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1
Udovicic, Vladimir, Nikola Veselinovic, Dimitrije Maletic, et al. "Radon variability due to floor level in two typical residential buildings in Serbia." Nukleonika 65, no. 2 (2020): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2020-0019.
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AbstractIt is well known that one of the factors that influence the indoor radon variability is the floor level of the buildings. Considering the fact that the main source of indoor radon is radon in soil gas, it is expected that the radon concentration decreases at higher floors. Thus at higher floors the dominant source of radon is originating from building materials, and in some cases there may be deviations from the generally established regularity. In such sense, we chose one freestanding single-family house with loft and other 16-floor high-rise residential building for this study. The indoor radon measurements were performed by two methods: passive and active. We used passive devices based on track-etched detectors: Radtrak2 Radonova. For the short-term indoor radon measurements, we used two active devices: SN1029 and SN1030 (manufactured by Sun Nuclear Corporation). The first device was fixed in the living room at the ground level and the second was moved through the floors of the residential building. Every measuring cycle at the specified floor lasted seven days with the sampling time of 2 h. The results show two different indoor radon behaviours regarding radon variability due to floor level. In the single-family house with loft we registered intense difference between radon concentration in the ground level and loft, while in the high-rise residential building the radon level was almost the same at all floors, and hence we may conclude that radon originated mainly from building materials.
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Leonardi, Federica, Teresa Botti, Giuliana Buresti, et al. "Radon Spatial Variations in University’s Buildings Located in an Italian Karst Region." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (2021): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081048.
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In the framework of a collaboration between INAIL and University of Salento, an indoor radon survey in 54 buildings belonging to the UniSalento University (Southeast Italy) was carried out. The monitored buildings differ by type, construction period, materials, etc., and are located in an area with a morphology characterized mainly by marls, calcareous marls, and calcarenites (karst area). The sample of the survey includes 963 rooms at different floors: it consists in rooms mainly located at ground floor (67%), first floor (12%), and below ground (12%). SSNTD passive dosimeters measured the average radon activity concentration for two consecutive semesters (spring/summer and autumn/winter) from which annual radon averages were estimated for each room. The spatial variability within buildings was investigated in terms of variation between floors and among rooms at the same floor. Data analysis provides evidence that the distributions (in terms of arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, and geometric mean) of indoor radon annual averages at ground floor and at first floor within building are very similar. This highlights that the karstic characteristics of soil and building materials affect radon levels not only below ground and at ground floor, but also at first floor. Moreover, to evaluate the spatial variability of radon among buildings or floors, the analysis of the distribution of coefficient of variation (CV) was carried out: the results show a low spatial variability with median and average values of CVs ≤ 30% both for the whole building and at different floor levels.
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Tóth, Stanislav, and Jaroslav Vojtuš. "Analysis of Causes of Mold Growth on Residential Building Envelopes in Central City Zone of Košice." Advanced Materials Research 969 (June 2014): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.969.28.
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Water may easily penetrate into a walling in two stages, in a vapor phase and liquid phase. Externally it makes itself as a typical dark moist map, painting and plaster gradual destruction and subsequently even walling decomposition. Mentioned phenomena further affects indoor environment relative humidity, especially in a basement floor, in floors partially embedded into ground, but also in ground floors. Buildings are unusable from statically and hygienic points of view by a high humidity combined with high salinity, biologic offenders and often water free inflowing.
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Brzyski, Grudzińska, and Majerek. "Analysis of the Occurrence of Thermal Bridges in Several Variants of Connections of the Wall and the Ground Floor in Construction Technology with the Use of a Hemp–lime Composite." Materials 12, no. 15 (2019): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152392.
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This article analyses the connection of the two types of floors on the ground (floors on joists and self-supporting floors), with the external wall made of a hemp–lime composite for the occurrence of thermal bridges. Several factors that may affect the heat transfer in the junction were taken into account: the level of the floor on the ground, the wall thickness, the thermal conductivity of the composite, and the location of the timber frame construction. The technology of using hemp and lime is relatively new, and there is a lack of such analyses in the literature. The two-dimensional (2D) heat-transfer in the described construction joints was analyzed based on the finite-element method with the use of the THERM 7.4 software. The results were presented as averaged and linear thermal transmittance coefficients dependent on the above mentioned factors. The possibility of surface condensation was also checked. The differences in the values of the thermal transmittance of the junction between the two variants of ground floors reached around 0.13%–1.67% and the values of linear thermal transmittance factor reached approximately 2.43%–10.13%. The junctions with the highest floor level showed a decrease in the thermal transmittance value by about 3.00%–5.77% and in the linear thermal transmittance, by about 21.98%–53.83%, compared to the junctions with the lowest floor level. Calculations showed that almost all analyzed junctions are free from surface condensation causing mould growth, because the minimum temperature factors f0.25 were higher than 0.78 (except for junctions with the lowered floor levels). The junction with a floor on the timber joists showed better thermal parameters than the junction with a self-supporting floor in each of the analyzed variants. By increasing the level of floor insulation, it is possible to limit the thermal bridges and improve the thermal properties of the junction.
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RASHID, T., H. VONVILLE, I. HASAN, and K. W. GAREY. "Mechanisms for floor surfaces or environmental ground contamination to cause human infection: a systematic review." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 2 (2016): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002193.
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SUMMARYShoe soles have been shown to transfer infectious microorganisms to floor and ground surfaces. However, the possible modes of transmission of infectious agents from floors or ground surfaces to human contact for infection have not been systematically reviewed. A systematic review was performed on articles indexed in medical databases (Medline, EMBASE, PubMed) using a pre-defined search strategy and MeSH terms (date of last search: 15 March 2016). Only primary research studies in English that investigated the transmission dynamics of infectious microorganisms from floor or ground surfaces to human infection were included. Extraction of articles was performed two independent reviewers using pre-defined data fields in an Excel sheet. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Almost all hospital-associated microorganisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative species were identified on floor or ground surfaces. Several modes of transmission dynamics, most commonly direct contact or aerosolization, were identified. In conclusion, interventions such as efficient cleaning of floor surfaces and vectors that transfer infectious organisms to floors such as shoe soles could be an effective infection control strategy to prevent human disease.
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Lagüela Lopez, Susana, Mercedes Solla Carracelas, Lucía Díaz Vilariño, and Julia Armesto González. "Inspection of radiant heating floor applying non-destructive testing techniques: GPR and IRT." DYNA 82, no. 190 (2015): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n190.43913.
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The inspection of radiant heating floors requires the use of non-destructive techniques, trying to minimize inspection impact, time and cost, and maximize the information acquired so that the best possible diagnosis is given. With this goal, we propose the application of infrared thermography (IRT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) for the inspection of radiant heating floors with different floor coatings, in order to evaluate the capabilities and information acquirable with each technique. Specifically, two common floor coatings have been inspected: ceramic tiles and parquet flooring. Results show that each technique provides different information: condition of the pipelines (IRT), geometry and configuration (GPR), concluding that the optimal inspection is constituted by the combination of the two techniques.
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Curguz, Z., G. Venoso, Z. S. Zunic, et al. "SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATION IN SCHOOLS: IMPLICATIONS ON RADON MEASUREMENT PROTOCOLS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 191, no. 2 (2020): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa137.
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Abstract The requirements about radon measurements in schools and public buildings included in most of the national and international legislations are generally restricted to all the rooms located at the ground floor and basement, assuming the soil beneath the building as the main source of indoor radon. In order to verify such an assumption for small buildings having at maximum two floors, a preliminary study was performed in 50 schools located in 15 municipalities of the Republic of Srpska. Results of this study suggest that a protocol requiring measurements at the ground floor only may be considered adequate. Due to the high radon spatial variability for rooms at the ground floor, it is preferable to require measurements in a high number of rooms (preferably in all of them) in order to assess the compliance with the reference level established by the legislation.
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Xu, Yong Chun, and Zhong Ping Tang. "Comparative Study on the Design Schemes of Residential Steel Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.581.
