Academic literature on the topic 'In-situ and ex-situ conservation'

Submitted by Jose Cambuim null (jcambuim@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2017-06-30T14:04:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose_Cambuim_2017_Doc_Agronomia_VF.pdf: 2793103 bytes, checksum: 1e3d9b4c1f86030fbfa1d8761130e797 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-30T14:29:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cambuim_j_dr_ilha.pdf: 2793103 bytes, checksum: 1e3d9b4c1f86030fbfa1d8761130e797 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-30T14:29:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cambuim_j_dr_ilha.pdf: 2793103 bytes, checksum: 1e3d9b4c1f86030fbfa1d8761130e797 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-02<br>O fragmento florestal e os testes de progênies, com a função de auxiliar a conservação, reabilitação dos processos ecológicos e promover a conservação da biodiversidade, tem um papel importante nos processos de restauração de áreas degradadas e diminuir os efeitos negativos da destruição dos ambientes naturais. Este trabalho objetivou conhecer a estrutura populacional, distribuição espacial e tamanho efetivo de espécies arbóreas nativas presente em um fragmento florestal de cerrado, além de estimar a variabilidade genética num teste de progênies misto de Myracrodruon urundeuva; Terminalia argentea e Astronium fraxinifolium; a partir dos carácteres silviculturais em Selvíria – MS, com vistas de transformá-las em área para subsidiar coleta de sementes. No fragmento florestal foram mensurados e identificados 1187 indivíduos com DAP ≥ 10 cm, que compõem o dossel arbóreo da floresta. Em uma área de 0,89 ha foram amostrados, pertencentes a 60 espécies distribuídas em 31 famílias, com destaque para a família Fabaceae com 11 espécies. O índice de ShannonWeaver apresentou um H’ = 2,98 nats ind-1 , o que pode ser considerado como uma diversidade média. As espécies de maior Índice de Valor de Importância (IVI) foram Copaifera landesdorffii, Diptychandra aurantiaca, Parapiptadenia rigida, Qualea grandiflora, Qualea parviflora, Vochysia tucanorum, Tapirira guianensis, Astronium fraxinifolium, Xylopia aromatica, e Mabea fistulifera. Assim, dentre as espécies encontradas com o maior IVI podem ser classificadas como potenciais para a locação de árvores matrizes para subsidiar a coleta de sementes. Portanto, dispõem de tamanho efetivo que permite a formação de novas populações, a partir da coleta de sementes nessa área de Reserva legal. No teste de progênies misto aos 22 anos, os valores altos observados para o caráter SOB (M. urundeuva - 88,0%, A. fraxinifolium – 85,9% e T. argentea - 59,6%), indicam boa adaptação das espécies em estudo e potencial para uso em reflorestamentos. As estimativas do coeficiente de variação genética oscilaram de 3,03% a 49,50%, estimando o menor valor obtidos para a variável DAP nas três espécies. As herdabilidades individuais variaram de baixa (0,14) para T. argentea, e alta (>0,40) para M. urundeuva e A. fraxinifolium no caráter DAP. A proporção sexual para as duas espécies foi tendenciosa para sexo masculino, sendo que a proporção geral foi de 1,5 machos para 1 fêmea. O tamanho efetivo populacional variou conforme a proporção de machos e fêmeas, sendo que o que mais se aproximou do valor real de indivíduos reprodutivos foi Myracrodruon urundeuva. Portanto, a seleção dos indivíduos dentro dos testes de progênies não deve considerar apenas o caráter de crescimento (DAP), mas também com base na proporção sexual e no tamanho efetivo populacional para a sua futura transformação em um Pomar de Sementes por Mudas. As informações obtidas com este estudo são úteis para fins de conservação e melhoramento genético das espécies, como também para seleção de matrizes potenciais para recuperação ambiental, o que será fundamental para restauração ecológica em áreas do Bolsão Sul-Mato-Grossense.<br>The forest fragment and progeny tests, with the function of assisting conservation, rehabilitation of ecological processes and promoting biodiversity conservation, play an important role in the restoration of degraded areas and reduce the negative effects of the destruction of natural environments. This work aimed to know the population structure, spatial distribution and effective size of native tree species present in a cerrado forest fragment, besides estimating the genetic variability in a test of mixed progenies of Myracrodruon urundeuva; Terminalia argentea and Astronium fraxinifolium; from silvicultural characters in Selvíria - MS, with a view to transforming them into an area to subsidize seed collection. In the forest fragment were measured and identified 1187 individuals with DBH ≥ 10 cm, which make up the arboreal forest canopy. In an area of 0,89 ha were sampled, belonging to 60 species distributed in 31 families, with emphasis on the Fabaceae family with 11 species. The Shannon-Weaver index showed a H '= 2,98 nats ind-1, which can be considered as a mean diversity. The species with the highest Import Value Index (IVI) were Copaifera landesdorffii, Diptychandra aurantiaca, Parapiptadenia rigida, Qualea grandiflora, Qualea parviflora, Vochysia tucanorum, Tapirira guianensis, Astronium fraxinifolium, Xylopia aromatica, and Mabea fistulifera. Thus, among the species found with the highest IVI can be classified as potential for the lease of matrix trees to subsidize the collection of seeds. Therefore, they have an effective size that allows the formation of new populations, from the collection of seeds in this area of legal reserve. In the progenies test mixed at 22 years, the high values observed for SOB (M. urundeuva – 88,0%, A. fraxinifolium – 85,9% and T. argentea – 59,6%) indicated a good adaptation of the Species and potential for use in reforestation. Estimates of the coefficient of genetic variation ranged from 3,03% to 49,50%, estimating the lowest value obtained for the DAP variable in the three species. The individual heritabilities