Journal articles: 'In the Time of the Butterflies'

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De Herron, Sandra Aravena. "The Time of the Butterflies." Journal of Hispanic Higher Education 2, no. 4 (October 2003): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538192703256737.

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Guerrero, Angelica Mercado. "In the Time of the Butterflies." Cream City Review 38, no. 2 (2014): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ccr.2014.0076.

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Miller, William L. "A Time for Butterflies and Salmon." Qualitative Inquiry 8, no. 2 (April 2002): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778004008002007.

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Pritchett, Kay, and Julia Alvarez. "In the Time of the Butterflies." World Literature Today 69, no. 4 (1995): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40151672.

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Toure, M. Wyatt, Fletcher J. Young, W. Owen McMillan, and Stephen H. Montgomery. "Heliconiini butterflies can learn time-dependent reward associations." Biology Letters 16, no. 9 (September 2020): 20200424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0424.

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For many pollinators, flowers provide predictable temporal schedules of resource availability, meaning an ability to learn time-dependent information could be widely beneficial. However, this ability has only been demonstrated in a handful of species. Observations of Heliconius butterflies suggest that they may have an ability to form time-dependent foraging preferences. Heliconius are unique among butterflies in actively collecting pollen, a dietary behaviour linked to spatio-temporally faithful ‘trap-line' foraging. Time dependency of foraging preferences is hypothesized to allow Heliconius to exploit temporal predictability in alternative pollen resources. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis, demonstrating that Heliconius hecale can learn opposing colour preferences in two time periods. This shift in preference is robust to the order of presentation, suggesting that preference is tied to the time of day and not due to ordinal or interval learning. However, this ability is not limited to Heliconius , as previously hypothesized, but also present in a related genus of non-pollen feeding butterflies. This demonstrates time learning likely pre-dates the origin of pollen feeding and may be prevalent across butterflies with less specialized foraging behaviours.

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Berdica, Elisa, Antje B. M. Gerdes, Andre Pittig, and Georg W. Alpers. "Inhibition of Return in Fear of Spiders: Discrepant Eye Movement and Reaction Time Data." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/183924.

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Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to a bias against returning the attention to a previously attended location. As a foraging facilitator it is thought to facilitate systematic visual search. With respect to neutral stimuli, this is generally thought to be adaptive, but when threatening stimuli appear in our environment, such a bias may be maladaptive. This experiment investigated the influence of phobia-related stimuli on the IOR effect using a discrimination task. A sample of 50 students (25 high, 25 low in spider fear) completed an IOR task including schematic representations of spiders or butterflies as targets. Eye movements were recorded and to assess discrimination among targets, participants indicated with button presses if targets were spiders or butterflies. Reaction time data did not reveal a significant IOR effect but a significant interaction of group and target; spider fearful participants were faster to respond to spider targets than to butterflies. Furthermore, eye-tracking data showed a robust IOR effect independent of stimulus category. These results offer a more comprehensive assessment of the motor and oculomotor factors involved in the IOR effect.

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Drewniak, M. Eugenia, Adriana D. Briscoe, Andrea A. Cocucci, Hernán M. Beccacece, Adriana I. Zapata, and Marcela Moré. "From the butterfly’s point of view: learned colour association determines differential pollination of two co-occurring mock verbains by Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 4 (June 23, 2020): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa066.

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Abstract Learning plays an important role in the location and utilization of nectar sources for pollinators. In this work we focus on the plant-pollinator interaction between the butterfly Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae) and two Glandularia plant species (Verbenaceae) that grow in sympatry. Bioassays using arrays of artificial flowers (red vs. lilac-purple) showed that naïve A. vanillae butterflies do not have innate colour preferences for any of the tested colours. Trained butterflies were able to learn to associate both floral colours with the presence of nectar rewards. Wild A. vanillae butterflies visited the red flowers of Glandularia peruviana much more frequently than the lilac-purple flowers of Glandularia venturii. Standing nectar crop measurements showed that G. peruviana flowers offered three times more sucrose than the flowers of G. venturii. Analyses confirmed that corolla colour of G. peruviana (red flowers) and G. venturii (lilac-purple flowers) were discriminable in the butterfly’s colour space. These findings may indicate flexibility in A. vanillae preferences due to a learned association between red coloration and higher nectar rewards.

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Brown, Isabel Zakrzewski. "Historiographic Metafiction in "In the Time of the Butterflies"." South Atlantic Review 64, no. 2 (1999): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3201984.

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McCallum, Shara. "Reclaiming Julia Alvarez: In the Time of the Butterflies." Women's Studies 29, no. 1 (January 2000): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2000.9979302.

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Huang, Dan, Ji Yang Yu, Hong Meng, Xiao Ping Huang, Yuan Feng, Guang Yun Li, and Wen Wei Li. "Dual-Butterfly Parallel Access Constant Geometry Pipeline Radix-2 FNT Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 2192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2192.

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A dual-butterfly parallel access constant geometry pipeline radix-2 FNT (Fermat Number Transform) is proposed to enhance the computing performance of FNT. By the extending the conventional constant geometry FNT, two radix-2 butterflies could be calculated simultaneously in each stage, and the address generating method for parallel access without conflicts is deduced to make the dual-butterfly’s four operators fetched and stored at the same time. Compared with other single data stream FNT, the efficiency is enhanced by 3 times. Compared with the traditional convolution and the convolution based on conventional FNT, the convolution based on the proposed algorithm has the advantage in computing efficiency, which also indicates the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

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Oliveira, E. G., R. B. Srygley, and R. Dudley. "Do neotropical migrant butterflies navigate using a solar compass?" Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 24 (December 15, 1998): 3317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.24.3317.

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Many tropical butterfly species are well-known for their migratory behaviour. Although these insects can maintain a constant direction throughout the day, the physiological mechanisms of orientation are unknown. It has been argued that tropical migrant butterflies must use a time-compensated sun compass to accomplish their journey, but the crucial experimental manipulations to test this hypothesis have not been conducted. This study reports the results of clock-shift experiments performed with two species of migrating butterflies (Pieridae: Aphrissa statira and Phoebis argante) captured during flight across Lake Gatun, Panama. The observed constant flight bearing of natural controls suggests that these species are capable of performing time-compensated celestial navigation. Our clock-shift experiments suggest that a sun compass is involved. Individuals submitted to a 4 h advance shift took significantly different mean orientations on release compared with control butterflies. The direction of this difference was consistent with the use of a sun compass. The magnitude was approximately half the predicted value if the vanishing bearing of released butterflies was used as the variable to evaluate the effect of time-shifting and approximately three-quarters of that predicted if the estimated heading was the variable used. Mean vanishing bearings of control and experimental butterflies did not correspond to predicted values. This difference can be attributed largely to the combined effects of wind and handling.

