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Journal articles on the topic 'In solidum'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 December 2024

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Skowerski, Szymon. "Czy zobowiązany in solidum może wystąpić z powództwem o ustalenie, że przez swoje działanie lub zaniechanie współdłużnik przyczynił się do powstania szkody w większym rozmiarze?" Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego 17, no. 1 (2022): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/bsawp.4409.

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Pozycja prawna dłużników in solidum przy roszczeniach zwrotnych między nimi samymi nie jest zagadnieniem łatwym. Nie regulują jej w pełni przepisy obowiązującego prawa. Sama możliwość wystąpienia z powództwem o ustalenie przez jednego z dłużników solidarnych niewłaściwie stopnia przyczynienia się do powstania szkody w większym rozmiarze przeciwko współdłużnikom in solidum na gruncie art. 189 k.p.c. oraz swoboda sądu w określaniu roszczeń między dłużnikami in solidum jest uzależniona od wielu czynników. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odpowiedź na przedstawiony powyżej problem, jak również wskazanie, jakie warunki muszą być spełnione przez powoda (tu dłużnika in solidum), by mógł skutecznie wystąpić z przedmiotowym powództwem.

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2

Stunžėnas, Virmantas, Romualda Petkevičiūtė, and Gražina Stanevičiūtė. "Phylogeny of Sphaerium solidum (Bivalvia) based on karyotype and sequences of 16S and ITS1 rDNA." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 1 (2011): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-010-0101-6.

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AbstractThe present work represents the first karyological and molecular characterisation of Sphaerium solidum, a rare European clam. Specimens of S. solidum were collected in Lithuania and Hungary. The modal diploid chromosome number found in both populations was 2n=30. Small, biarmed B chromosomes were found in 42.3% of cells studied in clams from Lithuania and in 11.8% of cells in clams from Hungary. Comparative analysis revealed no significant (P<0.05) interspecific differences in chromosome morphology of S. solidum and that of previously studied S. corneum. DNA sequence analyses of S. solidum showed no interpopulation differences in ITS1; moreover, only one site was different from ITS1 of S. corneum. However, differences in mitochondrial 16S sequence of S. solidum were revealed: two haplotypes in Lithuania and three in Hungary were identified. The genetic characteristics revealed in this study do not support ascription of S. solidum and S. corneum to different subgenus, Cyrenastrum and Sphaerium s. str., respectively. Comparative cytogenetic analysis disclosed that the chromosome morphology could be conserved in some sphaeriid species during speciation despite the fact that most other species in this family undergo radical karyotypic differentiation.

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3

Pliszka, Natalia. "Odpowiednie stosowanie przepisów o solidarności względem odpowiedzialności in solidum." PRAWO i WIĘŹ, no. 2 (45) (July 10, 2023): 291–311. https://doi.org/10.36128/priw.vi45.704.

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Na gruncie polskiego prawa cywilnego, źródłem powstania solidarności może być jedynie ustawa lub czynność prawna. Jak ukazuje jednak praktyka, powstają sytuacje, gdy kilka osób zostanie zobowiązanych do spełnienia tego samego świadczenia, wobec wspólnego wierzyciela, z zachowaniem odrębności stosunków prawnych tych dłużników, a także braku uregulowań ich powinności, w oparciu o przepis prawa. In solidum, pomimo swojego niepodważalnego występowania między uczestnikami porządku prawnego, chociażby przy zbiegu odpowiedzialności deliktowej z obowiązkiem naprawienia szkody, nadal stanowi pewnego rodzaju niedoprecyzowaną sytuację prawną. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest poddanie analizie możliwości stosowania niektórych przepisów o solidarności względem in solidum. Zaistniały na tym polu spór doktrynalny, wynikający z samej zasadności stosowania przepisów o solidarności do in solidum, mierzy się z utartym już pragmatyzmem judykatury. W pracy zostanie przedstawione dwojakie spojrzenie na możliwość stosowania omawianych regulacji. Zaprezentowanie krytycznego spojrzenia doktryny na wykorzystanie przepisów o solidarności względem in solidum m.in z uwagi na to, że: in solidum jest niepożądanym, a nawet nieistniejącym w praktyce zjawiskiem, niekiedy zrównany ze zbiegiem roszczeń. Zostanie zestawione ze stanowiskiem autorki, popartym dokonaniami innych przedstawicieli i orzecznictwa o możliwości, a nawet konieczności stosowania przepisów o solidarności względem in solidum. Teza badawcza pracy opiera się na założeniu, że pomimo nieuregulowania in solidum w polskim porządku prawnym jego faktyczne występowanie w stosunkach cywilnoprawnych jest niezaprzeczalne. Tym samym niezbędne jest znalezienie przepisów, które umożliwią postępowanie w przypadku takich okoliczności faktycznych. Należy jednak znaleźć w tym celu podstawę prawną, regulującą podobny stosunek prawny. W związku z tym, że większość cech in solidum pozostaje w spójności z solidarnością bierną czy czynną, nie ma podstaw do tego, aby odmówić solidarności niewłaściwej odpowiedniego stosowania niektórych przepisów o solidarności. Co jednak istotne, należy to przeprowadzić w taki sposób, aby nie naruszyć natury danego stosunku.

