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Journal articles on the topic 'In-situ and ex-situ conservation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Leveroni Calvi, S., C. Labbé, and G. Maisse. "Aquaculture and ex situ conservation." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 126 (July 2000): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(00)80183-x.

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2

Braverman, Irus. "Conservation without nature: the trouble with in situ versus ex situ conservation." Geoforum 51 (January 2014): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.09.018.

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3

Hu, Y., S. Lin, X. Yang, H. Zhang, C. Liu, X. He, J. Li, and Y. He. "IN SITU AND EX SITU CONSERVATION OF ERIOBOTRYA IN CHINA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 760 (July 2007): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.760.75.

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4

Paprštein, F., J. Sedlák, and V. Holubec. "In situ conservation of fruit landraces." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46, Special Issue (March 31, 2010): S57—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/695-cjgpb.

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<I>In situ </I>conservation is considered as conservation of wild biota in the natural habitat (locality). The authors extend the term to cultivated fruit species naturalised in the landscape, such as occasional spontaneous seedlings, and planted material such as old solitary trees among fields, old groves, avenues (country lanes), wind-breaks, and abandoned remnants of orchards. <I>In situ </I>conservation is also used to mark unique materials during collecting expeditions, before they will be taken as <I>ex situ </I>or proclaimed as permanent <I>in situ</I>. Important landraces found within 12 regions of the Czech Republic were registered, evaluated, and <I>in situ </I>localised by Global Positioning System (GPS). The following accessions were marked for in-situ conservation: apple (401), sweet cherry (263), pear (91), plum (42), sour cherry (27), and berry fruits (18).

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5

Volis, Sergei, and Michael Blecher. "Quasi in situ: a bridge between ex situ and in situ conservation of plants." Biodiversity and Conservation 19, no. 9 (April 14, 2010): 2441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9849-2.

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6

HAVENS, KAYRI, PATI VITT, MIKE MAUNDER, EDWARD O. GUERRANT, and KINGSLEY DIXON. "Ex Situ Plant Conservation and Beyond." BioScience 56, no. 6 (2006): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[525:espcab]2.0.co;2.

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7

RYDER, OLIVER A., JAMES H. SHAW, and CHRISTEN M. WEMMER. "Species, subspecies and ex situ conservation." International Zoo Yearbook 27, no. 1 (January 1987): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1987.tb01523.x.

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8

RYDER, OLIVER A., JAMES H. SHAW, and CHRISTEN M. WEMMER. "Species, subspecies and ex situ conservation." International Zoo Yearbook 27, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1988.tb03206.x.

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9

Kushnarenko, Svetlana, Natalia Romadanova, and Lyazzat Karasholakova. "Ex situ plant conservation biotechnology in Kazakhstan." Journal of Biotechnology 185 (September 2014): S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.101.

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10

Lending. "Invented Ex Situ." Future Anterior: Journal of Historic Preservation, History, Theory, and Criticism 15, no. 2 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/futuante.15.2.0001.

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11

Tesema, Zeleke, and Abiy Shenkute. "Sheep genetic resource conservation experience in Turkey and future prospects in Ethiopia: A Review." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 4, no. 1 (February 24, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2019.v4i1.265.

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Conservation of native animal genetic resource is vital to maintain genetic diversity sustainably and to cope with the future challenging climate change. Thus, the aim of this paper was to review the experience of sheep conservation practice in Turkey and future prospects in Ethiopia. In turkey, fifteen sheep types are extinct and other native sheep population decreased by 47% due to an unplanned crossbreeding program. For these reasons, sheep genetic resource ex-situ in vivo conservation project started in 1995 with three sheep breeds. The animal breeding law regarding registration of new breed and conservation of animal genetic resources was enacted in 2001 in Turkey. In-situ conservation subsidies of sheep breeds near to extinction have been continued since 2005. Following these events, in vitro conservation of germplasm of 13 sheep breeds have been initiated in 2007 and two gene banks have been established and thereby sperm, embryo, cell, and DNA of from each sheep breed conserved in the gene bank. Although they were successful in both in-situ and ex-situ conservations with some limitations, in-situ conserved sheep breeds had better productivity than ex-situ in vivo conserved sheep in Turkey. In the case of Ethiopia, in-situ conservation will be compatible with the existing infrastructure. Through balancing the genetic gain and inbreeding level, it is possible to integrate the existing community-based genetic improvement programs (with in breed selection) with sustainable in-situ conservation of native sheep genetic resources in Ethiopia.

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12

Pritchard, Diana J., John E. Fa, Sara Oldfield, and Stuart R. Harrop. "Bring the captive closer to the wild: redefining the role of ex situ conservation." Oryx 46, no. 1 (November 7, 2011): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001766.

