Academic literature on the topic 'In-transit failure'
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Journal articles on the topic "In-transit failure"
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Zhao, Yuan, and Xiaobing Ding. "The Research on Delay Propagation of Urban Rail Transit Operation under Sudden Failure." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (May 14, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8984474.
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With the increase and extension of urban rail transit lines, networked operation has become an inevitable trend of rail transit operations. Once an emergency occurs, it will cause operational delays; in serious cases, it may further lead to group safety incidents. Firstly, the sudden failure of rail transit is defined, statistical calculation is made according to the accumulated failure data, and then the sudden failures and average processing time are quantitatively calculated. Secondly, the time delay and propagation under the state of sudden failure are analyzed, on the basis of which the propagation and dissipation of time delay based on the single station failure cellular automata model and SIR model network based on multistation fault delay propagation are constructed. Finally, the reliability and accuracy of the model are verified by a case of rail transit in a city. The scheme in this paper can be used to estimate the scope of time and space delay under the sudden failure of rail transit and can provide the basis for the adjustment of traffic organization scheme and evacuation of passenger flow under the sudden failure.
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Cox, Peter. "Data in Transit." ITNOW 62, no. 1 (2020): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwaa028.
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Abstract Peter Cox, CEO and Founder of UM Labs, explores VoIP and messaging systems and explains why organisations need to ensure high levels of security around data-in-transit, warning that failure to do so may lead to GDPR compliance issues.
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Gabriel, S. K. Akakpo, Kwame Eyram, S. A. Gladstone-Bright P., and S. Ewedji Christabel. "Identification of Risks of Failure of Pneumatic Tyres of Passenger Vehicles in Ghana." International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 10, no. 2 (2022): 170–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6542318.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> In-transit failures of pneumatic tyres of heavy vehicles such as passenger buses, which ply some major intercity highways in Ghana remain a great source of worry in Ghanaian transportation system. The study seeks to identify major causes of the in-transit failures of pneumatic tyres of heavy vehicles, and how to prevent such failures. Five thousand (5000) pneumatic tyres were sampled using a simple random sampling method and idiosyncrasies of some drivers of these heavy passenger buses were observed. The data gathered was analyzed using cross tabulation and simple statistics. It was found out that tubeless pneumatic tyres used by these heavy passenger buses have higher risk of failure than the tubed ones. In addition, the study revealed that some brands of tyres have higher failure rates than others under conditions such as nature of road, loading capacity and tyre maintenance. The study recommends that tyre usage rules should be complied with in order to reduce the risk of failure of pneumatic tyres among passenger vehicles. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Risk, in-transit failure, pneumatic tyre, transportation, automobile, passenger vehicles, road safety. <strong>Title:</strong> Identification of Risks of Failure of Pneumatic Tyres of Passenger Vehicles in Ghana <strong>Author:</strong> Gabriel S. K. Akakpo, Eyram Kwame, P. S. A. Gladstone-Bright, Christabel S. Ewedji <strong>International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research </strong> <strong>ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)</strong> <strong>Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2022 - June 2022</strong> <strong>Page No: 170-181</strong> <strong>Publisher: Research Publish Journals </strong> <strong>Website: www.researchpublish.com</strong> <strong>Published Date: 12-May-2022</strong> <strong>DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6542318</strong> <strong>Paper Download Link (Source): </strong> <strong>https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/identification-of-risks-of-failure-of-pneumatic-tyres-of-passenger-vehicles-in-ghana</strong>
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Hu, Junhong, Mingshu Yang, Yunzhu Zhen, and Wenling Fu. "Node Importance Evaluation of Urban Rail Transit Based on Signaling System Failure: A Case Study of the Nanjing Metro." Applied Sciences 14, no. 20 (2024): 9600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14209600.
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Assessing the importance of nodes in urban rail transit systems helps enhance their ability to respond to emergencies and improve reliability in view of the fact that most of the existing methods for evaluating the importance of rail transit nodes ignore the disturbance effect of signaling system failures and are unable to objectively identify critical stations in specific disturbance scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposed a method for evaluating the importance of urban rail transit nodes in signaling system failure scenarios. The method was based on the research background of the signaling system failure that occurs most frequently and analyzed the network failure mechanism after the occurrence of a disturbance. The node importance evaluation indices were selected from the network topology and network operation performance in two aspects. The variation coefficient–VIKOR method was employed to comprehensively assess the significance of urban rail transit stations during signaling system failures. The Nanjing Metro network was also used as an example to evaluate the importance of network stations. The results showed that under the attack method of signaling system failure, most ECC and interlocking stations experienced significantly higher network performance losses compared to the original attack method, and a few interchange stations showed smaller performance losses. The critical stations identified based on the proposed method are mainly distributed in the passenger flow backbone of the Nanjing Metro and were constructed in the early stage; of these, 85% are ECC stations or interlocking stations, which are easily neglected in daily management, in contrast to interchange stations with heavy passenger flow. The results of this study can provide an important reference for the stable operation and sustainable construction of urban rail transit.