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4

Kantor, Yuri I., and Boris I. Sirenko. "New species of Buccinum (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae) from the Kurile Islands." Ruthenica, Russian Malacological Journal 34, no. 1 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/ruthenica.2024.34(1).1.

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The new species, Buccinum kosyanae sp. nov. is described from the Middle Kurile Islands. Previously the species was included in multigene molecular phylogeny of the genus [Kantor et al., 2022b] as B. cf. kobyakovae. The new name, B. fedosovi nom. nov. is proposed for Buccinum solidum Golikov et Sirenko, 1988, non Buccinum solidum Philippi, 1887.

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5

Jansen, Martin, and Wolfgang Bensch. "Fachgruppenjubiläum: Perenne nil nisi solidum." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 71, no. 9 (2023): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20234137428.

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6

Martínez-Aquino, Andrés, Jhonny Geovanny García-Teh, Fadia Sara Ceccarelli, Rogelio Aguilar-Aguilar, Victor Manuel Vidal-Martinez, and M. Leopoldina Aguirre-Macedo. "New morphological and molecular data for Xystretrum solidum (Gorgoderidae, Gorgoderinae) from Sphoeroides testudineus (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae) in Mexican waters." ZooKeys 925 (April 8, 2020): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.49503.

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Adults of trematodes in the genus Xystretrum Linton, 1910 (Gorgoderidae, Gorgoderinae) are parasites found exclusively in the urinary bladders of tetraodontiform fishes. However, limited and unclear morphological data were used to describe the type species, X. solidum Linton, 1910. Here, we present the first detailed morphological information for a member of Xystretrum. Morphological characters were described using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Xystretrum specimens from Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus) (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae), collected at six localities off the northern Yucatan Peninsula coast of the Gulf of Mexico. We also compared sequence fragments of the 28S (region D1–D3) ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene with those available for other gorgoderine taxa. We assigned these Xystretrum specimens to X. solidum, despite the incompleteness of published descriptions. The data provide a foundation for future work to validate the identities of X. solidum, X. papillosum Linton, 1910 and X. pulchrum (Travassos, 1920) with new collections from the type localities and hosts. Comparisons of 28S and COI regions described here also provide an opportunity to evaluate the monophyletic status of Xystretrum.

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7

Martínez-Aquino, Andrés, Jhonny Geovanny García-Teh, Fadia Sara Ceccarelli, Rogelio Aguilar-Aguilar, Victor Manuel Vidal-Martinez, and Aguirre-Macedo M. Leopoldina. "New morphological and molecular data for Xystretrum solidum (Gorgoderidae, Gorgoderinae) from Sphoeroides testudineus (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae) in Mexican waters." ZooKeys 925 (April 8, 2020): 141–61. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.925.49503.

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Adults of trematodes in the genus Xystretrum Linton, 1910 (Gorgoderidae, Gorgoderinae) are parasites found exclusively in the urinary bladders of tetraodontiform fishes. However, limited and unclear morphological data were used to describe the type species, X. solidum Linton, 1910. Here, we present the first detailed morphological information for a member of Xystretrum. Morphological characters were described using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Xystretrum specimens from Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus) (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae), collected at six localities off the northern Yucatan Peninsula coast of the Gulf of Mexico. We also compared sequence fragments of the 28S (region D1–D3) ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene with those available for other gorgoderine taxa. We assigned these Xystretrum specimens to X. solidum, despite the incompleteness of published descriptions. The data provide a foundation for future work to validate the identities of X. solidum, X. papillosum Linton, 1910 and X. pulchrum (Travassos, 1920) with new collections from the type localities and hosts. Comparisons of 28S and COI regions described here also provide an opportunity to evaluate the monophyletic status of Xystretrum.

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8

Morada, Noel M. "Professor Estrella D. Solidum, 1927–2014." Philippine Political Science Journal 35, no. 2 (2014): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01154451.2014.971940.

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9

Miras, Jorge. "El ejercicio «in solidum» del ministerio parroquial." Ius Canonicum 29, no. 58 (2018): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/016.29.18312.

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10

Mendoza Alonzo, Pamela. "Obligaciones concurrentes o in solidum (Corte Suprema)." Revista de derecho (Valdivia) 31, no. 1 (2018): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-09502018000100387.

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11

Ankisetty, Sridevi, Shabana Khan, Bharathi Avula, Deborah Gochfeld, Ikhlas Khan, and Marc Slattery. "Chlorinated Didemnins from the Tunicate Trididemnum solidum." Marine Drugs 11, no. 11 (2013): 4478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md11114478.

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12

Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Francisco Hita Garcia, Hamish Gibson Robertson, and Johannes Jacobus Le Roux. "A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa." European Journal of Taxonomy 454 (August 7, 2018): 1–59. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.454.

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Mbanyana, Nokuthula, Garcia, Francisco Hita, Robertson, Hamish Gibson, Roux, Johannes Jacobus Le (2018): A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa. European Journal of Taxonomy 454: 1-59, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.454

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13

Naval, Jaime B. "Solidum: a seer of Southeast Asia and beyond." Philippine Political Science Journal 39, no. 2 (2018): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01154451.2018.1529070.