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This paper choses a duplex apartment which is six floors steel structure as the research object, on the ground of the same building size, with the same beam & tie rod, and the same material for the floor ground & wall plate, two structure system schemes are designed respectively using the H sections and square steel tube as the form of pillar section. The calculate model are made respectively applying the FEA software. From the model graph, natural frequency, economic and technology and other index, the following conclusions are given out comparing the two schemes: the multi floor residential building of light steel structure with square steel tube and H sections is feasible in seismic performance, the steel consumption of the square steel tube system is lower than the H sections system. The square steel tube system is superior to the H sections system in interior decoration and utilizing construction area.
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Abd El-Wahab, Amr, Jan-Philip Kriewitz, Julia Hankel, et al. "The Effects of Feed Particle Size and Floor Type on the Growth Performance, GIT Development, and Pododermatitis in Broiler Chickens." Animals 10, no. 8 (2020): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081256.
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of feed particle size and flooring designs on organ traits, performance and pododermatitis in broilers. A total of 480 broilers (Ross 308) of both sexes were randomly assigned to two feeding groups (finely or coarsely ground pelleted diets; with addition of 5% to 10% intact wheat in coarsely diets) and four different housing systems (litter; litter with floor heating; partially or fully slatted floor) with three subgroups each. A coarse diet increased the final gizzard and pancreas weights (p < 0.001) while decreasing the risk of Isthmus gastrici dilatation compared to a fine diet (p < 0.001). Broilers fed a coarse diet displayed an increased final body weight (p = 0.023) and led to a favourable feed conversion ratio. Final body weight was the highest (p < 0.001) for birds housed on partially or fully slatted floor. Housing birds on litter with floor heating showed the lowest pododermatitis scoring (p < 0.001). It seems to be favourable to use coarse diets for organ development, whereas slatted floors seem to foster enlargement of the Isthmus gastrici. Increasing growth performance was possible both when using coarse diets or slatted floors.
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Krarti, M., D. E. Claridge, and J. F. Kreider. "ITPE Technique Applications to Time-Varying Three-Dimensional Ground-Coupling Problems." Journal of Heat Transfer 112, no. 4 (1990): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910491.
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Approximate analytical solutions for the three-dimensional heat transfer between slab-on-grade floors and rectangular basements under steady-periodic conditions are developed using the Interzone Temperature Profile Estimation (ITPE) method. The slab-on-grade solution is the first analytical slab-on-grade solution that treats the presence of insulation on/under the floor, while the basement solution is the first analytical solution of the time-dependent three-dimensional problem for basements. Solutions are given for the temperature field and expressions are derived for the annual heat loss. Parametric analysis is used to emphasize the effect of geometric dimensions on the magnitude and phase of heat loss relative to ambient temperature. The results obtained are compared with those from the two-dimensional model, and the three-dimensional characteristics of heat flow from slabs and basements are examined.
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Vukotic, Perko, Ranko Zekic, Nevenka Antovic, and Tomislav Andjelic. "Radon concentrations in multi-story buildings in Montenegro." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 34, no. 2 (2019): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp181108020v.
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Change of radon concentrations in dwellings with floor level was studied in six multi-story buildings, in four towns of Montenegro with different climate conditions. The annual aver- age radon activity concentrations in 35 dwellings are found to be very low, mostly at a level of 20-30 Bqm?3. Absorbed gamma dose rates in these dwellings are in the range of 14-58 nGyh?1. The low radon concentrations are a consequence of a good tightness of the structures in contact with the ground and a small contribution of building materials to radon indoors. A clear general trend of changes in radon concentrations with floor level is not observed. In most of the dwellings on different floors in the multi-story building radon concentration varies very little, mostly within measurement error. A small decrease in radon concentration is noted between the two or three floors closest to the ground, but only in some of the buildings. Therefore, a decrease of indoor radon concentration with floor level cannot be considered as a general characteristic of multi-story buildings. Although the seasonal radon variations have not been in the focus of this study, it was found that the average radon activity concentrations in dwellings of the multi-story buildings are higher in warmer than in cooler half-year period, what is contrary to the general rule for homes in the world and in Montenegro as well.
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Čajka, Radim, Kamil Burkovič, Pavlina Matečková, David Sekanina, Marie Stara, and Anezka Jurcikova. "Reinforced Concrete Structure of the Puppet Theatre in Ostrava." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.217.
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The annex building for the alternative scene in the Puppet Theatre of Ostrava was designed and constructed as an interesting structure from raw face concrete. The size of the annex building is not so big. It is, however, distinct in terms of the shape and complexity. The annex building consists of the above-ground and underground parts and the outside amphitheatre. The above-ground part consists of a reinforced concrete monolithic structure with five floors. The façade is made from raw face concrete. The underground part comprises two underground floors and an inside amphitheatre which is connected to the outside amphitheatre. The paper describes the process and bottlenecks in the design and construction of the building which is interesting in terms of architecture and construction.
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Wang, Fei, Jie Mei Ma, Chun Lian Li, and Yun Hui Chen. "Structural Response Analysis of Beijing Yin-Tai Center Building under Varying Ground Motions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.217.
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Deeply studying vibration and seismic response characteristics of Beijing Yin-tai Center provided information reflecting its anti-seismic performance based on which seismic response observation array was to be deployed. Time-historic analytical methods on the basis of modal analysis were applied to carry out structural seismic response. Two load cases were mentioned including the responses under minor earthquakes and moderate earthquakes. El-Centro wave, Northridge wave and synthetized time-histories were adopted with contrast analysis under Beijing Hotel time-history recorded in Tangshan Earthquake. Peak inter-story shift ratios and peak accelerations are obtained and analyzed. The inter-story shift ratio determines elastic state of structure under minor earthquakes and elastic-plastic state under moderate earthquakes. Predominant inter-story displacement and acceleration response provides the floors with more remarkable seismic response, which are vulnerable floors for monitoring in earthquakes.
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Windschnurer, Ines, Susanne Waiblinger, Stefan Hanslik, et al. "Effects of Ground Floor Type on Selected Health-Parameters and Weight of Rabbits Reared in Group Pens." Animals 9, no. 5 (2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050216.
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Cage housing of growing rabbits is associated with welfare concerns. An alternative system that has already been introduced involves pens with non-wire floors. An important aspect of group pens, for which the best solution has not yet been clearly demonstrated, is the choice of floor material. The study investigated effects of two ground floor types—slatted plastic floor versus concrete floor with straw litter—on health-related parameters and weight of rabbits reared in large group pens on a commercial rabbit farm, i.e., with preventive coccidiostatic, and if required, additional therapeutic medical treatment. Pens were identical in dimensions, equipment (including platforms), and initial group size (60 animals/pen). Four pens were studied per ground floor type in three consecutive rearing periods (in total, 12 pens per floor type). A higher percentage of rabbits per pen had clean fur if reared on straw (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the load of coccidial oocysts in collective faecal samples, mortality, pathological alterations, or causes of loss (p > 0.05). Thus, often-expressed concerns that parasitic load and mortality would be higher in groups kept on straw were not confirmed when rabbits were housed under otherwise equal conditions. Average slaughter weight was higher in rabbits reared on a slatted plastic floor (p < 0.05), confirming previous findings of a negative impact of straw litter on weight gain.
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Jaimes, Miguel A., and Adrián D. García-Soto. "Evaluation of floor acceleration demands from the 2017 Mexico City code seismic provisions using a continuous elastic model and records of instrumented buildings." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 2_suppl (2020): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020974692.
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This study presents an evaluation of floor acceleration demands for the design of rigid and flexible acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components in buildings, calculated using the most recent Mexico City seismic design provisions, released in 2017. This evaluation includes two approaches: (1) a simplified continuous elastic model and (2) using recordings from 10 instrumented buildings located in Mexico City. The study found that peak floor elastic acceleration demands imposed on rigid nonstructural components into buildings situated in Mexico City might reach values of 4.8 and 6.4 times the peak ground acceleration at rock and soft sites, respectively. The peak elastic acceleration demands imposed on flexible nonstructural components in all floors, estimated using floor response spectra, might be four times larger than the maximum acceleration of the floor at the point of support of the component for buildings located in rock and soft soil. Comparison of results from the two approaches with the current seismic design provisions revealed that the peak acceleration demands and floor response spectra computed with the current 2017 Mexico City seismic design provisions are, in general, adequate.