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MOHANRAJ, PRASHANTH, and K. VEENAKUMARI. "Butterflies of the Andaman and Nicobar islands: History of collection and checklist." Zootaxa 3050, no. 1 (October 6, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3050.1.1.

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The history of butterfly collecting on the islands is detailed, highlighting the contributions of both amateur and professional entomologists. In the light of the recent revival of interest in butterflies in India in general and islands in particular, we present a checklist of the butterflies of these islands. For the first time in many years we take a critical look at the butterflies recorded as occurring on the Andaman and Nicobar islands. We distinguish between species that are known to occur definitely on these islands versus those which are stragglers and those which have been reported on the basis of erroneous identification. We also indicate which species/subspecies are endemics and present an overview of the knowledge of the life histories, larval food plants and natural history that is known of these butterflies. A bibliography of the butterflies of the Andaman and Nicobar islands is included.

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Wiemers, Martin, Nicolas Chazot, Christopher Wheat, Oliver Schweiger, and Niklas Wahlberg. "A complete time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the European butterflies." ZooKeys 938 (June 4, 2020): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.938.50878.

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With the aim of supporting ecological analyses in butterflies, the third most species-rich superfamily of Lepidoptera, this paper presents the first time-calibrated phylogeny of all 496 extant butterfly species in Europe, including 18 very localised endemics for which no public DNA sequences had been available previously. It is based on a concatenated alignment of the mitochondrial gene COI and up to eleven nuclear gene fragments, using Bayesian inferences of phylogeny. To avoid analytical biases that could result from our region-focussed sampling, our European tree was grafted upon a global genus-level backbone butterfly phylogeny for analyses. In addition to a consensus tree, the posterior distribution of trees and the fully concatenated alignment are provided for future analyses. Altogether a complete phylogenetic framework of European butterflies for use by the ecological and evolutionary communities is presented.

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TENNENT, W. JOHN. "A checklist of the butterflies of Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and some adjacent areas." Zootaxa 1178, no. 1 (April 21, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1178.1.1.

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A systematic checklist of the butterflies of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia is presented. A significant number of previously unpublished island records were found in major museum collections in the UK, Australia and the USA. Aspects of butterfly distribution, authorship of names, and taxonomy are addressed, and sources for about 2,200 published butterfly names are incorporated in a comprehensive bibliography of Pacific butterflies. Combined with recent publications dealing with specific areas, such as Papua New Guinea, a working systematic checklist of Pacific Region butterflies is available for the first time.

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Andrian, Rico, Devi Maharani, Meizano Ardhi Muhammad, and Akmal Junaidi. "Butterfly identification using gray level co-occurrence matrix (glcm) extraction feature and k-nearest neighbor (knn) classification." Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi 6, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/register.v6i1.1602.

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Gita Persada Butterfly Park is the only breeding of engineered in situ butterflies in Indonesia. It is located in Lampung and has approximately 211 species of breeding butterflies. Each species of Butterflies has a different texture on its wings. The Limited ability of the human eye to distinguishing typical textures on butterfly species is the reason for conducting a research on butterfly identification based on pattern recognition. The dataset consists of 600 images of butterfly’s upper wing from six species: Centhosia penthesilea, Papilio memnon, Papilio nephelus, Pachliopta aristolochiae, Papilio peranthus and Troides helena. The pre-processing stage is conducted using scaling, segmentation and grayscale methods. The GLCM method is used to recognize the characteristics of butterfly images using pixel distance and Angular direction 0o, 45o, 90o and 135o. The features used is angular second moment, contrast, homogeneity and correlation. KNN classification method in this study uses k values1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 23 based on the Rule of Thumb. The result of this study indicate that Centhosia penthesilea and Papilio nephelus classes can be classified properly compared to the other 4 classes and require a classification time of 2 seconds at each angular orientation. The highest accuracy is 91.1% with a value of in the angle of 90o and error rate8.9%. Classification error occured because the value of the test data features is more dominant with the value of the training image features in different classes than the supposed class. Another reason is because of imperfect test data.

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Snegovaya, N. Y., and V. A. Petrov. "A catalogue of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) of Azerbaijan." Acta Biologica Sibirica 5, no. 3 (September 21, 2019): 62–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/abs.v5.i3.6433.

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An annotated list of butterflies from Azerbaijan, containing 280 species, is presented. The classification and nomenclature in this work are accepted according to the key of Korb & Bolshakov (2016). The full list of species composition of butterflies of Azerbaijan numbering 280 species for today is presented for the first time, and it was supplemented by new materials collected by the first author from 2012 to 2019. We came up with the list of the total species composition of butterflies in Azerbaijan, which currently includes 280 species from 6 families (Hesperiidae - 37, Papilionidae - 10, Pieridae - 28, Lycaenidae - 100, Riodinidae - 1, Nimphalidae - 104) for today was compiled. We record Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 as a new species for the fauna of the Caucasus. Our results will help to continue biodiversity study and expand the information on the distribution of the butterflies (Papilionoformes) in Azerbaijan and the Caucasus.

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Haidar, Ibrahim Khalil Al, M. Mizanur Rahman, M. Farid Ahsan, and M. Ariful Islam. "Status, abundance and habitat preference of butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Chittagong University Campus, Chittagong, Bangladesh." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 3 (March 26, 2017): 9988. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2213.9.3.9988-10003.

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A study was conducted on the butterflies of the Chittagong University Campus (CUC), Bangladesh between March 2014 and May 2015. A total of 142 species of butterflies belonging to 87 genera and six families (Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) were recorded from the CUC during the study period. Family Nymphalidae comprised the highest number of species followed by Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and Riodinidae. The abundance of this species stated in terms of very common, common, uncommon, rare and very rare. The butterflies used different types of habitat (viz., grass land, crop land, open forest, scrub forest, dense forest and bamboo patch) and among all, scrub forests were the most preferred habitat. Mud puddling of 35 species were also observed. Five species of butterflies (Ampittia dioscorides, Matapa purpurascens, Polytremis eltola, Unkana ambasa and Ypthima ceylonica) were recorded for the first time in Bangladesh.