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AbstractIn situ conservation is central to contemporary global biodiversity protection and is the predominant emphasis of international regulation and funding strategies. Ex situ approaches, in contrast, have been relegated to a subsidiary role and their direct contributions to conservation have been limited. We draw on a variety of sources to make the case for an enhanced role for ex situ conservation. We note the advances occurring within institutions specializing in ex situ conservation and stress that, although much remains to be done, many constraints are being addressed. We argue that the evidence of increasing extinction rates, exacerbated by climate change, challenges the wisdom of a heavy dependence on in situ strategies and necessitates increased development of ex situ approaches. A number of different techniques that enable species and their habitats to survive should now be explored. These could build on the experience of management systems that have already demonstrated the effective integration of in situ and ex situ techniques and hybrid approaches. For organizations specializing in ex situ conservation to become more effective, however, they will require tangible support from the institutions of global biodiversity governance. Resistance is anticipated because in situ conservation is entrenched through powerful groups and organizations that exert influence on global conservation policy and facilitate the flow of funding. The chasm that has traditionally divided in situ and ex situ approaches may diminish as approaches are combined. Moreover, the relentless loss of the ‘wild’ may soon render the in situ / ex situ distinction misleading, or even obsolete.

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Rahman, Wiguna, Joana Magos Brehm, Nigel Maxted, Jade Phillips, Aremi R. Contreras-Toledo, Mariam Faraji, and Mauricio Parra Quijano. "Gap analyses of priority wild relatives of food crop in current ex situ and in situ conservation in Indonesia." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 10 (July 6, 2021): 2827–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02225-4.

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AbstractConservation programmes are always limited by available resources. Careful planning is therefore required to increase the efficiency of conservation and gap analysis can be used for this purpose. This method was used to assess the representativeness of current ex situ and in situ conservation actions of 234 priority crop wild relatives (CWR) in Indonesia. This analysis also included species distribution modelling, the creation of an ecogeographical land characterization map, and a complementarity analysis to identify priorities area for in situ conservation and for further collecting of ex situ conservation programmes. The results show that both current ex situ and in situ conservation actions are insufficient. Sixty-six percent of priority CWRs have no recorded ex situ collections. Eighty CWRs with ex situ collections are still under-represented in the national genebanks and 65 CWRs have no presence records within the existing protected area network although 60 are predicted to exist in several protected areas according to their potential distribution models. The complementarity analysis shows that a minimum of 61 complementary grid areas (complementary based on grid cells) are required to conserve all priority taxa and 40 complementary protected areas (complementary based on existing protected areas) are required to conserve those with known populations within the existing in situ protected area network. The top ten of complementary protected areas are proposed as the initial areas for the development of CWR genetic reserves network in Indonesia. It is recommended to enhanced coordination between ex situ and in situ conservation stakeholders for sustaining the long term conservation of CWR in Indonesia. Implementation of the research recommendations will provide for the first time an effective conservation planning of Indonesia’s CWR diversity and will significantly enhance the country’s food and nutritional security.

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14

Nedoluzhko, A. I., and M. V. Smirnova. "Far East gene pool of Chrysanthemum species: ex situ conservation." Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, no. 1 (February 2014): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2014.1.115rus.

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15

Mestanza-Ramón, Carlos, Sujan M. Henkanaththegedara, Paola Vásconez Duchicela, Yadira Vargas Tierras, Maritza Sánchez Capa, Diana Constante Mejía, Mirian Jimenez Gutierrez, Manuel Charco Guamán, and Paúl Mestanza Ramón. "In-Situ and Ex-Situ Biodiversity Conservation in Ecuador: A Review of Policies, Actions and Challenges." Diversity 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12080315.

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Biodiversity is vital for the stability of the planet; its ecosystem services provide essential elements for our survival and well-being. This review analyzes the national biodiversity policies and describes the main strategies for biodiversity conservation in Ecuador, one of the “mega-diverse” countries in the world with the highest species density. It deepens an analysis of in-situ and ex-situ conservation processes. Ecuador has six clear policies for biodiversity conservation. These policies strengthen biodiversity conservation through mechanisms that improve the well-being of wildlife by ensuring human, wildlife and ecosystem health. It promotes actions for the welfare of wildlife, through technical, administrative and legal tools. The National System of Protected Areas, with 60 protected areas, is the most effective in-situ conservation instrument at the country level. Several ex-situ conservation and management means for the conservation of wild species are being utilized, including nurseries, botanical gardens, zoos, germplasm banks, aquariums, species reproduction and rehabilitation centers. Ecuador is making slow progress on ex-situ conservation despite the availability of a sound policy framework, possibly due to financial, infrastructural, and/or technological challenges, and knowledge gaps. We propose fostering international research collaborations and establishing fully funded small-scale captive breeding programs at zoos, aquariums and university research facilities to help recovery of at-risk species of reptiles, amphibians, fish and species beyond Galapagos region. We recommend utilizing citizen science programs to fill the gaps of biodiversity information and increasing efforts to revive the ex-situ conservation strategies in protecting the unique biodiversity of Ecuador.

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16

Yang, Rong-Cai, and Francis C. Yeh. "Genetic consequences of in situ and ex situ conservation of forest trees." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68720-6.

