaxy evolution. Several suites of models point to their emergence in GMCs (Giant Molecular Clouds), which provide the turbulent big reservoirs of gas within which star clusters can be built. At cluster masses ∼105M⊙ and above, clusters form hierarchically through a nearly equal combination of direct gas accretion, and mergers with smaller clusters scattered throughout the GMC. GCs and YMCs (young massive clusters) in this high mass range should therefore be composite systems right from birth. To make such high-mass clusters, host GMCs of ∼107M⊙ are needed, and these are most commonly found in galaxies at redshifts z ≳ 2.
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Gelfert, Axel. "Steps to an Ecology of Knowledge: Continuity and Change in the Genealogy of Knowledge." Episteme 8, no. 1 (February 2011): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/epi.2011.0007.
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The present paper argues for a more complete integration between recent “genealogical” approaches to the problem of knowledge and evolutionary accounts of the development of human cognitive capacities and practices. A structural tension is pointed out between, on the one hand, the fact that the explicandum of genealogical stories is a specifically human trait and, on the other hand, the tacit acknowledgment, shared by all contributors to the debate, that human beings have evolved from non-human beings. Since humans differ from their predecessors in more ways than just the lack of a particular concept or cognitive ability, this casts doubt on the widely shared assumption (the “Constancy Assumption”) that, when constructing a genealogical narrative for a particular concept (e.g., our contemporary concept of knowledge), it is permissible to hold all other factors (e.g., individual “on-board” cognitive capacities) fixed. What is needed instead, I argue, is an ecological perspective that views knowledge as an adaptive response to an evolutionary constellation that allows for a diversity of selective pressures. Several examples of specific conceptual pressures at different stages in human evolution are discussed.
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Nadel, Bertrand. "Early Steps of Follicular Lymphoma Pathogenesis." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): SCI—5—SCI—5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.sci-5.sci-5.
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Abstract Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Western world, generally characterized by a disseminated disease at diagnosis, an indolent clinical course and recurrent, increasingly chemo-resistant relapses. Overt FL is preceded by an insidious phase of asymptomatic growth and might emerge from common precursor clones (CPCs), evolving over decades, and which might participate to subsequent relapses. Consequently, the cell of origin remains ambiguous. From the clinical standpoint, morphological, histological and molecular evidences all indicate that FL results from the malignant transformation of germinal center (GC) B-cells. Nevertheless, it is now clear that the natural history of FL does not initiate in the GC, and that FL precursors emerge much earlier in B-cell ontogeny. The hallmark t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation, present in 85-90% of FL patients, results from repair failures during V(D)J recombination in bone marrow pre-B cells, and the ensuing constitutive expression of the BCL2 oncogene is thus considered the necessary early first hit to transformation. However, BCL2 as such is a very weak driver, as evidenced by the detection of t(14;18)in peripheral blood from a large fraction of the adult healthy population, and the long latency and low penetrance observed in various BCL2 mouse models. Intriguingly, circulating t(14;18)+-carrying cells in healthy individuals are mostly clonally expanded GC-experienced B cells, and show imprints of early illegitimate genomic events. Recent data of clonal dynamics in human and mouse models strongly suggest that such illegitimate events likely accumulated over iterative passages through successive GC reactions. Because GCs constitute a very particular environment, highly and purposely prone to genomic reshuffling and somatic mutations, such chronic "GC addiction" combined with BCL2-mediated decoupling from the GC selection checkpoint would create a highly mutagenic dynamics linked with slow oncogenic progression. Thus, the path to transformation appears as a complex multi-hit process occurring along B cell ontogeny, escalating along successive derailments of B cell receptor diversification mechanisms, and subversion of specific immunological properties of B cells. Combined with the power of next generation sequencing, molecular interrogations of t(14;18)+ clones in healthy individuals and FL patients recently provided new insights into CPCs, their commitment to malignant development years ahead disease manifestation, and into candidate genes paving the transformation process. Intriguingly, it is now envisioned that some of the recurrent alterations found in FL patients (such as KMT2D loss of-function) might occur in CPCs or earlier in B cell ontogeny and might even precede and/or condition t(14;18) occurrence or BCL2-mediated transformation. An exciting era is now opening in deciphering the kinetics of transformation and in decrypting the genomic status of FL CPC. With the prospective arrival of the chemo-free era in hematology and a flourishing landscape of novel therapeutic agents, it is today more important than ever to correctly understand the underlying FL biology in order to deliver efficient tailored therapies at the right time and in the right patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Sohal, Ravi. "Working as a trainee in Australia: the essential steps before working out of programme." Psychiatric Bulletin 33, no. 5 (May 2009): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.108.020099.