ranged from low (0,14) for T. argentea, and high (> 0,40) for M. urundeuva and A. fraxinifolium on the DAP character. The sex ratio for both species was biased for males, with the general proportion being 1,5 males for 1 female. The effective population size varied according to the proportion of males and females, and the one that most approached the real value of reproductive individuals was Myracrodruon urundeuva. Therefore, the selection of individuals within progeny tests should not only consider the growth character (DBH), but also on the basis of the sex ratio and the effective population size for its future transformation into a Seedling Seed Orchard. The information obtained from this study is useful for the conservation and genetic improvement of the species, as well as for the selection of potential matrices for environmental restoration, which will be fundamental for ecological restoration in areas of the Bolsão Sul-mato-grossense.

Orientador: Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes<br>Abstract: The forest fragment and progeny tests, with the function of assisting conservation, rehabilitation of ecological processes and promoting biodiversity conservation, play an important role in the restoration of degraded areas and reduce the negative effects of the destruction of natural environments. This work aimed to know the population structure, spatial distribution and effective size of native tree species present in a cerrado forest fragment, besides estimating the genetic variability in a test of mixed progenies of Myracrodruon urundeuva; Terminalia argentea and Astronium fraxinifolium; from silvicultural characters in Selvíria - MS, with a view to transforming them into an area to subsidize seed collection. In the forest fragment were measured and identified 1187 individuals with DBH ≥ 10 cm, which make up the arboreal forest canopy. In an area of 0,89 ha were sampled, belonging to 60 species distributed in 31 families, with emphasis on the Fabaceae family with 11 species. The Shannon-Weaver index showed a H '= 2,98 nats ind-1, which can be considered as a mean diversity. The species with the highest Import Value Index (IVI) were Copaifera landesdorffii, Diptychandra aurantiaca, Parapiptadenia rigida, Qualea grandiflora, Qualea parviflora, Vochysia tucanorum, Tapirira guianensis, Astronium fraxinifolium, Xylopia aromatica, and Mabea fistulifera. Thus, among the species found with the highest IVI can be classified as potential for the lease of matrix trees to subsidize t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Resumo: O fragmento florestal e os testes de progênies, com a função de auxiliar a conservação, reabilitação dos processos ecológicos e promover a conservação da biodiversidade, tem um papel importante nos processos de restauração de áreas degradadas e diminuir os efeitos negativos da destruição dos ambientes naturais. Este trabalho objetivou conhecer a estrutura populacional, distribuição espacial e tamanho efetivo de espécies arbóreas nativas presente em um fragmento florestal de cerrado, além de estimar a variabilidade genética num teste de progênies misto de Myracrodruon urundeuva; Terminalia argentea e Astronium fraxinifolium; a partir dos carácteres silviculturais em Selvíria – MS, com vistas de transformá-las em área para subsidiar coleta de sementes. No fragmento florestal foram mensurados e identificados 1187 indivíduos com DAP ≥ 10 cm, que compõem o dossel arbóreo da floresta. Em uma área de 0,89 ha foram amostrados, pertencentes a 60 espécies distribuídas em 31 famílias, com destaque para a família Fabaceae com 11 espécies. O índice de ShannonWeaver apresentou um H’ = 2,98 nats ind-1 , o que pode ser considerado como uma diversidade média. As espécies de maior Índice de Valor de Importância (IVI) foram Copaifera landesdorffii, Diptychandra aurantiaca, Parapiptadenia rigida, Qualea grandiflora, Qualea parviflora, Vochysia tucanorum, Tapirira guianensis, Astronium fraxinifolium, Xylopia aromatica, e Mabea fistulifera. Assim, dentre as espécies encontradas com o maior IVI pod... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Doutor

Amphibians are declining worldwide in response to pressures that are too numerous, difficult and rapid to ameliorate in the wild before some taxa become extinct. Ex situ conservation, whereby animals are maintained in captivity until threats in the wild have been resolved, is the only means of saving up to five hundred amphibian species. Amongst political, financial and practical hurdles, the most fundamental problem for these programmes is lack of knowledge about how to maintain species successfully in captivity. Captive populations have failed to survive or reproduce and, furthermore, captive husbandry may produce animals unsuitable for reintroduction through intra or inter-generational changes. These problems entirely undermine initiatives and if ex situ programs are to succeed, evidence based captive husbandry is needed to support captive breeding programs. In this thesis, I quantify our ignorance of amphibian requirements in captivity. Furthermore, I present investigations into fundamental areas ofamphibian husbandry, about which we currently know very little. I investigate the relationship between amphibians and Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and examine the relationship between UVB provision and calcium provision and evaluate routes of dietary calcium supplementation. I also present data on the effects of enrichment and rearing environment on the growth, fitness, behaviour and dermal bacterial communities of captive amphibians. These results, from a range of areas of amphibian husbandry, together demonstrate the power of the captive environment to influence the phenotype and therefore the fitness of amphibians, even within single generations. Additionally, I provide some of the first data addressing key areas of amphibian husbandry that until now have been led mostly or entirely by anecdote and hearsay.

