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Freitas, Daniela Silva de. "The content of the form of Julia Alvarezs In the time of the butterflies." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4028.
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In the Time of the Butterflies é um romance da escritora dominicana-americana Julia Alvarez sobre a vida e a morte das Borboletas, Las Mariposas, codinome das irmãs Mirabal, membros de um movimento clandestino contra o regime ditatorial de Rafael Leonidas Trujillo na República Dominicana, que se tornaram símbolos da luta contra o Trujillato depois de serem assassinadas a mando do ditador. Essa dissertação tem como objetivo expor como forma literária e contexto social estão diretamente relacionados nesse romance. Ela defende a ideia de que o borramento de três gêneros literários distintos metaficção historiográfica, autobiografia e bildungsroman reflete o questionamento das fronteiras entre o privado e o público, o pessoal e o político, o eu e o outro, o individual e o coletivo, a literatura e a história, fato e ficção e história e subjetividade. Ela também tenta mostrar como a problematização dessas dicotomias implica na contestação de noções pré-concebidas de identidade, história e naçãoIn the Time of the Butterflies is a novel by the Dominican-American writer Julia Alvarez on the life and death of the Butterflies, Las Mariposas, codename of the Mirabal sisters in the national underground movement that fought against the dictatorial regime of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. The novel is an attempt to re-member the sisters assassination under the dictators orders, a story that has never been officially told. This dissertation aims to expose how literary form and political content are related in this novel. It argues that the blurring of three distinct literary genres historiographic metafiction, autobiography and the bildungsroman reflects the questioning of the boundaries between private and public, personal and political, self and other, individual and collective, literature and history, fact and fiction as well as history and subjectivity. It also tries to show how the problematizing of these dichotomies de-naturalizes received notions of identity, history and nation
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Carlson, Nicole Marie. "Reconstructing history through stories : Julia Alvarez's In the time of the butterflies and In the name of Salomé /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1454.pdf.
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Carlson, Nicole Marie. "Telling History Through the Stories of Women: Julia Alvarez's In the Time of the Butterflies and In the Name of Salomé." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/494.
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My thesis discusses the ways in which Julia Alvarez's In the Time of the Butterflies (1994) and In the Name of Salomé (2000) are revolutionary texts contesting traditional, male dominated history and redirecting historical and communal foci to the lives of Dominican women. I employ Walter Benjamin's theories found in his essays "The Storyteller" (1936) and "On the Concept of History" (1940) to assist my exploration of Alvarez's questions concerning the power and effect of storytelling, and the importance of reconstructing various historical voices and images, specifically, the importance of reconstructing female voices in male dominated cultures. I discuss the female-narrated component to Dominican history which Alvarez creates in her reconstruction of the lives of these women. Alvarez confronts the challenge of breaking these women out of their marginalized status by combining fiction with history in her reconstruction of their lives. Alvarez assumes the multifaceted role of mediator, story-teller, and historian as she remembers and re-presents Dominican history through the eyes of women who lived, experienced, and affected change within the Dominican Republic. Without merely act as a reporter of historical "facts," Alvarez reconstructs the lives of these women fictionally, applying her impressions and ideas about the personalities, feelings, and thoughts of these women, and historically, utilizing first and secondhand accounts and information about the women. Ultimately, the women are presented as individuals but are also connected to a collective memory and history. As individuals with human characteristics, the women are no longer inaccessible legends. As members of a collective memory and history, the women are redeemed from the isolating effect of their patriarchal society which would have women remain silent. Due to Alvarez's reconstruction, their stories finally have the potential for further dissemination in the future with the possibility to affect other oppressed peoples. Thus, Alvarez's reconstruction of the resistance of a few women in Dominican history produces the capacity for additional resistance by Alvarez's audience to the same forces that these women were combating which continue to exist today — forces such as patriarchy, dictatorial governments, fascism, and economic disparity.
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Call, Serena Eileen. "Female Development Amidst Dictatorship in Julia Alvarez's In the Time of the Butterflies and Mario Vargas Llosa's La fiesta del Chivo." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2465.
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Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo (ruled 1930-1961) developed the reputation as one of the most violent and oppressive leaders of the Western Hemisphere in his thirty-one years of power. Authors Julia Alvarez and Mario Vargas Llosa provide insight into the effects of Trujillo's infamy by sharing the stories of Dominican women. In Alvarez's novel, In the Time of the Butterflies, the Dominican-American author fictionalizes the lives of the Mirabal sisters, historical women who were assassinated in 1961 for their involvement in the anti-Trujillo movement. Likewise, Vargas Llosa centers much of his novel, La fiesta del Chivo, on the life of Urania Cabral, a fictional female character who is raped by Trujillo at the age of fourteen. Both the Mirabals and Urania grow up amidst dictatorship and Alvarez and Vargas Llosa frequently focus on their characters' growth as they progress from childhood and adolescence into adulthood. This formative time in the protagonists' lives is often impacted by Trujillo and his actions. In particular, Alvarez and Vargas Llosa emphasize the unique process of female identity formation as a means of highlighting the cruelty of the Trujillo dictatorship. Female development is often described as a process that focuses on connection and relationships to others. As a result, women often demonstrate a high ability to respond to the needs and feelings of the people in their lives. Alvarez's depiction of the Mirabal sisters reflects these principles as her characters mature into strong women by learning the value of selflessly caring for others. The Mirabals' concern for people contrasts to Trujillo's character, which Alvarez portrays as violent, selfish and petty. Conversely, Vargas Llosa's protagonist experiences a traumatic event at the age of fourteen that severely inhibits her growth. As a result of Trujillo's cruelty Urania loses her ability to connect with others and becomes cold and distant. Urania's developmental obstacles reflect the debilitating effects dictatorship can have on individuals, and by extension, on a whole nation. In both In the Time of the Butterflies and La fiesta del Chivo the concept of female development shapes and informs the portrayal of Rafael Trujillo and his corrupt government.
