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Journal articles on the topic 'In situ alloying'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 March 2023

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1

Li, Jing-qing, Gui-qiu Ma, Xu-bo Yuan, and Jing Sheng. "In-Situ Alloying Dynamics and Phase Morphology of Binary Polymer Blends." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 1 (2014): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13335.

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In-situ alloying of polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) binary polymer blends using anhydrous aluminum chloride as a catalyst was investigated by small angle light scattering. The phase structures, morphology, and compatibilization effect in the obtained alloys during the in-situ alloying process were investigated by Rayleigh scattering. The content of compatible domains between the two phases of PP and PS in the in-situ alloys, i.e. the volume fraction of the interfacial transition layer, and the ‘invariant’ of the alloys were first calculated to describe the in-situ alloying dynamics, which reveals that the resulting in-situ PP/PS alloys are partially compatible. The relationship between the volume fraction of the interfacial transition layer or ‘invariant’ and the in-situ alloying reactive conditions are discussed in detail. The phase structural parameters, including correlation distance and average chord lengths, were calculated to characterize the phase size evolutions of the in-situ alloys, confirming the validity of using the volume fraction of the interfacial transition layer or ‘invariant’ to investigate the in-situ alloying dynamics.

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2

Hou, Yaqing, Hang Su, Hao Zhang, Xuandong Wang, and Changchang Wang. "Fabricating Homogeneous FeCoCrNi High-Entropy Alloys via SLM In Situ Alloying." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060942.

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Selective laser melting (SLM) in situ alloying is an effective way to design and fabricate novel materials in which the elemental powder is adopted as the raw material and micro-areas of elemental powder blend are alloyed synchronously in the forming process of selective laser melting (SLM). The pre-alloying process of preparation of raw material powder can be left out, and a batch of bulk samples can be prepared via the technology combined with quantitative powder mixing and feeding. The technique can be applied to high-throughput sample preparation to efficiently obtain a microstructure and performance data for material design. In the present work, bulk equiatomic FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloys with different processing parameters were fabricated via laser in situ alloying. Finite element simulation and CALPHAD calculation were used to determine the appropriate SLM and post-heating parameters. SEM (scanning electron microscope), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and mechanical testing were used to characterize the composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of as-printed and post-heat-treated samples. The experimental results show that the composition deviation of laser in situ alloying samples could be controlled within 20 wt %. The crystal structure of as-printed samples is a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC), which is the same as those prepared by the traditional method. The mechanical properties of the samples prepared by laser in situ alloying with elemental powder blend are comparable to those prepared by pre-alloying powder and much higher than those prepared by the traditional method (arc melting). As-printed samples can get a homogeneous microstructure under the optimal laser in situ alloying process combined with post-heat treatment at 1200 °C for 20 h.

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3

Raghu, T., W. Krishnaswamy, and R. Sundaresan. "Copper-Tungsten In Situ Composite by Mechanical Alloying." Materials Science Forum 88-90 (January 1992): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.88-90.197.

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4

Jayashankar, S., and M. J. Kaufman. "In-situ reinforced MoSi2 composites by mechanical alloying." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 26, no. 8 (April 1992): 1245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90571-u.

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5

Zhou, Yang, Xiaohan Chen, Fan Zhou, Xinggang Li, Yuhe Huang, and Qiang Zhu. "The Processing Map of Laser Powder Bed Fusion In-Situ Alloying for Controlling the Composition Inhomogeneity of AlCu Alloy." Metals 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010097.

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In-situ alloying is a facile method for exploring high-performance metallic materials for additive manufacturing. However, composition inhomogeneity is inevitable, and it is a double-edged sword for the properties of in-situ alloyed parts. Appropriately controlling the composition inhomogeneity benefits the applications of in-situ alloying in specific microstructural and properties design. In this work, the Al20Cu alloy was selected as the benchmark alloy to investigate the tailoring of composition inhomogeneity. The morphology and area percentage of composition inhomogeneity in the as-built samples were firstly analyzed. These results provided evidence for the formation of composition inhomogeneity and indicate that its content is tightly dependent on processing parameters. The characteristics of the molten pool under various processing parameters were investigated by modeling the laser remelting process. Based on these, a processing map was established to guide the tailoring of composition inhomogeneity. This study expands the understanding of the formation mechanism of composition inhomogeneity in in-situ alloyed parts and sheds light on employing laser powder bed fusion in-situ alloying for new materials development.