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Velayudhan, Anju, Mohanarangan Ashokkumar, George Chandy, and Biju Sreedharan. "Does the size of the butterfly enhance detection? Factors influencing butterfly detection in species inventory surveys." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 17950–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6596.13.3.17950-17962.

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Butterfly species’ abundance and factors influencing butterfly detection in Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala was studied from April to June 2018. The survey was carried out on 15 tracks of 2-km lengths surveyed two times resulting in the sampling effort of 60km. A total of 141 species of butterflies belonging to two orders, six families and 103 genera were observed during the study, of which 15 species were recorded as endemic. The majority of butterfly species belonged to the families Nymphalidae and Lycanidae. The size of butterflies varies significantly among families with the largest butterflies recorded in Papilionidae and Nymphalidae and the smallest butterflies from Hesperidae and Lycanidae. The factors that determine butterfly detection during the count was determined using multiple regression. The number of detections had a linear relation with abundance, size, and activities of the butterflies. The model was highly significant and explained 86.9% of the variation in the detection of butterflies (F=407.8; df=3; p<0.000). Abundance had a primary influence on detection followed by the size and activities of the butterflies. Further studies on relative detectability of different species of butterflies in the diversity and abundance estimation would help in refining methods of assessment of butterflies.

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Cerrato, Cristiana, Emanuel Rocchia, Massimo Brunetti, Radames Bionda, Bruno Bassano, Antonello Provenzale, Simona Bonelli, and Ramona Viterbi. "Butterfly distribution along altitudinal gradients: temporal changes over a short time period." Nature Conservation 34 (May 3, 2019): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.34.30728.

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Mountain ecosystems are particularly sensitive to changes in climate and land cover, but at the same time, they can offer important refuges for species on the opposite of the more altered lowlands. To explore the potential role of mountain ecosystems in butterfly conservation and to assess the vulnerability of the alpine species, we analyzed the short-term changes (2006–2008 vs. 2012–2013) of butterflies’ distribution along altitudinal gradients in the NW Italian Alps. We sampled butterfly communities once a month (62 sampling stations, 3 seasonal replicates per year, from June to August) by semi-quantitative sampling techniques. The monitored gradient ranges from the montane to the alpine belt (600–2700 m a.s.l.) within three protected areas: Gran Paradiso National Park (LTER, Sitecode: LTER_EU_IT_109), Orsiera Rocciavrè Natural Park and Veglia Devero Natural Park. We investigated butterflies’ temporal changes in accordance with a hierarchical approach to assess potential relationships between species and community level. As a first step, we characterized each species in terms of habitat requirements, elevational range and temperature preferences and we compared plot occupancy and altitudinal range changes between time periods (2006–2008 vs. 2012–2013). Secondly, we focused on community level, analyzing species richness and community composition temporal changes. The species level analysis highlighted a general increase in mean occupancy level and significant changes at both altitudinal boundaries. Looking at the ecological groups, we observed an increase of generalist and highly mobile species at the expense of the specialist and less mobile ones. For the community level, we noticed a significant increase in species richness, in the community temperature index and a tendency towards homogenization within communities. Besides the short time period considered, butterflies species distribution and communities changed considerably. In light of these results, it is fundamental to continue monitoring activities to understand if we are facing transient changes or first signals of an imminent trend.

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Sherwood, Jill, and Diane Debinski. "An Examination of Reproductive Phenology with Implications for Understanding Climate Change Effects." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 32 (January 1, 2009): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2009.3751.

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Climate change has impacted ecological systems in a variety of ways, leading to advancement in spring events, shifts in species distributions, and changes in phenology (the timing of life history events) for many plants and animals. Earlier spring temperatures have been correlated with earlier emergence of a number of butterfly species in Europe. It is possible that changes in the spring could also influence the timing of events throughout the season. The Clodius Parnassian (Parnassius clodius) butterfly has one flight per year that averages 3 weeks in length. The males emerge first, followed shortly by the females. Reproductive success of these butterflies depends on the timing of emergence and mating events. A disturbance in the timing of emergence between males and females could cause an incomplete temporal overlap between the sexes, leading to reproductive asynchrony. Reproductive asynchrony occurs when males and females within a population do not overlap completely in time, and it can significantly affect population dynamics of species with narrowly defined breeding periods, such as univoltine butterflies. Our research examined how climate change may influence flight time and mating success in Parnassius clodius butterflies. A mark-recapture study to assess timing of emergence and mating success was performed in Grand Teton National Park. Six plots were surveyed daily for Parnassius clodius butterflies using mark recapture techniques during the annual flight period from late June until mid-July 2009. Each captured butterfly was marked with a permanent marker on both of its hindwings prior to release. The sex and wing condition of each butterfly was determined and recorded at time of capture. A total of 838 butterflies were marked during the 2009 flight period, with a recapture rate of 26%. Preliminary examination of the data reveals the expected pattern of male emergence prior to female emergence. The emergence times appear consistent with other survey years. We also observed a small number of unmated females at the end of the season. Further data analysis needs to be performed before any additional conclusions can be made. This study provides a baseline understanding of climatic and phenological trends in an effort to understand how gender-specific emergence times and mating status of a common species of butterfly (Parnassius clodius) may be affected by climatic changes.

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Kamrunnahar, S. Akand, S. Rahman, HR Khan, and MA Bashar. "Basking behaviour in some nymphalid butterflies of Bangladesh." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 4, no. 1 (August 18, 2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v4i1.37878.