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Bang, C. H., and J. S. Kim. "Comparison between Subjective and Objective Measurement of Slipperiness." Key Engineering Materials 627 (September 2014): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.627.433.
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The objective of this study was to determine whether subjective measurement of slipperiness could be used as an subsidiary mean which made up for the demerit of indicators (roughness and coefficient of friction) of slipperiness. Two subjective rating methods for evaluating slipperiness—the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Friedman test—were used to measure perception of slipperiness on seven different floor surfaces contaminated with detergent solution (SLS). Twelve subjects wore the same footwear and walked on self-selected steps and cadence along the test floors. The safety criteria obtained with perceived slipperiness was similar with that of ANSI/NFSI B101.1. There was a higher correlation (r = 0.99) between the Friedman test and Ramp test parameter except for ground steel. There was also a high correlation (r = 0.92) between the Friedman and Rz parameter except for ground steel plate and profiled tile. The results showed that the perceived slipperiness could be used as indicator of slipperiness and supplement objective measurement of slipperiness.
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Badran, Heba M. "Indoor Radon Levels and Annual Effective Dose in Dwellings of Najran City, Saudi Arabia." Key Engineering Materials 786 (October 2018): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.786.393.
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The main objective of this study is to assess the health hazard due to the indoor radon. CR-39 as time-integrated passive solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) were used in the indoor radon measurements of Najran City, Saudi Arabia. CR-39 detectors were distributed in dwellings of different places of the city. The detectors were exposed in the dwellings for two months and then etched in NaOH 6.25 N solution at 70 ±1°C for 5 h. This study revealed that the radon concentration in the dwellings ranged from 15.03±1.9 to 70.48±3.3 Bq m-3 with an average of 34.00±14.0 Bq m-3. Comparison of indoor radon concentration measurements in the different floors showed that the radon concentration in ground floors was slightly higher than that in first floors. Results showed that there is no significant health risk from indoor radon concentration and annual effective dose in the study region.
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Gregory, T. J., and R. K. Stephen. "Radon Reduction Techniques for Suspended Timber Floors and Pressure Field Extension Assessment of Hardcore Specifications." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, no. 1-4 (1994): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082425.
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Abstract This paper comprises two case studies. The first describes a series of mitigation measures carried out in a small primary school fitted with a suspended timber floor. Radon levels had been successfully reduced but the floor subsequently collapsed due to an outbreak of dry-rot. The floor was replaced with a ground-bearing concrete slab fitted with a typical example of one of 200 or so sump-and-fan systems fitted by Cornwall County Council (CCC). Following consultation with the Building Research Establishment (BRE) a network of small bore pipes was fitted below the floor during construction to record variations in radon levels and pressures. The second case study describes the floor replacement at a second, similar school but with a permeable layer of material under the concrete slab and more pressure measurement points. The pressure measurements and their subsequent analysis are described and the performance of the two installations compared. Using BRE and CCC expertise, this technique is now being applied to a number of other replacement floors in order to assess pressure field extension in a variety of hardcore and blinding materials. It is hoped that by careful selection of hardcore and blinding specifications the increased pressure field extension obtained could result in new-build properties requiring fewer underfloor suction points and/or a reduction in fan power consumption with a greater degree of confidence of success than at present. The selection and design of suction systems to date has been on a very pragmatic basis.
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Tarabini, Marco, Filip Gocanin, Bortolino Saggin, Diego Scaccabarozzi, and Marco Bocciolone. "Automatic fall monitoring using the floor vibration." ACTA IMEKO 8, no. 1 (2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v8i1.515.
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<span lang="EN-GB">This work investigates the possibility of monitoring the activity and the falls of people in dwellings using three or more accelerometers fixed on the ground. The main difference between the proposed method and existing ones is the use of acceleration to estimate the impact force by using the apparent mass of the floor; the latter is experimentally identified in each room in which the tests were performed using the heel drop test. The study has two parts: 1. the apparent masses of different dwellings’ floors have been measured. 2. the ground reaction force is studied using a purposely designed force platform with a surface of approximately 2 m x 1 m. The force platform allowed the measurement of the forces generated by the falls of 21 subjects, of a crash test dummy (falling in front or rear direction from seated and standing position, with or without the interposition of objects on the trajectory), and of common objects (e.g. dishes, water bottles, books). The impact location is estimated by triangulation, using a wavelet algorithm derived from the existent literature. The results show the possibility of identifying the presence of subjects inside the room and the fall of subjects in the majority of dwellings. We conclude that the proposed method allows a clear distinction between the fall of subjects and objects, given that the difference in terms of force (which is estimated from the floor’s apparent mass and from the measured acceleration) is at least of one order of magnitude.</span>
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Copes, Warren E. "Spread Potential of Binucleate Rhizoctonia from Nursery Propagation Floors to Trays Containing Azalea Stem Cuttings and Sanitary Control Options." Plant Disease 99, no. 6 (2015): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-14-0915-re.
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Binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. (BNR), the cause of web blight, can be spread on azalea stem cuttings into propagation houses, but also can be eliminated from stems by submerging cuttings in 50°C water for 21 min. The overall objective was to evaluate risk of stem cuttings in trays becoming contaminated from inoculum on polypropylene fabric and gravel floors of propagation houses by evaluating four spread aspects in separate experiments. In experiment one, BNR was recovered from 1 to 50% samples from floor areas. In experiment two, BNR survival was higher under 70% shade than full sun, with the presence of organic media than its absence, and on gravel than on fabric. In experiment three in both years, BNR was never recovered from peat in trays beside or on colonized floor materials. In experiment four, disinfestants greatly reduced BNR on ground fabric and significantly on gravel. Results show BNR persists in propagation houses, yet spread into propagation trays is very low. Results imply the importance of cleaning floor surfaces of organic matter. Disinfestants further reduce propagule survival, but may not completely eliminate BNR, especially on gravel.
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Meyza, Henryk, Marcin M. Romaniuk, Monika Więch, and Dorota Mazanek-Somerlik. "Nea Paphos. Seasons 2014 and 2016 Appendix 1: Note on the pottery from circular basin S.1/16 Appendix 2: Glass." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (2018): 399–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1797.
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Excavation below the ancient ground surface of the main courtyard (1) of the “Hellenistic” House in Nea Paphos proved its construction to be later than the beginning of the 2nd century AD. A large rectangular basin and a smaller circular one were found under the western part of the courtyard and east of it. The larger basin had two phases, the first phase being more than a meter deeper than the second one. Strata under the floors of corridor A and room B were shown to belong to the Late Classical and incipient Hellenistic periods. Exploration also continued of a cistern in the southeastern part of the courtyard and of a well in the northeastern corner of the corridor. The building sequence of the porticoes in the main courtyard was investigated in a probe dug in the southwestern corner of the court, whereas the relation between the large reception hall with mosaic floor (10) and the so-called Roman House was tested in a trench dug in corridor 29. Further fragments of “Nabatean” capitals and other decorated blocks were found in pits that had been cut in the courtyard surface in antiquity. Finally, minor excavation at the southwestern corner of the House of Aion revealed a sequence of floors against the southern elevation of a building uncovered under the late Roman street B.
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Chica, José A., Inés Apraiz, Peru Elguezabal, Marc O. Rrips, Victor Sánchez, and Borja Tellado. "Kubik: Open Building Approach For The Construction of an Unique Experimental Facility Aimed to Improve Energy Efficiency in Buildings." Open House International 36, no. 1 (2011): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2011-b0008.
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KUBIK is aimed to the development of new concepts, products and services to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. The main characteristic of KUBIK is the capability to built realistic scenarios to analyse the energy efficiency obtained from the holistic interaction of the constructive solution for the envelope, the intelligent management of the climatisation and lighting systems and the supply from renewable energy sources. The R&D infrastructure consists of a building able to provide up to 500 m2 distributed in an underground floor, a ground floor and up to two storeys; the main dimensions are 10,00 m. width x 10,00 m. length x 10,00 meter high (plus and underground floor 3,00 m. depth). The supply of energy is based on the combination of conventional and renewable energy (geothermic, solar and wind). In addition, the building is equipped with a monitoring and control system which provides the necessary information for the R&D activities. KUBIK's main structure provides an experimental, adaptable and reconfigurable infrastructure to create the indoor environments to analyse and to allow the assembly of the constructive solutions for the envelope, floors and partitions which performance must to be assessed under realistic conditions.