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Lefebvre, Hervé P., Jean-Pierre Ferré, A. David J. Watson, et al. "Small bowel motility and colonic transit are altered in dogs with moderate renal failure." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281, no. 1 (2001): R230—R238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.1.r230.
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Although gastrointestinal complications are common in patients with renal disease, the effects of renal dysfunction on bowel motility and gut transit times are not well known. We assessed gastrointestinal electromyographic activity, gastric emptying rate, orocolonic transit time, oroanal transit time, and xylose absorption before and after surgically inducing a 66% decrease in glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Moderate renal failure induced no gross or microscopic gastrointestinal lesions but caused a 16–42% increase in gastrointestinal motility indexes. We found a 24% decrease in the propagation velocity of the myoelectrical migrating complex in the duodenojejunal segment, a 30% decrease in phase I duration in duodenal and jejunal regions, a 20% increase in the total irregular electrical activity of the small intestine, and a 22% increase in duration of the meal response in the duodenum and jejunum. Renal failure did not change xylose absorption, gastric emptying rate, and orocolonic transit time but decreased colonic transit time by 38%. The mean weight of feces was increased. These results indicate that moderate renal failure alters duodenojejunal motility and decreases colonic transit time.
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Engedal, Thorbjørn S., Niels Hjort, Kristina D. Hougaard, et al. "Transit time homogenization in ischemic stroke – A novel biomarker of penumbral microvascular failure?" Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 38, no. 11 (2017): 2006–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17721666.
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Cerebral ischemia causes widespread capillary no-flow in animal studies. The extent of microvascular impairment in human stroke, however, is unclear. We examined how acute intra-voxel transit time characteristics and subsequent recanalization affect tissue outcome on follow-up MRI in a historic cohort of 126 acute ischemic stroke patients. Based on perfusion-weighted MRI data, we characterized voxel-wise transit times in terms of their mean transit time (MTT), standard deviation (capillary transit time heterogeneity – CTH), and the CTH:MTT ratio (relative transit time heterogeneity), which is expected to remain constant during changes in perfusion pressure in a microvasculature consisting of passive, compliant vessels. To aid data interpretation, we also developed a computational model that relates graded microvascular failure to changes in these parameters. In perfusion–diffusion mismatch tissue, prolonged mean transit time (>5 seconds) and very low cerebral blood flow (≤6 mL/100 mL/min) was associated with high risk of infarction, largely independent of recanalization status. In the remaining mismatch region, low relative transit time heterogeneity predicted subsequent infarction if recanalization was not achieved. Our model suggested that transit time homogenization represents capillary no-flow. Consistent with this notion, low relative transit time heterogeneity values were associated with lower cerebral blood volume. We speculate that low RTH may represent a novel biomarker of penumbral microvascular failure.
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Rouhanizadeh, Behzad, and Sharareh Kermanshachi. "Development of Strategies to Prevent Third Rail Insulator Failures in Transit Systems." Urban Rail Transit 7, no. 1 (2021): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40864-021-00142-x.
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AbstractFailures of third rail insulators, which often impose problems that affect the serviceability of transit systems, rarely have been investigated. This study examines various aspects of third rail systems, identifies causes of insulator failures, and develops and categorizes preventive strategies. To accomplish the goals, the existing literature was reviewed and analyzed to identify various characteristics of third rails and insulators. Then, five transit case studies were analyzed to determine the characteristics of third rails, identify the causes of insulator failures, and evaluate the preventive strategies adopted by transit agencies. The results revealed that local environmental conditions cause degradation of insulators, with dirt build-up being the biggest contributor to failure. Performing maintenance and inspections of insulators at predetermined intervals was also shown to be very effective for preventing failure. The preventive strategies were classified into three categories: regular inspections; preventive maintenance programs; and regulation and safety, with regular inspections being the most frequently adopted. Findings of this study will serve as an appropriate source of information for practitioners who work with third rail systems and will help them adopt effective strategies.
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Xu, Xueguo, Chen Xu, and Wenxin Zhang. "Research on the Destruction Resistance of Giant Urban Rail Transit Network from the Perspective of Vulnerability." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (2022): 7210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127210.