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A through study was conducted on the basking behaviour of some nymphalid butterflies in the fields of Bhawal national park, Rema-Kalenga, Zoological and Botanical Gardens of the University of Dhaka. The time budget and the wing-posture activities of butterflies during basking period were studied butterfly species under the family Nymphalidae. The experimental species were Junonia atlites, J. almana, J. iphita, Neptis soma, Labadea martha, Ergolis ariadne, Phalantha phalantha, Hypolimnas bolina and Athyma perius. Different types of wing postures (viz. appressed, horizontal, angled and closed type) were also recorded. It is found that butterflies take more time for their basking during winter season. Most of them prefer the month of November and December for their basking. The observations reveal that thermal basking increases the temperature in the butterfly body. It directly implies how thermoregulation associated with behavioural activities in different abiotic conditions. The results also showed the importance of wing postures for thermoregulation.J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2018, 4(1): 63-72

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Baum, Kristen A., and Wyatt V. Sharber. "Fire creates host plant patches for monarch butterflies." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (August 2012): 968–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0550.

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Monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus ) depend on the presence of host plants ( Asclepias spp.) within their breeding range for reproduction. In the southern Great Plains, Asclepias viridis is a perennial that flowers in May and June, and starts to senesce by August. It is locally abundant and readily used by monarchs as a host plant. We evaluated the effects of summer prescribed fire on A. viridis and the use of A. viridis by monarch butterflies. Summer prescribed fire generated a newly emergent population of A. viridis that was absent in other areas. Pre-migrant monarch butterflies laid eggs on A. viridis in summer burned plots in late August and September, allowing adequate time for a new generation of adult monarchs to emerge and migrate south to their overwintering grounds. Thus, summer prescribed fire may provide host plant patches and/or corridors for pre-migrant monarchs during a time when host plant availability may be limited in other areas.

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Freedman, Micah G., and Hugh Dingle. "Wing morphology in migratory North American monarchs: characterizing sources of variation and understanding changes through time." Animal Migration 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2018-0003.

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Abstract Monarch butterfly wing morphology varies substantially throughout their global range, both between resident and migratory populations and also within the migratory North American population. Here, we use a dataset comprising more than 1800 North American individuals collected between 1878-2017 to characterize the factors shaping continent-wide patterns of wing morphological variation. North American overwintering butterflies have forewings that are approximately 4.4% larger than those collected in summer breeding areas. Monarchs overwintering in Mexico have forewings that are approximately 1.8% larger than monarchs overwintering in California, conducive to the idea that migration distance is positively correlated with wing area. We find evidence for a latitudinal cline within North America, such that butterflies collected at higher latitudes have significantly larger and more elongated forewings. We also find a significant increase of approximately 4.9% in forewing area between 1878-2017, but no difference through time in wing elongation. This result is corroborated by a reanalysis of a recently published dataset of more than 600 butterflies from Mexican overwintering sites. We discuss possible reasons for this increase in wing size through time, including northward shifts in the monarch’s breeding range and changes in relative abundance of milkweed hosts, and present experimental data addressing the influence of larval host plant on adult wing morphology. Our analysis suggests that (1) migration is indeed an important selective force for monarch wing morphology; (2) wing size has increased through time in North America; (3) factors such as host plant identity must be considered to fully understand monarch wing morphological variation.

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Martínez, Elizabeth Coonrod. "Teaching Spanish Caribbean History Through In the Time of the Butterflies." Journal of Hispanic Higher Education 5, no. 2 (April 2006): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538192705285539.

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Kurniawan, Bayu, Rila Rahma Apriani, and Srianika Cahayu. "Keanekaragaman Spesies Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) pada Habitat Eko-wisata Taman Bunga Merangin Garden Bangko Jambi." Al-Hayat: Journal of Biology and Applied Biology 3, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ah.v3i1.6064.

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<p><em>Butterflies play an important role in the balance of ecosystems and function as a bioindicator for clean/healthy environment. Degradation and fragmentation of natural habitats threat the population of butterflies. Habitat conservation through eco-tourism is an way to keep the existance butterfly species. This study aims to identify the butterflies species, analyze species diversity, and abundance of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in the eco-tourism habitat of Merangin Garden Bangkang Jambi flower garden. Sampling was carried out five times at December 2018 to March 2019 using insect net. A total of 3 families from 16 species found. The species that dominated was Junonia orithya with 88 individuals (16.4%). The biodiversity value of butterflies species was 2.68. Diversity index is the lowest level of diversity. The types of flowers that bloom affect the high or low diversity index values. The most of butterflies found at 7.30 - 9.30 AM.</em></p>

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Byrne, Catherine, Brian Bowe, and Michael Carr. "Identity, Hard Sums and Butterflies." International Journal of Bias, Identity and Diversities in Education 4, no. 1 (January 2019): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbide.2019010103.

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This article examines mathematics education in the Irish prison system, and the impact that learning mathematics and receiving certification has on the identity of those studying so-called ‘hard sums.' It describes the lived experiences of people who have taken classes in prison, reflects on why they came to these classes to begin with, charts their emotions, and how they express their new identities as students. This article draws from earlier studies into the experiences of former prisoners who are currently engaged in higher level education, and who reflected on the effects that learning had on their identities: as parents, as sons or daughters, as citizens, as students. The article looks at how their experiences contrast with the experiences of other mature students returning to education in other higher and further education settings. National certification is available to everyone attending education in prison in Ireland, and this article reflects on the impact that certification has on the identity of the prisoner. It will show that in prison, a small step in the right direction at the right time can lead to identity change, akin to a transformation from cocoon to butterfly. The author has taught for many years in prison education centres, and is currently researching mathematics education in prisons, from different perspectives including mathematical self-efficacy, grit and resilience and the impact of mathematics education on the identity of the individual.

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Ando, Michiyo, and Yuji Hakoda. "Asymmetric Effects on Recognition of Animate Objects by Children." Psychological Reports 86, no. 3 (June 2000): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.3.995.

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The present study examined the effects of type of change in a picture (addition or deletion), and the effects of presentation time on children's recognition of animate objects (butterflies and cats). Five- or 6-yr.-old children viewed original pictures in a learning phase for 6 or 10 sec., and then they viewed in a test phase originals and altered pictures in which features were added to or deleted from original pictures. They were required to answer whether test stimuli had been seen before. Analysis showed that, although children discovered added features more frequently than deleted features in pictures of butterflies, they discovered deleted features more frequently than added features in pictures of cats (asymmetric recognition). Asymmetric recognition was not influenced by stimulus presentation time. Although asymmetric recognition was observed in children and adults for pictures of butterflies and cats, the feature for which alterations affected recognition was different. These results indicated that children process information about animate objects differently from that about inanimate objects and specifically by kind (domain-specific). The features to which children pay attention may change with development (age)

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Cruz, Kelen Coelho, Sileimar Maria Lelis, Mariana Aparecida Silva Godinho, Rúbia Santos Fonseca, Paulo Sérgio Fiúza Ferreira, and Milene Faria Vieira. "Species richness of anthophilous butterflies of an Atlantic Forest fragment in Southeastern Brazil." Revista Ceres 59, no. 5 (October 2012): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-737x2012000500001.