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To counteract loss of genetic diversity crucial for current and future tree improvement, tree breeders have conserved forest genetic resources in situ in their natural ecosystems in protected areas or ex situ in plantations, seed orchards, and breeding arboreta. This article reviews the genetic consequences of these two conservation methods in terms of single-locus and multilocus population structure from electrophoretic studies of natural forests and breeding populations. Although natural forest populations have maintained high level of genetic diversity and exhibited low level of population differentiation, loss of genetic diversity would occur during the entire conservation process, from population establishment to management of breeding and production populations. Since forest trees are still at their earliest stage of domestication in Canada, loss of genetic diversity comes primarily from the initial sampling process during population establishment. We discuss the optimal sampling strategy during population establishment to conserve common and widespread alleles, common and localized alleles, rare and widespread alleles, and rare and localized alleles. We also discuss three methods for studying the multilocus structure of forest trees and show how such information would be useful for conserving co-adapted gene complexes. We conclude that being small and maintained in controlled environments, ex situ conserved populations would retain less genetic diversity than in situ conserved forest populations. While ex situ conservation is operationally convenient for the short-term gains in tree improvement, we believe in situ conservation is essential for renewing the genetic diversity to meet the changing environments of an uncertain future.

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17

Kusuma, Yayan Wahyu C., Siti R. Ariati, Rosniati A. Risna, Chika Mitsuyuki, Yoshihisa Suyama, and Yuji Isagi. "Seedling Selection Using Molecular Approach for Ex Situ Conservation of Critically Endangered Tree Species (Vatica bantamensis (Hassk.) Benth. & Hook. ex Miq.) in Java, Indonesia." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291984950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919849506.

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Ex situ conservation is an important complementary strategy for in situ to conserve endangered plant species. However, the limited areas designated for ex situ conservation such as in botanic gardens have become a great challenge for conservation practitioners and scientists attempting to optimally conserve the genetic diversity of targeted plant species. Our study aimed to assess genetic diversity and structure of wild seedlings of Vatica bantamensis, an endemic and critically endangered dipterocarp from Java (Indonesia). We also estimated genetic differentiation between the wild seedlings and existing ex situ collection and evaluated the genetic diversity preserved in the ex situ collection. Our analysis, using 730 single-nucleotide polymorphisms loci, showed that wild seedlings exhibited higher genetic diversity than the ex situ collection (nucleotide diversity, µ = 0.26 and 0.16, respectively). Significant genetic differentiation was also detected ( FST = 0.32) between wild seedlings and ex situ collection. Furthermore, we found high kinship within the ex situ collection suggesting low genetic diversity since the founding collection. We also detected three distinct genetic clusters from all samples combined (analysis of molecular variance, ϕ = 0.48, p < .001), with two clusters present in the wild seedlings that were not represented in the ex situ collection. We recommend that supplementary collections from the two newly identified genetic clusters in the wild seedlings should be incorporated to increase genetic diversity in the ex situ collection. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that understanding the population genetics of targeted endangered species provides better results for ex situ conservation strategies.

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18

Loo, J. A., T. L. Beardmore, J. D. Simpson, and D. A. McPhee. "Tree species of concern in New Brunswick, Canada. II. Guidelines for conservation of genetic resources." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83402-3.

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Guidelines were developed by the New Brunswick Forest Gene Conservation Working Group for conserving genetic resources of four native tree species in New Brunswick. Gene conservation guidelines for three of these species aim to maintain sufficient gene pools of known or putatively resistant stock to retain or develop the potential for restoration. Natural populations of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) are known to have genotypes resistant to the beech scale at low frequencies. Gene conservation approaches include in situ and ex situ measures, including resistance breeding. White elm (Ulmus americana) demonstrates a degree of resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED), and will benefit from a mixture of in situ and ex situ conservation measures. Resistance to butternut canker has not yet been demonstrated in populations of butternut (Juglans cinerea), but ex situ conservation of putatively resistant genotypes will be of increasing importance as the frequency of butternut canker escalates. Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), threatened by small population size, habitat loss, and ongoing development, requires primarily in situ conservation and restoration efforts. Key words: American beech, bur oak, butternut, disease resistance, ex situ, gene conservation guidelines, genetic resources, in situ, restoration, white elm

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19

Woolliams, J. A., O. Matika, and J. Pattison. "Conservation of animal genetic resources: approaches and technologies for in situ and ex situ conservation." Animal Genetic Resources Information 42 (April 2008): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900002571.

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SummaryLivestock production faces major challenges through the coincidence of major drivers of change, some with conflicting directions. These are:1. An unprecedented global change in demands for traditional livestock products such as meat, milk and eggs.2. Large changes in the demographic and regional distribution of these demands.3. The need to reduce poverty in rural communities by providing sustainable livelihoods.4. The possible emergence of new agricultural outputs such as bio-fuels making a significant impact upon traditional production systems.5. A growing awareness of the need to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production.6. The uncertainty in the scale and impact of climate change. This paper explores these challenges from a scientific perspective in the face of the large-scale and selective erosion of our animal genetic resources, and concludes thai there is a stronger and more urgent need than ever before to secure the livestock genetic resources available to humankind through a comprehensive global conservation programme.