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Giant urban rail transit (GURT) systems have been formed in many metropolises and play a critical role in addressing serious traffic congestion. Unfortunately, as a dynamic and complex system, the vulnerability of GURT networks under various failure scenarios will be more prominent as the network expansion continues. Thus, it is imperative to explore the complex structural characteristics of the network and improve the ability to deal with the disturbance of emergencies. In this study, the destruction resistance of GURT networks with scale growth is illustrated from a vulnerability perspective. Specifically, taking Shanghai rail transit (SHRT) system as an example, the network topology model is constructed using the Space L method, and the network structure characteristics are analyzed based on the complex network theory. In addition, five attack strategies are developed to represent random and targeted attacks during the simulation of network failure, and two metrics are determined to evaluate the network vulnerability. Some meaningful results have been obtained: (i) The Shanghai rail transit planning network (SHRTPN) has increased the network efficiency by more than 10% over the Shanghai rail transit operating network (SHRTON) and has effectively enhanced the network destruction resistance. (ii) The SHRT network is a small-world network and shows significant vulnerability under the targeted attacks. The failure of only 3% high betweenness stations in SHRTON can lead to a 66.2% decrease in the network efficiency and a 75.8% decrease in the largest connected component (LCC) ratio. (iii) Attacking stations will cause more severe network failures than attacking edges, and it is necessary to focus on preventing catastrophic network failure caused by the critical station’s failure breaking the threshold. Finally, the strategies for improving the destruction resistance of GURT networks are proposed. The findings of this research can provide an essential reference for the rational planning, safety protection, and sustainable construction of GURT systems.
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Rouhanizadeh, Behzad, and Sharareh Kermanshachi. "Third-Rail Insulator Failure Causes and Mitigating Practices: A Comparative Study of Multiple Case Studies in the U.S." Urban Rail Transit 6, no. 4 (2020): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40864-020-00134-3.
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AbstractRail transit systems are one of the most important and popular types of transit systems used daily in metropolitan areas all around the world. The third rail is one of the providers of traction power in electrified rail systems, but it faces several issues, such as insulator failures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of insulator failures, which have not been comprehensively studied and presented in the literature. To accomplish this objective, eight transit systems with third rails were selected to (1) investigate the characteristics of third-rail systems, (2) determine the causes of insulator failures, (3) analyze the costs associated with insulator failures, and (4) determine mitigating practices to reduce the number and cost of insulator failures. After a thorough literature review, details of eight case studies were collected from different transit agencies, and their subject matter experts were asked to complete a survey and provide input. The results revealed that a build-up of dirt was the major cause of the 17 identified causes of insulator failures; carbon dust and dirt were identified as the most present particles in third-rail systems. It was noted that transit agencies often implement multiple mitigating practices such as cleaning the insulator, performing visual inspections, and conducting regular maintenance to reduce the number and cost of insulator failures. The findings of this study will help decision-makers for transit systems make timely decisions to prevent third-rail insulator failures and adopt appropriate practices that best fit their transit system.
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Langner, C., J. Barnert, A. Majewicz, and M. Wienbeck. "Orocecal transit time is prolonged in patients with heart failure." Gastroenterology 114 (April 1998): A784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(98)83203-4.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "In-transit failure"
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Trujillo, Alejandro E. (Alejandro Elio). "Survivability in Mars transit architectures : analysis framework for failure contingency strategies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120441.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 125-129).<br>Ambitious goals for exploring Mars in the coming decades will push human spaceflight into new territory in duration, distance and isolation. In this regime, loss of system integrity due to some failure becomes especially dire. To that end, much meaningful work has centered on designing highly reliable space systems with low tolerance to failure. However, this thesis identifies a gap in space mission safety engineering within the realm of "survivability". Survivability is the ability of a system to address failure via contingency operations and to place the system in a state in which Loss of Mission, Vehicle or Crew are prevented. Manned space mission survivability is investigated in the context of decades-out missions - such as a Martian voyage in the late 2030's - which at the present time exhibit significant technological uncertainty. An abstracted functional breakdown beginning from assumed mission/campaign objectives and logically required architectural elements is proposed. Such a "generalized architecture" allows for a function-based failure and response analysis applicable across many possible futures. The Failure-Survivability Analysis Framework for Early Concepts (Fail-SAFE) is developed which 1) defines a generalized architecture, 2) injects a functional failure and assesses its impact, 3) enumerates and evaluates failure response options and 4) synthesizes these findings into design recommendations to promote system survivability. Particular emphasis is placed on those response options which leverage "functional multiplicity", or a redundancy in high-level functions across major architectural elements that can be substituted in case of failure. The framework is applied to two Case Studies. The first investigates a decompression failure during the outbound phases of a Mars transit mission. A Failure Effect Metric is defined which evaluates the impact and severity of the failure and Object Process Methodology is employed to determine its downstream effects. Contingency strategies (i.e. sets of response options) are generated and evaluated for their potential effectiveness. The analysis yielded a 108 contingency strategies, when limiting a strategy to a maximum of 4 individual responses. Recommendations to promote survivability to the failure are derived from these findings. The second Case Study validates the framework by applying it to a historical scenario - the Apollo 13 failure. The framework reproduces and highly appraises the successful course of action taken to save the crew. This validated framework may allow mission planners to design for survivability from the earliest stages of the architecting process, trading a narrowly optimal design for one robust to failure.<br>by Alejandro E. Trujillo.<br>S.M.