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14

Heredia Esteban, Felipe. "La parroquia «in solidum»: una respuesta a nuevas necesidades." Revista Española de Derecho Canónico, no. 167 (January 1, 2009): 551–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36576/summa.29661.

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15

OLSON, RICHARD RANDOLPH. "PHOTOADAPTATIONS OF THE CARIBBEAN COLONIAL ASCIDIAN-CYANOPHYTE SYMBIOSISTRIDIDEMNUM SOLIDUM." Biological Bulletin 170, no. 1 (1986): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541381.

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16

Zhang, Min, Kanghou Long, Kan Ma, Xiaoling Huang, and Houmin Wu. "A Novel Diterpenoid from the Soft Coral Sarcophyton solidum." Journal of Natural Products 58, no. 3 (1995): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50117a010.

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17

Sakai, Ryuichi, Justin G. Stroh, David W. Sullins, and Kenneth L. Rinehart. "Seven new didemnins from the marine tunicate Trididemnum solidum." Journal of the American Chemical Society 117, no. 13 (1995): 3734–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00118a010.

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18

Rochfort, SJ, R. Metzger, L. Hobbs, and RJ Capon. "New Chromenols From a Southern Australian Tunicate, Aplidium solidum." Australian Journal of Chemistry 49, no. 11 (1996): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9961217.

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Two new chromenols, namely (R)-2-methyl-2-(4-methylpenta-1,3-dienyl)-2H-chromen-6-ol (7) and 1-[(R)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-chromen-2-yl]-4-methylpentan-2-one (8), have been isolated from a southern Australian tunicate, Aplidium solidum. The structures of (7) and (8) were assigned by spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute stereochemistry of (7) by chemical degradation.

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19

Montes Nogales, Vicente, and Dominique Ninanne. "Avant-propos. Manifestations de la solidarité dans les littératures francophones contemporaines." Thélème. Revista Complutense de Estudios Franceses 40, no. 1 (2025): 69–71. https://doi.org/10.5209/thel.101767.

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S’interroger sur la solidarité implique tout d’abord admettre le caractère « insaisissable » (Musso, 2015 : 94) d’un concept en perpétuelle reconstruction. Une première entrée en la matière passe par l’étymologie et le premier usage, d’ordre juridique, de la solidarité : dans le droit romain, in solidum désigne « l’obligation qui pesait sur les débiteurs lorsque chacun d’eux était tenu pour le tout » (Musso, 2015 : 94).

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20

Służewska, Zuzanna. "KONTRAKT SPÓŁKI JAKO PODSTAWA ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCI IN SOLIDUM W PRAWIE RZYMSKIM." Zeszyty Prawnicze 3, no. 1 (2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2003.3.1.02.

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THE CONTRACT OF PARTNERSHIP AS A BASE OF IN SOLIDUM LIABILITY IN ROMAN LAWSummary In the modern civil law joint and several liability of partners in a partnership is a rule rather than an exception. According to the common opinion this concept did not originate in the Roman law but was first invented in the medieval times by glossators and commentators. The Roman partnership created only a private relation between partners (who, due to a conclusion of that contract were reciprocally obliged to act together in accordance with a good faith in order to conduct common business and to divide profits and bear losses in proportion to their respective shares) and its conclusion did not affect their liability against third parties. The partners had no right to bind themselves contractually to any third parties, unless they all acted jointly (in this case, however, their joint representation was derived from their expressed declarations and not the existence of a contract o f partnership). Thus, any commitment made by an individual partner, even if made within the scope of a partnership having obtained other partners’ consent, was treated as a personal debt of this partner and the remaining partners were not liable against his contractor. Then, of course, the partner who made a commitment (acting within the partnership’s business) could claim a part of what he had paid to a third party from other partners in proportion to their respective shares in the common enterprise.Such a solution was necessary because of the purely consensual character o f the Roman partnership and the lack of any formal procedure of its conclusion and dissolution. The existence of that contract could not affect the model of the external liability of partners, because it would be too risky for third parties, which had no possibility to make sure if a contract of partnership between some persons had been actually concluded or not. Thus, the role of a contract of partnership in the Roman law was only limited to determine a mutual liability o f partners, to specify their respective rights and obligations and to define the scope of their liability against other partners.There are only a few written sources concerning so called specific kinds of partnership characterized by untypical joint and several responsibility of partners. Moreover these texts are not very clear and are difficult to interpret, so the issue of specific kinds of a partnership is a matter of doubts among Romanists. Some authors even believe that the specific types of partnership did not exist in the Roman law at all.It should be firstly observed that the texts regarding a contract of partnership itself (the texts included in the title pro socio of Justinian’ Digest) did not raise the question of the external liability of partners because they were devoted to internal settlement o f accounts within sociu Thus, taking into account only these texts one cannot ascertain that a conclusion of a contract of partnership could not affect in any way the model of the partners’ liability against third parties.Secondly, the other texts concerning the regulation of conducting an economic activity in the Roman law (actio institoria, actio exercitoria and actio de peculio) present some regularity in an introduction of joint and several liability of debtors.On the one hand that model of the liability was introduced in situations in which protecting safety of trade required that the creditor be able to claim a whole amount o f the debt from one person only.On the other hand this model of liability could be introduced only in these cases in which some internal relation existed between several debtors. On the grounds of such relations the debtor who satisfied in full the creditor’s claim could sue other debtors in order to recover their respective parts in the debt. In the Roman law that internal relation that guaranteed the possibility of a recourse could be either a joint-ownership or a partnership.Having considered that, one may say that the texts concerning specific kinds o f partnership do not prove existence of any special type of societas. These sources regard only the situations when a joint and several liability between several debtors was introduced because it was justified by the circumstances: that is the necessity to protect the safety of trade on one hand and the existence of the contract of partnership that guaranteed a possibility to realize the recourse, on the other.In conclusion one may say that although a closing of a contract of partnership did not create a joint and several liability of partners, in some cases its existence was decisive for introducing this model of liability since it guaranteed to every party a possibility to act against the others to obtain the recourse. Thus, Roman jurisprudence made an important step towards the future introduction o f joint and several liability of partners as a rule of a civil law.