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Kutsevych, Vadym. "Parking places built-into the lower ground floors of public buildings and structures. Architectural-planning and functional-technological requirements." Research and methodological works of the National Academy of Visual Arts and Architecture, no. 29 (December 17, 2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33838/naoma.29.2020.5-11.
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The rapid processes of global motorization, which Ukraine has not avoided, have a growing impact on various aspects of modern society, on the formation of a new urban environment and transport system. At the same time, to create favorable conditions for Ukraine's integration into the EU needs to address infrastructural issues: the systematic organization of facilities for storing cars in general in cities with the provision of their architecture- accessibility, versatility, economy, energy efficiency and more. First of all, this applies to the largest cities, where about 45% of the total urban population of the state live. An acute urban and transport problem is the problem associated with the allocation of areas for transport facilities: parking lots (garages), gas stations, service stations and other car service facilities. In the absence of free space, the cost of urban land increases. Based on this, there is an urgent need to develop modern methods and techniques that allow more efficient use of land resources. One of the possible methods of solving the problem of organizing parking lots is to build them into the lower floors of public buildings for various purposes. The generalization of foreign and domestic design and construction practices made it possible to determine that one of the first examples of built-in parking lots (garages) are two 60-storey residential and office centers in Chicago (USA) on the shores of Lake Michigan, called Marina City (1964). The construction of these centers gave impetus to the architectural and planning organization of buildings and structures for the rational solution of parking in the lower above-ground floors of residential buildings and public buildings and structures. The article summarizes foreign and domestic practice of designing and building such parking lots. It is determined that with a high density of buildings in Ukrainian cities, the method of embedding in the lower floors of public buildings and structures is developing. This reception will be in demand especially in the transition of vehicles to electric vehicles. At the same time, the analysis of domestic regulations on the placement of parking lots revealed the absence of provisions on the possibility of embedding them in the lower above-ground floors of public buildings and structures. However, in the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries and in the developed countries of the world, such provisions exist, which helps to increase the level of comfort of public services and allows rational and intensive use of the city. Based on the results of research and suggestions, it should be noted that the practice of design and construc- tion reveals the possibility of applying the existing requirements of current state building codes of Ukraine for underground garages, which should be extended and for car parks (garages) located on the lower above-ground floors of other buildings, in particular public buildings. This requires changes and additions to the current urban planning, typological and fire regulations, which are planned to be developed on the basis of this study.
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Jendzelovsky, Norbert, and Alzbeta Grmanova. "Analysis of floor response spectra of an office building." MATEC Web of Conferences 310 (2020): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031000009.
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The paper deals with the analysis of an office building located in the outskirts of Bratislava, Slovakia. The building consists of one underground floor and five above ground floors that have been roofed by a steel roof structure. The steel structure represents a subtle roofing of areas with air condition units and other technological equipment. For proper design of the steel structure with respect to the seismic loading, it is necessary to prepare floor response spectra for the top floor. A computer model of reinforced concrete structure was created using the Finite Element Method - FEM. Based on the approved recommendations for dynamic loading, seismic load of the building was defined in the form of a synthetic three-component accelerogram at free field level. The calculations of seismic response spectra were made assuming a linearly elastic behavior of the building structure without considering the elasto-plastic effects during the earthquake. The calculation of transient analysis was performed for a three-component synthetic accelerometer in ANSYS software. Acceleration time responses in three orthogonal directions (two horizontal and one vertical) were obtained for 6 selected points of the top floor. The obtained values of acceleration were compiled by additional software in order to obtain the resulting floor spectra. Subsequently, the envelope of the floor spectra was created, which has been taken into account in the design of a steel roof structure.
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Buchanan, Andrew, David Carradine, Graeme Beattie, and Hugh Morris. "Performance of houses during the Christchurch earthquake of 22 February 2011." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (2011): 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.342-357.
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The earthquake on 22 February 2011 was very close to Christchurch city, generating very high level ground excitations that caused severe geotechnical effects and widespread structural damage. This paper outlines the wide range of damage to houses resulting from liquefaction, lateral spreading, rockfall, and horizontal and vertical ground accelerations. The response of typical forms of house construction and structural components are discussed, with many different types of damage described. The majority of houses in the Christchurch region are one or two storey light timber frame buildings. This type of construction has performed extremely well for life safety, but thousands of houses have some degree of structural or non-structural damage. The New Zealand Building Code needs to be reviewed in several areas, especially the requirements for foundations and reinforced concrete floors.
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Masuzawa, Yoe, and Yoshiaki Hisada. "Seismic Isolation Retrofit of a Medical Complex by Integrating Two Large-Scale Buildings." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 3 (2009): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0208.
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We developed a methodology of seismic isolation retrofit integrating adjacent buildings using prestressed concrete slabs, and applied it to two large-scale buildings in Hamamatsu City in Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan. It is the first seismic isolation retrofit of hospital in Japan. The two steel-reinforced concrete buildings were nine stories high with one basement, and had been constructed in 1973 and 1975 based on an old structural design code. The two buildings were integrated into one building by connecting individual floors using post-tensioned prestressing cables through slabs. A comparison of microtremors before and after the integration confirmed that the integration worked well. Seismic isolation devices were set up mainly in basement columns using temporary support involving steel brackets and prestressing cables to install devices safely and economically (Masuzawa et al., 2004 [1]). In the seismic design phase, broadband-generated earthquake ground motions for a hypothetical Magnitude 8 earthquake near the site were simulated using a hybrid method (Hisada, 2000 [2], etc.). Safety and functionality were verified by evaluating structural seismic performance based on time-history seismic response analysis.
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Rezaeian, Hooman, George Charles Clifton, and James B. P. Lim. "Compatibility Forces in Floor Diaphragms of Steel Braced Multi-Story Buildings." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.310.
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Floors have a key role in the seismic behaviour of structures, especially in multi-story buildings. The in-plane behaviour of a floor system influences the seismic response of the structure significantly and affects the distribution of lateral forces between seismic resisting systems and over the height of the structure. In buildings where the seismic resisting systems are in the same location in plan on each floor over the height of the building, inertial and displacement compatibility shear forces are the principal shear forces generated at the interface between the floor system and the seismic-resisting system. These two are called interface diaphragm forces. These interface forces must be transferred into the appropriate lateral load resisting system and the interface must be well designed and detailed. Determination of the magnitude of the interface loads on concrete diaphragms are not well understood and still a matter of debate. There is no consensus of a design procedure for determining the diaphragm actions and distribution into the seismic resisting systems. In this paper, interface forces generated in floor diaphragms by asymmetrical actions of the braced framing system on each side of the building in the direction of analysis have been investigated. A numerical study using Numerical Integration Time History Analysis (NITH), has been undertaken to evaluate the interface forces of concrete floor diaphragms in a 12-story braced steel building. The results of nonlinear time history analyses using ground motion records from three different earthquakes are presented.
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Kurniawandy, Alex, and Shoji Nakazawa. "Seismic performance evaluation of existing building using Seismic Index method." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927601015.
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Indonesia has frequently suffered major damaging earthquakes over the past 50 years. There are thousands of buildings in earthquakeprone regions that require seismic evaluation and rehabilitation. This paper describes a study about the seismic evaluation of existing buildings using seismic index method based on a Japanese standard. The basic seismic index is calculated based on the criteria of strength and ductility. Two existing buildings have been evaluated in this research. The first building consists of five stories and the second one has four. The seismic index of the structure has a different value for each story. The minimum seismic index occurs on the ground floor, and the index increases as the number of stories increase. The top floor has the maximum seismic index of all stories. The structure’s seismic safety shall be judged if the seismic index (Is) is greater than the seismic demand index (Iso). As a result of the evaluation, buildings A, and B are in an unsatisfactory condition. Especially for the three lower floors of both of buildings. It is also confirmed by drift angle that they exceed the required limit. To sum up, evaluation by using Japanese standards can be applied to building conditions in Indonesia.