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6

Zhang, Cong Fa, Wei Cao, Tong Xiang Fan, and Di Zhang. "Prediction of the Effect of Alloying Elements on In Situ Reaction in Synthesizing (AlN+Mg₂Si)/Mg Composites." Key Engineering Materials 351 (October 2007): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.351.156.

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Alloying additions have an important effect on in-situ chemical reaction 4Al+Si3N4=4AlN+3Si to synthesis (AlN+Mg2Si)/Mg composites. Using the Wilson equation and an extended Miedema model, the activity in a multiple-component system can be calculated，and then the Gibbs free energy can be calculated. In final, the influence of alloying element additions on the in-situ chemical reaction at high temperature is investigated from a thermodynamic viewpoint.

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7

Wang, Jue, Ling Fan, Zhaomeng Liu, Suhua Chen, Qingfeng Zhang, Longlu Wang, Hongguan Yang, Xinzhi Yu, and Bingan Lu. "In Situ Alloying Strategy for Exceptional Potassium Ion Batteries." ACS Nano 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2019): 3703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b00634.

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8

Gupta, G., K. Mondal, and R. Balasubramaniam. "In situ nanocrystalline Fe–Si coating by mechanical alloying." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 482, no. 1-2 (August 2009): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.04.048.

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9

Polozov, Igor, and Anatoly Popovich. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of NiTi-Based Eutectic Shape Memory Alloy Produced via Selective Laser Melting In-Situ Alloying by Nb." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102696.

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This paper presents the results of selective laser melting (SLM) process of a nitinol-based NiTiNb shape memory alloy. The eutectic alloy Ni45Ti45Nb10 with a shape memory effect was obtained by SLM in-situ alloying using a powder mixture of NiTi and Nb powder particles. Samples with a high relative density (>99%) were obtained using optimized process parameters. Microstructure, phase composition, tensile properties, as well as martensitic phase transformations temperatures of the produced alloy were investigated in as-fabricated and heat-treated conditions. The NiTiNb alloy fabricated using the SLM in-situ alloying featured the microstructure consisting of the NiTi matrix, fine NiTi+β-Nb eutectics, as well as residual unmelted Nb particles. The mechanical tests showed that the obtained alloy has a yield strength up to 436 MPa and the tensile strength up to 706 MPa. At the same time, in-situ alloying with Nb allowed increasing the hysteresis of martensitic transformation as compared to the alloy without Nb addition from 22 to 50 °C with an increase in Af temperature from −5 to 22 °C.

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10

Wimmer, Andreas, Baturay Yalvac, Christopher Zoeller, Fabian Hofstaetter, Stefan Adami, Nikolaus A. Adams, and Michael F. Zaeh. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations of In Situ Alloying during Powder Bed Fusion of Metals Using a Laser Beam." Metals 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111842.

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Powder Bed Fusion of Metals using a Laser Beam (PBF-LB/M) is increasingly utilized for the fabrication of complex parts in various industrial sectors. Enabling a robust and reproducible manufacturing process is one of the main goals in view of the future success of PBF-LB/M. To meet these challenges, alloys that are specifically adapted to the process are required. This paper demonstrates the successful interplay of simulation studies with experimental data to analyze the basic phenomena of in situ alloying. The meshless Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method was employed for the numerical simulation of two-component powder systems considering both thermodynamics and fluid mechanics in the solid and the melt phase. The simulation results for the in situ alloying of stainless steel 316L blended with the aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg were enriched and validated with the data from a novel experimental test bench. The combination of both approaches can enhance the understanding of the process for in situ alloying. Therefore, future investigations of the PBF-LB/M process with multi-component powder systems can benefit from detailed numerical studies using SPH.

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11

Yoon, K., and J. H. Ahn. "Properties Of MgB2/Ga Composites Prepared By Mechanical Alloying." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0112.

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Abstract In this study, we examined the effect of Ga-doping and mechanical alloying in MgB2 on microstructural and phase evolution. A comparison was made between in-situ and ex-situ processed Mg-B-Ga samples. Densification was markedly improved by ex-situ sintering of ball-milled MgB2+Ga. The Ga-doping and ball-milling prior to sintering resulted in the formation of impurity phases such as MgO, Ga5Mg2 and Ga2O3. Lattice parameter of MgB2 increased with increasing ball-milling duration as well as by Ga-doping.

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12

Müller, Michael, Bastian Heinen, Mirko Riede, Elena López, Frank Brückner, and Christoph Leyens. "Additive Manufacturing of β-NiAl by Means of Laser Metal Deposition of Pre-Alloyed and Elemental Powders." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092246.