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Bruňanská, M., T. Scholz, and M. H. Ibraheem. "Spermiogenesis in the cestode Corallobothrium solidum Fritsch, 1886 (Proteocephalidea: Corallobothriinae)." Acta Zoologica 86, no. 1 (2005): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0001-7272.2005.00186.x.

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22

Zhu, Jian-Yong, Wei Li, Jing-Mei Bao, Jun-Sheng Zhang, Sheng Yin, and Gui-Hua Tang. "Diterpenoids from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton solidum." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 62 (October 2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.033.

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23

Vandermeersch, François. "La clause dérogatoire à la responsabilité in solidum de l’architecte." Forum de l’assurance N° 238, no. 9 (2023): 173a—175. https://doi.org/10.3917/foas.238.0173a.

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24

Rodríguez-Martínez, R. E., A. G. Jordán-Garza, D. M. Baker, and E. Jordán-Dahlgren. "Competitive interactions between corals and Trididemnum solidum on Mexican Caribbean reefs." Coral Reefs 31, no. 2 (2012): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0871-y.

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Bible, K. C., M. Buytendorp, P. D. Zierath, and K. L. Rinehart. "Tunichlorin: a nickel chlorin isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85, no. 13 (1988): 4582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.13.4582.

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ZHANG, M., K. LONG, K. MA, X. HUANG, and H. WU. "ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Diterpenoid from the Soft Coral Sarcophyton solidum." ChemInform 26, no. 37 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199537216.

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ROCHFORT, S. J., R. METZGER, L. HOBBS, and R. J. CAPON. "ChemInform Abstract: New Chromenols from a Southern Australian Tunicate, Aplidium solidum." ChemInform 28, no. 17 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199717229.

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Albert, Barbara. "Perenne Nil Nisi Solidum: Die neunte europäische Festkörperchemie-Konferenz (ECSSC-IX)." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 51, no. 11 (2003): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20030511128.

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Shevchuk, L. M., and L. V. Bylyna. "Population Characteristics of Molluscs of the Family Sphaeriidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Reservoirs and Watercourses in the Northern Right-Bank Polissia of Ukraine (Pripyat Sub-Basin)." zoodiversity 59, no. 2 (2025): 136–47. https://doi.org/10.15407/zoo2025.02.136.

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A total of 18 species of molluscs of the family Sphaeriidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) were found in the water bodies of the northern right-bank Polissia of Ukraine (Pripyat sub-basin). Sphaerium solidum is indicated for the Pripyat sub-basin for the first time. The largest number of species (12) was found in the Horyn River, nine in the Pripyat River, six in the Uzh and Sluch Rivers, three in the Khomora River, two in the Ubort River and no species in the Turiya River. A total of 12 species were found in small rivers and six species in streams. Sphaeriidae molluscs were not found at all in out-of-channel ponds. In one collection point, from one to eight species were recorded at the same time. S. solidum, S. nucleus, and S. rivicola had the highest rates of occurrence in the study region (up to 15 %), for the rest of the species this rate was 1–10 %. The total incidence of Sphaeriidae was 44 %. The highest density of S. nucleus was recorded in the Uzh (29 specimens/m2), in most of the sampling sites the value did not exceed 10, mostly 1–3 specimens/m2. The lists of species (according to Sørensen's index) were most similar for the rivers Styr and Horyn (59 %), Pripyat and Horyn (57 %), Styr and Uzh (55 %), Ubort and Uzh (50 %). Changing conditions in anthropogenically modified water landscapes are probably the main reason for the disappearance of representatives of the family, which is why it is necessary to analyse the ecological characteristics of Sphaeriidae habitats.

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Shevchuk, L. M., and L. V. Bylyna. "Population Characteristics of Mollusks of the Family Sphaeriidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of Reservoirs and Watercourses in the Northern Right-Bank Polissia of Ukraine (Pripyat Sub-Basin)." zoodiversity 59, no. 2 (2025): 137–48. https://doi.org/10.15407/zoo2025.02.137.