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Pańtak, Marek. "Ground Reaction Forces Generated by Runners—Harmonic Analyses and Modelling." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051575.
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Building structures carrying pedestrian traffic, e.g., footbridges, long-span floors and long cantilevered platforms projecting outwards from the walls (long balconies), can be susceptible to the dynamic influence of its users. One type of dynamic action that can occur on these structures is the dynamic action of people running. The main aim of this paper is to present the results of the harmonic analyses and mathematical models of two types of ground reaction forces (GRFs) generated by people applying different running techniques, i.e., forefoot- and heel-strike (rearfoot) running technique. The analyses of the GRFs were performed on the basis of the results of laboratory tests of running people and concern the vertical component of the ground reaction forces (VGRFs) generated by runners. The harmonic analyses were performed using Fourier transform. The results of the study show the main features and differences between forces generated by forefoot- and heel-strike runners. Data obtained for various running styles allowed the development of a load model proposal for the VGRFs generated by heel-strike runners. The results of the VGRF parameterization and the proposed new VGRF model allow the VGRFs generated by forefoot and heel-strike runners to be accurately estimated in the case of normal running pace (recreational running). The application of the presented results allows improvements to the accuracy of determining the dynamic response of structures induced by runners.
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Welc, Fabian, Radosław Mieszkowski, Lawrence B. Conyers, Janusz Budziszewski, and Artur Jedynak. "Reading of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Images of Prehistoric Flint Mine; Case Study from Krzemionki Opatowskie Archaeological Site In Central Poland." Studia Quaternaria 33, no. 2 (2016): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0012.
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Abstract Geophysical surveys conducted in order to map tunnels and vertical shafts at the Neolithic chert mining field Krzemionki used a ground-penetrating radar(GPR to test hypotheses regarding orientation, depth and subsurface complexity of these voids.Using two-dimensional reflection profiles the vertical shafts, now mostly filled with lithic debris, were easily visible. Amplitude mapping visualized debris at shaft margins as well as a collapsed material inside the voids. Some shallower horizontal tunnels were also visible as sub-horizontal planar reflections generated from both ceiling and floors of these void spaces. Extension of these interpretations to un-mapped areas of the ancient mining district and complexity of these prehistoric mining features could be examined to determine excavation intensity and exploitation techniques used during the Neolithic.
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Sedláková, Anna, Pavol Majdlen, and Ladislav Ťažký. "Possible Solutions for Ground Slabs of Energy Efficient Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.105.
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The building envelope is a barrier that separates the internal environment from the effects of weather. This barrier ought to facilitate the optimal comfort of the interior environment in winter as well as summer. It has been shown in practice that most building defects occur within the building envelope. This includes external walls, roofs and floors too, and is impartial to new or renovated buildings. Heat losses of buildings through external constructions – roof, external walls, ground slabs are not negligible. It is therefore important to pay more attention to these construction elements. Basementless buildings situated on the ground are in direct contact with the subgrade and its thermal state. An amount of heat primarily destined for the creation of thermal comfort in the interior escapes from the baseplate to the cooler subgrade. The outgoing heat represents heat losses, which unfavourably affect the overall energy efficiency of the building. The heat losses represent approximately 15 to 20 % of the overall heat losses of the building. This number is a clear antecedent for the need to isolate and minimalize heat flow from the building to the subgrade.
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Tzortzi, Kali. "The art museum as a city or a machine for showing art?" Architectural Research Quarterly 14, no. 2 (2010): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135510000746.
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This paper presents the comparative analysis of the National Museum of Modern Art, in the Pompidou Centre, Paris, designed by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano (1972–77), and the Tate Modern art gallery, London, the conversion of an industrial building by Swiss practice Herzog & de Meuron (1995–2000). The two museums share a set of conspicuous similarities so that their parallel investigation seems self-evident. Both are large-scale national museums of modern art, extending over two floors, in buildings that constitute urban landmarks and are often seen as examples of the museum as a box [1a–b]. Their ground floors are conceived as a space you walk through, as a ‘piazza’; their spatial organisation is modular and flexible; their visual construction, punctuated by powerful views to the city. Moreover, they are guided by similar spatial ideas and share common fundamental morphological properties. Interestingly, their affinities extend to their collections – both begin with the turn of the twentieth century and extend to the twenty-first century; and their curatorial practices – as, for instance, the practice of reprogramming the galleries on a regular basis. But the experience of visiting the two museums is entirely different and each appears to have its own idiosyncratic spatial character, quite distinct from the other (described metaphorically by the museum designers as the museum as a city in the case of the Pompidou and as a machine for showing art in the case of Tate Modern). So, could these obvious similarities hide critical differences between the two museums?
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Haider, Syed Muhammad Bilal, Zafarullah Nizamani, Chun-Chieh Yip, and Jing-Ying Wong. "NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF TWO STOREY RC BUILDING MODEL." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 4 (2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.16390.
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Peninsular Malaysia lies in a low seismic zone, but its building structures had come across the concrete deterioration due to the seismic ground motion originated from far or near field. Notably, most of the building structures in this country are designed based on wind load only. Moreover, current practice to analyze or design a building such as FEMA 368 and EC8 underestimated the effect of repeated excitations. These guidelines only considered single vibrations to evaluate the framed structure. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the performance of private educational institute reinforced concrete building with generic 3D two storey frame structure under multiple seismic motions. Structural model was examined under series of earthquake motions which include pre-shock, main shock and aftershock scenario. Total of 7 seismic ground motions were selected to quantify the structural frame model by nonlinear dynamic time history analyses. Pseudo-dynamic ground motions were recorded on shaking table ranging from 0.18 g to 0.82 g were applied onto the building model for assessment. The outcome of this study has identified that the low-rise building model survived at higher PGA values. Moderate damages (0.25 ≤ DI < 0.40) were recorded after passing through multiple ground motions. Moreover, low seismic vibrations with large ground movement had caused ground floor storey act as soft storey. The study concluded that low rise building model had higher tendency to absorb lower to higher ‘g’ values and resist the earthquake loading due to the strength of framed structure.
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Adi, Alifiano Rezka. "KAJIAN PENERAPAN ARSITEKTUR HIJAU PADA KANTOR PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN BOYOLALI; Fokus pada Nilai Embodied Energy Bangunan." Jurnal Arsitektur KOMPOSISI 11, no. 6 (2017): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jars.v11i6.1357.
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Abstract: Green architecture approach comes as a solution of solving the energy and environmental crises. Boyolali regency office became the research object by focusing on the value of embodied energy to determine and evaluate the energy consumed from the manufacturing of the material until the construction phase. This study uses a simulation method with modeling strategy at the masterplan area and the existing area to measure the embodied energy of the buildings. The results showed that the larger of the ground floor area, the greater of the embodied energy value of the building. In addition, a building which has more floors will save the value of the embodied energy compared to a one floor building with the same floor area. The existing condition showed the saving of the embodied energy value by 22.64% towards the masterplan because of its smaller total ground floor area. The impact of the floor area and floor number is used in determining the design recommendations by combining several buildings into one building to reduce the total floor area as well as to convert most buildings into two-story buildings. The simulation results from the proposed recommendation showed the efficiency of the embodied energy value, which is more optimal, by 21,76% towards the existing condition.Keywords: green architecture, embodied energy, office area, energy efficiencyAbstrak: Pendekatan arsitektur hijau hadir sebagai solusi dalam mengatasi permasalahan energi dan lingkungan. Kantor pemerintahan Boyolali dijadikan sebagai objek penelitian dengan berfokus pada nilai embodied energy untuk menentukan dan mengevaluasi energi yang digunakan dari proses pengolahan material bangunan hingga fase konstruksi bangunan. Penelitian menggunakan metode simulasi dengan strategi pemodelan pada masterplan kawasan serta kondisi eksisting kawasan untuk mengukur nilai embodied energy bangunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar luas permukaan lantai bangunan, semakin besar nilai embodied energy pada bangunan tersebut. Selain itu, jumlah lantai yang lebih banyak akan menghemat nilai embodied energy jika dibandingkan dengan bangunan satu lantai dengan luas lantai dasar yang sama. Kondisi eksisting menunjukkan penghematan nilai embodied energy sebesar 22,64% terhadap masterplan karena memiliki luas total lantai dasar lebih kecil. Dampak dari luas lantai dasar dan jumlah lantai digunakan dalam menentukan rekomendasi desain dengan menggabungkan beberapa bangunan menjadi satu untuk mengurangi luasan total lantai dasar sekaligus menjadikan bangunan-bangunan yang ada menjadi gedung berlantai dua. Hasil simulasi dari rekomendasi yang diusulkan menunjukkan efisiensi nilai embodied energy yang lebih optimal sebesar 21,76% terhadap kondisi eksisting.Kata kunci: arsitektur hijau, embodied energy, kawasan perkantoran, efisiensi energi
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Soluyanov, Yu I., A. R. Akhmetshin, and V. I. Soluyanov. "Update of specific electric loads of public premises located in residential buildings." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 3 (2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-3-62-72.