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The additive manufacturing (AM) technique, laser metal deposition (LMD), combines the advantages of near net shape manufacturing, tailored thermal process conditions and in situ alloy modification. This makes LMD a promising approach for the processing of advanced materials, such as intermetallics. Additionally, LMD allows the composition of a powder blend to be modified in situ. Hence, alloying and material build-up can be achieved simultaneously. Within this contribution, AM processing of the promising high-temperature material β-NiAl, by means of LMD, with elemental powder blends, as well as with pre-alloyed powders, was presented. The investigations showed that by applying a preheating temperature of 1100 °C, β-NiAl could be processed without cracking. Additionally, by using pre-alloyed, as well as elemental powders, a single phase β-NiAl microstructure can be achieved in multi-layer build-ups. Major differences between the approaches were found within substrate near regions. For in situ alloying of Ni and Al, these regions are characterized by an inhomogeneous elemental distribution in a layerwise manner. However, due to the remelting of preceding layers during deposition, a homogenization can be observed, leading to a single-phase structure. This shows the potential of high temperature preheating and in situ alloying to push the development of new high temperature materials for AM.

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13

Johnson, E., and U. Dahmen. "In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observations of Alloying of Nanoscale Pb Inclusions by Implantation with Cd Ions." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, no. 5 (September 1997): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927697970306.

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14

Chan, Kwai S. "Fracture Resistance in Multiphase Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.611.

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The fracture behavior of Nb-based in-situ composites is reviewed to elucidate the effects of alloy additions on the fracture process in multiphase alloys. The overview paper summarizes the current understanding of the processes by which alloying addition and microstructure alter the near-tip deformation and fracture mechanism, and presents a methodology for predicting the fracture toughness of the constituent phases and the composite. The alloying effects observed in Nb-based in-situ composites can be attributed to changes in dislocation mobility in the metallic solid solution matrix that provides ductile phase toughening in the composites. The size, volume fraction, and the continuity of the intermetallic phases dictate the fracture path and impact significantly the facture toughness of the in-situ composites.

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15

Cao, Wei, Cong Fa Zhang, Tong Xiang Fan, and Di Zhang. "Thermodynamics of the Effect of Alloying Additions on In-Situ Reaction to Synthesize TiC/Mg Composites." Key Engineering Materials 351 (October 2007): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.351.161.

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The effect of the alloying element additions on in-situ chemical reaction to synthesize particulate reinforced TiC/Mg composites was evaluated from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. The influences of alloying elements on the changes of the activity coefficient and the excess free energy in molten magnesium were calculated. The results show that additions, such as Nd, La, Ca, Cu and Zr can promote TiC formation, at the same time hinder the brittle TiAl3 phase formation.

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16

Zyguła, Krystian, and Marek Wojtaszek. "Processing and Characterization of β Titanium Alloy Composite Using Power Metallurgy Approach." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 5800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175800.

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The β titanium alloy matrix composite was made from a mixture of elemental metal powders, including boron carbide. During the high-temperature sintering process, in situ synthesis took place as a result of the TiB and TiC reinforcing phases formed. The identification of these phases was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and microstructural analyses. The presence of unreacted B4C particles and the surrounding reaction layers allowed for the evaluation of diffusion kinetics of alloying elements using SEM and EDS analyses. The direction of diffusion of the alloying elements in the multicomponent titanium alloy and their influence on the in situ synthesis reaction taking place were determined. In addition, the relationship between the microstructural components, strengthening phases, and hardness was also determined. It was shown that in situ reinforcement of titanium alloy produced from a mixture of elemental powders with complex chemical composition is possible under the proposed conditions. Thus, it has been demonstrated that sufficiently high temperature and adequate holding time allows one to understand the kinetics of the synthesis of the strengthening phases, which have been shown to be controlled by the concentrations of alloying elements.

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17

Jamnig, Andreas, Nikolaos Pliatsikas, Gregory Abadias, and Kostas Sarakinos. "Manipulation of thin metal film morphology on weakly interacting substrates via selective deployment of alloying species." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 40, no. 3 (May 2022): 033407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001700.