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SummaryThis article outlines how trainees can work in Australia without disrupting their career plan and how this can be accredited to their clinical training. In particular, the processes involved in obtaining approval for a post from the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the London Deanery, and the Department of Immigration and Medical Registration in Australia are described in detail.
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Aláč, Patrik. "Multi Criteria Decision Making Model for Logistics Processes in Particular Enterprise." System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2019-0067.
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AbstractRelevant indicators and measurement methods should be assessed in order to contribute to optimize management of an enterprise. Business performance can be measured by various indicators and various business results could be assessed. Analyses of value chains should be focused on specification of so called bottle necks which mention those activities that disable to increase business margin. At the same time, these analyses show the inefficiency caused by oversized of some activities regarding to lower level of assurance or safety and lower performance of other business activities. Importance of multi criteria decision-making methods for evaluation of alternatives doesn´t lie in definite increasing of results objectivity although it should lead to that. Priority of this method lies mainly in simplification of manager´s decision making. It allows managers to arrange alternatives according to extensive file of criteria, it describes particular steps of solution and its logical sequence, this methodology also requires from managers to express their understanding of various criteria importance. All this process of solution is transparent, repeatable and there are evident starting assumptions and also how these assumptions, situations, criteria and incidents affect reached results.
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CLAGUE, Michael J. "Molecular aspects of the endocytic pathway." Biochemical Journal 336, no. 2 (December 1, 1998): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3360271.
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Observation of the flow of material along the endocytic pathway has lead to the description of the basic architecture of the pathway and provided insight into the relationship between compartments. Significant advances have been made in the study of endocytic transport steps at the molecular level, of which studies of cargo selection, vesicle budding and membrane fusion events comprise the major part. Progress in this area has been driven by two approaches, yeast genetics and in vitro or cell-free assays, which reconstitute particular transport steps and allow biochemical manipulation. The complex protein machineries that control vesicle budding and fusion are significantly conserved between the secretory and endocytic pathways such that proteins that regulate particular steps are often part of a larger family of proteins which exercise a conserved function at other locations within the cell. Well characterized examples include vesicle coat proteins, rabs (small GTPases) and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptors (SNAREs). Intracompartmental pH, lipid composition and cytoskeletal organization have also been identified as important determinants of the orderly flow of material within the endocytic pathway.
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DAPPIAGGI, CLAUDIO, VALTER MORETTI, and NICOLA PINAMONTI. "RIGOROUS STEPS TOWARDS HOLOGRAPHY IN ASYMPTOTICALLY FLAT SPACETIMES." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 18, no. 04 (May 2006): 349–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x0600270x.
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Scalar QFT on the boundary ℑ+at future null infinity of a general asymptotically flat 4D spacetime is constructed using the algebraic approach based on Weyl algebra associated to a BMS-invariant symplectic form. The constructed theory turns out to be invariant under a suitable strongly-continuous unitary representation of the BMS group with manifest meaning when the fields are interpreted as suitable extensions to ℑ+of massless minimally coupled fields propagating in the bulk. The group theoretical analysis of the found unitary BMS representation proves that such a field on ℑ+coincides with the natural wave function constructed out of the unitary BMS irreducible representation induced from the little group Δ, the semidirect product between SO(2) and the two-dimensional translations group. This wave function is massless with respect to the notion of mass for BMS representation theory. The presented result proposes a natural criterion to solve the long-standing problem of the topology of BMS group. Indeed the found natural correspondence of quantum field theories holds only if the BMS group is equipped with the nuclear topology rejecting instead the Hilbert one. Eventually, some theorems towards a holographic description on ℑ+of QFT in the bulk are established at level of C*-algebras of fields for asymptotically flat at null infinity spacetimes. It is proved that preservation of a certain symplectic form implies the existence of an injective *-homomorphism from the Weyl algebra of fields of the bulk into that associated with the boundary ℑ+. Those results are, in particular, applied to 4D Minkowski spacetime where a nice interplay between Poincaré invariance in the bulk and BMS invariance on the boundary at null infinity is established at the level of QFT. It arises that, in this case, the *-homomorphism admits unitary implementation and Minkowski vacuum is mapped into the BMS invariant vacuum on ℑ+.
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Morreira, Shannon. "Steps Towards Decolonial Higher Education in Southern Africa? Epistemic Disobedience in the Humanities." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615577499.