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THE PURPOSE. To determine the composition of electricity consumers in apartment buildings. To analyze the power consumption of organizations located on the first two floors of apartment buildings. To justify the need to update the standards for electrical loads for public premises built into residential buildings. METHODS. Information on electricity consumption was received by automated electricity metering system from smart meters installed directly at consumers. To achieve this goal, statistical methods for analyzing energy consumption were used. RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic, provides a rationale for adjusting the normative values of specific electrical loads for public premises built into residential buildings. The percentage of consumer groups is shown on the example of several apartment buildings. The annual specific average monthly graphs of electricity consumption are presented: shops, offices, pharmacies, restaurants. CONCLUSION. In an effort to increase the level of comfort, developers are interested in developing the infrastructure of the facilities, mainly for this, they use ground and first floors, in which retail and office areas are most often located. Research by the Roselectromontazh Association has shown that to determine the electrical load of non-residential commercial premises, one has to use one averaged value due to the constant change in the purpose of premises and the complexity of determining the occupied area.
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Soluyanov, Yu I., A. R. Akhmetshin, and V. I. Soluyanov. "Update of specific electric loads of public premises located in residential buildings." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 3 (2021): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-3-47-57.
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THE PURPOSE. To determine the composition of electricity consumers in apartment buildings. To analyze the power consumption of organizations located on the first two floors of apartment buildings. To justify the need to update the standards for electrical loads for public premises built into residential buildings. METHODS. Information on electricity consumption was received by automated electricity metering system from smart meters installed directly at consumers. To achieve this goal, statistical methods for analyzing energy consumption were used. RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic, provides a rationale for adjusting the normative values of specific electrical loads for public premises built into residential buildings. The percentage of consumer groups is shown on the example of several apartment buildings. The annual specific average monthly graphs of electricity consumption are presented: shops, offices, pharmacies, restaurants. CONCLUSION. In an effort to increase the level of comfort, developers are interested in developing the infrastructure of the facilities, mainly for this, they use ground and first floors, in which retail and office areas are most often located. Research by the Roselectromontazh Association has shown that to determine the electrical load of non-residential commercial premises, one has to use one averaged value due to the constant change in the purpose of premises and the complexity of determining the occupied area.
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GÖĞEBAKAN, A. Yeliz, and F. Duygu SABAN. "THE REFLECTION OF CULTURAL ASPECTS ON VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: CASE OF BURHANLI VILLAGE, CEYHAN." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL OF DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE, no. 22 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.17365/tmd.2021.turkey.22.05.
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Aim: The financial, social and cultural development in urban areas encouraged people to move out from rural areas which resulted in the extinction of vernacular architecture shaped as a result of cultural background. The main aim of this study is to examine how cultural aspects are reflected to spaces in vernacular architecture. Method: Burhanlı Village located in Ceyhan/Adana is chosen as the case study, because of its unique settlement character where yörük culture can still be seen. Within the scope of the study, historical development of Burhanlı village is examined, survey drawings of 16 traditional houses are prepared and interviews with local residents are undertaken in order to understand how culture is reflected in inner and outer spaces. Findings: It is ascertained that building stock in the village is mostly comprised of two storey houses, where ground floors are used as stables or warehouses, the upper floors include spaces for daily living. In the houses where sofa is the main element of the plan organization, wood, mud brick or stone was used as building material and it is revealed that traditional houses are under threat because of poor quality intervention. Conclusion: It is determined that culture was reflected more in details in inner and outer spaces rather than spatial organization and that these unique qualities have to be preserved.
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Esfahanian, Alireza, and Ali Akbar Aghakouchak. "Sensitivity analysis of the influence of ground motion intensity levels on the seismic behavior of steel frames in assessment of the target displacement considering near-fault effects." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 47, no. 4 (2020): 470–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0416.
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Nonlinear time-history analysis conducted as part of a performance-based seismic design approach often require that the ground motion records are selected and then scaled to a specified level of seismic intensity. In such analyses, besides an adequate structural model, a set of acceleration time-series is needed as the most realistic representation of the seismic action. In this paper, the effects of scaling procedure on seismic demands of steel frames are investigated. To this, two special steel moment-resisting frames with considerable higher mode effects, and two sets of ground motions, including near-fault and far-fault motions are considered. Moreover, three scaling procedures are introduced for performing nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis of structures. Among different demands, lateral roof displacement and interstory drift are selected as seismic demands. The height-wise distribution of demands shows that the inelastic seismic demands of the near-fault pulse-like ground motions differ considerably from those of far-fault ones. These results show that the story drifts are mostly larger for far-fault motions in the upper story levels in comparison to near-fault records and in the lower floors, the reverse is true. Thus, the scaling procedures directly affect the results of seismic demands and choosing different methods would result in varying responses. Moreover, a low-cost and fairly effective procedure is proposed to estimate the target displacement demands of buildings from response-spectrum analyses, considering near-fault effects. The precision of this method is verified by nonlinear time-history analysis results, as the benchmark solution, and acceptable improvements have been achieved.
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Weitzmann, Peter, Jesper Kragh, Peter Roots, and Svend Svendsen. "Modelling floor heating systems using a validated two-dimensional ground-coupled numerical model." Building and Environment 40, no. 2 (2005): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.07.010.
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Sušanj Protić, Tea. "Renesansna kuća Moise u Cresu - rezultati konzervatorskih istraživanja 2011. godne." Ars Adriatica, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.501.