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We demonstrate a versatile concept for manipulating morphology of thin (≤25 nm) noble-metal films on weakly interacting substrates using growth of Ag on SiO2 as a model system. The concept entails deployment of minority metallic (Cu, Au, Al, Ti, Cr, and Mo) alloying species at the Ag-layer growth front. Data from in situ and real-time monitoring of the deposition process show that all alloying agents—when deployed together with Ag vapor throughout the entire film deposition—favor two-dimensional (2D) growth morphology as compared to pure Ag film growth. This is manifested by an increase in the substrate area coverage for a given amount of deposited material in discontinuous layers and a decrease of the thickness at which a continuous layer is formed, though at the expense of a larger electrical resistivity. Based on ex situ microstructural analyses, we conclude that 2D morphological evolution under the presence of alloying species is predominantly caused by a decrease of the rate of island coalescence completion during the initial film-formation stages. Guided by this realization, alloying species are released with high temporal precision to selectively target growth stages before and after coalescence completion. Pre-coalescence deployment of all alloying agents yields a more pronounced 2D growth morphology, which for the case of Cu, Al, and Au is achieved without compromising the Ag-layer electrical conductivity. A more complex behavior is observed when alloying atoms are deposited during the post-coalescence growth stages: Cu, Au, Al, and Cr favor 2D morphology, while Ti and Mo yield a more pronounced three-dimensional morphological evolution. The overall results presented herein show that targeted deployment of alloying agents constitutes a generic platform for designing bespoken heterostructures between metal layers and technologically relevant weakly interacting substrates.

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18

Wang, Wen Yan, Pei Wang, Jing Pei Xie, Gao Lu, Xiao Ming Dong, and Hui Wu Yu. "Reinforcement Phase of Situ TiC with the Laser Surface Alloying on Steel C1045." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.409.

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In this study, Nd: CW CO2laser were used in LSA experiment on Steel C1045 with four different systems alloyed by Sub-Micron Ceramics, namely Ti+C, TiO2+C, TiC, Ti+V+C. The high hardness alloyed coating was prepared on the surface of Steel C1045 adopting laser alloying process for the ideal reinforced effect of surface that we expect. The microstructures of the four different alloy systems were analyzed by SEM. The microhardness and the friction coefficient of these laser alloying layers were examined, then the abrasion resistance and the main wear mechanism were summarized. According to the experimental results, comprehensive properties of Ti+V+C system were the most excellent in all systems.

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19

Urtiga Filho, Severino L., James C. Earthman, I. Nieves, Maria Helena Robert, and T. P. Waked. "Production and Characterization of Aluminium NbAl₃ Composite by Mechanical Alloying and In Situ - A Process Comparison." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.158.

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This work analyses the production of Al based composites with particulate reinforcement, via mechanical alloying. Composites were produced by mixing Al and NbAl3 powders by high energy mechanical alloying, under liquid nitrogen atmosphere, followed by cold pressing and hot sintering; and by controlling NbAl3 phase precipitation in liquid Al (in situ formation of the reinforcement). Results on composite produced from powders showed better distribution and incorporation, besides finer dispersion of particles in the matrix when mechanical alloying is employed. In this case, high dispersion on particulate phase was found despite predominance of small particles; there are no evidence of interface formation. When composites are produced by in situ formation of NbAl3 intermetallics, results showed that the formation of the reinforcement directly from the liquid matrix and the peritectic reaction between NbAl3 and liquid Al, provide a perfect reinforcement/matrix interface. Products showed good mechanical properties, good wear behavior and reduced thermal expansion.

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20

Juhani, K., M. Kolnes, J. Kübarsepp, M. Tarraste, and M. Viljus. "In-situ alloying of TiC-FeCr cermets in manganese vapour." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 70, no. 4 (2021): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2021.4.22.

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21

Lashley, Jason C., Michael S. Blau, Karl P. Staudhammer, and Ramiro A. Pereyra. "In situ purification, alloying and casting methodology for metallic plutonium." Journal of Nuclear Materials 274, no. 3 (September 1999): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(99)00074-4.

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22

Lee, J. S., T. H. Kim, J. H. Yu, and S. W. Chung. "In-situ alloying on synthesis of nanosized Ni-Fe powder." Nanostructured Materials 9, no. 1-8 (January 1997): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-9773(97)00041-x.

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23

Zhang, Q. B., Andrew P. Abbott, and C. Yang. "Electrochemical fabrication of nanoporous copper films in choline chloride–urea deep eutectic solvent." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 22 (2015): 14702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp01276g.

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24

Raji, Sadiq Abiola, Abimbola Patricia Idowu Popoola, Sisa Pityana, Olawale Muhammed Popoola, and Monnamme Tlotleng. "Microstructure and Micro-Hardness Properties of In-Situ LENS Fabricated Ti-Al-Si-xV Alloys." MATEC Web of Conferences 370 (2022): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237003010.