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20

Kalashnikova, L. "Conservation of relict species in ex situ conditions." Ecological Sciences 1, no. 2 (2019): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32846/2306-9716-2019-1-24-2-22.

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21

Guerrant, Edward O., Kayri Havens, and Pati Vitt. "Sampling for Effective Ex Situ Plant Conservation." International Journal of Plant Sciences 175, no. 1 (January 2014): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674131.

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22

Martin, T. E., H. Lurbiecki, and A. O. Mooers. "The economic geography of ex situ conservation." Animal Conservation 17, no. 2 (April 2014): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12123.

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Piovan, Anna, Giancarlo Cassina, and Raffaella Filippini. "Crambe tataria: actions for ex situ conservation." Biodiversity and Conservation 20, no. 2 (November 30, 2010): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9949-z.

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Hokanson, Stan C., Philip L. Forsline, James R. McFerson, Warren F. Lamboy, Herb S. Aldwinckle, James J. Luby, and Aimak D. Djangaliev. "EX SITU AND IN SITU CONSERVATION STRATEGIES FOR WILD MALUS GERMPLASM IN KAZAKHSTAN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 484 (December 1998): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.484.10.

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25

McLean-Rodríguez, Francis Denisse, Denise Elston Costich, Tania Carolina Camacho-Villa, Mario Enrico Pè, and Matteo Dell’Acqua. "Genetic diversity and selection signatures in maize landraces compared across 50 years of in situ and ex situ conservation." Heredity 126, no. 6 (March 30, 2021): 913–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-021-00423-y.

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AbstractGenomics-based, longitudinal comparisons between ex situ and in situ agrobiodiversity conservation strategies can contribute to a better understanding of their underlying effects. However, landrace designations, ambiguous common names, and gaps in sampling information complicate the identification of matching ex situ and in situ seed lots. Here we report a 50-year longitudinal comparison of the genetic diversity of a set of 13 accessions from the state of Morelos, Mexico, conserved ex situ since 1967 and retrieved in situ from the same donor families in 2017. We interviewed farmer families who donated in situ landraces to understand their germplasm selection criteria. Samples were genotyped by sequencing, producing 74,739 SNPs. Comparing the two sample groups, we show that ex situ and in situ genome-wide diversity was similar. In situ samples had 3.1% fewer SNPs and lower pairwise genetic distances (Fst 0.008–0.113) than ex situ samples (Fst 0.031–0.128), but displayed the same heterozygosity. Despite genome-wide similarities across samples, we could identify several loci under selection when comparing in situ and ex situ seed lots, suggesting ongoing evolution in farmer fields. Eight loci in chromosomes 3, 5, 6, and 10 showed evidence of selection in situ that could be related with farmers’ selection criteria surveyed with focus groups and interviews at the sampling site in 2017, including wider kernels and larger ear size. Our results have implications for ex situ collection resampling strategies and the in situ conservation of threatened landraces.

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Li, Wang, Li, Yi, Yan, Lu, and Chen. "Effects of Bird Traits on Seed Dispersal of Endangered Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. with Ex-Situ and In-Situ Conservation." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090790.

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Biodiversity is rapidly decreasing worldwide. Its great importance has been attached to conservation through in-situ and ex-situ management. Animal-mediated seed dispersal is an important ecological process, linking the threatened plants and animal partners in ex-situ habitats, and in turn affecting tree conservation. However, how bird traits affect seed dispersal within in-situ and ex-situ conservation still remains unclear. Here, we aim to answer this question. We tested whether bird traits affect seed deposition and seedling recruitment. Our results showed that 19 bird species foraged and removed Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. seeds across botanical gardens (ex-situ) and natural reserves (in-situ). The seed dispersal pattern of T. chinensis varied in the stages of seed removal and seed deposition, but showed no significant difference in the seedling recruitment stage. This showed that bird morphological and behavioral traits affected seed dispersal through the different contributions of varying bird species. Large birds and their high visitation frequency played a central role in seed removal patterns. The frequency of post-foraging habitat use was the most important factor determining the role of birds in seed deposition and the following seedling recruitment. Urocissa erythrorhyncha and Chloropsis hardwickii played the role of keystone species in seed deposition and seedling recruitment, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of bird traits in facilitating the seed dispersal of trees within in-situ and ex-situ conservation, which should be considered in future forest conservation and management.

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Maunder, Mike, and Onnie Byers. "The IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation: reflecting major changes in the application of ex situ conservation." Oryx 39, no. 1 (January 2005): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000177.

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The recently revised IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation represent an attempt to synthesize current thinking on the strategic application of ex situ conservation for the maximum benefit of both threatened species and habitats. We review this document as a means of assessing major changes in the application of ex situ conservation. We identify a number of major themes. These include the need for the integrated management of wild and captive populations, expansion of ex situ capacity in terms of institutional facilities and breadth of taxonomic experience, an important emphasis to be given to the need for in-country conservation initiatives, and the need to comply with national and international legal structures, most notably the Convention on Biological Diversity.