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Merrill, Andrew Mark. "The Poetics of a Dominican Holocaust and the Aesthetics of Witnessing." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2995.
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This study examines Julia Alvarez's best-known works, García Girls and In the Time of the Butterflies, to explore the intertextuality within Dominican-American fiction through the vocabulary and methodology of trauma studies and witnessing. Alvarez's work indicates that traditional academic discourse about witnessing often translates trauma survivors into tourists by legally dispossessing them from the witnesses they could provide as they seek to assign blame and pass judgment on the source of their traumatic experience. This process of exclusion threatens to hinder the ability of Dominican-Americans to work through their shared, traumatic experience with the Trujillo regime. Furthermore, this study contends that as Alvarez privileges fiction and the imagination, instead of historiography, as the appropriate sites for witnessing, she invites other members of the collective to share their witnesses in an effort to populate the structure of the trujillato in order for the collective to better come to terms with their shared trauma.
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Arteaga, Carrillo Leonel Nicolás, Bustos Macarena Alejandra Carreño, Estebes Sol Hormazábal, and Vera Walter Esteban Oscar Veneros. "Butterflies and Memories." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137496.
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Tesis para optar al título de Realizador en Cine y TelevisiónEn un futuro distópico, una chica llamada Xanat encuentra un brazalete que contiene una inteligencia artificial llamada B02. Ésta tecnología le permite explorar la mente de otras personas mientras duermen o se encuentran en estado inconsciente. Es el año 2256 y doscientos años antes el mundo era muy distinto al que es ahora, Xanat espera que con la habilidad de B02 pueda encontrar alguna forma de conocer ese mundo y tener información sobre el porqué del presente. Sin embargo, no existen personas que recuerden ese mundo o que se dediquen a la indagación del pasado pues éste se ha prohibido de manera de no volver a cometer los mismos errores. No obstante, B02 sabe que arriba de una torre hay un lugar en donde aún queda una esperanza para los planes de Xanat. En la torre más alta de la ciudad se encuentra una sala de criogenia en donde descansan personas que vivieron hace mucho tiempo. Un científico llamado Yael que custodia la sala, le ofrece a Xanat un trato: ella deberá entrar a las mentes de los congelados y extraerles sus recuerdos, de esta forma ambos conocerán sobre el mundo antiguo. Xanat acepta y entra a la mente de uno de los congelados descubriendo secretos del mundo antiguo. Esto provoca en ella un momento de reflexión donde se da cuenta de lo mal que está su mundo y comienza a ver una forma de repararlo. Para efectos de la obra de la obra de título, esta se centrará en el inicio de la historia y la primera visita a la mente de un congelado, Howard, por parte de Xanat con la ayuda de B02.
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Clarke, S. A. "Dispersal of Satyrid butterflies." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383645.
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Freeman, Alexandra L. J. "Butterflies as signal receivers." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a441ad53-dba2-406a-ab71-466ac0831782.
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This thesis examines the existence of colour preferences in butterflies. Two polymorphic species - the Mocker Swallowtail (Papilio dardanus) and the Silver-Washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia) are used as study species. Both the basis of colour preferences in mate choice and flower choice during feeding, and the implications of the preferences for the evolution of the species and morphs are investigated. In the Silver Washed Fritillary a non-genetically determined preference exists for highly saturated orange coloration in both mate and flower choice. This is shown not to be due to a bias for orange in colour reception through the use of electroretinograms, measuring the electrical output of the retina when exposed to light of varying wavelengths. It has not been possible, however, to rule out the possibility that the preference for the most common, orange, female morph is learnt. The flower colour preferences of the Mocker Swallowtail are investigated, and it is demonstrated that individuals show an initial preference for blue flowers, and also learn rapidly to feed off flowers of other colours that prove profitable. Their decision to try flowers of other colours is shown to be influenced by the behaviour of other individuals. In previous mate choice experiments, experienced males of the species have been shown to have a preference for the most common, black and white, morph. The colours of the morphs and the spectral sensitivities of the butterflies are analysed quantitatively. The initial and subsequent preferences of naive males are investigated in behavioural experiments, and a possible influence of learning on their subsequent choices is discovered. No influence of female choice is found. This information is then used to create a mathematical model of the population structure, for which it is also necessary to determine the relative payabilities of the model and mimic, and the mating frequency of wild males. The model demonstrates how the observed population structures might arise through evolutionary time. Measurements of the morphology of males and females of Papilio dardanus, and one of its putative models, Danaus chrysippus, shows that in Papilio dardanus females the centre of gravity is positioned significantly further back than in males and in Danaus chrysippus. This positioning far from the wing base has already been shown to handicap an individual escaping from a predator due to decreased acrobatic ability. It has also already been shown that mimetic species tend to have centres of mass positioned further back than non-mimetic species, and hence it is possible that the position of a centre of mass of a butterfly (and its effect on agility) may be a factor in the evolution of mimicry in a species or (where females carry a large egg load) in females of a species only.