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A total of 18 species of molluscs of the family Sphaeriidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) were found in the water bodies of the northern right-bank Polissia of Ukraine (Pripyat sub-basin). Sphaerium solidum is indicated for the Pripyat sub-basin for the first time. The largest number of species (12) was found in the Horyn River, nine in the Pripyat River, six in the Uzh and Sluch Rivers, three in the Khomora River, two in the Ubort River and no species in the Turiya River. A total of 12 species were found in small rivers and six species in streams. Sphaeriidae molluscs were not found at all in out-of-channel ponds. In one collection point, from one to eight species were recorded at the same time. S. solidum, S. nucleus, and S. rivicola had the highest rates of occurrence in the study region (up to 15 %), for the rest of the species this rate was 1–10 %. The total incidence of Sphaeriidae was 44 %. The highest density of S. nucleus was recorded in the Uzh (29 specimens/m2), in most of the sampling sites the value did not exceed 10, mostly 1–3 specimens/m2. The lists of species (according to Sørensen's index) were most similar for the rivers Styr and Horyn (59 %), Pripyat and Horyn (57 %), Styr and Uzh (55 %), Ubort and Uzh (50 %). Changing conditions in anthropogenically modified water landscapes are probably the main reason for the disappearance of representatives of the family, which is why it is necessary to analyse the ecological characteristics of Sphaeriidae habitats.

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Rinehart, Kenneth L., Vimal Kishore, Keith C. Bible, Ryuichi Sakai, David W. Sullins, and Kai-Ming Li. "Didemnins and Tunichlorin: Novel Natural Products from the Marine Tunicate Trididemnum solidum." Journal of Natural Products 51, no. 1 (1988): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50055a001.

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32

Rinehart, Kenneth L., Vimal Kishore, Keith C. Bible, Ryuichi Sakai, David W. Sullins, and Kai-Ming Li. "Erratum - " Didemnins and Tunichlorin: Novel Natural Products from the Marine Tunicate Trididemnum solidum." Journal of Natural Products 51, no. 3 (1988): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50057a600.

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33

Jurewicz, Aldona R. "„Voluntas” – „scientia” – „ignorantia” a odpowiedzialność dodatkowa zwierzchnika za zobowiązania kontraktowe podległych mu „alieni iuris” w prawie rzymskim." Studia Warmińskie 53 (December 31, 2016): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sw.105.

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W prawie rzymskim odpowiedzialność za zobowiązania kontraktowe oparta była początkowo na przesłankach obiektywnych: powstaniu węzła zobowiązaniowego. Wraz z rozwojem procesu formułkowego, pretor zaczął uwzględniać, a niekiedy wręcz uzależniać odpowiedzialność tej natury od czynnika subiektywnego, jak voluntas, scientia czy ignorantia agens. W zakresie odpowiedzialności dodatkowej w prawie rzymskim odpowiedzialność ta mogła wynikać zarówno z ignorantia, jak i scientia czy voluntas (scil. oświadczenia woli) zwierzchnika. Te subiektywne przesłanki odpowiedzialności różnicowały jednocześnie jej zakres, od najmniejszej na podstawie de peculio de in rem verso, poprzez zaostrzoną przez in tributum vocari wynikającą z wiedzy zwierzchnika aż po najszerszą (in solidum) opartą na jego voluntas. Ta ostatnia zawsze musiała zostać objawiona, w przypadku scientia oświadczenie woli wymagane było tylko w przypadku sprzeciwu zwierzchnika. Precyzyjne rozróżnienie subiektywnych przesłanek odpowiedzialności dodatkowej zwierzchnika jest efektem wykładni słów edyktu pretora miejskiego przez prawników klasycznych.

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Sztafrowski, Edward. "Pozycja proboszcza w prawie kodeksowym." Prawo Kanoniczne 35, no. 1-2 (1992): 35–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.1992.35.1-2.03.

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Codex nunc vigens, scilicet Codex Ioannis Pauli ll, iam secundus est in historia iuris ecclesiastici. In utroque Codice normae de parochis inveniuntur, attamen in secundo Codice ad mentem Vaticani II renovatae sunt. Hoc in articulo ad instar prooemii aspectus historicus huius institutionis appenditur. Deinde de parocho in Codice luris Canonici anno 1917 promulgato sermo est, scilicet de notione, de officio parochi, de functionibus eidem reservatis, ac de iuribus et obligationibus parochi. Latius de parocho ad mentem novi Codicis tractatur. Hac in parte primum de pleniore aspectu muneris parochi, in luce scilicet Vaticani II, de nova notione parochi, necnon de renovata eius stabilitate in officio, tractatur. Deinde de provisione canonica paroeciae, de obligationibus ac iuribus parochorum, de consiliis paroecialibus, de vacatione paroeciae, de administratore paroeciae et de pluribus sacerdotibus, quibus in solidum cura pastoralis committitur.

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35

MERLOTTI, SHEILA. "Um Novo Lenho Gimnospérmico da Formação Rio Bonito, SC, Brasil - Aterradoxylon solidum gen. et sp.nov." Pesquisas em Geociências 26, no. 2 (1999): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.21126.

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The morphoanatomic study of a taphoflora from the Rio Bonito Formation, Pouso Redondo County, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, resulted in the determination of new gymnospermous genera, among them a fossil wood that, by being represented by 9 of the 25 samples studied, constitutes the second form with significant representation in the assemblage (36%). By virtue of the solid and heterocelular pith, the centrifugal differentiation of the primary vascular system and the large pits in the cross-field of the secondary vascular system, the wood in question is similar to the morfogenus Megaporoxylon KRÄUSEL, 1956 from the Permian of South Africa. However, the presence of singular characters, like the nature of the secretory system and the outline of pith as well as the configuration of the bordered pits on radial walls of the secondary xylem cells, evidences the necessity of its segregation in new taxon which is named Aterradoxylon solidum gen. et sp. nov.