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Stone, John Andrew. "Political factors in the rebuilding of mass transit an investigation of failure in Melbourne since 1970 through comparisons with Perth and Vancouver /." Swinburne Research Bank, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/36049.
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Thesis (PhD) - Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University of Technology, 2008.<br>Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University of Technology, 2008. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 251-273).
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Hsu, Chun-Li, and 許純莉. "A Study on Relationships among Service Failure. Customer Complaint, Service Recovery and Customer Satisfaction in Mass Rapid Transit System." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63p838.
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碩士<br>銘傳大學<br>觀光研究所碩士在職專班<br>93<br>It has been more than ten years, since the Mass Rapid Transit System (MRT) in Taipei was planned, constructed and began to operate. Numerous manpower and resources were devoted to the construction and Taipei City had experienced an unprecedented dark age of traffic. However, after the system began to work formally, it has brought the convenience that most of the metropolitans can relate. The operating unit, Taipei Rapid Transit Company, which brings up a management concept of “Taipei Mass Rapid Transit, the First Class in the World”, shows it engages itself to satisfy the needs of customers. The main purpose of the MRT system is to provide service to passengers, understand what they need and enhance the quality of service, and it is also the critical point of sustainable growth. However, during the processes of service transmission, it is hard to guarantee that no service failures occur. Therefore, service recoveries appear to be more important if service failures really happen. In order to avoiding service failures, an operating unit has to strengthen its ability of service recovery to attain the goals of customer satisfaction and sustainable growth..
Books on the topic "In-transit failure"
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Special investigation report: Failure of cargo tank transporting hazardous waste on the Washington, D.C. Beltway, I-95, Fairfax County, Virginia, August 12, 1985. The Board, 1986.
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Jacquet, Jennifer. Guilt and Shame in U.S. Climate Change Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.575.
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Some of the major misconceptions in the United States about climate change—such as the focus on scientific uncertainty, the “debate” over whether climate change is caused by humans, and pushback about how severe the consequences might be—can be seen as communications battles. An interesting area within communications is the contrasting use of guilt and shame for climate-related issues. Guilt and shame are social emotions (along with embarrassment, pride, and others), but guilt and shame are also distinct tools. On the one hand, guilt regulates personal behavior, and because it requires a conscience, guilt can be used only against individuals. Shame, on the other hand, can be used against both individuals and groups by calling their behavior out to an audience. Shaming allows citizens to express criticism and social sanctions, attempting to change behavior through social pressure, often because the formal legal system is not holding transgressors accountable. Through the use of guilt and shame we can see manifestations of how we perceive the problem of climate change and who is responsible for it. For instance, in October 2008, Chevron, one of the world’s largest fossil fuel companies, placed advertisements around Washington, DC, public transit stops featuring wholesome-looking, human faces with captions such as “I will unplug things more,” “I will use less energy,” and “I will take my golf clubs out of the trunk.” Six months later, DC activists reworked the slogans by adding to each the phrase “while Chevron pollutes.” This case of corporate advertising and subsequent “adbusting” illustrates the contrast between guilt and shame in climate change communication. Guilt has tended to align with the individualization of responsibility for climate change and has been primarily deployed over issues of climate-related consumption rather than other forms of behavior, such as failure to engage politically. Shame has been used, largely by civil society groups, as a primary tactic against fossil fuel producers, peddlers of climate denial, and industry-backed politicians.
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Rizzo, Matteo. Taken For A Ride. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794240.001.0001.
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The growth of cities and informal economies are two central manifestations of globalization in the developing world. Taken for a Ride addresses both, drawing on long-term fieldwork in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and charting its public transport system’s journey from public to private provision. The book investigates this shift alongside the increasing deregulation of the sector and the resulting chaotic modality of public transport. It reviews state attempts to regain control over public transport, the political motivations behind these, and their inability to address its problems. The analysis documents how informal wage relations prevailed in the sector, and how their salience explains many of the inefficiencies of public transport. The changing political attitude of workers towards employers and the state is investigated: from an initial incapacity to respond to exploitation, to political organization and unionization, which won workers concessions on labour rights. A longitudinal study of workers throws light on patterns of occupational mobility in the sector. The book ends with an analysis of the political and economic interests that shaped the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit in Dar es Salaam and local resistance to it. Taken for a Ride is an interdisciplinary political economy of public transport, exposing the limitations of market fundamentalist and postcolonial scholarship on economic informality and the urban experience in developing countries, and its failure to locate the agency of the urban poor within their economic and political structures. It is both a contribution to and a call for the contextualized study of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’.