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This study presents laser in-situ alloying of Ti-Al-Si-xV alloys fabricated using the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) machine from elemental powders. The as-built samples were subjected to heat treatment at 1200°C, 1300°C, and 1400°C for 1 hour and furnace cooled (FC) with subsequent homogenization heat treatment at 950°C for 6 hours and FC. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). The micro-hardness properties were evaluated with the Vickers hardness tester. The results showed that alloying via in-situ powder deposition followed by heat treatment is practicable for the producing TiAl-based alloys with improved mechanical properties.

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25

Wei, Li, Shan Shaofu, and Fang Qianghan. "Surface properties of the in situ formed ceramic-reinforced composite coating on TA15 alloy." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0045.

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AbstractA hard composite coating was fabricated by laser alloying of the Co-Fe-Al+B4C-Si3N4 mixed powders on TA15 (Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V) titanium alloy in an open system. The composite coating mainly consisted of γ-Co, TiB2, TiB, TiC0.3N0.7, SiC, Ti3Al, FeAl, and Co-Ti intermetallics. The TEM diffraction pattern results indicated that the orientation relationship between TiB2 and TiC0.3N0.7 was (1-20)TiB2//(2-20)TiC0.3N0.7 in such a coating. Furthermore, during the alloying process, a number of Mo and Zr entered into the molten pool from the substrate due to the dilution effect, which refined the microstructures of the composite coating and also increased the amorphous phase content.

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26

Rasib, Siti Zalifah Md, and Zuhailawati Hussain. "Mechanical Alloying of Fe-Nb-N with Different Ball to Powder Weight Ratio for the Formation of Fe-NbC Composite." Advanced Materials Research 620 (December 2012): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.94.

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Milling process through mechanical alloying method was performed on a powder mixture of Fe-80.11 wt%, Nb-17.62 wt% and C-2.26 wt% to produce Fe-NbC composite by in situ reaction. Ball to powder weight ratio parameter was selected since formation of phase and microstructure characteristics of this composite were expected to depend on ball collision event during milling. The as-milled and sintered Fe-NbC was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM). We found that formation of Fe-NbC by in situ required mechanical alloying of the mixture using 10:1 of ball to powder weight ratio to achieve small crystallite size and more homogeneous of NbC phase.

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27

Wang, Sheng Wu, Tatsuo Tabaru, Hisatoshi Hirai, and Hideto Ueno. "Effects of Re Alloying on Mechanical Properties of In-Situ Composites with Base Composition of Nb-18Si-2HfC." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.941.

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Nb-base in-situ composites with the base composition of Nb-18Si-2HfC were prepared by conventional arc-melting. Their microstructures and mechanical properties, such as high-temperature strength and room temperature fracture toughness, were investigated to elucidate the effects of Re alloying. The in-situ composites predominantly have eutectic microstructures consisting of an Nb solid solution (NbSS) and Nb5Si3. The compressive strength increased with the increasing Re contents at 1470K and not at 1670 K. The strengthening effect observed at 1470 K is higher than that by W and Mo. Re alloying of about 2 % is valuable for improving both the high temperature strength and room temperature fracture toughness of Nb-18Si-2HfC base materials.

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28

Miklaszewski, Andrzej, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk. "Mechanical Alloying and Electrical Current-Assisted Sintering Adopted for In Situ Ti-TiB Metal Matrix Composite Processing." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040653.

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In this work, mechanical alloying and electrical current-assisted sintering was adopted for in situ metal matrix composite material processing. Applied at the initial powder stage, mechanical alloying enables a homogeneous distribution of the starting elements in the proposed precursor powder blends. The accompanying precursor preparation and the structurally confirmed size reduction allow obtainment of a nanoscale range for the objects to be sintered. The nano precursors aggregated in the micro-sized particle objects, subjected to electrical current-assisted sintering, characterize the metal matrix composite sinters with high uniformity, proper densification, and compaction response, as well as maintaining a nanoscale whose occurrence was confirmed by the appearance of the highly dispersed reinforcement phase in the examined Ti-TiB material example. The structural analysis of the sinters confirms the metal matrix composite arrangement and provides an additional quantitive data overview for the comparison of the processing conditions. The mechanical alloying examined in this work and the electrical current-assisted sintering approach allow in situ metal matrix composite structures to create their properties by careful control of the processing steps.

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29

Chen, Lichun, and Bijendra Jha. "Roll Bonding and the Application in Making FeCrAl Alloy." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.661.