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Heriansyah, Pebra, and Gusti Marlina. "Characterization and Potential of Coelogyne rochussenii Orchids from Bukit Rimbang and Bukit Baling Wildlife Sanctuary as Explant Source." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1964-75.

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Conservation is an effort to return natural resources to their habitat to restore the ecosystem balance, which can be done in-situ and ex-situ. Coelogyne rochussenii orchid conservation efforts are essential to maintain its sustainability. The purpose of this study was to characterize C. rochussenii orchids from Bukit Rimbang and Bukit Baling Wildlife Sanctuary as a source of tissue culture explants to support ex-situ conservation efforts. Orchid plant samples were obtained through exploration in three locations with an altitude of 92 masl, and then the characterization of leaf morphology, pseudobulbs, roots, and fruit were carried out. The characterization results showed that the young pseudobulbs, young leaves, healthy roots, and physiologically ripe fruits of the C. rochussenii orchids obtained could be used as a source of explants to support ex-situ conservation efforts.Keywords: ex-situ conservation, physiologically mature, young pseudobulbs

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Ryder, Oliver A. "Zoological Parks and the Conservation of Biological Diversity: Linking ex situ and in situ Conservation Efforts." Journal of Environment & Development 4, no. 2 (July 1995): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659500400205.

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Rice, Elizabeth B., Margaret E. Smith, Sharon E. Mitchell, and Stephen Kresovich. "Conservation and Change: A Comparison of In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Jala Maize Germplasm." Crop Science 46, no. 1 (January 2006): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.06-0116.

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Delgado Bermejo, Juan Vicente, María Amparo Martínez Martínez, Guadalupe Rodríguez Galván, Angélika Stemmer, Francisco Javier Navas González, and María Esperanza Camacho Vallejo. "Organization and Management of Conservation Programs and Research in Domestic Animal Genetic Resources." Diversity 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120235.

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Creating national committees for domestic animal genetic resources within genetic resource national commissions is recommended to organize in situ and ex situ conservation initiatives. In situ conservation is a high priority because it retains traditional zootechnical contexts and locations to ensure the long-term survival of breeds. In situ actions can be based on subsidies, technical support, structure creation, or trademark definition. Provisional or permanent relocation of breeds may prevent immediate extinction when catastrophes, epizootics, or social conflicts compromise in situ conservation. Ex situ in vivo (animal preservation in rescue or quarantine centers) and in vitro methods (germplasm, tissues/cells, DNA/genes storage) are also potential options. Alert systems must detect emergencies and summon the national committee to implement appropriate procedures. Ex situ coordinated centers must be prepared to permanently or provisionally receive extremely endangered collections. National germplasm banks must maintain sufficient samples of national breeds (duplicated) in their collections to restore extinct populations at levels that guarantee the survival of biodiversity. A conservation management survey, describing national and international governmental and non-governmental structures, was developed. Conservation research initiatives for international domestic animal genetic resources from consortia centralize the efforts of studies on molecular, genomic or geo-evolutionary breed characterization, breed distinction, and functional gene identification. Several consortia also consider ex situ conservation relying on socioeconomic or cultural aspects. The CONBIAND network (Conservation for the Biodiversity of Local Domestic Animals for Sustainable Rural Development) exemplifies conservation efficiency maximization in a low-funding setting, integrating several Latin American consortia with international cooperation where limited human, material, and economic resources are available.

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Qu, Hong, Chun-Jing Wang, and Zhi-Xiang Zhang. "Planning priority conservation areas under climate change for six plant species with extremely small populations in China." Nature Conservation 25 (March 13, 2018): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.25.20063.

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The concept of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP) has been employed to guide conservation of threatened plant species in China. Climate change has a high potential to threaten PSESP. As a result, it is necessary to integrate climate change effects on PSESP into conservation planning in China. Here, ecological niche modelling is used to project current and future habitat distributions of six PSESP in China under climate change scenarios and conservation planning software is applied to identify priority conservation areas (PCAs) for these PSESP based on habitat distributions. These results were used to provide proposals for in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures directed at PSESP. It was found that annual precipitation was important for habitat distributions for all six PSESP (with the percentage contribution to habitat distributions ranging from 18.1 % to 74.9 %) and non-climatic variables including soil and altitude have a large effect on habitat suitability of PSESP. Large quantities of PCAs occurred within some provincial regions for these six PSESP (e.g. Sichuan and Jilin for the PSESP Cathaya argyrophylla, Taxus cuspidata, Annamocarya sinensis and Madhuca pasquieri), indicating that these are likely to be appropriate areas for in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures directed at these PSESP. Those nature reserves with large quantities of PCAs were identified as promising sites for in-situ conservation measures of PSESP; such reserves include Yangzie and Dongdongtinghu for C. argyrophylla, Songhuajiangsanhu and Changbaishan for T. cuspidata and Shiwandashanshuiyuanlian for Tsoongiodendron odorum. These results suggest that existing seed banks and botanical gardens occurring within identified PCAs should allocate more resources and space to ex-situ conservation of PSESP. In addition, there should be additional botanical gardens established for ex-situ conservation of PSESP in PCAs outside existing nature reserves. To address the risk of negative effects of climate change on PSESP, it is necessary to integrate in-situ and ex-situ conservation as well as climate change monitoring in PSESP conservation planning.