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36

Sings, H. L., K. C. Bible, and K. L. Rinehart. "Acyl tunichlorins: a new class of nickel chlorins isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93, no. 20 (1996): 10560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.20.10560.

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37

Nababa, Abdulsalam S., Joel Umaru, M. A. Sadauki, and A. A. Sadauki. "Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Silver Catfish (Bagrus bayad; Forskal, 1775) from Ajiwa Reservoir Katsina State, Nigeria." UMYU Scientifica 2, no. 4 (2023): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2324.024.

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Gastrointestinal parasite in Silver catfish was studied for six months between June 2022 and November 2022 to determine the prevalence of parasites infesting Bagrus bayad and the associated risk factors in Ajiwa reservoir Batagarawa, Katsina State, Nigeria. A total of 90 fish samples were collected and examined from Ajiwa reservoir, comprising 41 and 49 males and females, respectively. Observed parasites and their prevalence (%) in Bagrus bayad include: Cestode genera; Corallobothrium solidum 21 (23.86%), Pleurocercoid or Coradium sp. 8 (9.09%), Nematode genera; Capllaria philipinesis 31 (35.23%), Cammallanus sp 16 (18.18%), Procamallanus laevichonches 12 (13.64%). The prevalence of parasites recovered from the fish species in this study was high. In conclusion, Bagrus bayad in Ajiwa reservoir was susceptible to parasite infestation. It is recommended that this species of fish from the Ajiwa reservoir should be gutted before consumption to prevent zoonotic diseases.

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Sakai, Ryuichi, Justin G. Stroh, David W. Sullins, and Kenneth L. Rinehart. "Seven new didemnins from the marine tunicate trididemnum solidum. [Erratum to document cited in CA122:210098]." Journal of the American Chemical Society 117, no. 34 (1995): 8885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00139a038.

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39

Gnezdilov, V. M. "On the taxonomy of some Fulgoroidea (Hemiptera)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 316, no. 3 (2012): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2012.316.3.239.

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Issidae: Ardelia Melichar, 1907 is placed in synonymy under Vishnuloka Distant, 1906 and Vishnuloka cuneata Distant, 1906 – under Vishnuloka prominula Distant, 1906; Delia deserta Melichar, 1906 is transferred to the genus Vishnuloka. Nogodinidae: Narayana buruensis Schmidt, 1926 is transferred to the genus Scalabis Stal, 1870, Hysteropterum solidum Melichar, 1911 – to the genus Mangola Melichar, 1906, and Hysteropterum ecarinatum Synave, 1956 – to the genus Telmosias Fennah, 1967; Oryxana subrecta Jacobi, 1941 and Buehleria rabana Lallemand et Synave, 1953 are placed in synonymy under Oryxana suturalis (Melichar, 1906). Acanaloniidae: Amphiscepa subpellucida Fowler, 1904 is transferred to the genus Acanalonia Spinola, 1839. Tropiduchidae: Nacmusius Jacobi, 1944 is placed in synonymy under Cixiopsis Matsumura, 1900; Nacmusius chelydinus Jacobi, 1944 is transferred to the genus Cixiopsis. A key to the species of the genus Vishnuloka is provided. Lectotypes are designated for Amphiscepa subpellucida Fowler, 1904, Delia deserta Melichar, 1906, Issina suturalis Melichar, 1906, Narayana buruensis Schmidt, 1926, Oryxana subrecta Jacobi, 1941, Vishnuloka cuneata Distant, 1906, and V. prominula Distant, 1906.

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Keupp, Helmut, and Dirk Fuchs. "Enigmabelus n. gen. (Enigmabelitidae n. f.), an Early Jurassic (Late Pliensbachian) belemnite with an outstanding rostrum morphology." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 298, no. 1 (2020): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0933.

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The Subboreal marly facies of the Lower Jurassic (Upper Pliensbachian) Amaltheenton Formation in southern Germany contains a reduced association of belemnite species. Based on their rostra, we here describe three new taxa, Enigmabelus doppelsteini n. g. n. sp., E. micros n. sp., and ? E. leptos n. sp. included in a new family Enigmabelitidae, which is assigned to the suborder Belemnitina. All specimens come from the few centimetres thick echinid-pectinid horizon, uppermost Pliensbachian, of the clay pit south of Buttenheim (Germany, northern Bavaria). The moderately slender to slender and small rostra (between 8 and about 25 mm) exhibit uncommon and unique features, for instance the reduction of the ventral part of the rostrum resulting in an open alveolus. Most unusual is the apical line of the Enigmabelitidae n. f., which runs along the ventral surface of the rostrum solidum causing a fan-like arrangement of calcite crystals (instead of a concentric arrangement). We therefore introduce the perilineate apical line.

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41

Bayramov, A., and M. Maharramov. "Macrozoobenthos of River Ecosystems of Nakhchivan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 9, no. 12 (2023): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/97/16.