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Toprani, Anand. Oil and the Great Powers. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834601.001.0001.
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During the first half of the twentieth century, a lack of oil constrained Britain and Germany from exerting their economic and military power independently. Having fought World War I with oil imported from the United States, Britain was determined to avoid relying upon another great power for its energy needs ever again. Even before the war had ended, Whitehall began implementing a strategy of developing alternative sources of oil under British control. Britain’s key supplier would be the Middle East—already a region of vital importance to the British Empire, but one whose oil potential was still unproven. There turned out to be plenty of oil in the Middle East, but Italian hostility after 1935 threatened British transit through the Mediterranean. As war loomed in 1939, Britain’s quest for independence from the United States was a failure. Germany was in an even worse position than Britain. The Third Reich went to war dependent on petroleum synthesized from coal, meager domestic crude oil production, and overland imports—primarily from Romania. German leaders were confident, however, that they had sufficient oil to fight a series of short, localized campaigns that would deliver to them the mastery of Europe. Their plan derailed following Germany’s swift victory over France, when Britain refused to make peace. This left Germany responsible for satisfying Europe’s oil requirements while cut off from world markets. A looming energy crisis in Axis Europe, an absence of strategic alternatives, and ideological imperatives all compelled Germany to invade the Soviet Union in 1941—a decision that ultimately sealed its fate.
Book chapters on the topic "In-transit failure"
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Wagner, W. W. "Pulmonary Capillary Transit Times in Fully Recruited Networks." In New Aspects on Respiratory Failure. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74943-8_12.
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Brink, Anita, Lorenzo Biassoni, and Zvi Bar-Sever. "Digestive Tract." In A Practical Guide for Pediatric Nuclear Medicine. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67631-8_6.
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AbstractNuclear medicine studies can evaluate functional abnormalities of the digestive tract in children. Repeat episodes of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) are associated with clinical gastrointestinal and/or respiratory manifestations of variable severity. GER scintigraphy, the “milk scan,” can detect GER and aspiration. Clinical signs and symptoms of gastric dysmotility are non-specific and can be related to delayed or, less frequent, rapid gastric emptying (GE). Measurements of GE can be performed with solid and liquid radiolabelled meals and represent the gold standard in gastric dysmotility evaluation. Esophageal transit studies provide information on possible esophageal dysmotility. Failure to identify children with esophageal transit abnormalities may be harmful. For example, if fundoplication is performed on a child with a predominant transit abnormality his symptoms will probably worsen after the surgical procedure. Esophageal transit can be assessed in conjunction with, but preceding, a GER study. Radionuclide salivagram is used for the detection of salivary aspiration. Scanning for detection of a Meckel’s diverticulum can detect ectopic gastric mucosa as the cause and source of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) and/or of repeat episodes of abdominal pain in children. Blood pool scintigraphy is also a noninvasive method to determine the presence and gross location of GIB.
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Noor, Noraishah Mohamad, Muhammad Nashrur Faizzi Abdul Razak, and Ahmad Razlan Yusoff. "Finite Element Analysis of Baseplate for Failure Estimation in Light Railway Transit Fastening Systems." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0950-6_77.
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Sun, Xiaohui, Kai Lv, and Wenkai Deng. "A Quantitative Study on the Degree of Node Cascading Failure in Urban Rail Transit Network." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3977-9_34.
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Carmona, Juan Carlos, Raúl Atienza, Raúl Redondo, and José R. Iribarren. "Grounding Risk Estimation in Inland Navigation with Monte Carlo Simulations and Squat Estimation." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_38.
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AbstractIn inland ports, where access is done navigating along an estuary, river or artificial canal, the operation may be strongly conditioned by the tide (in case it has enough wide run) or the water level in the river. The variations in water level imply restrictions on the draft of the vessels that can access such ports.Siport21 has been working for several years in ports of these characteristics, where there is no possibility to dredge the inland waterway. The alternative is to develop synchronization analysis tools, which allow identifying the “operational windows” and maximizing the draft of the vessels in transit operations. The result takes advantage of the tidal run by means of adequate planning, so that there is always enough underkeel clearance safety margin.Grounding risk estimation is elaborated applying Monte Carlo method. A failure (grounding) function is defined, considering the propagation of the tidal wave (water level and current), ship speed along the waterway, wind conditions, squat, and other variables. Probability distributions of all variables involved are considered, so that thousands of random navigation conditions can be simulated. This allows to estimate the failure probability.This methodology is applied to a practical case of a port that is carrying out actions to improve and optimize its operations. To do this, AIS data and tide data along the entire waterway, obtained from measurement sensors and a calibrated numerical prediction model, have been used.