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The objectives of this study were to identify anthophilous butterflies on psychophilous flowers of four Asteraceae species in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Southeastern Brazil, and to determine whether there are species in common with other lepidopteran inventories of the Southeastern and Midwestern regions of Brazil. It is the first inventory of anthophilous butterflies of a semideciduous forest fragment in Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais. A total of 108 species were recorded, representing the fourth largest lepidopteran survey in this State. The results demonstrated that Asteraceae species may be important tools for monitoring anthophilous butterflies. The similarity with other inventories ranged from 1 to 92.55%. Fifteen species were reported for the first time in the State of Minas Gerais, and among them, Melanis alena and Thisbe irenea were observed in this study only.

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Ilhamdi, Mohammad Liwa, Agil Al Idrus, and Didik Santoso. "Diversity of Species and Conservation Priority of Butterfly at Suranadi Natural Park of West Lombok, Indonesia." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 10, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i3.10695.

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Butterflies play an important role in the ecosystem of Suranadi Natural Park in West Lombok. Butterflies help preserving the existence and diversity of flora by facilitating the process of pollination so it is crucial for flowering plants. The present study aimed at analyzing the diversity and determining the priority of butterfly conservation at Suranadi Natural Park of West Lombok. This exploration is a descriptive study. Data were observed in four-time repetition in the morning and in the afternoon for two months. The sweeping net technique following observation path was employed in this research (line left, line right, line central and line waterway). The data analysis used the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and priority for conservation determined by Ministry of Forestry Regulation Number: P.57 / Menhut-II / 2008. Fourty (40) species of butterflies belonging to 5 families identified. The diversity index (H ') of butterflies ranges from 2.63 to 3.43 (medium-high). The two species of the Papilionidae family found at TWA Suranadi, namely, Troides helena and Papilio memnon were the priority of conservation. This research would be helpful to consider conservation strategy and ecotourism.

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Jayasinghe, Himesh Dilruwan, Sarath Sanjeewa Rajapakshe, and Tharindu Ranasinghe. "New additions to the larval food plants of Sri Lankan butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 17731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6875.13.2.17731-17740.

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Larval food plants (LFPs) of Sri Lankan butterflies have been well documented recently with the aid of studies done by numerous researchers. In this paper, we present further records, 118 LFPs used by 83 butterflies and 145 plant-butterfly combinations. LFPs of Lethe dynsate and Potanthus pseudomaesa pseudomaesa are reported for the first time in Sri Lanka. Important observations, possible LFPs and LFP preferences of rare and threatened butterfly species, are discussed. This information on plant-butterfly interactions will play an important role in conservation management of both plant and butterfly species.

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Gandhi, Suchi, and Dolly Kumar. "Seasonal Diversity of Butterflies in the Fragmented Habitats of Waghai Botanical Garden of The Dangs - Gujarat." International Journal of Biological Research 4, no. 2 (October 4, 2016): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6651.

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Background: The world is currently undergoing a very rapid loss of butterfly biodiversity comparable with the great mass extinction events that have previously occurred only five or six times in the Earth’s history. This is an alarming call of these tiny scraps of biodiversity which now have scarce appearance surrounding the huge human kingdom.Objective: The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. The present research work focuses on studying butterflies diversity, their habitat preferences and seasonal distribution in structured plots of Waghai Botanical Garden.Method: For carrying out systematic study, Waghai Botanical Garden was fragmented into five sub habitats i.e. Dry & Moist Deciduous plot, Evergreen plot, Bamboo plot & Dang plot, Scrub Thorn Forest & Medicinal & Taxonomy plot. Intra-individual comparative abundance study for observed butterfly species within fragmented plots of Waghai botanical garden was carried out graphically to study the butterfly’s preference in the plots of botanical garden.Results: Out of 70 species, the maximum number of species i.e. 27 species were observed from family Nymphalidae, followed by 18 species from Lycaenidae, 15 species from Pieridae, Papilionidae with 7 species and 3 species from Hesperiidae.Conclusion: During post-monsoon season, highest total average rainfall of around 850 mm was observed in Waghai during monsoon, which provided excellent quality and quantity of larval food plants for the caterpillars and nectar rich flower source for adult butterflies in post-monsoon months. Thus maximum numbers of butterflies’ species were observed during the months of October & November.

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Asimos, Vivian. "Navigating through Space Butterflies." Fieldwork in Religion 14, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/firn.40574.

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This article seeks to query the typical way research in novel fields are expressed in academic writing. The high structured presentation assumes a high structured field, which is often conceived of as necessary for new sites to assert their academic validity. However, many times, as is the situation for the case study presented here, what is considered new and novel is simply a new medium through which already properly understood concepts thrive. This misunderstanding often leaves scholars in new fields defending their field site more than analysing it, and a higher scrutiny is placed on these locations. This article hopes to demonstrate just one example of this, the fan convention, and demonstrate how this field site is not as new as typically considered, and arguing, therefore, for a more open representation of the improvised and fluid conception of research on contemporary religion.

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Chazot, Nicolas, Niklas Wahlberg, André Victor Lucci Freitas, Charles Mitter, Conrad Labandeira, Jae-Cheon Sohn, Ranjit Kumar Sahoo, Noemy Seraphim, Rienk de Jong, and Maria Heikkilä. "Priors and Posteriors in Bayesian Timing of Divergence Analyses: The Age of Butterflies Revisited." Systematic Biology 68, no. 5 (February 25, 2019): 797–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz002.