Thesis (MScConEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Soil respiration (Rs) is a major component of CO2 emissions and the global carbon balance. In the context of global change it of interest to understand seasonal patterns of RS in fynbos riparian ecosystems, particularly in invaded-riparian ecotones of these Mediterranean type ecosystems (MTE's) in the Western Cape, South Africa. Riparian ecotones are three dimensional transitional zones that provide multiple ecosystem services and functions and they act as the linkage between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where key ecological and geomorphological processes occur. Riparian ecotones are highly prone to disturbance, and because of this reason are also vulnerable to invasion by invasive alien plants (IAPs), notably Acacia species. Invasion by IAPs is considered one of the major threats to global change and biodiversity causing extensive ecological, economical, and social impacts. In south-western Cape, more than two thirds of the riparian environment is invaded to some extent, IAPs replacing the well adapted native species along river systems. In particular, impact of IAPs on soil respiration (Rs) may be relevant, with consequences for ecosystem function and services. Clearing of invaded riparian zones initiated by the Working for Water program has been a successful in eradicating alien plants within riparian areas even though recovery after alien clearing is lagging at many sites, and knowledge on repair of ecosystem function is lacking. Various studies have generated knowledge on carbon cycling and Rs in forests, savanna, grasslands, tundra and Mediterranean shrublands, but little is known about Rs in riparian zones, and even less about soil CO2 efflux in invaded riparian fynbos riparian ecotones. The objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding and quantifying the effect and impact of IAPs on carbon cycling between and across riparian ecotones with different invasion status: natural, invaded, and cleared. The study areas were located in the south-western Cape and measurements of Rs, soil temperature, soil moisture, root mass, litter mass, and soil properties were carried out in riparian soils of the mountain and transitional stream longitudinal river sections, and uplands fynbos areas of six different perennial river systems. In each site, four to five transects were laid out with one sampling site of each landscape position (wet bank, dry bank, and terrestrial areas) giving a total of 12 to 15 samples per site. Soil respiration measurements were taken over a period of two years, and were done seasonally. Results from this study showed that Rs was different among seasons with highest soil respiration rates in summer. Soil CO2 efflux increased in response to warm and dry conditions during summer, while seasonal soil CO2 efflux declined in autumn and winter in response to wet and cold soil conditions. The large increase in soil CO2 efflux response to warm and dry periods when temperature was 25 to 30 °C over all riparian sites and was highest in invaded sites compared to the natural and cleared sites. A significant difference was found between sites with different statuses with invaded sites leading seasonal Rs rates. Natural and cleared sites did not differ significantly in their CO2 efflux rates, suggesting that clearing of IAPs may put invaded ecosystems on a trajectory of restoration. There were also differences in terms of landscape positions; dry banks zones of the invaded sites had higher rates compared to wet banks and the uplands areas. Our results further suggest that roots are the most important component of overall Rs rates, rather than microbial respiration. When we incubated soils minus roots, little difference was evident, either when viewing the results by invasion status or by landscape position, which suggest that inherent soil differences in terms of microbial respiration were not different. We also use a trenching approach to further investigate this, and though we found Rs to decline significantly, trends later suggest that decomposition of fine and course roots likely obscured the decline in overall Rs due to root respiration. Overall, our results showed that clearing of invaded riparian zones will likely lead to successful restoration of soil functioning in terms of C cycling. Clearing of Acacia-invaded riparian ecotones will likely lead to a decline in root density, and which removes a major component of overall Rs. These results make the investigation of the C balance of invaded riparian ecotones and terrestrial areas critical in order to assess their contribution to regional C cycles.