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The Renaissance residential architecture in the town of Cres is represented by a small number of preserved houses (palazzetti) of the local nobility which are attributed to the established stone-cutting workshop grouped around master Francesco Marangonich, a Lombard stone-cutter who arrived at Cres from the building sites of Venice and introduced Renaissance stylistic elements on the Quarnero islands. The best-known Renaissance residential building at Cres is the Marcello-Petris house which was built in the 1510s for the Minister Provincial and Bishop, Friar Antun Marcello-Petris. The Renaissance houses of the Cres nobility are characterized by their relatively large size, ashlar masonry, and the strict rhythm of the decorated openings on the representative facades. One of such buildings is the Moise house, situated in the medieval centre of the town, at a prominent site where the two main streets of the time crossed. Documents from the archive of the Franciscan monastery at Cres witness that in 1441, “Ser Andrea Moisenich” exchanged a garden for the house of “Nobilis Ser Stefano de Petris”, who had the Petris palace built before 1405, meaning that the present-day Moise house might be identified with the old Petris palace. It features the coats of arms of these two families from the same period, and, therefore, it could have functioned as a shared residence of both families, which was frequently the case in Venice, for example, when it came to large palaces with two residential floors and two courtyards, which are both elements of the Moise house. The Moise house is the largest residential building of Renaissance Cres and, through its size, it can be compared to prominent examples of large palaces in Dalmatian towns. It has not been the subject of scholarly and expert research because of its many alterations, the relatively poor preservation of its original features, and the loss of its representative appearance, all of which means that its basic characteristics remained unknown. Conservation works revealed the layout of its ground plan and established that it was conceived as an emulation of the Venetian model, with a central hall and four lateral chambers. These features set the Moise house apart from other Renaissance residential buildings at Cres as the only one which adopted and displayed the high Renaissance symmetry of ground plan, which is also reflected on the representative facade. Analysis of the plaster samples taken from the walls has resulted in their stratigraphy, which confirms the hypothesis that all the walls of the central salone were painted a secco in the seventeenth century.The conservation works carried out on the representative facade unveiled the position of the Renaissance windows, which indicates that the articulating rhythm was two single-light windows – a double-light window – two single-light windows, which was corroborated by the discovery of the dressed inner window splays. Such an arrangement was common practice in Venetian Gothic residential architecture but, in the territory of present-day Croatia, it gained prominence only in the Renaissance, and the Moise house is the only example of this at Cres. The second floor of the Moise house repeated the plan of the first, which implies that originally there would have been two sumptuous storeys. The vaulted rooms on the ground floor did not communicate with one another but formed separate units in a direct relationship with the street or courtyards and it is likely that they had a utilitarian function as shops or storage spaces, having no vertical communication inside the house with the residential floors, which were connected by means of a single flight staircase. The building had two representative courtyards; the west one gave way to subsequent additions but it was recorded in the Land Registry as early as 1821. On the ground floor, the courtyard had a porch with two arches above which was a gallery with a balustrade, traces of which were discovered through test-probes in the floor. In the small east courtyard, the remains of the Renaissance porch, supported by the excellently carved pillars have been preserved, while in the floor under the staircase vault, a circular, finely-dressed stone opening belonging to a well was found; its well head is today located on the ground floor of the house. The two representative courtyards are an exception in the densely-knit urban texture of Cres, which places the Moise house in a wider context of Renaissance residential architecture in the Adriatic. Its local variety would be the positioning of the well under the vault of the staircase, which is characteristic of the vernacular architecture in medieval Cres. In comparison to other similar buildings at Cres, the Moise house is unique in that it is the only Renaissance house of the nobility with a regular plan; other Renaissance houses are of a mostly irregular quadrangular plan, including the most representative example of the palazzetto of the Cres nobility, the Marcello-Petris house. The Moise house is also the only building to have a symmetrical interior layout, which resonates with the symmetrical articulation of the representative facade, while in the case of the Marcello-Petris house, the consistent rhythm of the richly decorated windows in the south facade are a screen of sorts placed before the asymmetrically-arranged interior space.The construction of such a large building, at a dominant position in the medieval core can be explained by the role of the original commissioners, the Petris family, as the most prominent noble family at Cres, while the credit for the contemporary Renaissance organization of the interior – with the only extant example of a central representative hall in the Renaissance residential architecture at Cres – belongs to the builders, who had already demonstrated knowledge of contemporary Venetian models on the well-known portal of the collegiate church at Cres.The Moise house was marginalized in previous overviews of the Renaissance residential architecture because of the modest state of preservation of its Renaissance stone sculpture. The results of the conservation works, and the analysis of the spatial organization, ground plan, and location of this building, but also the analysis of historical records, should contribute to a clearer perception of the Moise house in the context of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century residential architecture on the east Adriatic coast, and to a re-assessment of its diminished representative importance, the value which is hidden in the architectural structure, concept and context, within the frame of the urban texture of medieval Cres.
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Prisadkov, V. I., S. V. Muslakova, D. V. Ushakov, A. A. Abashkin, and K. V. Prisadkov. "The fire safety of two-storey church buildings." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 3 (2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.03.65-75.
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Introduction. Two-storey church buildings, that date back to the past centuries, are usually regarded as monuments of history and architecture. Their facades cannot be changed when buildings are adapted for modern use. The ground floor of a church building is used as a warm winter church, and the first floor is an unheated summer church. The evacuation of church members from the ground floor in case of fire is organized in accordance with fire safety regulations. If the area of the upper church floor is 80…200 m2 or more, the number of people may exceed 100 people there. As a rule, the upper church has one evacuation exit, which is contrary to the fire safety regulations, that prescribe the availability of several exits from the upper church floor when the number of people there exceeds fifty. The purpose of the article is to propose fire safety amendments in respect of cultural heritage monuments, so that the acceptable number of people inside a church building, that has one exit, can exceed fifty.Theoretical foundations of amendments to fire safety regulations. Methods of flexible fire safety control, applied today, allow for the regulatory harmonization of the requirements applicable to the adaptation of immovable cultural heritage for modern use. The level of individual risk is the fire safety criterion for a two-storey church building.Substantiation of effectiveness of the fire safety system. A system of measures is proposed to ensure the fire safety of two-storey church buildings. The proposals will allow to increase the number of people on the first floor, so that it can exceed fifty. The case of a functional church is analyzed, which demonstrates methods of increasing the number of people inside it to one hundred. The results of modeling the process of evacuation from the upper church floor are presented.Conclusions. An individual risk, arising in a church building that has one exit, is analyzed, and the implementation of the fire safety criterion is substantiated. Draft amendments to the fire safety regulations have been proposed, so that the number of people inside a church building, that has one exit, can exceed fifty.
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Stefanelli, Dario, Roberto J. Zoppolo, and Ronald L. Perry. "Fine Root Dynamics in an Organic Apple Orchard under Two Ground Floor Management Systems." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1129C—1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1129c.
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Fine root dynamics, timing of the events, and their relationship with soil conditions are of major interest because the understanding of these phenomena will permit a better synchronicity between nutrients and plant uptake. The goal of this research is to study the effect of different soil conditions, generated from two ground floor management systems, on fine root dynamics of apple trees under organic protocol in Michigan. The research has been conducted at the Clarksville Horticultural Experimental Station (CHES) of Michigan State University (MSU), in the organically certified (by OCIA) orchard of “Pacific Gala” grafted on M9 NAKB 337, established in May 2000. The orchard floor management systems being studied are: 1) a mulch made of alfalfa hay on the tree rows, with a width of 1.8 m and 2) the “Swiss Sandwich System” (SSS) that consists in superficial tillage of two strips 80 cm wide at each side of the tree row, leaving a 40 cm strip in the middle (on the tree row, under the canopy) where volunteer vegetation is allowed to grow. Root dynamics are studied on four replicas of two trees per each of the two ground treatments (16 in total) in a block design. For each tree in the trial four clear butyrate minirhizotrons have been installed (64 in total) at a 45° angle facing the tree, in the summer of 2002. Root dynamics, measured through pictures taken with a Bartz Technology digital camera and analyzed with a new software under development at MSU. During the 2003 season differences between the two systems have been found depending on the parameter taken in consideration. Mulch had different root distribution compared to SSS. Mulch treatment showed shallower roots even if below 90 cm the two systems didn't show any difference.
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Sazonova, Svetlana, Alla Zvyaginceva, and Aleksandr Osipov. "Simulation of scenarios for the development of a fire in a shopping and entertainment center." Modeling of systems and processes 14, no. 3 (2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2219-0767-2021-14-3-50-59.
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The paper analyzes fires in the Russian Federation, including in shopping and entertainment centers. Objects with a mass stay of people are investigated on the example of the shopping entertainment center Passage "Solnechny Rai" in Voronezh. As a result of the analysis carried out on the study of objects with a massive presence of people, in our case, at the alleged object of extinguishing a fire and conducting an ACR, at the time of the fire there were more than 50 people, one way or another in comparison even with night time when there are no people at the object , the object refers to objects with a mass presence of people. Forecasting the development of the fire was carried out for the shopping and entertainment center Passage "Solnechny Rai". Simulation of two scenarios of fire development with the most dangerous zones of fire occurrence has been carried out. According to the first scenario of a fire in the premises of the Perekrestok store located on the ground floor, in the event of a fire in the store, the greatest amount of manpower and resources will be required, since this facility has the highest fire load, storage of a large amount of goods. According to the second scenario, a fire breaks out in a retail space located on the third floor of the building of the “Solnechny Rai” Passage shopping and entertainment center. As a result of a fire, adjacent rooms and higher floors are quickly filled with combustion products, which will lead to the impossible evacuation of people by their own forces. For the considered shopping and entertainment center, recommendations have been developed for organizing rescue operations.