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In South African universities, a particular epistemic hierarchy exists within which African knowledge and resources are under-valued. This paper examines humanities courses that include content that deliberately aims to interrupt the existing knowledge hierarchies, through a qualitative analysis of spaces where African knowledge is granted importance. The paper provides a snapshot of the potentials for change in South African higher education today, and of the ways in which theories of Africa, for Africa, and about Africa, are being generated and taught.
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Koziorek, Jiri, Jaromir Konecny, Antonin Gavlas, Radim Kraut, and Petr Walder. "Analysis of dataflows within industrial control system design." MATEC Web of Conferences 210 (2018): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821002030.
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A design of industrial control system is a complex process which is usually divided into specific design steps. Results from antecedent step are generally inputs for the next step and there could be also other influences among steps. So there is a strong dataflow within an automation project especially if the range of designed system is large from the point of view of the signals count, components, variables, alarms and other messages etc. The ability of effective and reliable data transfer between the steps has significant influence on effectivity and quality of the design of an industrial control system. The main goal of the paper is an analysis of the design steps during the industrial control system design, definition of the dataflows between particular steps and description of a concept of automated system for data transmission within the design. The proposed concept is presented and evaluated on pilot industrial control system design project.
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King, Simon, Stuart McKernan, and C. Barry Carter. "CBED determinations of step-heights on etched and annealed MgO (100) surfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 1158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100151623.
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The annealing in air of acid-etched (100)-oriented MgO substrates at 1350°C for 10 mins or more, has been shown to promote the formation of relatively large and well-defined surface steps. It is the presence of these surface steps which are thought to result in the improvement in the super conducting properties of thin films, such as YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO), deposited onto the surfaces of annealed, as oppose to unannealed, substrates. YBCO, in particular, has been shown to exhibit grapho-epitaxy, in which steps on the surface promote the nucleation of islands and influence the subsequent growth into an interconnected film. The formation of this interconnected film may be influenced by the height of the steps on the substrate, whilst the height of the steps also may play a role in the island nucleation event itself. Therefore, an investigation of the step heights in the acid-etched and annealed substrates employed for the above studies is of paramount importance.
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Malakhovsky, Alexey Kimovich, and Al-Imad Fakeer. "Particular qualities of press in Transjordan and Arabian Peninsula between World War I and World War II." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-1-134-140.
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The article analyzed particular qualities of press in Transjordan and Arabian Peninsula which was making its first steps during the period of transition from Ottoman influence to British colonial dependency marked by formation of modern territorial configuration for the states of the region. At present the region attracts particular attention of the world mass media. Authors underscore peculiarities of Hashemite Transjordan’s press, as well as of that of Saudi Arabia, of North Yemen monarchy and of South Yemen colonized by Great Britain. The authors conclude that the press of the region is decades behind the press of advanced Arab states.
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EL-NABULSI, RAMI AHMAD. "FRACTIONAL FIELD THEORIES FROM MULTI-DIMENSIONAL FRACTIONAL VARIATIONAL PROBLEMS." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 05, no. 06 (September 2008): 863–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887808003119.
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Fractional calculus has recently attracted considerable attention. In particular, various fractional differential equations are used to model nonlinear wave theory that arises in many different areas of physics such as Josephson junction theory, field theory, theory of lattices, etc. Thus one may expect fractional calculus, in particular fractional differential equations, plays an important role in quantum field theories which are expected to satisfy fractional generalization of Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations. Until now, in high-energy physics and quantum field theories the derivative operator has only been used in integer steps. In this paper, we want to extend the idea of differentiation to arbitrary non-integers steps. We will address multi-dimensional fractional action-like problems of the calculus of variations where fractional field theories and fractional differential Dirac operators are constructed.
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Ovečka, Miroslav, and Milan Bobák. "Structural diversity of Papaver somniferum L. cell surfaces in vitro depending on particular steps of plant regeneration and morphogenetic program." Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-999-0065-1.
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Mozyrska, Dorota. "Multiparameter Fractional Difference Linear Control Systems." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/183782.
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The Riemann-Liouville-, Caputo-, and Grünwald-Letnikov-type fractional order difference operators are discussed and used to state and solve the controllability and observability problems of linear fractional order discrete-time control systems with multiorder and multistep. It is shown that the obtained results do not depend on the type of fractional operators and steps. The comparison of systems is made under the number of steps needed, firstly to achieve a final point, and secondly to distinguish initial conditions for particular operator.
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Dik, Bryan J., and Adelyn B. Shimizu. "Multiple Meanings of Calling: Next Steps for Studying an Evolving Construct." Journal of Career Assessment 27, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072717748676.