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Fe-21Cr-6Al-0.03(Ce+La) alloy has been made by an innovative method of roll bonding and diffusion alloying for catalytic converter metal foil substrate used for exhaust emission control. During the processes, roll bonding is applied to make a sandwiched Al/Fe22Cr/Al composite material from aluminum and Fe22Cr alloy. Conversion from the composite to the FeCrAl alloy can be accomplished by in-situ diffusion alloying during a thermal process of the converter fabrication.

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30

Lont, Aleksandra, Jacek Górka, Damian Janicki, and Krzysztof Matus. "The Laser Alloying Process of Ductile Cast Iron Surface with Titanium Powder in Nitrogen Atmosphere." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020227.

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The article presents the results of the laser alloying process of a ductile cast iron EN-GJS 350-22 surface with titanium powder in nitrogen atmosphere. The aim of this research was to test the influence of nitrogen atmosphere on the structure and properties of the ductile cast iron surface layer produced by a laser alloying process with titanium. The laser alloying process was conducted using a Rofin Sinar DL020 2 kW high-power diode laser (HPDDL) with rectangular focus and uniform power density distribution in the focus axis. The tests of the produced surface layers included macrostructure and microstructure observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) on scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), Vickers hardness and solid particle erosion according to ASTM G76-04 standard. As a result of the laser alloying process in nitrogen atmosphere with titanium powder, the in situ metal matrix composite structure reinforced by TiCN particles was formed. The laser alloying process of ductile cast iron caused the increased hardness and erosion resistance of the surface.

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31

Kaule, J. Matthew, Lance R. Hoffman, and Hitomi Mukaibo. "A magnetically tuneable piezoresistive sensor for direct, in situ strain measurements in Li-ion batteries." Analytical Methods 7, no. 17 (2015): 7256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00626k.

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Strain from Li-alloying anodes in operando is directly detected using generic battery components as a piezoresistive sensor. Magnetic-field alignment effectively enhances the sensitivity of this sensor.

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32

Poloczek, Tomasz, Waldemar Kwaśny, and Artur Czupryński. "The Effect of the Remelting and Laser Surface Alloying of Titanium Grade 5 (Ti6-Al-4V) on Erosive Wear Resistance." Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa, no. 2 (April 2022): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2022.2/3.

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The article presents the effect of the remelting and alloying of titanium grade 5 (Ti6-Al-4V) on erosive wear resistance (in accordance with the ASTM G76-04 standard). The study involved tests concerning the effect of graphite on the in-situ synthesis of titanium carbide during alloying performed using a Trudisk 3302 disk laser. The study also involved hardness measurements of individual beads as well as macro and microscopic tests. The tests involving the use of a Phenom World PRO scanning electron microscope provided with an EDS analyser as well as the X-ray phase analysis revealed the possible synthesis of titanium carbide during the laser alloying of the titanium surface with graphite. The erosive wear resistance of beads reinforced with composite particles was higher than that of the material in the as-received state, yet lower than that of the material remelted without the use of the alloying material.

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Shirani-Bidabadi, Amir Reza, Ali Shokuhfar, Mohammad Hossein Enayati, and Mazda Biglari. "In Situ Fabrication and Characterization of (NiCr)Al-Al₂O₃ Nanocomposite by Mechanical Alloying." Journal of Nano Research 16 (January 2012): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.16.21.

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In this research, the formation mechanisms of a (NiCr)Al-Al2O3 nanocomposite were investigated. The structural changes of powder particles during mechanical alloying were studied by X-ray difractometry (XRD) and the morphology and cross sectional microstructure of powder particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The methodology involved mechanical alloying of NiO, Cr, and Al with molar ratios of 3:3:8. During mechanical alloying, NiO was first quickly reduced by aluminum atoms to produce NiAl nanocrystalline and Al2O3. Subsequently, and when a longer milling time was applied, chromium atoms diffused into the NiAl lattice. The heat treatment of this structure led to the formation of the (NiCr)Al intermetallic compound as well as Al2O3 with crystalline sizes of 23 nm and 58 nm, respectively.

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Shoji Aota, Leonardo, Priyanshu Bajaj, Hugo Ricardo Zschommler Sandim, and Eric Aimé Jägle. "Laser Powder-Bed Fusion as an Alloy Development Tool: Parameter Selection for In-Situ Alloying Using Elemental Powders." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 3922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13183922.