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Sicignano, Claudia. "The Alfonso Garofalo pasta factory in Gragnano, Naples, Italy: history, technologies and hypotheses of reuse." VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability 4, no. 2 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2019.12489.
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<p>About fifteen water mills settled in the Valley of the Mills of Gragnano. Thanks to new technologies, a few centuries later, fifty-seven new pasta factories were built on the Corso Sancio. The building typology was recurrent and constant. Each of them consisted of a ground floor, three floors in elevation and one or two underground levels that were in the rear close to the Vernotico stream. The complex retreated, for logistical and space reasons, from the road curtain, developing over an area of its own, with a large inner courtyard, a sort of real square, for the movement of horse-drawn carts, then trucks and therefore still several artifacts. For his time Alfonso Garofalo was one of the greatest Italian pasta manufacturers. After more than a hundred years the vertical production processes and the work done in many small building entities proved to be expensive with respect to industrial competitiveness. In other parts of Italy some pasta factories already appeared on a single level, with production in horizontal continuity and mechanized drying. In 1963 the historical Pastificio Alfonso Garofalo closed due to bankruptcy and the industrial activity was closed forever. The real problem that remains today is the reuse of these large abandoned container in the historic center. The building complex in the heart of the town, which is part of Industrial Archeology is now in serious disrepair and deserves to be restored and reused.</p>
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Supramongkonset, Jatuporn, Sarun Duangsuwan, Myo Myint Maw, and Sathaporn Promwong. "Empirical Path Loss Channel Characterization Based on Air-to-Air Ground Reflection Channel Modeling for UAV-Enabled Wireless Communications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (July 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5589487.
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The purpose of this work was to investigate the air-to-air channel model (A2A-CM) for unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) enabled wireless communications. Specifically, a low-altitude small UAV needs to characterize the propagation mechanisms from ground reflection. In this paper, the empirical path loss channel characterizations of A2A ground reflection CM based on different scenarios were presented by comparing the wireless communication modules for UAVs. Two types of wireless communication modules both WiFi 2.4 GHz and LoRa 868 MHz frequency were deployed to study the path loss channel characterization between Tx-UAV and Rx-UAV. To investigate the path loss, three types of experimental channel models, such as CM1 grass floor, CM2 soil floor, and CM3 rubber floor, were considered under the ground reflection condition. The analytical A2A Two-Ray (A2AT-R) model and the modified Log-Distance model were simulated to compare the correlation with the measurement data. The measurement results in the CM3 rubber floor scenario showed the impact from the ground reflection at 1 m to 3 m Rx-UAV altitudes both 2.4 GHz and 868 MHz which was converged to the A2AT-R model and related to the modified Log-Distance model above 3 m. It clear that there is no ground reflection effect from the CM1 grass floor and CM2 soil floor. This work showed that the analytical A2AT-R model and the modified Log-Distance model can deploy to model the path loss of A2A-CM by using WiFi and LoRa wireless modules.
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Guardiola-Víllora, A., and L. Basset-Salom. "WHEN THE RISK IS URBAN PLANNING. A CASE STUDY IN EL CABANYAL (SPAIN)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-753-2020.
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Abstract. This paper presents the vicissitudes of a residential dwelling built in El Cabanyal in 1923 and how poor urban planning can be a risk. The building corresponds to one of the most common traditional typologies: a terraced house with masonry load bearing brick walls and timber floors, three storeys, a linear staircase attached to the party walls, a courtyard at the rear and a gable roof. In the past, this building, proved to be resilient, overcoming the risk of collapse in some important episodes which affected directly El Cabanyal: the air raid attacks of the Valencian coastline settlements during the Spanish Civil War and the floods occurred in 1949 and in 1957. In 1988, the building was listed in the catalogue of the General Plan with a protection grade 3. The special protection plan (PEPRI 2001) which was supposed to protect and rehabilitate El Cabanyal, projected the extension of Blasco Ibañez Avenue to the sea and consequently, the division of the neighbourhood in two halves, tearing down an important number of houses. Subsequently, the City council began to expropriate buildings facilitating their occupation by squatters. The level of degradation caused by the urban planning is such that this area is known as ‘Ground Zero Area’. At the time of writing this paper, the building appears to be illegally occupied and in a bad state of preservation. After almost a hundred years facing different risks, poor urban planning appears to be the cause of the destruction of this heritage building.
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Berdeni, Y., A. Champneys, and R. Szalai. "The two-ball bounce problem." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2179 (2015): 20150286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0286.
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A popular classroom demonstration is revisited in which a light ball and a much larger heavier ball are vertically aligned and dropped together onto a hard surface. Careful experimental data obtained using a high-speed camera is compared to a lumped-mass Newtonian restitution model. Good macroscopic agreement is found, provided there is sufficient separation between the two balls as they are dropped. An alternative continuum model based on elastic membrane theory is developed to explain the limit in which the balls are initially touching. The model assumes the lower ball deforms to a truncated sphere upon its impact with the floor, exciting an elastic wave which subsequently launches the upper ball like a particle on a trampoline, before the lower ball leaves the ground. A favourable comparison with experimental data is found for the case of negligible initial separation between the balls.
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Shokrabadi, Mehrdad, and Henry V. Burton. "Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Rocking Building Systems." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 4 (2017): 1533–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/040816eqs055m.
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This paper investigates the effectiveness of various ground motion intensity measures (IMs) in estimating the structural response of two types of rocking systems: (a) a controlled rocking steel braced frame system with self-centering action and (b) a rocking spine system for reinforced concrete infill frames. The IMs are evaluated based on the dispersion in engineering demand parameter (EDP) predictions (efficiency) and the sensitivity of the conditional distributions of EDPs to the distributions of the magnitudes, distances and spectral shape parameter (ε) of ground motion records (sufficiency). The EDPs include maximum transient and residual story drifts and peak floor accelerations. The spectral acceleration averaged over a range of periods (Sa avg) is most effective for predicting transient and residual drift demands and peak ground acceleration (PGA) is generally the best predictor of peak floor accelerations. The proximity of the frequency range most affecting an EDP to that best reflected in an IM is found to be a good indicator of the performance of that IM.
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Qi, Han Bing, Fu Yun He, Qiu Shi Wang, Dong Li, and Lin Lin. "Simulation Analysis of Heat Transfer on Low Temperature Hot-Water Radiant Floor Heating and Electrical Radiant Floor Heating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4234.
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Radiant floor heating as a new type of energy-saving heating method has more and more used in modern building heating project. According to the different heat source, radiant floor heating is divided into low temperature hot-water floor radiant heating and electrical floor radiant heating. This paper analyzes the heat transfer process of structure layer of the low temperature hot-water and electrical floor radiant heating system, establishes two dimensional steady heat transfer mathematic model, numerical calculation using Fluent software. Respectively simulated when floor materials is different, the heat transfer process of low temperature hot-water floor radiant heating and electrical floor radiant heating system, The analysis results show that: for low temperature hot-water floor radiant heating, when floor material is soft wood, the ground temperature distribution is more uniform; for electrical floor radiant heating, when floor materials is marble, the ground temperature distribution is more uniform; electrical floor radiant heating is more energy saving, and temperature distribution in the ground of floor using the constant heat flux electric heating mode is more uniform than which using the low temperature hot water heating mode.
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Kianmehr, Alireza. "Collapse Probability of Immediate and Special Moment Frames in Tehran under MCE." Shock and Vibration 2021 (September 17, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8144416.
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Residential buildings in most cities, which make up the most significant percentage of buildings, generally contain the most financial and human losses in the face of strong earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of the collapse of intermediate and unique steel moment frames against maximum ground excitations. In this study, through the first two steps of PEER methodology, using four steel structural frames with intermediate and unique moment frames, after designing according to the codes of national building regulations of Iran and standard 2800, this probabilistic evaluation was used to ensure their safety against collapse. In the next step, to deepen the results, 7 other sites from Tehran were selected. Their hazard spectrum was used to calculate the probability of collapse. In the end, it was observed that, with the reduction of the number of structural floors, the IDA curves at the lower IM level become horizontal in this project. The results showed that some of the 5-story steel structures under study in some parts of Tehran have a higher probability of collapse than acceptable.