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Almbro, Maria. "Escape flight in butterflies /." Stockholm : Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-25968.
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Kimbril, Katrina. "The Deconstruction of Butterflies." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1641.
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Sharp, April D. "Question of the Butterflies." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1619005989453279.
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Andersson, Johan. "Odour Communication in Pieris Butterflies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemistry, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3699.
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Enfjäll, Karin. "Mobility and emigration in butterflies /." Stockholm : Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7394.
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Berger, David. "Body size evolution in butterflies /." Stockholm : Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7498.
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Johnson, Jana Joan. "Butterflies, rarity, and conservation practices." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1692119141&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Grigonis, Frank P. "Bad Butterflies and Other Stories." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1480599526515413.
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Al, Dhaheri Shaikha S. O. "The ecology and conservation of the Pearl bordered Fritillary Butterfly (Boloria euphrosyne) in Scotland." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted: no access until Nov. 20, 2013, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=58979.
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Agnew, Kelly Kathleen. "Butterfly oviposition behavior, pika biogeography, and lentiviral sequence evolution /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Niell, Lara E. "Effects of environmental factors on butterfly species in an urban setting." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1446429.
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Cardoso, Márcio Zikán. "The evolutionary and ecological consequences of pollen feeding in Heliconius butterflies : resource acquisition, chemical defense and mating /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Bergman, Martin. "The evolution of territoriality in butterflies." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-54668.
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Competition over mating opportunities is a conspicuous characteristic of animal behaviour. In many butterfly species the males establish territories in places advantageous for encountering females. This thesis addresses questions about how territoriality has evolved and is maintained in butterflies. The studies have been conducted using the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria, as a model species. Males of P. aegeria are found in sunspots on the forest floor (paper I-V), on the lookout for females visiting the sunspots. However, males are only found in sunspots above a certain size (paper III). This behavior is maintained by a mating success advantage, where using large sunspots instead of small sunspots as perching areas generates a higher reproductive output (paper I). The mating success asymmetry is not explained by female choice or by a female preference for large sunspots per se (paper I, V), but rather the large sunspot facilitates visual performance of perching males and improves flight pursuit and interception of females (paper III). Winners of territorial contests gain sole ownership of large sunspot territories, while losers search for a new suitable sunspot territory (paper I, II & IV) or use smaller, suboptimal sunspots as perching sites (paper II). Territorial contests between P. aegeria males are not settled due to an obvious morphological/physiological asymmetry (paper I). Rather, variation in resource value and motivational asymmetries are important for settling contests (paper IV). A majority of male-female interactions (paper V) and matings (paper I) are initiated by a perching male detecting and intercepting a flying female. Furthermore, females can affect their chances of being detected by a perching male by behaving more conspicuously (paper V). This thesis highlights the role of female behaviour, variation in resource value and motivation asymmetries to understand the evolution of territoriality in butterflies.
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Xu, Jiawei. "Analysis of reproduction proteins from butterflies." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-44404.
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Male butterflies have some certain pathways to prevent the female butterfly which has mated with them from mating with other butterflies. Research shows that some proteins from the male butterflies may play an important role in this mechanism. To investigate how the pathway works, the proteins contained in the spermatophore which is injected into the female butterfly by the male one during mating are very important. In this study, the butterfly spermatophore proteins were mainly studied. The proper procedures to obtain the spermatophore from the female body were developed. Since capillary electrophoresis (CE) has many advantages for separation and detection of low amounts of sample, it was used in this study in order to separate the proteins obtained from spermatophores. Finally, Mass Spectrometry (MS) was performed to analyze the proteins after separation in order to identify the proteins. This thesis mainly introduced the following points: 1. The method for obtaining spermatophores from butterfly bodies and the procedures for extracting proteins from spermatophores. 2. Optimized methods and conditions of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) for butterfly spermatophore proteins. Several CZE methods and sets of conditions were compared in order to find the optimized ones. 3. Protein samples were applied to Mass Spectrometry (MS) to try to analyze and identify them. Moreover, the effect of using ZiptipsTM for sample pretreatment was discussed.
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Arias, Mejia Carlos. "Patterns of diversification in neotropical butterflies." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114347.