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grondrespirasie (Rs) is 'n belangrike komponent van CO2 uitstroming en die globale koolstofbalans. Binne die konteks van globale verandering is dit van groot belang om die seisoenale patrone van Rs in fynbos oewer ekosisteme, veral in indringer-oewer ekotone, in die Meditereense tipe ekosisteme (MTE's) in die Wes- Kaap, Suid- Afrika te verstaan. Oewerekotone is drie-dimensioneel oorgangssones wat veelvuldige ekosisteem dienste en funksies verskaf. Hulle dien as die verbinding tussen terrestriële en water-ekosisteme waar kern ekologiese en geomorfologiese prosesse plaasvind. Oewerekotone is hoogs vatbaar vir versteuringe, en as gevolg van hierdie rede, is hul ook kwesbaar vir indringing deur indringer plante (IAPs), veral Acacia spesies. Indringing deur IAPs word beskou as een van die groot bedreigings tot en met globale verandering en biodiversiteit, wat ekstensiewe ekologiese, ekonomiese, en sosiale impakte veroorsaak. In die suid- westelike Kaap word meer as twee derdes van die oeweromgewing tot 'n mate binnegedring. IAPs vervang die goed aangepaste inheemse spesies langs riviersisteme. Die impak van IAPs, spesifiek op grondrespirasie mag substansieël wees, met gevolge vir ekosisteem funksies en dienste. Opruiming van hierdie spesifieke oewer sones, geinisieer deur die Working for Water program, was suksesvol in die uitroeing van indringer plante binne oewer areas. Alhoewel herstel na indringer opruiming op baie terreine agter is, is kennis oor die herstel van ekosisteemfunksies gebrekkig. Verskeie studies het kennis ontwikkel oor koolstofsiklisering en Rs in woude, savanna, graslande, tundra en Meditereense struiklande, maar daar is minimale informasie oor oewersones,en nog minder oor grond CO2 uitstroming in indringer oewer fynbos en oewer ekotone. Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n bydrae te lewer koolstofsiklisering beter te verstaan, en die impak van IAPs op koolstofsiklisering te kwantifiseer tussen en oor oewerekotone met verkillende indringer statusse: natuurlik, binnegedring en skoongemaak. Die studie areas was geleë in die suid- westelike Kaap, en maatstawe van Rs, grond temperature, grondvogtigheid, wortelmassa, plantafvalmassa, en grondeienskappe is uitgevoer in oewergrond van die berg en transisionele stroom longitudinale rivier seksies, asook terrestriële fynbos areas van ses verskillende standhoudende riviersisteme. In elke area is vier tot vyf transekte uitgelê met een monsternemingsarea van elke landskapsposisie (nat bank, droë bank en terrestriële areas) met 'n totaal van 12 tot 15 monsters per area. Grondrespirasie maatstawe is geneem oor 'n periode van twee jaar, en is seisoenaal uitgevoer. Resultate van die studie het getoon dat Rs verkil het tussen seisoene, met die hoogste grondrespirasietempo in die somer. Grond CO2 uitstroming het toegeneem in reaksie op warm en droë kondisies gedurende somer, terwyl seisoenale grond CO2 uitstroming afgeneem het in herfs en winter in reaksie op nat en koue grond kondisies. Die grootste toename in grond CO2 uitstroming was in reaksie op warm en droë periodes wanneer temperature gewissel het tussen 25 tot 30˚C oor alle oewersones, en was die hoogste in binnegedringde sones, vergeleke met die natuurlike en skoongemaakte terreine. 'n Beduidende verskil is gevind tussen terreine met verskillende statusse in CO2 uitstromingskoerse‚ 'n aanduiding dat opruiming van IAPs binnegedringde ekosisteme op 'n trajek van restorasie plaas. Daar was ook verskille in terme van landskapsposisies; droë bank sones van die binnegedringde terreine het hoër tempos gehad, vergeleke met die nat bank en die hoogland areas. Ons resultate dui verder aan dat wortels, eerder as mikrobiologiese respirasie, die mees belangrike komponente van Rs koerse uitmaak. Toe ons grond minus wortels inkubeer, is min verskille opgemerk, as gekyk word na die resultate deur indringer status of landskapsposisie, wat toon dit dat inherente grondveskille in terme van mikrobiologiese respirasie nie verskillend is nie. Ons het verder ook 'n sloot-benadering gebruik om verdere ondersoek hierop in te stel, en alhoewel ons bevind dat Rs aansienlik afgeneem het, dui neigings later aan dat afbraak van fyn en growwe wortels die afname in gehele Rs as gevolg van wortel respirasie waarskynlik verdoesel. Ons resultate dui daarop dat opruiming van binngedringde oewers klaarblyklik sal lei tot suksesvolle restorasie van grondfunksionering in terme van C siklisering. Opruiming van Acacia- binnegedringde oewer ekotone sal vermoedelik lei tot 'n afname in worteldigtheid, en wat 'n belangrike komponent van die gehele Rs kan verwyder. Hierdie resultate maak die ondersoek van die C balans van binngedringde oewer ekotone en terrestriële areas krities, om sodoende hulle bydrae tot streeksgewyse C siklusse te asseseer.