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The article presents a comparative analysis of the results of studying macrobenthofauna of two flowing water bodies formed in the territory of Sharur district of Nakhchivan. In the macrozoobenthos of the Arpachay River 56 species of bottom organisms were found, and in the macrozoobenthos of the Shahbulag River — 48 species. It was found that the macrozoobenthos of the Shakhbulag gorge water bodies surpasses the Arpachay River ecosystems in terms of average annual abundance (124 spec./m2) and biomass (0.270 g/m2) of benthic organisms. This is due to the low susceptibility of the Shakhbulag River to anthropogenic and zoogenic impacts and the relative stability of rocky and vegetated biotopes. In both ecosystems, the maximum development of benthic fauna occurs in spring and early summer. Glossiphonia paludosa (Carena, 1824), Sphaerium solidum (Normand, 1844) and Habrophlebia fusca(Curtis, 1834) were first indicated for the fauna of Nakhchivan. Rare species Helix pomatia (Linnaeus, 1758) and Epallage fatime Charpentier, 1840, which are widespread in the current water bodies of the study area, were recommended to be included in the Red Books of Azerbaijan and Nakhchivan.

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42

Zega, Adrianus. "Pemodelan dan Analisis Reinforced Concrete Kolom Persegi Panjang Dengan Komposit Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer." Jurnal Media Teknik Sipil 18, no. 1 (2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jmts.v18i1.12026.

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Perilaku struktural kolom beton bertulang persegi panjang (RC) dibatasi dengan konfigurasi yang berbeda dari lembaran polimer penguat serat karbon (CFRP) diselidiki dengan menggunakan analisis elemen hingga nonlinier (NLFEA). SOLID65, LINK8, SOLID45, dan SOLID46 elemen masing-masing mewakili beton, batang baja, pelat baja, dan lembaran CFRP. Berdasarkan karakteristik aktual masing-masing komponen yang disimulasikan, sifat material nonlinier ditentukan untuk setiap jenis elemen. Hasil NLFEA menegaskan bahwa penggunaan sistem penguatan komposit CFRP untuk kolom RC meningkatkan daktilitas dan kapasitas kekuatan aksial katastropik. Peningkatan daktilitas dan kekuatan aksial destruktif meningkat dengan meningkatnya jumlah lapisan komposit CFRP. Sistem penguatan komposit CFRP kolom RC persegi panjang dapat dikategorikan sebagai efisien dan menguntungkan hanya jika peningkatan signifikan dalam kapasitas kekuatan aksial katastropik tercapai. Seperti yang dikonfirmasi oleh hasil penelitian ini, NLFEA dapat secara efisien mensimulasikan perilaku struktural kolom RC persegi panjang yang dibatasi dengan lembaran CFRP. Disarankan bahwa model NLFEA digunakan dalam studi penelitian tambahan untuk mengembangkan pedoman desain dan aturan untuk elemen struktural RC diperkuat dengan komposit CFRP.

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43

Sun, Qi, Mingfang Ba, Danlei Zhang, Shusu Zhou, Na Zhang, and Fei Wang. "Effects of citrate acid, solidum silicate and their compound on the properties of magnesium oxysulfate cement under carbonation condition." Construction and Building Materials 330 (May 2022): 127136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127136.

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44

Scholz, Tomáš, Alain de Chambrier, Jean Mariaux, and Roman Kuchta. "Redescription of Corallobothrium solidum (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) and Erection of A New Genus, Essexiella, For Tapeworms from Channel Catfishes (Ictaluridae)." Journal of Parasitology 97, no. 6 (2011): 1142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-2705.1.

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45

Hawkes, Peter G. "A new species in the Tetramorium solidum-group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the Richtersveld National Park, South Africa, with an assessment of threats and conservation status." ZooKeys 965 (September 3, 2020): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.965.52735.

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Eight specimens of an undescribed species of Tetramorium in the T. solidum-group were collected by pitfall trapping during an environmental impact assessment survey of the Oena Diamond Mine in the Richtersveld National Park, South Africa. The new species is most closely related to T. grandinode Santschi, 1913 but can be distinguished from this species by the distinctly different patterns of costulate sculpture on the mesosomal dorsum and petiole node, as well as the different forms of the petiole and postpetiole nodes, both of which in the new species are relatively narrower and longer and with no (petiole) or reduced (postpetiole) lateral extensions. Tetramorium namasp. nov. is described here and a modification to the key presented by Mbanyana et al. (2018) to accommodate the additional species is provided. The potential threats to the species posed by alluvial diamond mining, livestock farming and climate change are discussed. A preliminary assessment of the conservation status of Tetramorium namasp. nov is presented and suggests that, dependant on determination of the range of the species, it is likely to be classified as Vulnerable (VU) or Endangered (EN) under IUCN Red List criterion B1ab(iii).

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46

Hoeksema, Bert W., Rosalie F. Timmerman, Roselle Spaargaren, et al. "Morphological Modifications and Injuries of Corals Caused by Symbiotic Feather Duster Worms (Sabellidae) in the Caribbean." Diversity 14, no. 5 (2022): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050332.