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Research on work as a calling has rapidly increased in recent years, yet the lack of consensus regarding the construct’s definition presents key challenges to researchers, most notably the potential lack of coherence as research on calling accumulates. We begin with a brief overview of current definitions in the literature to illustrate the overlapping yet distinct conceptualizations of the construct, placing them along a continuum of “neoclassical” to “modern.” Next, we explore strengths and shortcomings of the two most commonly employed methodological strategies for studying calling, the “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches. We invite researchers to adopt a third strategy, the typological approach (and the taxometric method in particular), to offer much-needed conceptual clarity by empirically investigating whether there are distinct types of calling or whether the construct is best conceptualized as dimensional in nature. Finally, we present recommendations to guide researchers, reviewers, and consumers of research related to work as a calling on a path that reduces its ongoing conceptual murkiness.
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Lamari, Hajer, Amine Ammar, Adrien Leygue, and Francisco Chinesta. "First Steps on the Modeling and Simulation of Thermoplastic/Thermoset Phase Separation." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.283.
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Matrices employed in composites parts of aeronautic structures consist of a thermoset / thermoplastic mixture. Thermoplastic is introduced in low concentration in order to improve the mechanical properties, in particular the ones related to choc resistance. However, there are two antagonist mechanisms, the one related to energy that leads to demixing and the one related to entropy that tends to mix. These effects are strongly coupled with the elasticity of thermoplastic, the evolution from a newtonian fluid to a viscoelastic one of thermosets, the presence of reinforcement fibers, … and are nowadays bad understood despite the significant impact that these effects have on the composite microstructure and then on its mechanical properties. This work constitutes a first attempt to understand these complex physics.
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Ayton, Lorna J. "Bioinspired aerofoil adaptations: the next steps for theoretical models." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2159 (October 14, 2019): 20190070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0070.
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The extended introduction in this paper reviews the theoretical modelling of leading- and trailing-edge noise, various bioinspired aerofoil adaptations to both the leading and trailing edges of blades, and how these adaptations aid in the reduction of aerofoil–turbulence interaction noise. Attention is given to the agreement between current theoretical predictions and experimental measurements, in particular, for turbulent interactions at the trailing edge of an aerofoil. Where there is a poor agreement between theoretical models and experimental data the features neglected from the theoretical models are discussed. Notably, it is known that theoretical predictions for porous trailing-edge adaptations do not agree well with experimental measurements. Previous works propose the reason for this: theoretical models do not account for surface roughness due to the porous material and thus omit a key noise source. The remainder of this paper, therefore, presents an analytical model, based upon the acoustic analogy, to predict the far-field noise due to a rough surface at the trailing edge of an aerofoil. Unlike previous roughness noise models which focus on roughness over an infinite wall, the model presented here includes diffraction by a sharp edge. The new results are seen to be in better agreement with experimental data than previous models which neglect diffraction by an edge. This new model could then be used to improve theoretical predictions for far-field noise generated by turbulent interactions with a (rough) porous trailing edge. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Frontiers of aeroacoustics research: theory, computation and experiment’.
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Chantzos, J., V. M. Rivilla, A. Vasyunin, E. Redaelli, L. Bizzocchi, F. Fontani, and P. Caselli. "The first steps of interstellar phosphorus chemistry." Astronomy & Astrophysics 633 (January 2020): A54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936531.
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Context. Phosphorus-bearing species are essential to the formation of life on Earth, however they have barely been detected in the interstellar medium. In particular, towards star-forming regions only PN and PO have been identified so far. Since only a small number of detections of P-bearing molecules are available, their chemical formation pathways are not easy to constrain and are thus highly debatable. An important factor still missing in the chemical models is the initial elemental abundance of phosphorus, that is, the depletion level of P at the start of chemical models of dense clouds. Aims. In order to overcome this problem, we study P-bearing species in diffuse and translucent clouds. In these objects phosphorus is expected to be mainly in the gas phase and therefore the elemental initial abundance needed in our chemical simulations corresponds to the cosmic one and is well constrained. Methods. For the study of P-bearing chemistry we used an advanced chemical model. We updated and significantly extended the P-chemistry network based on chemical databases and previous literature. We performed single-pointing observations with the IRAM 30 m telescope in the 3 mm range towards the line of sight to the strong continuum source B0355+508 aiming for the (2–1) transitions of PN, PO, HCP, and CP. This line of sight incorporates five diffuse and/or translucent clouds. Results. The (2–1) transitions of the PN, PO, HCP, and CP were not detected. We report high signal-to-noise-ratio detections of the (1–0) lines of 13CO, HNC, and CN along with a first detection of C34S towards this line of sight. We have attempted to reproduce the observations of HNC, CN, CS, and CO in every cloud with our model by applying typical physical conditions for diffuse or translucent clouds. We find that towards the densest clouds with vLSR = −10, − 17 km s−1 the best-fit model is given by the parameters (n(H), AV, Tgas) = (300 cm−3, 3 mag, 40 K). Conclusions. According to our best-fit model, the most abundant P-bearing species are HCP and CP (~10−10). The molecules PN, PO, and PH3 also show relatively high predicted abundances of ~10−11. We show that the abundances of these species are sensitive to visual extinction, cosmic-ray ionization rate, and the diffusion-to-desorption energy ratio on dust grains. The production of P-bearing species is favored towards translucent rather than diffuse clouds, where the environment provides a stronger shielding from the interstellar radiation. Based on our improved model, we show that the (1–0) transitions of HCP, CP, PN, and PO are expected to be detectable with estimated intensities of up to ~200 mK.