The genus Restrepia is well known to orchid enthusiasts but its micromorphology has not been described, and its pollination and breeding systems have not been investigated. The aim of this investigation was, therefore, to add to existing knowledge so that the resultant data could be used to facilitate ex situ conservation initiatives. A detailed electron microscopy study (SEM) of the floral organs was performed. This confirmed the structure of the dorsal sepal and lateral petal osmophores, their secretory nature together with that of the synsepal and the labellum. It was postulated how, by manipulating different labellar surface textures, the flower might use these ‘tactile guides’ to steer the insect (fly) through the flower. The cirrhi were postulated to help by destabilising the pollinator in flight, trapping it and bringing about pollination. The papillate structure of the calli was established and their optical properties investigated. Media comparison investigations established that Western medium supported the highest germination rates and, with the addition of banana supplement, the highest rates for seedling growth and development. This represented the first protocol for axenic germination of Restrepia in the literature (Millner et al., 2008) and provided a tested methodology for investigating breeding systems and producing Restrepia plant material for both scientific and horticultural purposes. Self-pollinations were found to produce fewer embryos compared to cross-pollinations. The operation of self-incompatibility (SI) was confirmed by the study of pollen tube growth which further confirmed the time interval between pollination and fertilisation. A time line from pollination/fertilisation to flowering was established. The type of SI in operation was best explained by gametophytic incompatibility. This demonstrated that it was possible to raise Restrepia hybrids and species from seed, by performing intraspecific crosses so helping to preserve them for posterity and relieve pressure on wild populations. Narrow endemic Restrepia species face combined threats from habitat loss, habitat degradation and problems of viable seed production due to the effects of SI and inbreeding depression (ID). Recently developed online resources, such as GeoCAT, were used to perform a Red List assessment in order to identify the degree of threat individual species faced, both globally and nationally. All species were classified as facing substantial levels of threat; although this was lessened for populations in protected habitats. Conservation is needed for cultivated collections as well as these wild populations by keeping alive existing knowledge and expertise in growing these species.

Amphibians are facing an extinction crisis, and in many cases it has become necessary to conserve species in captivity. Unfortunately, our understanding of the nutritional requirements of amphibians in captivity is currently limited. There have been anecdotal reports that captive bred amphibians have duller skin colouration than wild members of the same species. Many amphibians use carotenoid pigments in skin colouration. Carotenoids are yellow-red pigments synthesised by photosynthetic tissues, however vertebrates cannot synthesise them de novo and rely entirely on dietary sources. Reduced colour in captive bred amphibians could therefore result from limited carotenoid availability in the diet. Limited access to carotenoids could have further negative consequences on health and reproductive success since carotenoids are known to function in the immune, antioxidant and reproductive systems of other vertebrate taxa. The role of carotenoids in amphibian fitness is currently unknown, and the aim of this PhD was to assess the importance of carotenoids to anuran amphibians. Skin colour may be influenced by carotenoid availability, and it was therefore important to establish a suitable method for quantifying skin colour in amphibians. In Chapter 1 I assessed two methods for colour quantification, including digital photography and spectrometry. Neither method was significantly more accurate than the other, however I chose to use photography for my studies for reasons of practicality. In Chapters 2 and 3 I assessed the role of carotenoids in the reproductive systems of wild frogs. I found that carotenoid-based skin colouration was involved in the breeding behaviour of wild Agalychnis moreletii frogs. I found positive assortative mating by colour in that frogs were found mating with individuals with similar carotenoid-based colouration. This assortative mating by colour may be driven by mutual mate choice, or may have evolved to prevent mismatched pairing with a sympatric and phenotypically similar species (A. callidryas). I then analysed the carotenoid composition of eggs produced by wild A. moreletii and Phyllomedusa trinitatis, which are tree frogs with similar reproductive ecology but different egg deposition strategies: Agalychnis moreletii deposits green eggs on the surface of leaves while P. trinitatis wraps pale cream eggs in leaves. The concentration and diversity of carotenoids was significantly higher in A. moreletii than P. trinitatis and potential ecological explanations for this are discussed. In Chapter 4 I investigated carotenoid availability in the diet of captive amphibians by analysing the carotenoid composition of commonly used feeder-invertebrates. I assessed interspecific variation in carotenoid accumulation in three feeder-cricket species (Gryllus bimaculatus, Gryllodes sigillatus and Acheta domesticus), which were all fed one of three diets (wheat-bran, fish-food based diet, fresh fruit and vegetables). All three cricket species were a poor source of carotenoids