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The design of advanced alloys specifically tailored to additive manufacturing processes is a research field that is attracting ever-increasing attention. Laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) commonly uses pre-alloyed, fine powders (diameter usually 15–45 µm) to produce fully dense metallic parts. The availability of such fine, pre-alloyed powders reduces the iteration speed of alloy development for LPBF and renders it quite costly. Here, we overcome these drawbacks by performing in-situ alloying in LPBF starting with pure elemental powder mixtures avoiding the use of costly pre-alloyed powders. Pure iron, chromium, and nickel powder mixtures were used to perform in-situ alloying to manufacture 304 L stainless steel cube-shaped samples. Process parameters including scanning speed, laser power, beam diameter, and layer thickness were varied aiming at obtaining a chemically homogeneous alloy. The scientific questions focused on in this work are: which process parameters are required for producing such samples (in part already known in the state of the art), and why are these parameters conducive to homogeneity? Analytical modelling of the melt pool geometry and temperature field suggests that the residence time in the liquid state is the most important parameter controlling the chemical homogeneity of the parts. Results show that in-situ alloying can be successfully employed to enable faster and cost-efficient rapid alloy development.

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Liu, Zhong Xia, Ming Xing Wang, Tian Fu Song, Yong Gang Weng, Jing Pei Xie, and Zhi Yong Liu. "Production and Mechanical Properties of In-Situ Ti Alloying A356 Alloys." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.321.

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The in-situ Ti alloying of low-Ti Al alloys and their application in A356 alloys were studied. The results show that the currency efficiency is comparable to that of pure Al, which is about 92%. The absorptivity of Ti is over 95%. Such obtained A356 alloys with different Ti content have excellent grain refinement effect and fading resistance comparing with the tradition A356 alloys. The refinement of grain always companies the refinement of Si particles. The strength is comparable to that of the tradition A356 alloys whether the alloys are unmodified or modified with Sr, but the ductility and quality index are superior to that of the tradition A356 alloys. The alloys with 0.1%Ti have the optimal mechanical properties.

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LEI, Yu-cheng, Wei-jin YUAN, Xi-zhang CHEN, Fei ZHU, and Xiao-nong CHENG. "In-situ weld-alloying plasma arc welding of SiCp/Al MMC." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 17, no. 2 (April 2007): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(07)60091-0.

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Hwang, S. M., J. H. Choi, E. C. Park, J. H. Lim, J. Joo, W. N. Kang, and C. J. Kim. "Development of carbon-doped ex situ MgB2 wire by mechanical alloying." Physica C: Superconductivity 469, no. 15-20 (October 2009): 1523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2009.05.229.

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Fan, G. J., M. X. Quan, Z. Q. Hu, J. Eckert, and L. Schultz. "In-situ explosive formation of NbSi2-Based nanocomposites by mechanical alloying." Scripta Materialia 41, no. 11 (November 1999): 1147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(99)00285-7.

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van der Hoeven, Jessi E. S., Tom A. J. Welling, Tiago A. G. Silva, Jeroen E. van den Reijen, Camille La Fontaine, Xavier Carrier, Catherine Louis, Alfons van Blaaderen, and Petra E. de Jongh. "In Situ Observation of Atomic Redistribution in Alloying Gold–Silver Nanorods." ACS Nano 12, no. 8 (July 16, 2018): 8467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b03978.

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Dadbakhsh, Sasan, Raya Mertens, Kim Vanmeensel, Jef Vleugels, Jan Van Humbeeck, and Jean-Pierre Kruth. "In situ alloying and reinforcing of Al6061 during selective laser melting." Procedia CIRP 74 (2018): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.009.

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Wang, H. M., Y. L. Chen, and L. G. Yu. "‘In-situ’ weld-alloying/laser beam welding of SiCp/6061Al MMC." Materials Science and Engineering: A 293, no. 1-2 (November 2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)01249-1.

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Mori, H., and H. Yasuda. "In situ TEM observation of spontaneous alloying in nanometer-sized particles." Bulletin of Materials Science 22, no. 3 (May 1999): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02749917.

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Yamauchi, Akira, Kyosuke Yoshimi, Kazuya Kurokawa, and Shuji Hanada. "Synthesis of Mo–Si–B in situ composites by mechanical alloying." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 434-435 (May 2007): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.08.218.

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Chen, Chun-Liang, and Chen-Han Lin. "In-situ dispersed La oxides of Al6061 composites by mechanical alloying." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 775 (February 2019): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.093.

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Zakeri, M., M. R. Rahimipour, and S. Kh Sadrnezhad. "In situ synthesis of FeSi–Al2O3 nanocomposite powder by mechanical alloying." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 492, no. 1-2 (March 2010): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.12.020.