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Some coral-associated invertebrates are known for the negative impact they have on the health of their hosts. During biodiversity surveys on the coral reefs of Curaçao and a study of photo archives of Curaçao, Bonaire, and St. Eustatius, the Caribbean split-crown feather duster worm Anamobaea sp. (Sabellidae) was discovered as an associate of 27 stony coral species (Scleractinia spp. and Millepora spp.). The worm was also found in association with an encrusting octocoral (Erythropodium caribaeorum), a colonial tunicate (Trididemnum solidum), various sponge species, and thallose algae (mainly Lobophora sp.), each hypothesized to be secondary hosts. The worms were also common on dead coral. Sabellids of the genera Bispira and Sabellastarte were all found on dead coral. Some of them appeared to have settled next to live corals or on patches of dead coral skeleton surrounded by living coral tissue, forming pseudo-associations. Associated Anamobaea worms can cause distinct injuries in most host coral species and morphological deformities in a few of them. Since Anamobaea worms can form high densities, they have the potential to become a pest species on Caribbean coral reefs when environmental conditions become more favorable for them.

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47

Hoeksema, Bert W., Rosalie F. Timmerman, Roselle Spaargaren, et al. "Morphological Modifications and Injuries of Corals Caused by Symbiotic Feather Duster Worms (Sabellidae) in the Caribbean." Diversity 14, no. 5 (2022): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050332.

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Some coral-associated invertebrates are known for the negative impact they have on the health of their hosts. During biodiversity surveys on the coral reefs of Curaçao and a study of photo archives of Curaçao, Bonaire, and St. Eustatius, the Caribbean split-crown feather duster worm Anamobaea sp. (Sabellidae) was discovered as an associate of 27 stony coral species (Scleractinia spp. and Millepora spp.). The worm was also found in association with an encrusting octocoral (Erythropodium caribaeorum), a colonial tunicate (Trididemnum solidum), various sponge species, and thallose algae (mainly Lobophora sp.), each hypothesized to be secondary hosts. The worms were also common on dead coral. Sabellids of the genera Bispira and Sabellastarte were all found on dead coral. Some of them appeared to have settled next to live corals or on patches of dead coral skeleton surrounded by living coral tissue, forming pseudo-associations. Associated Anamobaea worms can cause distinct injuries in most host coral species and morphological deformities in a few of them. Since Anamobaea worms can form high densities, they have the potential to become a pest species on Caribbean coral reefs when environmental conditions become more favorable for them.

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48

Hawkes, Peter G. "A new species in the Tetramorium solidum-group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the Richtersveld National Park, South Africa, with an assessment of threats and conservation status." ZooKeys 965 (September 3, 2020): 55–71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.965.52735.

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Eight specimens of an undescribed species of Tetramorium in the T. solidum-group were collected by pitfall trapping during an environmental impact assessment survey of the Oena Diamond Mine in the Richtersveld National Park, South Africa. The new species is most closely related to T. grandinode Santschi, 1913 but can be distinguished from this species by the distinctly different patterns of costulate sculpture on the mesosomal dorsum and petiole node, as well as the different forms of the petiole and postpetiole nodes, both of which in the new species are relatively narrower and longer and with no (petiole) or reduced (postpetiole) lateral extensions. Tetramorium nama sp. nov. is described here and a modification to the key presented by Mbanyana et al. (2018) to accommodate the additional species is provided. The potential threats to the species posed by alluvial diamond mining, livestock farming and climate change are discussed. A preliminary assessment of the conservation status of Tetramorium nama sp. nov is presented and suggests that, dependant on determination of the range of the species, it is likely to be classified as Vulnerable (VU) or Endangered (EN) under IUCN Red List criterion B1ab(iii).

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Benito, M., and Matías Reolid. "Comparison of the Calcareous Shells of Belemnitida and Sepiida: Is the Cuttlebone Prong an Analogue of the Belemnite Rostrum Solidum?" Minerals 10, no. 8 (2020): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080713.

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The microstructure of the rostrum solidum of Jurassic belemnites is compared with that of Sepia cuttlebones, in order to examine possible convergences in their style of growth. For this study, transmitted and polarized light, cathodoluminescence, epifluorescence, scanning electron and backscattered electron microscopy have been employed. Despite differences in the primary mineralogy of the studied belemnites and sepiids, calcite and aragonite, respectively, many similarities have been observed between the microstructure of the belemnite rostra and the prong of Sepia cuttlebone: (1) In both, crystals start growing from successive spherulites, from which crystals emerge radially towards the apex and the external walls, displaying internally micro-fibrous texture. (2) Both display concentric growth layering, comprising an alternation of organic-rich and organic-poor layers, which, in turn, is traverse by the radially-arranged micro-fibrous crystals. (3) The highest organic matter content and porosity have been observed along the apical area of the Sepia prong, similarly to that interpreted for belemnite rostra. The strong convergences observed suggest that the growth of belemnites occurred similarly to that of the prong of sepiids and that the Sepia prong is the analog of the belemnite rostrum. Additionally, non-classical crystallization processes are proposed to be involved in the formation Sepia endoskeleton.

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Bass, Jon, John Blackburn, and Caroline Girard. "Range extension of the 'Witham orb mussel' Sphaerium solidum (Normand) (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae) or an overlooked resident of the Great Ouse?" Journal of Conchology 38, no. 1 (2003): 61–65. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.408116.

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