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The Tropical Andes is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world, yet the origin of this diversity remains poorly understood. One long-standing hypothesis proposes that diversification occurred due to vicariance and allopatry in Pleistocene forest refuges. In contrast, recent studies suggest that the uplift of the Andes, during the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, provided opportunities for both allopatric and ecological speciation. In the present study I tested these hypotheses as well as other process (i.e. center of origin vs center of accumulation hypotheses) that might explain current patterns of neotropical diversity. In particular, I used population genetic tools, ecological data and species-level phylogenetic information to address questions about the underlying causes of diversification in two different groups of neotropical mimetic butterflies: Heliconius cydno and the two Ithomiinae genera Hyalyris and Hypothyris. My results support a complex model of diversification extremely entwined with the final uplift of the Andes. In both cases (Hyalryis-Hypothyris and H. cydno), colonization of the Andes slopes was accompanied by mimicry shifts. Moreover, in the case of Hyalryis there was a strong correlation between altitudinal switches and color pattern shifts. Thus, strong ecological isolation, driven by locally adaptive differences in mimetic wing patterns and habitat use, played an important role in promoting divergence. In general, my results support the idea that speciation is a cumulative process, where the combination of multiple isolation barriers with major phenotypic and ecological difference, facilitates population divergence despite gene flow.Les Andes Tropicales forment une des régions du monde présentant la plus grande biodiversité, mais l'origine de cette biodiversité reste peu connue. Depuis longtemps, une des hypothèses proposées pour l'expliquer suggère que la diversification eut lieu par vicariance et allopatrie dans les refuges forestiers du Pléistocène. Cependant, d'autres études récentes suggèrent que la surrection l'élévation des Andes, entre le Miocène et le Pliocène, a créé les conditions favorables à une spéciation aussi bien allopatrique que écologique. Dans cette étude, j'ai testé ces hypothèses ainsi que d'autres processus (par exemple l'hypothèse du centre d'origine vs. l'hypothèse du centre d'accumulation) qui pourraient expliquer les patrons actuels de diversité tropicale. Plus précisément, j'ai utilisé une approche combinant des outils génétiques, des données écologiques et des informations phylogénétiques au niveau des espèces pour répondre aux questions concernant les causes de la diversification dans deux groupes différents de papillons mimétiques néotropicaux: Heliconius cydno et les deux genres d'Ithomiinae, Hyalyris et Hypothyris. Les résultats de mes travaux appuient un modèle de diversification complexe étroitement lié à l'élévation finale des Andes. Dans les deux cas (Hyalryis-Hypothyris et H. cydno), la colonisation des flancs des Andes a été accompagnée d'un changement de mimétisme. En outre, dans le cas des Hyalryis il y a eu une forte corrélation entre les variations d'altitude et les changements dans les patrons de couleur. Ainsi, le fort isolement écologique, induit par des différences adaptatives locales dans les patrons mimétiques des ailes, joue un rôle important dans l'apparition de la divergence. D'une façon générale, mes résultats soutiennent l'idée selon laquelle la spéciation est un processus cumulatif, où la combinaison de plusieurs barrières d'isolement avec des différences phénotypiques importantes rend possible la divergence des populations malgré le flux génétique.
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Rosser, N. S. "Speciation and biogeography of heliconiine butterflies." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1386054/.
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In this thesis I investigate the speciation and biogeography of neotropical heliconiine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiina). In Chapter 2, I present a large database of locality records for heliconiine species and subspecies, and use these data to test evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses for their diversification. I find evidence that geographical gradients in species richness are driven at least in part by variation in speciation and/or extinction rates, rather than via evolutionary age or niche conservatism alone. The eastern Andes are characterised by high species richness and short phylogenetic branch lengths, suggesting that new species frequently arise there. Conversely, the Amazon basin is notable for high intra-specific phenotypic diversity. In Chapter 3, I use the geographic data to estimate the frequency of sympatric speciation in heliconiines. I find that the patterns of range overlap observed in heliconiines are consistent with sympatric speciation. However, parapatric speciation followed by a tendency for daughter species to expand rapidly into one another’s ranges presents a plausible alternative explanation. I also present evidence that shifts in mimetic wing colour patterns and host plants are associated with speciation in heliconiines, suggesting that ecological adaptation may be important in triggering speciation events. In Chapter 4, I test the prediction that hybrid zones between Andean and Amazonian races of Heliconius should be moving towards the Andes. I find the position of the hybrid zones to be unchanged from 1986 – 2011, and located on a band of peak rainfall at the edge of the Andes. This suggests that rainfall peaks act as "sinks" for dispersal in butterflies and stabilise the hybrid zones on this low fitness region. The results oppose the Pleistocene Refugium theory, which predicts that centres of ranges, rather than contact zones at the edges, should be centred on current rainfall peaks.
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Nesbit, Rebecca Louise. "Compass orientation mechanisms in migratory butterflies." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516590.
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Bull, Vanessa Jane. "Genealogy and speciation in Heliconius butterflies." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408421.
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Cook, Penelope Anne. "Sperm competition in butterflies and moths." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307641.
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Field, Robin G. "A study of butterflies on farmland." Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395873.
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Saeed, Mohammed Hassan Sami. "Extraordinary sex ratios in African butterflies." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612304.
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McKay, H. V. "Plant variability and egg-laying by butterflies." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379821.