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Medeiros, Marcelo B., José F. M. Valls, Aluana G. Abreu, Gustavo Heiden, Suelma Ribeiro-Silva, Solange C. B. R. José, Izulmé R. I. Santos, Alexandre M. A. Passos, and Marília L. Burle. "Status of the Ex Situ and In Situ Conservation of Brazilian Crop Wild Relatives of Rice, Potato, Sweet Potato, and Finger Millet: Filling the Gaps of Germplasm Collections." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040638.

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This study presents the status of ex situ and in situ conservation for the crop wild relatives of rice, potato, sweet potato, and finger millet in Brazil, and the subsequent germplasm collection expeditions. This research is part of a global initiative entitled “Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting, and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives” supported by the Global Crop Diversity Trust. Species of the primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools with occurrences reported in Brazil were included: Oryza alta Swallen, O. grandiglumis (Döll) Prod., O. latifolia Desv., O. glumaepatula Steud., Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam., E. indica (L.) Gaertn., Solanum commersonii Dunal, S. chacoense Bitter, Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O’Donell, I. ramosissima (Poir.) Choisy, I. tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy, I. triloba L., and I. cynanchifolia Meisn. The status of the ex situ and in situ conservation of each taxon was assessed using the gap analysis methodology, and the results were used to plan 16 germplasm collection expeditions. Seeds of the collected material were evaluated for viability, and the protocols for seed germination and cryopreservation were tested. The final conservation score, resulting from the gap analysis and including the average of the ex situ and in situ scores, resulted in a classification of medium priority of conservation for all the species, with the exception of I. grandifolia (high priority). The total accessions collected (174) almost doubled the total accessions of these crop wild relatives incorporated in Embrapa’s ex situ conservation system prior to 2015. In addition, accessions for practically absent species were collected for the ex situ conservation system, such as Ipomoea species, Eleusine indica, and Solanum chacoense. The methods used for dormancy breaking and low temperature conservation for the Oryza, Eleusine, and Ipomoea species were promising for the incorporation of accessions in the respective gene banks. The results show the importance of efforts to collect and conserve ex situ crop wild relatives in Brazil based on previous gap analysis. The complementarity with the in situ strategy also appears to be very promising in the country.

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Engels, Johannes M. M., and Andreas W. Ebert. "A Critical Review of the Current Global Ex Situ Conservation System for Plant Agrobiodiversity. I. History of the Development of the Global System in the Context of the Political/Legal Framework and Its Major Conservation Components." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081557.

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The history of ex situ conservation is relatively short, not more than a century old. During the middle of last century, triggered by the realization that genetic erosion was threatening the existing landraces and wild relatives of the major food crops, global efforts to collect and conserve the genetic diversity of these threatened resources were initiated, predominantly orchestrated by FAO. National and international genebanks were established to store and maintain germplasm materials, conservation methodologies were created, standards developed, and coordinating efforts were put in place to ensure effective and efficient approaches and collaboration. In the spontaneously developing global conservation system, plant breeders played an important role, aiming at the availability of genetic diversity in their breeding work. Furthermore, long-term conservation and the safety of the collected materials were the other two overriding criteria that led to the emerging international network of ex situ base collections. The political framework for the conservation of plant genetic resources finds its roots in the International Undertaking of the FAO and became ‘turbulent rapid’ with the conclusion of the Convention on Biological Diversity. This paper reviews the history of the global ex situ conservation system with a focus on the international network of base collections. It assesses the major ex situ conservation approaches and methods with their strengths and weaknesses with respect to the global conservation system and highlights the importance of combining in situ and ex situ conservation.

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Raven, Peter, and Kayri Havens. "Ex Situ Plant Conservation and Cryopreservation: Breakthroughs in Tropical Plant Conservation." International Journal of Plant Sciences 175, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674030.

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Kaninski, Andrei I., Ivanka Ivanova, Sergey Bistrichanov, Nadejda Zapryanova, Bistra Atanassova, and Elena T. Iakimova. "Ex situ conservation of endangered Limonium species in the Bulgarian flora." Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research 20, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10290-012-0009-5.