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Silva, Simone, and Jacqueline Torres. "Rio 2016: Case Study for Mega Events, Urban Mobility, and Flow of People." In Smart Urban Safety and Security. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2196-2_12.
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AbstractMega events require alignment between the event organizers and several agencies. This collaboration is crucial in serving the needs of spectators and minimizing the impacts to residents. Critical to mega events is the integration of the public transport system, pedestrian infrastructure, and roadway space. The Rio 2016 Games relied heavily on public transport. The city constructed a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) network, consisting of three corridors, built one Light Rail Transit (LRT) line, and expanded the metro, connecting all four sporting clusters and closing major transport gaps. Part of these gaps involved adequate pedestrian infrastructure, an essential “last-mile” linkage critical to passenger flow. Extrapolated demand during mega events requires special considerations when planning for pedestrian infrastructure. Management of roadway space by ensuring vehicular throughput and avoiding roadway paralysis is also vital in the movement of people and services. During mega events, the City Operations Center is responsible for mitigating potential roadway failure across the entire region. Successfully integrating these components is part of the Rio 2016 legacy and has been utilized in other mega events. The Integrated Urban Mobility Center (IUMC) was created to holistically integrate urban mobility. In coordination with public transport and various city agencies, the IUMC was able to oversee public transport and roadways while activating necessary contingency plans and emergency responses.
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Long, Jing, Sheng yun Xu, Zhipeng Wang, and Xiao qing Cheng. "Fatigue Life Assessment of Rail Transit Electronics Based on Physics of Failure." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2866-8_71.
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Conesa, Alexis, Armand Pons, and Arthur Nihoul. "Mind the Gap! A Mixed Methods Study on Inequalities in Accessibility: Evidence from Brussels and Strasbourg." In Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85578-8_2.
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Abstract With the growing need to limit car dependence, public transportation appears as a key means of ensuring the transition to greener cities. However, access inequalities in undergrounds, tramways and buses are still considerable and intra-urban accessibility for all is still far from being achieved. Not only the usually labelled “people with reduced mobility (PRM)” but everyone could endure some types of barriers in their daily transit routes. The extent and severity of the resulting disparities are still seldom studied, accessibility being generally considered as the same for everyone. Conversely, this paper adopts a people-centered perspective to analyze and model constraints faced by selected vulnerable users in their use of public transport. We used mixed-methods, combining different survey and modelling techniques to enrich the usual accessibility approaches. The study is grounded in two cities—Brussels and Strasbourg —, enabling the development of adaptive metrics in various geographical environments. It focuses mainly on the impact of physical disability, visual impairment, old age and poverty on transit users’ behaviors. This approach leads to identifying failures and disincentives of each transport system. We conclude by discussing dissemination to transport operators and future research prospects.
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Ponzo, Irene. "Looking Into Policy Change: How the Italian Asylum Regime Came of Age." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26002-5_15.
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AbstractThe chapter illustrates how Italy’s frames, strategies and practices concerning asylum have changed over the last three decades, and how the country has passed from what I have called, using a biological metaphor, infancy to adulthood. For a long time, European pressure and norms over asylum affected Italian legislation without significantly impacting policy frames and actual practices: Italy perceived itself as a transit country and, as a consequence, allowed and even fostered secondary movements of asylum seekers towards other countries and kept its asylum system underdeveloped. Since 2011, those solutions started failing because of the modifications in the social phenomenon of migration (the sharp increase of unplanned inflows) and in the institutional settings where negotiations among Member States occur (the full inclusion of Italy into the Schengen Area and the CEAS). Those failures resulted in a policy change so that the Italian asylum regime came of age: the country adopted a new policy frame by acknowledging itself as a destination country for asylum seekers, overcame ad hoc emergency solutions, and joined the Northern European countries’ call for more responsibility-sharing. However, Italy’s weak political-institutional capacity has slowed down the consolidation of the new practices. At the same time, it appears as largely responsible for the gaps with older destination countries in the management of asylum whereas divergence in policy frames and goals has lost relevance.
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"Laboratory studies of the mechanisms preparation of brittle rock samples failure." In Transit Development in Rock Mechanics. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17617-33.
Full textConference papers on the topic "In-transit failure"
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Greenberger, Stuart, and Gene Wallis. "Corrosion Control System Performance for Large Diameter Water Mains in a Light-Rail and Interstate Highway Corridor." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4008.