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Wahlberg, Niklas. "The ecology and evolution of melitaeine butterflies." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/ekolo/vk/wahlberg/.
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Law, Wing-yin Jennifer. "The use of butterflies for conservation evaluation in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20565665.
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Engler, Helene Sari. "Chemical ecology of passion vine butterflies : sequestration of cyanogenic glycosides and patterns of host plant specialization by Heliconius butterflies /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Avuletey, Richard. "The value of remnant habitat patches for conserving butterflies (Lepidoptera) in King Sabata Dalindyebo (KSD) Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Walter Sisulu University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1011285.
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Butterflies (Lepidoptera) have attracted more attention as indicators of terrestrial ecosystems than other invertebrates. This taxon is widely used as tools or subjects for biodiversity conservation planning in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The study determined butterfly species turnover at a-priori selected habitat patches in a protected area (Nduli Nature Reserve) and non-formally protected areas (outside Nduli Nature Reserve) of the KSD Local Municipality and their response to measured environmental variables. Using transect survey methods, 516 butterfly individuals belonging to 22 species were caught from 16 sampling units. Species dominance curves showed more butterfly species evenness outside reserve sites than inside. Hierarchical clustering using Bray-Curtis similarity matrices and Correspondence analysis (CA) grouped sampling units according to butterfly species sampled. Site habitat patches outside the reserve were richer in butterfly and overall abundance than inside the reserve. The Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA) results revealed that certain site variables such as percentage herb cover, area of patch size, average grass height, grazing intensity, distance to the city centre and average flower density accounted for species distribution patterns at various sampling units. The conservation implications of the study suggest that patch level management of micro-habitats with sufficient flowering herbs, structural vegetation, and patch size with minimal disturbance within and outside reserve areas can encourage rare and common butterfly species richness and diversity.
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Johnson, Mollie. "Population Structure of Limenitis Butterflies in Hickman, Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/368.
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Two species of Limenitis butterflies occur along the Mississippi River at Hickman, Kentucky: the viceroy, L. archippus, and the red-spotted purple, L. arthemis astyanax. Limenitis archippus occurs at a frequency that is 10-30 times more abundant than its congener, L. arthemis astyanax. Interspecific matings between L. archippus and L. arthemis astyanax are very rare in the wild and give rise to a hybrid form Limenitis archippus X L. arthemis astyanax form rubidus. Only 7 heterospecific pairings between the parental species and 72 "rubidus" individuals have been documented in the wild in all of North America. Of these documented cases, 2 heterospecific mating pairs and 2 rubidus individuals have been collected along a single 100 meter stretch of the Mississippi River at Hickman over the last several years, suggesting that this may be a "hybridization hotspot". Molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplotype, nuclear SNPs and nuclear Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprints (RAF) from the 2 Hickman rubidus butterflies confirms that they are both Fi hybrids and that L. archippus was the maternal parent for each specimen. I am interested in discovering the extent to which hybridization has allowed gene flow between L. archippus and L. arthemis astyanax at this location. Ten individuals of each species were collected at Hickman and analyzed for both mitochondrial DNA haplotype and nuclear Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprint (RAF) markers. The results of my analyses suggest that there may be some ongoing gene flow between these two species of Limenitis at this site.
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Vodă, Raluca. "Biodiversity and comparative phylogeography of western Mediterranean butterflies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/329006.
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Esta tesis doctoral se basa en un enfoque macroecológico y en análisis de grandes conjuntos de datos para el estudio de la biodiversidad y filogeografía de las mariposas mediterráneas occidentales.
Una de las contribuciones más importantes y originales de esta tesis doctoral fue la creación de una extensa colección de ADN y tejidos de mariposas del Mediterráneo occidental, así como la reunión de datos de presencia sobre las comunidades de las islas y del continente. Actualmente en Europa no existen conjuntos de datos similares disponibles para grupos taxonómicos enteros con tan amplia distribución y con una resolución espacial comparable.
En el primer capítulo investigamos los patrones de la beta-diversidad de las mariposas del Mediterráneo occidental y proporcionamos nueva evidencia de la efectividad de diferentes medidas para la beta diversidad. Se demuestra que ningún índice por sí mismo puede recuperar amplios patrones biogeográficos simultáneamente para las islas y el continente. Por lo tanto, se propone comparar y combinar los resultados obtenidos usando los dos tipos de índices, particionados y no particionados, para obtener conclusiones válidas.
En el segundo capítulo definimos objetivamente las especies crípticas y producimos una lista de grupos crípticos para todas las mariposas del Mediterráneo occidental. Se demuestra que los patrones de distribución ‘chequered’ dentro de los grupos crípticos son mucho más frecuentes que entre especies no crípticas congéneres y que preponderantemente se producen entre las especies no hermanas con una divergencia genética sustancial. Estos patrones de distribución son un fenómeno general de las especies crípticas de mariposas en el Mediterráneo occidental pero también podría ser el caso para otros organismos.