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ABSTRACT Native populations of endemic, rare and threatened Limonium species (L. meyeri, L. bulgaricum, L. latifolium, L. vulgare, L. asterotrichum and L. gmelinii) in Bulgaria were monitored and found seriously declined. To preserve these wild genotypes, an approach involving in vitro propagation of explants isolated from immature inflorescence stems was applied at the Institute of Ornamental Plants, Sofia. The rooted plantlets produced were acclimated and grown outdoors under an optimized cultivation regime, which resulted in the establishment of an ex situ plantation. Plant performance ex situ (determined by leaf rosette diameter, plant height and the number of flower stems) was substantially improved and the variation in the biometric indices was found remarkably lower than in natural environment. The developmental stages of ex situ plants appeared with a delay in relation to their onset in the native environment, but occurred synchronously within each species. Analysis of germination of seeds harvested from ex situ and in situ grown plants showed species-specific behaviour, but in general, seed vitality remained relatively low in laboratory conditions, in the soil and in vitro. In order to assess the potential for protecting the native Limonium species from uncontrolled harvesting, the possibility for the production of cut flowers in ex situ conditions was studied. High yield of cut flowers from ex situ plants in comparison with the potential yield from the wild plants and extended vase life in comparison with commercially produced Limonium sinuatum were obtained. The results demonstrated that the applied micropropagation and agrotechnique for protected cultivation are reliable tools for ex situ conservation of the endangered Limonium genotypes in the Bulgarian flora. In addition to its advantage as a rescue measure, the developed system was shown to be suitable for obtaining cut flowers of competitive market quality.

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Silveira, Fernando A. O., Alberto L. Teixido, Marcílio Zanetti, Juliano Gomes Pádua, Antônio Carlos Silva de Andrade, and Maria Lúcia Nova da Costa. "Ex situ conservation of threatened plants in Brazil: a strategic plan to achieve Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation." Rodriguésia 69, no. 4 (December 2018): 1547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869405.

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Abstract With increasing rates of habitat destruction and species loss, ex situ conservation is gaining global momentum and reluctance in relying on ex situ conservation is rapidly giving way to a more optimistic, strategic view. Target 8 of the Global Strategy of Plant Conservation calls for at least 75 percent of threatened plant species in accessible ex situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and 20 percent of them included in recovery and restoration programs. Here, we provide updated information on Brazil's progress towards Target 8 through a nationwide examination of how many threatened species were conserved in ex situ collections in Brazil. Our data comprised whole plants (living collections), seed (seed banks) and tissue cultures (in vitro). Of the 2,113 threatened species, at least 452 (21.4%) species were conserved in ex situ collections, an increase in 4% of living organisms and 96% of seeds when compared to a previous assessment. Since it is unlikely Brazil will achieve Target 8 by 2020, we also discuss public policies and strategies to help overcome key bottlenecks preventing its achievement and propose revised goals for the GSPC 2020-2030.

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Saakian, Alexander. "Ex situ conservation of plant species of the Red Book of Russia in botanical gardens." АгроЭкоИнфо 2, no. 44 (March 23, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20212211.

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Russian botanical gardens are actively involved in the conservation of rare and endangered plants. They pay special attention to the species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. At present, 377 species of higher plants are cultivated in living collections of botanical gardens out of 514 species presented in the Red Book of Russia, which is 73%. Thus, the Russian Federation has practically met the requirement of goal 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. The vast majority of rare plant species are represented by samples in the collections of many botanical gardens and the reliability of their protection under cultural conditions is beyond doubt. In the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an in vitro collection of rare and endangered plants is preserved, including 82 species, which is 17.3% of the total number of angiosperms included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. As a result of many years of research, the features of the cultivation and preservation of ex situ plants belonging to different families have been revealed. The main methodological aspects at the stages of obtaining a sterile culture, micropropagation proper and long-term deposition are reflected. The compositions of nutrient media and cultivation factors were optimized for slowed growth of explants of the studied cultures and preservation of their viability. Keywords: RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES, RED BOOK OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, EX SITU CONSERVATION, LONG-TERM IN VITRO CONSERVATION

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KOVÁCS, Zsófia, Anna Mária CSERGŐ, Péter CSONTOS, and Mária HÖHN. "Ex situ conservation in botanical gardens – challenges and scientific potential preserving plant biodiversity." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 12334. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212334.

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In the Anthropocene, the world’s plant diversity is threatened with extinction and the erosion of the genetic diversity of natural populations. According to the State of the World’s Plants and Fungi 2020 of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, two out of five of the ~350,000 known vascular plant species are at risk of extinction. Despite the considerable toolkit of biodiversity conservation practices, usually it is hard to choose the best option to stop biodiversity loss. Ex situ conservation has seen massive development due to radical losses of natural ecosystems, and its incrementing necessity has been underscored by Target 8 of the 2011-2020 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. As we crossed the finish line of this strategy in 2020, a review of the accumulated knowledge on the ex situ living collections has become particularly important. Despite the increasing attention received by ex situ conservation, studies on the sustainability, quality, and usability of the plant material prior to establishing the garden collections are few, leaving major gaps unfilled in terms of best ex situ conservation practices. Here we present an overview of the results and experiences in ex situ conservation focusing on living plant collections, with the aim of guiding conservation practitioners towards the most efficient working methods. We evaluate the future needs and perspectives of this conservation technique, based on case studies on both woody and herb species. Possible conservation applications and priorities suggested for future works are summarized.