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Abstract The need for robust estimates of times of divergence is essential for downstream analyses, yet assessing this robustness is still rare. We generated a time-calibrated genus-level phylogeny of butterflies (Papilionoidea), including 994 taxa, up to 10 gene fragments and an unprecedented set of 12 fossils and 10 host-plant node calibration points. We compared marginal priors and posterior distributions to assess the relative importance of the former on the latter. This approach revealed a strong influence of the set of priors on the root age but for most calibrated nodes posterior distributions shifted from the marginal prior, indicating significant information in the molecular data set. Using a very conservative approach we estimated an origin of butterflies at 107.6 Ma, approximately equivalent to the latest Early Cretaceous, with a credibility interval ranging from 89.5 Ma (mid Late Cretaceous) to 129.5 Ma (mid Early Cretaceous). In addition, we tested the effects of changing fossil calibration priors, tree prior, different sets of calibrations and different sampling fractions but our estimate remained robust to these alternative assumptions. With 994 genera, this tree provides a comprehensive source of secondary calibrations for studies on butterflies.

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Legal, Luc, Marine Valet, Oscar Dorado, Jose Maria de Jesus-Almonte, Karime López, and Régis Céréghino. "Lepidoptera are Relevant Bioindicators of Passive Regeneration in Tropical Dry Forests." Diversity 12, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12060231.

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Most evaluations of passive regeneration/natural succession or restoration have dealt with tropical rain forest or temperate ecosystems. Very few studies have examined the regeneration of tropical dry forests (TDF), one of the most damaged ecosystem types in the world. Owing to their species diversity and abundance, insects have been widely used as bioindicators of restoration. Butterflies were among the most abundant and useful groups. We sampled four sites with different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in a Mexican TDF (Morelos State) and compared butterfly communities. A first goal was to examine whether adult butterflies were significant bioindicators owing to their specificity to restricted habitats. A second aim was to determine if differences exist in butterfly communities between some fields abandoned from 4–8, 8–15 and 15–30 years and a reference zone considered as primary forest. We found 40% to 50% of the species of butterflies were specifically related to a habitat and/or a level of anthropogenic disturbance. The time it takes for passive regeneration and recovery of the Mexican tropical dry forest is much higher than 25 years (our older zone), considering that almost none of the butterflies found in our conserved reference zone were present in our 25 year aged study zone.

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Postma-Montaño, Regan. "Teatro Vista Stages Chicago Premiere of In the Time of the Butterflies." Latin American Theatre Review 50, no. 1 (2016): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ltr.2016.0072.

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Zheng, Lingxiao, Tyson L. Hedrick, and Rajat Mittal. "Time-Varying Wing-Twist Improves Aerodynamic Efficiency of Forward Flight in Butterflies." PLoS ONE 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2013): e53060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053060.

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Jamil, Faiza M. "Spring Showers Bring Many Flowers." Teaching Children Mathematics 23, no. 7 (March 2017): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.23.7.0402.

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Spring is a great time for learning about nature and an even better time to learn math. Solving these math problems may help your students gear up for gardening and catching butterflies as cool, rainy days give way to colorful blooms and students become eager to spend time outside.

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Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, and Renato Rogner Ramos. "Butterflies of Alcatrazes Island, São Paulo State, Brazil (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea)." Check List 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.1.28.

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Islands are simplified and isolated ecosystems that have been used to study ecological and evolutionary process. An important study site is the The Alcatrazes Archipelago; its main island is forested and occupied by marine birds and endemic species of terrestrial vertebrates. Records of specie richness are useful to assess the degree of habitat isolation and resilience, both relevant to practical of conservation. The pioneering registers of Lüderwaldt and Fonseca in 1923 cited seven species of butterflies. We found only three of them and found eight and two new occurrences during 1993- 1994 and 2011 expeditions, respectively. Alcatrazes island has only 18 species of butterflies known against 538 species of continental coastline. This low richness is derived from hard physical conditions of island, hindering the colonization. The Alcatrazes butterflies have good power of flight dispersal and feed on plants of secondary vegetation near-coastal habitats; its populations and community changed in short time space.

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Vane-Wright, Richard I. "James Petiver's 1717 Papilionum Britanniae : an analysis of the first comprehensive account of British butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 74, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 275–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0014.

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Although the contributions of James Petiver to the early development of systematic natural history are widely acknowledged, he is often criticized for scientific, curatorial and even social shortcomings. This rather dubious reputation is at odds with his standing among entomologists as ‘the father of British butterflies’. Shortly before his death in 1718, Petiver published a densely packed eight-page pamphlet entitled Papilionum Britanniae . Analysis of this work, which at first sight makes an apparently exaggerated claim of accounting for ‘above eighty English butterflies’, reveals that Petiver was an original, perceptive and truly systematic entomologist, in several important respects ahead of his time.

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Grill, Andrea, Andrea Cerny, and Konrad Fiedler. "Hot summers, long life: egg laying strategies of Maniola butterflies are affected by geographic provenance rather than adult diet." Contributions to Zoology 82, no. 1 (February 28, 2013): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08201002.

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Maniola butterflies undergo summer dormancy in dry and hot habitats and deposit their eggs only in early autumn when conditions become more favourable for their offspring. Female individuals of this genus are therefore relatively long-lived. For long-lived butterflies adult diet is of particular importance. We tested if added amino acids in nectar substitute fed to the butterflies affected timing of oviposition, fecundity and longevity. A hundred Maniola females were sampled from Mediterranean and Central European populations and made to oviposit under controlled laboratory conditions. Forty individuals were offered sucrose solution with additional amino acids while the remainder were fed with plain sucrose solution. We found that egg-laying strategies and longevity depended on geographic provenance rather than diet. Supplementary amino acids in adult diet did neither prolong lifetime nor increase total egg production. Maniola females from Sardinia started to lay eggs at least 20 days later relative to Central European M. jurtina and lived three times as long. Mediterranean individuals had on average twice the length of reproductive period and lifespan relative to Central European ones, and individuals of Pannonian origin lived longer than Alpine butterflies. Average total egg numbers were 200-350 eggs per female and did not differ significantly between populations. The fact that oviposition strategy could not be altered through diet may indicate that for univoltine butterflies, like Maniola, diet-quality at the adult stage is less important than endogenous factors, or factors the butterflies are exposed to in an earlier developmental stage than the imago. Oviposition strategy closely matched the climatic conditions that prevail in the geographic regions where these butterflies fly.