En el tercer capítulo investigamos las causas potenciales que pueden producir patrones de distribución ‘chequered’, utilizando un enfoque multidisciplinario para dos pares de especies crípticas. Se demuestra que éste es un fenómeno multifacético que no puede ser explicado por hipótesis simples y establecemos algunos de los factores clave, incluyendo las interacciones entre especies, que suelen ser olvidadas en ecología dada la dificultad de evaluar su importancia.
En el cuarto capítulo, proporcionamos un nuevo método para comparar directamente los diferentes tipos de marcadores, incluso si los datos disponibles para cada marcador sólo en parte se superponen, y discutimos las implicaciones biogeográficas de las concordancias y discrepancias observadas. Una de las aplicaciones más importantes de este método es que puede ser utilizado para una amplia variedad de marcadores y taxones.
En el quinto y último capítulo se investigan los mecanismos que determinan y mantienen la comunidad de mariposas de las islas circum-sicilianas. Se demuestra que las poblaciones insulares tienen historias muy diferentes y presentan diferentes probabilidades de recolonización tras extinciones locales. Estos resultados tienen grandes implicaciones para centrar los esfuerzos de conservación en ciertas islas.
Los resultados de esta tesis doctoral contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de la diversidad de mariposas en el Mediterráneo occidental y también proporcionan un marco para futuros estudios que investiguen no sólo las mariposas, si no también otros organismos.
El trabajo realizado durante esta tesis doctoral aporta nuevos datos para la investigación (una completa colección de especímenes, datos de presencia y secuencias de ADN), herramientas originales para filogeografía comparada (algoritmos mejorados, funciones R), resultados descriptivos (mapas zoogeográficos, patrones filogeográficos) y aportaciones conceptuales (exclusión mutua, las propiedades únicas de la biodiversidad críptica, las islas como individuos, los procesos que determinan las comunidades insulares i el valor filogeográfico de las poblaciones para la priorización de la conservación).This PhD thesis consists in a comprehensive macroecological approach and in analyses of large datasets to study the biodiversity and phylogeography of western Mediterranean butterflies. One of the most important and original contributions of this PhD was creating a comprehensive butterfly DNA and tissues collection for the western Mediterranean and improving the occurrence data for island and mainland communities. Currently in Europe there are no other similar datasets available for an entire taxonomic group with such a wide distribution and with a comparable spatial resolution. In the first chapter we investigate patterns of the butterfly beta-diversity in the western Mediterranean and provide new evidence for the effectiveness of different measures of beta diversity. We demonstrate that no index by itself is able to retrieve comprehensive biogeographical patterns simultaneously for islands and mainland and the results should be compared and combined by using both unpartitioned and partitioned indices to obtain comprehensive results. In the second chapter we objectively define cryptic species and produce a list of cryptic groups for all the butterflies in the western Mediterranean. We show that chequered patterns of distribution within cryptic groups are much more frequent than among congeneric non-cryptic species and they preponderantly occur between non-sister species with substantial genetic divergence. These patterns of distribution are a general phenomenon for cryptic butterfly taxa in the western Mediterranean as could also be the case for other organisms. In the third chapter we investigate the potential causes producing such chequered distribution patterns by using a multidisciplinary approach for two pairs of cryptic species. We show that this is a multifaceted phenomenon that cannot be explained by simple hypotheses and we pinpoint some of the key players, including species interactions, which are usually forgotten in ecology given the difficulty to assess their importance. In the fourth chapter we provide a new method to directly compare different types of markers even if data available for each marker only partially overlap and discuss the biogeographic implications of the observed concordances and discrepancies. One of the most important applications of this method is that it can be used for a wide array of markers and taxa. In the fifth and last chapter we investigate the mechanisms determining and maintaining the butterfly community that occurs on the circum-Sicilian islands. We show that island populations have very different histories and are subjected to different recolonization probabilities following local extinctions. These findings have great implications for focusing conservation efforts on particular islands. The results of this PhD thesis contribute to a better understanding of the butterfly diversity in the western Mediterranean and they also provide a framework for future studies that investigate not only butterflies, but other organisms as well. The work performed during this PhD brings novel data for research (a comprehensive collection of specimens, presence data and DNA sequences), original tools for comparative phylogeography (improved algorithms, R functions), descriptive results (zoogeographic maps, phylogeographic patterns) and conceptual contributions (mutual exclusion, unique properties of cryptic biodiversity, islands as individuals, processes that determine island communities, the phylogeographic value of populations for conservation prioritization).
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Bergström, Anders. "Oviposition strategies in butterflies and consequences for conservation /." Stockholm : Department of zoology, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-354.
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Stjernholm, Fredrik. "Allocation of body resources to reproduction in butterflies /." Stockholm : Dept. of zoology, Stockholm university, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-495.
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Snell-Rood, Emilie Catherine. "Costs of Plasticity in Host Use in Butterflies." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194797.