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SAURA, MARÍA, ANDRÉS PÉREZ-FIGUEROA, JESÚS FERNÁNDEZ, MIGUEL A. TORO, and ARMANDO CABALLERO. "Preserving Population Allele Frequencies in Ex Situ Conservation Programs." Conservation Biology 22, no. 5 (October 2008): 1277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00992.x.

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41

Varese, G. C., P. Angelini, M. Bencivenga, P. Buzzini, D. Donnini, M. L. Gargano, O. Maggi, et al. "Ex situ conservation and exploitation of fungi in Italy." Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 145, no. 4 (October 26, 2011): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2011.633119.

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42

Seaton, Philip T., Hong Hu, Holger Perner, and Hugh W. Pritchard. "Ex Situ Conservation of Orchids in a Warming World." Botanical Review 76, no. 2 (March 31, 2010): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12229-010-9048-6.

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43

Kasso, Mohammed, and Mundanthra Balakrishnan. "Ex Situ Conservation of Biodiversity with Particular Emphasis to Ethiopia." ISRN Biodiversity 2013 (November 21, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/985037.

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Biodiversity encompasses variety and variability of all forms of life on earth that play a great role in human existence. Its conservation embraces maintenance, sustainable utilization, and restoration, of the lost and degraded biodiversity through two basic and complementary strategies called in situ and ex situ. Ex situ conservation is the technique of conservation of all levels of biological diversity outside their natural habitats through different techniques like zoo, captive breeding, aquarium, botanical garden, and gene bank. It plays key roles in communicating the issues, raising awareness, and gaining widespread public and political support for conservation actions and for breeding endangered species in captivity for reintroduction. Limitations of ex situ conservation include maintenance of organisms in artificial habitats, deterioration of genetic diversity, inbreeding depression, adaptations to captivity, and accumulation of deleterious alleles. It has many constraints in terms of personnel, costs, and reliance on electric power sources. Ethiopia is considered to be one of the richest centers of genetic resources in the world. Currently, a number of stakeholders/actors are actively working on biodiversity conservation through ex situ conservation strategies by establishing gene banks, botanical garden, and zoo.

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44

McIlwrick, Ken, S. Wetzel, T. Beardmore, and K. Forbes. "Ex situ conservation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), a review." Forestry Chronicle 76, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76765-5.

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Two tree species native to North America, American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), which have experienced rapid declines in their populations due to similar stressors (disease and changes in land use), are used as examples of how these species would benefit from ex situ conservation efforts. Current and past ex situ and in situ conservation efforts for these species are discussed and the focus of this review is on two key research areas: 1) what needs to be preserved (genetic information) and 2) how to preserve these trees or germplasm. Key words: butternut, American chestnut, Cryphonectria parasitica, Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, ex situ conservation

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45

Linington, Simon, J. G. Hawkes, N. Maxted, and B. V. Ford-Lloyd. "The ex situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources." Kew Bulletin 57, no. 2 (2002): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4111140.

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46

Normah, M. N., M. M. Clyde, E. G. Cho, and V. Ramanatha Rao. "EX SITU CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL RARE FRUIT SPECIES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 575 (April 2002): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.575.23.

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Sommerville, K. D., and C. A. Offord. "Ex situ conservation techniques for Australian rainforest species." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1101 (September 2015): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1101.12.

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Mursidawati, Sofi, Ngatari Ngatari, Irawati Irawati, Sarah Cardinal, and Richa Kusumawati. "Ex Situ Conservation of Rafflesia patma BLUME (Rafflesiaceae)." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 13 (November 10, 2015): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2015.77.

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Plants in the genus Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) bear the largest flowers in the world. Almost all members of this holoparasitic plant family have limited ranges and are rare or threatened. This genus is therefore important from a scientific and conservation perspective. An ex situ conservation collection of a population of Rafflesia patma Blume has been monitored at Bogor Botanic Garden (BBG) since 2004, the first time that this has ever been done. Studies have been made, including propagation trials on both seed and vegetative material at BBG. Of all the propagation methods tested, grafting on to the host plant Tetrastigma scariosum (Blume) Planch proved to be the most successful for growing R. patma, resulting in blooming having occurred seven times since 2010. Grafting is the quickest way to propagate Rafflesia in cultivation. This cultivation process provides a new hope for the conservation of this endangered and charismatic genus. This paper describes the methods trialled including both unsuccessful techniques as well as those which resulted in blooming events.

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Littlejohn, G. M., A. Robyn, L. M. Blomerus, and H. Allies. "PROTEACEAE GENETIC RESOURCES, SAMPLING AND EX SITU CONSERVATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 541 (October 2000): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.541.34.

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Merritt, David J., Fiona R. Hay, Nigel D. Swarts, Karen D. Sommerville, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Ex situ Conservation and Cryopreservation of Orchid Germplasm." International Journal of Plant Sciences 175, no. 1 (January 2014): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673370.

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