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ABSTRACT The construction of a light-rail line that parallels an interstate highway necessitated crossing five large diameter water pipelines. Because of the high consequence of pipeline failure in the transit corridor, light-rail construction included retrofit casing and cathodic protection of the pipelines. This case study reviews construction of the box culvert casings and provides operating data pertinent to the design and operation of the impressed current cathodic protection system. This includes automatic rectifier control, placement of reference electrodes, placement of anodes, current requirements, and current distribution for stray current control.
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Aylott, Peter, Ian Cotton, and Alaa Hassanein. "The Application of Modelling Systems at the Design Stage to the Mitigation of Stray Curent Interference." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03706.
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Abstract The construction and operation of a new light rail transit or metro system in an urban landscape presents a series of corrosion risks to an often densely-packed buried infrastructure. Structures at risk from stray current include the rails, rail infrastructure, buried utility infrastructure such as pipelines, cables and building infrastructure such as steel sheet piles and structural steel work. Design issues that impact on stray current are often wrongly set with the initial design of the system - constrained by factors like electric power and land availability and the desire to limit the initial costs of a project. This has often led to severe stray current damage and serious transit systems management failures. Developing stray current models of transit systems at the design stage can be an invaluable tool to optimise the design. The models allow for the calculation of stray current effects at a rail, rail infrastructure - tunnels bridges - and at third party infrastructure level and helps to drive design decisions. In this paper a series of stray current and corrosion software models were constructed to study the impact of stray current leakage from a proposed transit system on the surrounding infrastructure and used to test the effect of different design solutions and mitigation methods on the infrastructure. Transit operating data were used in conjunction with soil and structure data gathered from site measurements to predict the corrosion impact.
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Moody, Kenneth J. "Maintenance Testing of Stray Current Control Equipment on DC Transit Systems - Present and Future." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03712.
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Abstract In recent years, many new direct current powered transit systems have been constructed in the USA and other countries. Traditional tests to ascertain the effectiveness of stray current control systems, though extremely accurate are usually time consuming and expensive, and largely must be conducted during train down time in the predawn hours. These tests are of critical value to both the transit company and adjacent utility operators. Out of necessity, it has been prudent to seek new, faster, and cheaper methods of testing while still obtaining the same reliable results and indications of pending stray current problems. The overall objective is to warn of these problems before transit and utility structures are impacted by stray current corrosion failures. This paper discusses traditional and newer indirect and auxiliary methods of obtaining indicative stray current data to ascertain if follow-up and detailed traditional tests are required. Analogies will be made with similarities on diagnosing problems with galvanic corrosion and cathodic protection systems. Some practical examples will be presented that have provided reliable results on actual operating systems. These methods and other future developments will continue to increase in popularity and practicality as revenue downtimes grow shorter and shorter, and other maintenance functions receive higher priority than corrosion control tests so train operations, the ultimate priority, can continue unabated.
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McGinn, Patrick, and Miqdaad Fatakdawala. "Advanced Technology for the Identification of Stray Current and Measurement of Track Resistance for DC Powered Rail Systems." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00103.
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Abstract Stray current corrosion that results from the operation of electrified DC transit systems has been an issue for decades, with agencies spending significant sums to address it. Stray currents are known to greatly accelerate the corrosion of metallic infrastructure and can lead to failures if left unchecked. They not only affect the operation of transit agencies, but can also impact external infrastructure, leading to regulatory issues and unforeseen direct and indirect costs. For many electrified railways, the running rails serve as the return path for DC electrical current to the substation. Electrical isolation of the rails is crucial to prevent the current leaking into the adjacent infrastructure. While various solutions exist to measure stray current and track insulation over longer sections of rail, these solutions are limited in their ability to efficiently identify the precise location where the leakage is occurring. This paper describes the recent development of a new technology that significantly reduces the time to locate and address track insulation faults, by identifying the severity and location of stray current along the length of rail. This innovative tool has successfully demonstrated value on multiple operating rail systems and examples from field test campaigns are included to demonstrate this capability.
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Llewellyn, Erik, and Zachary Sharon. "Long-Term Monitoring of Influence from DC Transit Stray Currents on Underground Pipelines." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11215.