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Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a genotype to express different phenotypes in different environments, allows organisms to cope with variation in resources and invade novel environments. Biologists have long been fascinated with the costs and tradeoffs that generate and maintain variation in plasticity, such as possible increases in brain size and delays in reproduction associated with the evolution of learning. However, the costs of plasticity vary: many studies have failed to find costs of plasticity, the degree of costs often vary with the system or environments considered, and many costs of plasticity are variable even within the lifetime of an individual. This research adopts a developmental perspective to predict the degree and incidence of costs of plasticity, using host learning in butterflies as a case study. Learning, a mechanism of plasticity that develops through a trial-and-error sampling process, should result in developmental costs and allocation of energy towards development (at the expense of reproduction). Furthermore, costs of learning should be less pronounced in environments for which organisms have innate biases and for learned traits underlain by short-term memory, relative to long-term memory (which requires more developmental re-structuring). This research found support for all three predictions across three levels of costs: behavioral costs, tissue costs, and fecundity trade-offs. Butterflies exhibited genetic variation in their ability to learn to recognize different colored hosts. Genotypes with higher proxies for long-term memory emerged with relatively larger neural investment and smaller reproductive investment. In contrast to these costs of long-term learning, proxies of short-term learning were only correlated with increased exploration of a range of possible resources (types of non-hosts) early in the host-learning process. Family-level costs of plasticity emerged from the ability to learn to locate a red host, for which butterflies do not have an innate bias. Costs of learning were also induced by learning itself: following exposure to novel (red) host environments, individual butterflies, regardless of genetic background, increased exploratory behavior, increased neural investment, and re-allocated energy away from reproduction towards other functions (e.g., flight). Considering developmental mechanisms helps to predict how costs will influence the evolution of learning and plasticity.
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Parsons, Michael Jonathan. "The autecology and biogeography of New Guinea butterflies." Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243801.
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Karl, Isabell. "Thermal adaptation in butterflies : patterns, significance and mechanisms." kostenfrei, 2008. http://opus.ub.uni-bayreuth.de/volltexte/2008/487/.
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Antonsen, Adrienne Kendra. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Butterflies and Their Floral Resources." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31830.
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Butterflies fulfill a unique role among insect pollinators as long-distance flyers. This makes butterflies particularly valuable as vectors of genetic diversity among spatially isolated plant populations. Like many insects, though, butterfly populations have experienced significant declines in recent years. To help inform conservation efforts, and to investigate community and species level dynamics, I studied butterflies and their floral resources as part of a three year pollinator survey across the state of North Dakota. At the community level, I analyzed butterfly-flower interaction networks across space and time. I then examined the specialization of individual species within those networks and their contributions to network structure. I also evaluated spatial and temporal distribution patterns of monarch butterflies, regal fritillaries, and their plant resources. Results revealed dynamic spatiotemporal relationships between butterflies and their plant resources that have important implications for conservation efforts and the study of ecological communities.
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Abbasi, Roohollah. "Colour pattern evolution and development in Vanessa butterflies." John Wiley & Sons Publishers, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30979.
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The evolution and development of eyespot and non-eyespot colour pattern elements was studied in Vanessa butterflies using a phylogenetic approach. A Bayesian phylogeny of the genus Vanessa was reconstructed from 7750 DNA base pairs from 10 genes. Twenty-four non-eyespot and forty-four eyespot color pattern elements from the Nymphalid ground plan were defined and studied and their evolutionary history was traced on the Vanessa phylogeny. Ancestral character states were predicted and the direction of evolutionary changes was inferred for all characters. Five serially arranged eyespots were predicted for the ancestral Vanessa on all wing surfaces. Homologous eyespot and non-eyespot characters on the surfaces of the forewing were more similar than those on the surfaces of the hindwing. Homologous eyespot characters on the dorsal surfaces of fore and hindwings show more similarities than the ventral surfaces, in contrast to what was found for non-eyespot characters. Independent Contrast analysis was also used to study correlations between eyespot characters. Independent Contrast analysis revealed significant correlations between eyespots 2 and 5 and eyespots 3 and 4 on all wing surfaces. This consistency among highly variable eyespot characters suggested a structural hypothesis: the existence of a Far-Posterior (F-P) compartment boundary and organizer could be responsible for the observed correlations. This hypothesis was tested in several ways. First, examination of wing patterns across species from all families of butterflies revealed correspondence between wing cells 1 and 4 and between cells 2 and 3. Second, evaluation of spontaneous mitotic clones in butterflies and moths reveals a peak abundance of clonal boundaries along the vein dividing wing cells 2 and 3. Finally, experimentally generated FLP/FRT mitotic wing clones produced in Drosophila, reveal a clonal boundary posterior to the L5 wing vein, which is homologous to the vein dividing wing cells 3 and 4 in butterflies. Collectively, this suggests the existence of an additional compartment boundary associated with an organizer in wing cell 3 responsible for patterning the posterior portion of insect wings. A model is proposed that predicts that the wing developmental compartment boundaries produce unique combinations of gene expression for each wing sector, permitting eyespot individuation.February 2016
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Whinnett, Alaine Jean. "The phylogeography and molecular evolution of ithomiine butterflies." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445953/.