unless they were gut-loaded on a carotenoid-rich diet. Nutrient retention over a two-day period was poor across species. Finally, there were significant interspecific differences in gut-loading capacity, with G. bimaculatus having the greatest capacity. This study shows that carotenoid availability to captive amphibians will be limited unless they are fed specific feeder invertebrate species, recently gut-loaded on carotenoid-rich foods. In Chapters 5, 6 and 7 I assessed the influence of carotenoids on fitness related traits in captive anurans. I firstly assessed colour degradation in captive-reared A. moreletii frogs and looked at whether skin colour could be improved through increased carotenoid availability in the diet. I found that carotenoid-based skin colour degraded quickly in captivity but could be improved through dietary supplementation with carotenoids, however there was a critical period during post-metamorphic growth for deposition of carotenoids in the skin. Next, I investigated the effect of carotenoids on larval growth and development, and post-metamorphic growth, development, skin colour and reproductive success in captive A. callidryas frogs. I found no direct effect of carotenoids during larval stages, however there were carry-over effects on post-metamorphic growth and skin colour. Increased post-metamorphic carotenoid availability positively influenced growth, skin colour and reproductive success. Similarly to A. moreletii, there was a critical period during post-metamorphic growth for deposition of carotenoids in the skin. Finally, I examined the protective potential of carotenoids in Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis tadpoles that were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Exposure to UV light significantly reduced tadpole survival and there was no evidence that carotenoids afforded any protection. Nevertheless, in tadpoles that were not exposed to enhanced UV light, carotenoids increased survival. Furthermore, carotenoids had a significantly positive effect on the developmental rate of tadpoles in both UV limited and UV enhanced environments. The studies in this PhD show that carotenoid availability has important consequences on fitness related traits in anuran amphibians, which include effects on growth, skin colour, reproductive success and survival. Carotenoid availability to captive amphibians will, however, be low unless they are provided with feeder invertebrates that have been recently gut-loaded on carotenoid-rich foods. These findings should be considered when recommendations are made on the nutritional requirements of amphibians in captivity as they could significantly improve the fitness of captive-bred individuals, and thus increase the success of ex situ conservation programmes.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T14:20:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Borges Rodrigues - 2015.pdf: 9125697 bytes, checksum: ed8c8884fa466f6ff0b1386e98f326df (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T14:21:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Borges Rodrigues - 2015.pdf: 9125697 bytes, checksum: ed8c8884fa466f6ff0b1386e98f326df (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T14:21:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Borges Rodrigues - 2015.pdf: 9125697 bytes, checksum: ed8c8884fa466f6ff0b1386e98f326df (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Due to constant degradation, populations of plants in the Cerrado may be losing genetic variability, thereby them to stay in their natural habitat may be compromised. Aiming to generate useful genetic information for the implementation of conservation programs in situ and ex situ to Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangabeira), this study aimed to evaluate the genetic structure of populations in H. speciosa occurring in the Cerrado, contributing to the knowledge genetic and spatial patterns related to geographic distribution and genetic differentiation between botanical varieties. In the first chapter it evaluated the magnitude of genetic diversity levels four botanical varieties of the species, and also the genetic divergence between them. As a result, it was observed that there is a high genetic diversity (He = 0.636), the assessed loci. The average values of genetic diversity observed heterozygosity, inbreeding coefficient intrapopulation and allelic richness were not significant, showing that there is no difference of these genetic parameters compared the botanical varieties of H. speciosa. And despite the variation between varieties to be significant (FCT = 0.027; p = 0.017) greater differentiation is between populations within varieties (FSC = 0.104; p <0.001) and in independent populations of varieties (FST = 0.131; p <0.001). The variety H. speciosa var. speciosa presents with the botanical variety genetically most divergent, then the variety H. speciosa var. cuyabensis. Phenotypic plasticity may be contributing to differentiate between botanical varieties. In the second chapter, the genetic variability within and among populations of H. speciosa throughout the Brazilian Cerrado was evaluated and, if there is spatial pattern of genetic variability on a regional scale, along the geographical distribution of the species. As a result, it was observed that populations have high genetic variability and significant inbreeding (f = 0.103) due crosses between unrelated individuals. The genetic differentiation between populations was moderate to high, but significant (θ = 0.126; RST = 0.253). The differentiation of populations occurred as a result of isolation by distance. Populations with distance up to 280m were more similar than expected by chance. There were significant signs of genetic bottleneck for some natural populations of mangabeira. In the third chapter, it was shown as conservation planning procedures can be used to establish optimal strategies of conservation in situ and ex situ of a single species, using H. speciosa, a species widely distributed in the Brazilian Cerrado, as a case study. Nine populations were selected as priorities for conservation in situ and another seven were considered ideals in addition to the genetic variability of the germplasm collection of the Universidade Federal de Goiás.