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Abstract The effects of stray currents produced by DC powered Light Rail Transit (LRT) systems on nearby underground pipelines have been studied extensively due to significant interference and pipeline failures associated with stray currents. Determining which pipelines are at an increased risk for stray current corrosion is commonly evaluated through measuring “snapshots” of pipe-to-soil potentials and comparing values to established cathodic protection criteria. Due to the dynamic nature of LRT systems, the value of this data is limited because it does not provide a long-term representation of pipeline conditions. The need to monitor pipe-to-soil potentials for longer durations became apparent when discrepancies in the pipe-to-soil potentials were observed. Variations in the data have been attributed to seasonal weather changes, LRT maintenance, LRT system operations, and pipeline operations. Continuous, long-term pipe-to-soil potential data logging on utilities near the LRT system has provided valuable information in identifying environmental and operational factors that influence stray current activity on the nearby pipelines. Information is presented on field data collection and management, data correlation, data analysis, and future considerations for stray current monitoring. The information can be used to determine the need for mitigation, develop mitigation strategies, and assess the amount of time pipe-to-soil potentials are outside utility owner standards for corrosion control.
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Zhang, Long, Yanbo Yin, Zhenghui Shan, et al. "Failure Analysis of Transmission Components of Rail Transit Vehicles." In ASME 2023 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2023-109922.
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Abstract This paper presents a recent gearbox failure in a rail transit vehicle. The damaged components, pinion bearing and large gear, were analyzed from macroscopic, microscopic, and performance perspectives. Through a comprehensive analysis of the test results, the two main factors causing the failure were identified: fatigue damage of the pinion bearing due to abnormal external load and the presence of brittle non-metallic inclusions, which initiated fatigue cracks leading to gear drop blocks. To improve gearbox reliability, suggestions were made to optimize operating conditions and improve the metallurgical purity of metal materials.
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Schreiber, Patricia, and Nicholas Wilson. "Mathematical Simulation of Air Suspension Failure and Derailment." In ASME 2010 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2010-42016.
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Air suspensions are a commonly used component of modern transit and passenger vehicle suspensions. New vehicle performance specifications usually require testing and analyses with the air suspension inflated and also deflated. However, the tests and analyses usually do not include the dynamic effects that may occur at the instant of deflation. Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) recently investigated a revenue service flange climb derailment for a large North American transit system. The derailment occurred on the diverging route of a No. 10 turnout. Initial investigation by the transit system did not identify any track or equipment that showed significant deviations from their normal practices; no obvious cause for the derailment was identified, although the air suspension had been deflated after the derailment. To assist in determining potential contributing factors for the derailment, TTCI conducted NUCARS® simulations of the car negotiating the turnout, using these parameters: • Vehicle dynamic response to local track geometry conditions, including motions of the air suspension; • Sudden deflation of the air suspension; • Wheel and rail profiles. This paper presents the methods used to represent sudden component failures in the NUCARS simulations, including the air suspension deflation. The simulation results show how the sudden deflation of the air suspension combined with local track geometry and wheel/rail contact conditions could contribute to a flange climb derailment.
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Diemunsch, Kenneth M., and Daniel J. Reitz. "Consequences of Failed Track Circuits on Conventional Signaling System in CBTC Projects." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2515.
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In recent years, many rapid mass transit agencies have chosen Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) technology to refurbish their signaling system or to equip a new line. CBTC technology is a type of Automatic Train Control (ATC) that allows transit agencies to increase nominal throughput and to improve safety. The main functions of CBTC are described in [1.] and [2.]. This technology can operate without fixed wayside track detectors such as track circuits. However, track circuit equipment continues to be implemented on the tracks and in the equipment rooms. For authorities under the Federal Railroad Administration, current regulations require use of track circuit but the main functional reason is to have a backup system in case of CBTC failure. Most transit agencies decide to include track circuit occupied and vacant status into the CBTC system in order to enhance safety. How to enhance safety and keep train operation efficient during track circuit failure is a challenge for CBTC projects. This paper discusses the relationship between the CBTC and the conventional interlocking system when track circuit failure occurs. The analysis in this paper applies to both relay and solid state interlocking systems as both technologies have to deal with the same impact under this scenario. The method of detection of track circuit failure by the CBTC system and the possible restrictions on CBTC train operation are not presented. The paper focuses on the interface between the CBTC and the signaling system. It begins by introducing the different types of track circuit failures and their consequences on conventional signaling system to address and compare multiple scenarios. Then, the paper discusses how the CBTC system can affect the conventional signaling system equipment, such as signals and train stops, once it has detected a track circuit failure. Transit agencies’ different possible approaches to manage track circuits failures within the context of an operating CBTC system are explained.
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Xuguang, Lin, Wang Wenjun, and Ren Yi. "Research on failure analysis and quality improvement of acceleration sensor in rail transit." In 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Electromechanical Automation (AIEA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aiea53260.2021.00038.
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Sabuncu, Selin, Eda Yıldırak, Ceren Topal, Başak Bıyık, and Zeynep Ceylan. "Application of Fuzzy Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in a Light Railway Transit System." In International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications. SETSCI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36287/setsci.4.5.009.
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