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This thesis uses molecular techniques to investigate aspects of the evolution of ithomiine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). 1) This thesis takes a comparative phylogeographic approach to investigate the diversification of ithomiines collected across an Amazonian suture zone in N. E. Peru. High variability of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) sequence divergences was recovered, which, i) suggested that diversification of the ithomiines studied here was inconsistent with predictions of the Pleistocene forest refugia theory, one of the leading hypotheses used to explain the record richness of Amazonian biodiversity, and ii) challenged the categorisation of taxa based purely on DNA divergence thresholds, as proposed by DNA barcoding. 2) This thesis also investigates the contribution of ecological adaptation versus allopatric differentiation in explaining the distribution patterns of 4 subspecies belonging to the ithomiine species Hyposcada anchiala. The mtDNA sequence data revealed that the most recent radiations were consistent with allopatric divergence during the Pleistocene. 3) In addition, this thesis generates gene genealogies for the ithomiine tribe Oleriini, based on regions of mtDNA, wingless and elongation factor /-a. In nearly all cases individuals were clustered by species into the four recognised genera. However, the relationships between the genera remains undetermined. These data contribute to a complete Oleriini phylogeny, which will be used to examine aspects of the evolution of this tribe. 4) Finally, this thesis contributes to the development of nuclear loci for PCR in Lepidoptera. Tpi had previously been used for phylogenetics, but here was further developed so that a longer region could be amplified. Primers were also developed for a novel region, Tektin, which is shown to have phylogenetic utility at the genus, tribe and subfamily levels.
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Merrill, Richard. "Genetic architecture and ecological speciation in Heliconius butterflies." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244602.
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It is now widely accepted that adaptation to different ecological niches can result in the evolution of new species. However, when gene flow persists speciation must overcome the antagonism between selection and recombination: Specifically, if gene flow persists, recombination will break down the genetic associations between alleles that characterise emerging species and cause reproductive isolation. Accordingly, genetic architectures that impede recombination can slow the breakdown of linkage disequilibrium and facilitate speciation. Mimicry in tropical butterflies has long been championed as an example of adaptation driving speciation. In the Neotropical genus Heliconius, distantly related pairs of unpalatable species often converge on the same bright warning-pattern to more efficiently advertise their distastefulness to predators. In contrast, closely related taxa often belong to different mimicry rings. The sister species, Heliconius melpomene and H. cydno are sympatric across much of Central and northern South America. Using artificial butterflies I reveal selection against non-mimetic hybrid colour patterns between these two species. These colour patterns are also used as mating cues and mimetic shifts may cause both pre-mating and post-mating isolation. However, shifts in colour pattern cannot drive reproductive isolation alone; rather, they must be accompanied by corresponding mate preferences. Associations between trait and preference loci may be broken down by mating and subsequent recombination. I demonstrate a genetic linkage between loci for both male and female mate preference and wing colour pattern in Heliconius cydno and H. melpomene. In addition, I present evidence for further associations between alleles affecting hybrid sterility and host-plant use and colour pattern loci. All this implies that linkage between traits that contribute to reproductive and ecological isolation is a general phenomenon in Heliconius with an underlying adaptive basis. Overall these results expose a genetic mechanism that, by impeding recombination, can facilitate speciation in the face of gene flow.
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Naisbit, Russell Edward. "Ecological divergence and speciation in Heliconius cydno and H. melpomene." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252527.
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Carey, David Brennan. "Factors determining host plant range in two lycaenid butterflies." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185907.
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Components of host plant affiliation for two, small, blue butterflies were examined and compared. The two butterflies, Glaucopsyche lygdamus and Plebijus icariodes (Lycaenidae), are superficially quite similar but differ in host range. Oviposition preferences were determined for each butterfly species by following individual butterflies in the field and recording butterfly behavior, host plant availability and host plant characteristics. Where preferences for one host species or one plant part over another were found, potential explanations were pursued by assessing and comparing larval performance on those plant species and parts in question. Larval performances were measured in terms of survival, growth, and ant attendance in the field, and survival, growth, and pupal mass in the laboratory. All foods were also analyzed for alkaloid content, and larvae were raised on plants known to differ in alkaloid content. Individuals of both butterfly species preferred to oviposit on those host species with which they had had recent experience; nevertheless, individual butterflies of both species frequently oviposited on multiple host species during the course of a single follow bout. For G. lygdamus the availability of flower buds was critical for ovipositing adults and feeding larvae. Flower buds of any one host species were unpredictable, however, and G. lygdamus consequently utilized different host species at different times. This observation predicted a positive relationship between butterfly population density and host species diversity. This prediction was tested and supported by two large-scale surveys of hostplant patches. P. icariodes differed from G. lygdamus in that both ovipositing adults and feeding larvae preferred old leaves to flower buds. The two species also differed in diapause stage, growth rates and reaction to alkaloids. Results predicted a relationship between diapause stage, oviposition site on the plant, and host range. The prediction was tested and upheld by a general survey of temperate lycaenid butterflies. The relationship was significant even when phylogenetic relationships were included in the analysis, and diapause stage was suggested as the characteristic evolutionarily most constrained.
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Ellis, Sam. "Ecological studies of the butterflies of magnesian limestone grassland." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295744.
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Davies, Neil. "Origins of diversity : the evolutionary genetics of Caribbean butterflies." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309290.
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Lees, David Conway. "Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267759.
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