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Eberl, Wolfgang. "Diagnostic Challenges in Newborns and Infants with Coagulation Disorders." Hämostaseologie 40, no. 01 (February 2020): 084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701475.
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AbstractLaboratory diagnostics in children and adolescents, especially in newborns and very small children, differ considerably compared with laboratory diagnostics in adults. This applies to all individual steps of the examination (i.e., the indication, the preanalytical phase, the analysis itself, and interpretation of the findings). This is particularly true in the diagnostics of hemostasis, in which small sample volumes and relatively error prone coagulation tests are posing particular challenges to the strategy, performance, and evaluation of the tests. Differences in the individual steps are illustrated below.
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Jephcott, Mark, and Ruth Allen. "The CMA steps up enforcement of procedural merger control rules: key lessons from recent cases." Competition Law Journal 19, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2020.01.02.
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The powers of the CMA to obtain information about a merger and to prevent (or even unwind) integration of merging businesses pending the conclusion of an investigation into the competitive effects of the merger are an extremely important part of the UK's voluntary merger control regime, which has no mandatory notification or standstill obligations. The CMA has adopted a series of decisions over the last two years which indicate that it is taking an increasingly robust approach to compliance with notices and orders issued in this context. This is line with both the global trend towards tougher enforcement of procedural merger control rules, and the CMA's increasingly strict approach to enforcement of procedural rules in other contexts, such as antitrust investigations and market studies. This article explores this trend and highlights some key lessons from recent cases for merging parties and their advisers, focussing in particular on fines imposed for breach of interim measures and non-compliance with formal information requests. It also identifies some possible reasons for the toughening of the CMA's stance including, in particular, the interplay with the anticipated impact of Brexit.
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Terry, Catherine F., Neil Harris, and Helen C. Parkes. "Detection of Genetically Modified Crops and Their Derivatives: Critical Steps in Sample Preparation and Extraction." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.3.768.
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Abstract The detection of genetically modified crops in foodstuff relies on detection of transgenic DNA or protein material in the sample matrix. Purified DNA or proteins are used as analytical material for polymerase chain reaction technologies and immunodiagnostics. Successful sample preparation is critical to the validity of subsequent analysis. For routine analysis, a good sample preparation technique should be simple, safe, and inexpensive while reproducibly generating DNA/protein of sufficient quality and yield. The suitability of isolated DNA or protein as an analyte for a detection or characterization technique depends on amount or concentration, purity, and integrity, each of which may be influenced by sample matrix and the extraction technique, and, in turn, may impact the validity of analytical techniques. The key sample preparation steps of homogenization, pretreatment, extraction, and purification are discussed as well as typical analytical methods. Consideration is given to application of these steps for particular sample matrixes to maximize yield, reduce inhibition effects, and minimize contamination. The choice of the most appropriate and valid methods for sample preparation from particular foods is discussed with respect to DNA analysis. Attention is also given to ease of use, cost, and generic applicability of the procedures.
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Newman, Peter. "Sustainable urban water systems in rich and poor cities - steps towards a new approach." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (February 1, 2001): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0188.
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The ‘big pipes in, big pipes out’ approach to urban water management was developed in the 19th century for a particular linear urban form. Large, sprawling car-dependent cities are pushing this approach to new limits in rich cities and it has never worked in poor cities. An alternative which uses new small-scale technology and is more community-based, is suggested for both rich and poor countries. The Sydney Olympics and a demonstration project in Java show that the approach can work.