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Ortiz, Lisa M. "“Becoming a Butterfly”: Julia Alvarez's In the Time of the Butterflies as Autoethnography." a/b: Auto/Biography Studies 20, no. 2 (December 2005): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989575.2005.11949338.

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Perez Goodwyn, Pablo, Yasunori Maezono, Naoe Hosoda, and Kenji Fujisaki. "Waterproof and translucent wings at the same time: problems and solutions in butterflies." Naturwissenschaften 96, no. 7 (March 26, 2009): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-009-0531-z.

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Thomas, J. A. "Monitoring change in the abundance and distribution of insects using butterflies and other indicator groups." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1454 (February 28, 2005): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1585.

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Conservative estimates suggest that 50–90% of the existing insect species on Earth have still to be discovered, yet the named insects alone comprise more than half of all known species of organism. With such poor baseline knowledge, monitoring change in insect diversity poses a formidable challenge to scientists and most attempts to generalize involve large extrapolations from a few well-studied taxa. Butterflies are often the only group for which accurate measures of change can be obtained. Four schemes, used successfully to assess change in British butterflies, that are increasingly being applied across the world are described: Red Data Books (RDB) list the best judgements of experts of the conservation status of species in their field of expertise; mapping schemes plot the changing distributions of species at scales of 1–100 km 2 ; transect monitoring schemes generate time series of changes in abundance in sample populations of species on fixed sites across the UK; and occasional surveys measure the number, boundaries and size of all populations of a (usually RDB) species at intervals of 10–30 years. All schemes describe consistent patterns of change, but if they are to be more generally useful, it is important to understand how well butterflies are representative of other taxa. Comparisons with similarly measured changes in native bird and plant species suggest that butterflies have declined more rapidly that these other groups in Britain; it should soon be possible to test whether this pattern exists elsewhere. It is also demonstrated that extinction rates in British butterflies are similar to those in a range of other insect groups over 100 years once recording bias is accounted for, although probably lower than in aquatic or parasitic taxa. It is concluded that butterflies represent adequate indicators of change for many terrestrial insect groups, but recommended that similar schemes be extended to other popular groups, especially dragonflies, bumblebees, hoverflies and ants. Given institutional backing, similar projects could be employed internationally and standardized. Finally, a range of schemes designed to monitor change in communities of aquatic macro-invertebrates is described. Although designed to use invertebrates as a bio-indicator of water quality for human use, these programmes could be extended to monitor the 2010 biodiversity targets of the World Summit on Sustainable Development.

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Durran, Dale R., and Jonathan A. Weyn. "Thunderstorms Do Not Get Butterflies." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00070.1.

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Abstract One important limitation on the accuracy of weather forecasts is imposed by unavoidable errors in the specification of the atmosphere’s initial state. Much theoretical concern has been focused on the limits to predictability imposed by small-scale errors, potentially even those on the scale of a butterfly. Very modest errors at much larger scales may nevertheless pose a more important practical limitation. We demonstrate the importance of large-scale uncertainty by analyzing ensembles of idealized squall-line simulations. Our results imply that minimizing initial errors on scales around 100 km is more likely to extend the accuracy of forecasts at lead times longer than 3–4 h than efforts to minimize initial errors on much smaller scales. These simulations also demonstrate that squall lines, triggered in a horizontally homogeneous environment with no initial background circulations, can generate a background mesoscale kinetic energy spectrum roughly similar to that observed in the atmosphere.

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van Schooten, Bas, Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, W. Owen McMillan, and Riccardo Papa. "Conserved microbiota among young Heliconius butterfly species." PeerJ 6 (October 2, 2018): e5502. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5502.

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Background Insects are the most diverse group of animals which have established intricate evolutionary interactions with bacteria. However, the importance of these interactions is still poorly understood. Few studies have focused on a closely related group of insect species, to test the similarities and differences between their microbiota. Heliconius butterflies are a charismatic recent insect radiation that evolved the unique ability to use pollen as a protein source, which affected life history traits and resulted in an elevated speciation rates. We hypothesize that different Heliconius butterflies sharing a similar trophic pollen niche, harbor a similar gut flora within species, population and sexes. Methods To test our hypothesis, we characterized the microbiota of 38 adult male and female butterflies representing six species of Heliconius butterflies and 2 populations of the same species. We sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene with the Roche 454 system and analyzed the data with standard tools for microbiome analysis. Results Overall, we found a low microbial diversity with only 10 OTUs dominating across all individuals, mostly Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, which accounted for 99.5% of the bacterial reads. When rare reads were considered, we identified a total of 406 OTUs across our samples. We identified reads within Phyla Chlamydiae, found in 5 butterflies of four species. Interestingly, only three OTUs were shared among all 38 individuals (Bacillus, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae). Altogether, the high individual variation overshadowed species and sex differences. Thus, bacterial communities were not structured randomly with 13% of beta-diversity explained by species, and 40 rare OTUs being significantly different across species. Finally, 13 OTUs, including the intercellular symbiont Spiroplasma, varied significantly in relative abundance between males and females. Discussion The Heliconius microbial communities in these 38 individuals show a low diversity with few differences in the rare microbes between females, males, species or populations. Indeed, Heliconius butterflies, similarly to other insects, are dominated by few OTUs, mainly from Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The overall low microbial diversity observed contrasts with the high intra-species variation in microbiome composition. This could indicate that much of the microbiome maybe acquired from their surroundings. The significant differences between species and sexes were restricted to rare taxa, which could be important for microbial community stability under changing conditions as seen in other host-microbiome systems. The presence of symbionts like Spiroplasma or Chlamydiae, identified in this study for the first time in Heliconius, could play a vital role in their behavior and evolution by vertical transmission. Altogether, our study represents a step forward into the description of the microbial diversity in a charismatic group of closely related butterflies.

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Merrill, Richard M., Richard W. R. Wallbank, Vanessa Bull, Patricio C. A. Salazar, James Mallet, Martin Stevens, and Chris D. Jiggins. "Disruptive ecological selection on a mating cue." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1749 (October 17, 2012): 4907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1968.