<br>Devido à constante degradação, as populações de plantas no Cerrado podem estar perdendo variabilidade genética, com isso, a permanência delas em seu habitat natural pode ser comprometida. Visando gerar informações genéticas úteis para a implantação de programas de conservação in situ e ex situ para Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangabeira), este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a estrutura genética nas populações de H. speciosa com ocorrência no Cerrado, contribuindo para o conhecimento dos padrões genéticos e espaciais relacionados à distribuição geográfica e diferenciação genética entre as variedades botânicas. No primeiro capítulo foi avaliada a magnitude dos níveis de diversidade genética de quatro variedades botânicas da espécie, e ainda, a divergência genética entre elas. Como resultado, foi observado que existe elevada variabilidade genética (He = 0,636), nos locos avaliados. Os valores médios de diversidade genética, heterozigosidade observada, coeficiente de endogamia intrapopulacional e riqueza alélica não foram significativos, demonstrando que não há diferença desses parâmetros genéticos quando comparadas as variedades botânicas de H. speciosa. E apesar da variação entre variedades ser significativa (FCT = 0,027; p = 0,017) a maior diferenciação está entre populações dentro de variedades (FSC = 0,104; p < 0,001) e em populações independentes das variedades (FST = 0,131; p < 0,001). A variedade H. speciosa var. speciosa se apresenta com a variedade botânica geneticamente mais divergente, seguida da variedade H. speciosa var. cuyabensis. A plasticidade fenotípica pode estar contribuindo para diferenciação entre as variedades botânicas. No segundo capítulo, foi avaliada a variabilidade genética dentro e entre populações de H. speciosa em todo Cerrado brasileiro, bem como, se existe padrão espacial da variabilidade genética em uma escala regional, ao longo da área de distribuição geográfica da espécie. Como resultado, foi observado que as populações possuem alta variabilidade genética e endogamia significativa (f = 0,103), devido os cruzamentos entre indivíduos aparentados. A diferenciação genética entre as populações foi de moderada a alta, porém significativa (θ = 0,126; RST = 0,253). A diferenciação das populações ocorreu em decorrência do isolamento por distância. As populações com distância de até 280m foram mais semelhantes que o esperado ao acaso. Houve sinais significativos de gargalo genético para algumas populações naturais de mangabeira. No terceiro capítulo, foi demonstrado como procedimentos de planejamento de conservação podem ser utilizados para estabelecer estratégias ótimas de conservação in situ e ex situ de uma única espécie, utilizando H. speciosa, uma espécie amplamente distribuída no Cerrado brasileiro, como um estudo de caso. Nove populações foram selecionadas como prioritárias para conservação in situ e outras sete foram consideradas ideais para complementar a variabilidade genética da coleção de germoplasma da Universidade Federal de Goiás.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>O lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus) é um felino de porte médio endémico da Península Ibérica, classificado como “criticamente em perigo” em Portugal. A nível nacional, a conservação ex situ acontece no Centro Nacional de Reprodução do Lince Ibérico (CNRLI), no sul de Portugal (Silves). Este estudo teve como principal objetivo a avaliação do protocolo de desparasitação incluído nas medidas preventivas do CNRLI. O protocolo de desparasitação foi avaliado pela colheita de 308 amostras de fezes, 11 amostras de sangue e 13 amostras de pelo de linces e pela colheita de 108 amostras fecais do coelho europeu (Oryctolagus cuniculus). O coelho europeu é a principal fonte de alimentação deste felino tendo por isso potencial para lhe transmitir agentes parasitários, nomeadamente parasitas gastrointestinais. Todas as amostras foram colhidas e analisadas no CNRLI, segundo técnicas coprológicas de sedimentação e flutuação, esfregaços sanguíneos e tricogramas, com um total de 440 amostras durante o período de outubro de 2016 a abril de 2017. Os resultados revelaram uma limitada fauna parasitária nos exemplares do Centro assim como na sua principal presa, tendo sido observados dois oocistos do género Eimeira correspondentes a pseudoparasitismo no lince ibérico, na técnica coprológica de sedimentação simples. Estes resultados permitiram-nos assumir a quase inexistência de elementos parasitários, comprovado pelas prevalências de infeção nulas ou muito reduzidas. A prevalência de parasitismo para Eimeria sp. foi de 0.65% e de hemoparasitas e ectoparasitas de 0%. As amostras dos coelhos não revelaram elementos parasitários apresentando por isso uma prevalência de 0% . Concluímos que as medidas de desparasitação estão adequadas ao Centro e que as regras de profilaxia contribuíram para a prevenção de doenças parasitárias no lince ibérico e no coelho europeu como sua presa principal.