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Xie, Jing Pei, Ji Wen Li, Zhong Xia Liu, Ai Qin Wang, Yong Gang Weng, Tian Fu Song, Zhi Yong Liu, and Jie Fang Wang. "The Investigation on Aluminium Alloys Automobile Wheel with Low-Titanium Content Produced by Electrolysis." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.317.

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The in-situ Ti alloying of aluminium alloys was fulfilled by electrolysis, and the material was made into A356 alloy and used in automobile wheels. The results show that the grains of the A356 alloy was refined and the second dendrites arm was shortened due to the in-situ Ti alloying. Trough 3-hour solution treatment and 2-hour aging treatment for the A356 alloy, the microstructures were homogeneous, and Si particles were spheroid and distribute in the matrix fully. The outstanding mechanical properties with tensile strength (σb≥300Mpa) and elongation values (δ≥10%) have been obtained because the heat treatment was optimized. Compared with the traditional materials, tensile strength and elongation were increased by 7.6~14.1% and 7.4~44.3% respectively. The qualities of the automobile wheels were improved remarkably.

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Kotarska, Aleksandra. "The Laser Alloying Process of Ductile Cast Iron Surface with Titanium." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020282.

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The article presents the results of the laser alloying process of ductile cast iron EN-GJS 350-22 surface with titanium. The laser alloying process was conducted on 2 kW high power diode laser (HPDDL) Rofin Sinar DL02 with rectangular focus and uniform power density distribution in the focus axis. The laser alloying was conducted with constant laser beam power and processing speed with titanium powder feed rate variation. The tests of the produced surface layers included macrostructure and microstructure observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, Vickers hardness, and solid particle erosion according to ASTM G76-04 standard. To assess the erosion mechanism, SEM observations of worn surfaces after erosive test were carried out. As a result of laser alloying of a ductile cast iron surface, the in situ metal-matrix composite structure was formed with TiC reinforcing particles. The microstructure change resulted in the increase of surface layers hardness and erosion resistance in comparison to the base material.

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Zhang Hao, 张浩, 侯雅青 Hou Yaqing, 王炫东 Wang Xuandong, and 苏航 Su Hang. "304L不锈钢的激光粉末床熔融原位合金化." Chinese Journal of Lasers 50, no. 4 (2023): 0402001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl220642.

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Ramireddy, Thrinathreddy, Ravi Kali, Manoj K. Jangid, Velaga Srihari, Himanshu K. Poswal, and Amartya Mukhopadhyay. "Insights into Electrochemical Behavior, Phase Evolution and Stability of Sn upon K-alloying/de-alloying via In Situ Studies." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, no. 12 (2017): A2360—A2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0481712jes.

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Farquhar, Lucy, George Maddison, Liam Hardwick, Frances Livera, Iain Todd, and Russell Goodall. "In-Situ Alloying of CoCrFeNiX High Entropy Alloys by Selective Laser Melting." Metals 12, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030456.

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High Entropy Alloys are a class of alloys which have been shown to largely exhibit stable microstructures, as well as frequently good mechanical properties, particularly when manufactured by additive manufacturing. Due to the large number of potential compositions that their multi-component nature introduces, high throughput alloy development methods are desirable to speed up the investigation of novel alloys. Here, we explore once such method, in-situ alloying during Additive Manufacture, where a powder of a certain pre-alloyed composition is mixed with the required composition of powder of an additional element, such that alloying takes place when powders are melted during the process. To test the effectiveness and capability of the approach, selective laser melting has been used to manufacture pre-alloyed CoCrFeNi, and also CoCrFeNiCu and CoCrFeNiTi alloys by combining pre-alloyed CoCrFeNi powder with elemental powders of Cu and Ti. Processing parameter variations are used to find the highest relative density for each alloy, and samples were then characterised for microstructure and phase composition. The CoCrFeNi alloy shows a single phase face centred cubic (FCC) microstructure, as found with other processing methods. The CoCrFeNiCu alloy has a two phase FCC microstructure with clear partitioning of the Cu, while the CoCrFeNiTi alloy has an FCC matrix phase with NiTi intermetallics and a hexagonal close packed (HCP) phase, as well as unmelted Ti particles. The microstructures therefore differ from those observed in the same alloys manufactured by other methods, mainly due to the presence of areas with higher concentrations than usually encountered of Cu and Ti respectively. Successful in-situ alloying in this process seems to be improved by the added elemental powder having a lower melting point than the base alloy, as well as a low inherent tendency to segregate. While not producing directly comparable microstructures however, the approach does seem to offer advantages for the rapid screening of alloys for AM processability, identifying, for example, extensive solid-state cracking in the CoCrFeNiTi alloy.

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