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Adaptation to divergent ecological niches can result in speciation. Traits subject to disruptive selection that also contribute to non-random mating will facilitate speciation with gene flow. Such ‘magic’ or ‘multiple-effect’ traits may be widespread and important for generating biodiversity, but strong empirical evidence is still lacking. Although there is evidence that putative ecological traits are indeed involved in assortative mating, evidence that these same traits are under divergent selection is considerably weaker. Heliconius butterfly wing patterns are subject to positive frequency-dependent selection by predators, owing to aposematism and Müllerian mimicry, and divergent colour patterns are used by closely related species to recognize potential mates. The amenability of colour patterns to experimental manipulation, independent of other traits, presents an excellent opportunity to test their role during speciation. We conducted field experiments with artificial butterflies, designed to match natural butterflies with respect to avian vision. These were complemented with enclosure trials with live birds and real butterflies. Our experiments showed that hybrid colour-pattern phenotypes are attacked more frequently than parental forms. For the first time, we demonstrate disruptive ecological selection on a trait that also acts as a mating cue.

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Zakharova, Natalia V. "Love Fiction in China in the Second Decade of the 20 th Century: from Sentiments to Duck-Lovebirds and Butterflies." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 1 (2021): 88–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-1-88-10.

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The article analyzes the evolution of Chinese love fiction in the first years that followed the 1911 Xinhai revolution. The article focuses on literature representing “couples in love,” namely fiction about “duck-lovebirds and butterflies,” an invariant of the “love prose” genre. The authors of these works both continued the traditions of the previous literature and at the same time attempted at modernizing the genre. Chinese literary scholars have controversial opinions about this genre and its invariants. Controversies concern the literary movement to which these works should be attributed, and the place of the genre in the history of Chinese literature. The founder of modern Chinese literature, Lu Xin, gave a negative assessment of this genre. Modern critics agree that fiction about “duck-lovebirds and butterflies” has poor aesthetic merits yet they also argue that the authors “created an objective picture of reality, expressed different views and opinions.” By the 1920s, the vogue for writing novels and short stories in the style of “duck-lovebirds and butterflies” had waned. This genre however gained a new surge in popularity in the mid-1940s thanks to Zhang Eileen who modernized Chinese love fiction.

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Zakharova, Natalia V. "Love Fiction in China in the Second Decade of the 20 th Century: from Sentiments to Duck-Lovebirds and Butterflies." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 1 (2021): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-1-88-103.

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The article analyzes the evolution of Chinese love fiction in the first years that followed the 1911 Xinhai revolution. The article focuses on literature representing “couples in love,” namely fiction about “duck-lovebirds and butterflies,” an invariant of the “love prose” genre. The authors of these works both continued the traditions of the previous literature and at the same time attempted at modernizing the genre. Chinese literary scholars have controversial opinions about this genre and its invariants. Controversies concern the literary movement to which these works should be attributed, and the place of the genre in the history of Chinese literature. The founder of modern Chinese literature, Lu Xin, gave a negative assessment of this genre. Modern critics agree that fiction about “duck-lovebirds and butterflies” has poor aesthetic merits yet they also argue that the authors “created an objective picture of reality, expressed different views and opinions.” By the 1920s, the vogue for writing novels and short stories in the style of “duck-lovebirds and butterflies” had waned. This genre however gained a new surge in popularity in the mid-1940s thanks to Zhang Eileen who modernized Chinese love fiction.

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Ferrone, Alex. "Here and Then: Theatricalizing Space–Time Compression in Philip Ridley'sMercury Fur." Theatre Survey 58, no. 3 (August 10, 2017): 352–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004055741700028x.

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Philip Ridley has made a career of courting controversy in his work for the stage, from the claustrophobia and anxiety of his first play, 1991'sThe Pitchfork Disney, to the sprawling, ragtagKaragula, whose one-star review in theTelegraphled with the provocative headline, “Is Karagula the Worst Play of 2016?” But perhaps no play in Ridley's oeuvre has attracted as much notoriety as 2005'sMercury Fur, an intense, unrelenting, “interval-less two-hour piece” whose premiere divided critical opinion and provoked walkouts. Paines Plough, the company that commissioned the play, reports that “at least ten audience members a night left every show, unable to take the atmosphere of threat and violence portrayed on stage.”Mercury Furis set in a futuristic English dystopia whose aimless youth find their grasp on history—and their own memories—slipping away as they become addicted to hallucinogenic butterflies released upon the populace by an ambiguous invading power. While the protagonist, Elliot, ekes out a living peddling butterflies in an ice cream van, he and his brother, Darren, make their real money from throwing “parties,” clandestine meetings for rich clients who pay exorbitantly to fulfill their most violent and murderous sexual fantasies. The play, performed in real time, sees the frantic preparation for—and eventual botched execution of—one such party for a City of London executive (the Party Guest), whose Vietnam War–themed fantasy involves torturing and killing a child Elvis Presley impersonator (the Party Piece) with a meat hook. Unsurprisingly, given the subject matter, moral outrage attendedMercury Fur’s initial run, with Faber, Ridley's longtime publisher, going so far as to refuse to print the play. But a number of critics and spectators rose to defend the integrity and artistic merit of Ridley's work, a position I extend in this paper.

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Dudley, R., and R. Srygley. "FLIGHT PHYSIOLOGY OF NEOTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES: ALLOMETRY OF AIRSPEEDS DURING NATURAL FREE FLIGHT." Journal of Experimental Biology 191, no. 1 (June 1, 1994): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.191.1.125.

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Airspeed measurements during natural free flight were made on a total of 270 neotropical butterflies representing 62 species. Morphological data were obtained from the same individuals for which airspeeds had been determined. Flight speed was positively correlated with body mass, thoracic mass and wing loading. Controlling for body mass, higher wing loadings were correlated with increased flight speed. Flight speed and wing aspect ratio were negatively correlated. No consistent correlations were found between airspeed and wing length, wing area or body length. Released butterflies and butterflies encountered in natural free flight did not differ substantially in flight speed allometry. The observed scaling of flight speeds was similar to that derived for a much smaller sample of butterflies flying in an insectary, although absolute values of flight speed were approximately three times higher in natural flight and correlation coefficients of allometric regressions were typically lower. These results suggest that butterfly airspeeds under natural conditions can reasonably be predicted from morphological measurements, and that studying flight in enclosed spaces preserves the allometry of flight speeds.

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Journal articles on the topic 'In the Time of the Butterflies'

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