<br>ABSTRACT - Ex situ conservation program of Lynx pardinus (Temminck, 1827): evaluation of efficacy of the preventive medicine protocol in the control of the parasite load in the Iberian lynx and its prey Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the national breeding centre of the Iberian lynx, in Portugal. - The Iberian lynx is a medium sized endemic feline from the Iberian Peninsula, considered as “critically endangered” in Portugal. At national level, ex situ conservation is performed in the Iberian Lynx National Breeding Centre (CNRLI), in the south of Portugal (Silves). This study aimed to the evaluation of the deworming protocol applied as a preventive measure at CNRLI. Deworming protocol was evaluated after a collection of 308 faecal samples, 11 blood samples and 13 fur samples from Lynx pardinus and a collection of 108 European rabbit’s (Oryctolagus cuniculus) faecal samples. Oryctolagus cuniculus is this feline’s main source of food, having the potential to transmit parasitic agents, particularly gastrointestinal parasites. All the samples were collected and analysed at the CNRLI, according to coprological techniques (faecal sedimentation and faecal flotation), blood smears and fur analysis with a total of 440 samples between october 2016 and april 2017. Results showed a limited parasitic fauna in the centre felines, as in their main prey, since only two results were obtained from Lynx pardinus coprological diagnosis (faecal sedimentation), showing the presence of Eimeria sp. oocysts wich represents an example of pseudoparasitism in Iberian lynx. These results let us assume almost the non-existence of parasitic elements, proved by nil or very residual infections. The prevalence for Eimeria sp. was 0,65%, for hemoparasites and for ectoparasites was 0% . The samples from rabbits did not show any parasitic elements therefore the prevalence displayed was 0%. We concluded that the Centre deworming and ectoparasite control measures are appropriate and that implemented prophylaxis rules contribute to the parasitic diseases prevention in Iberian lynx and European rabbit as its main prey.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Submitted by Caroline Periotto (carol@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T15:06:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGRF.pdf: 3437375 bytes, checksum: 6462dc22eaf7cf1e73ecf9875bbef4d9 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:50:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGRF.pdf: 3437375 bytes, checksum: 6462dc22eaf7cf1e73ecf9875bbef4d9 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:50:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGRF.pdf: 3437375 bytes, checksum: 6462dc22eaf7cf1e73ecf9875bbef4d9 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:50:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGRF.pdf: 3437375 bytes, checksum: 6462dc22eaf7cf1e73ecf9875bbef4d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-22<br>Outra<br>The Lear's Macaw (Anodorhyncus leari) is an endemic parrot of northeastern Bahia state, classified as endangered mainly due to the destruction of their habitats and wildlife trade. It was recently discovered in the wild, and few studies are known for this species. Understanding behavioral patterns of species threatened by extinction is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. Here we describe the behavioral repertoire of a group of this species maintained by the São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation. We carried out observations between October 2014 and February 2015, totaling 348 hours of sampling effort through ad libitum continuous record, in two different environmental conditions, both in in pairs and in flock. We described 60 behavioral states, grouped in categories maintenance, locomotion, feeding, social, stereotyped, reproductive and alert. We also found five patterns of vocalization (alarm, contact, cohesion, reproduction and imitation). Most of the behaviors described for other species is also reported here to A. leari, more similar to A. hyacinthinus. We discuss the differences in order to contribute to the formulation of a behavioral profile for this species, and with information that may assist in maintaining normal behavior in captivity.<br>A arara-azul-de-lear (Anodorhyncus leari) é um psitacídeo endêmico da caatinga do nordeste do estado da Bahia, classificada como em perigo de extinção em decorrência principalmente da destruição do seu habitat e do tráfico de animais silvestres. Foi descoberta na natureza a relativamente pouco tempo, sendo escassos estudos sobre a espécie. A compreensão de padrões comportamentais de espécies ameaçadas é fundamental para a elaboração de estratégias conservacionistas eficientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o levantamento do repertório comportamental de um grupo de indivíduos da espécie mantidos pela Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. As observações ocorreram entre outubro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2016, totalizando 348 horas de esforço amostral através de amostragem ad libitum de registro contínuo com caráter qualitativo em duas condições ambientais distintas, tanto na manutenção dos indivíduos em pares quanto em bando, resultando na descrição de 60 condutas comportamentais dentro das categorias manutenção, locomoção, alimentação, social, estereotipado, reprodutivo e alerta, além de cinco padrões de vocalização (alarme, contato, coesão, reprodução e imitação). A maioria dos comportamentos descritos para outras espécies é relatada para A. leari, com maior semelhança com A. hyacinthinus. Porém as diferenças são discutidas com o objetivo de contribuir com a formulação de um perfil comportamental para a espécie e com informações que possam auxiliar na manutenção de comportamentos naturais em cativeiro.