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1
Blümmel, M., H. P. S. Makkar, and K. Becker. "In vitro gas production: a technique revisited." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 77, no. 1-5 (January 8, 1997): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1997.tb00734.x.
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Mertens, D. R., P. J. Weimer, and G. M. Waghorn. "Inocula differences affect in vitro gas production kinetics." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032341.
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The kinetics of gas production during ruminal fermentation may provide valuable information about foods that can be used to formulate diets and model animal responses. However, measurement of digestion kinetics is affected by methodology and techniques must be established that provide accurate and precise estimates of kinetic parameters. Because gas production measurements provide the opportunity to estimate the digestion kinetics of both soluble and insoluble matter in foods, it would be desirable to use this technique on a wide variety of forages, grains, supplements, and by-product foods. Applying an in vitro technique to such a wide variety of substrates raises questions about the type of inoculum that should be used. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of donor animal and its diet on the measurement of gas production kinetics using both forage and concentrate substrates.
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Kleden, M. M., E. Hartati, M. R. D. Ratu, G. A. Y. Lestari, and A. E. Manu. "In vitro gas production and cinetical fermentation of a few local feed in Kupang East Nusa Tenggara." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 888, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/888/1/012077.
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Abstract Research objectives were to evaluate and to analyze in vitro gas production and cinetical fermentation of Kupang’s local feed. The feed materials were dried and grinded for nutrient and gas produced analysis. Collected data were chemical composition, in vitro gas production, cinetical fermentation, short chain fatty acids, energy metabolic, and organic matter digestation. The result showed that the materials have different gas production. Commonly, the higher the carbohydrate content the higher the gas production; the higher the protein and the fat content the lower the gas production. Total gas productions of each material after 96 hours incubation were 53.88 ml/0.5 g DM for the high fat content feed, 92.26 and 159.25 ml/0.5 DM for the high protein and high carbohydrate content. Regarding total production, the fermented fraction gas productions were 44.662; 82.54 and 153.462 ml/0.5 g DM. The short chain fatty acids produced were 0.31; 0.51 and 1.28 mM. The feed organic matter digestations produced were 42.2; 55.91 and 68.8 % for each feed with a high content of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. Conclusively comparing with the protein and carbohydrate feed sources, the higher the fat content the lower the gas production, short chain fatty acids, and organic matter digestion.
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Kamalak, A., O. Canbolat, Y. Gurbuz, and O. Ozay. "Comparison of in vitro gas production technique with in situ nylon bag technique to estimate dry matter degradation." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 2 (December 6, 2011): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3996-cjas.
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Dry matter (DM) degradation of wheat straw (WS), barley straw (BS), lucerne hay (LH) and maize silage (MS) was determined using two different techniques: (i) in vitro gas production and (ii) nylon bag degradability technique. In vitro gas production and in situ DM disappearance were measured after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation. In situ and in vitro DM degradation kinetics was described using the equation y = a + b (1 – e<sup>ct</sup>). In all incubations there were significant (P < 0.001) correlations between gas production and in situ DM disappearance or estimated parameters ((a + b)<sub>ga</sub><sub>s</sub> and (a + b)<sub>is</sub> or (a + b)<sub>gas</sub> and EDMD<sub>is</sub>) whereas there were no significant (P > 0.05) correlations between c<sub>gas</sub> and c<sub>is</sub> or b<sub>gas</sub> and b<sub>is</sub>. Gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) alone explained 98.3% of the variation of EDMD. The inclusion of gas production from the quickly soluble fraction (a) and rate constant (c) of gas production in the regression equation improved the accuracy of EDMD prediction. The correlations between the results of both methodologies seem to be sufficiently strong to predict degradability parameters from gas production parameters. It was concluded that the in vitro gas production technique has good potentiality to predict in situ DM disappearance and some DM degradation parameters.
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Opatpatanakit, Y., RC Kellaway, IJ Lean, G. Annison, and A. Kirby. "Microbial fermentation of cereal grains in vitro." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 6 (1994): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941247.
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The stoichiometry of fermentation was investigated in vitro with wheat and maize grains. Gas production proved to be an accurate index of VFA production and change in pH. Gas and total VFA production from wheat were strongly correlated with starch disappearance. On a stoichiometric basis, 66% of gas and 64% of VFAs produced from wheat were accounted for by starch fermentation. With maize only 18% of gas and 23% of VFAs produced were accounted for by starch disappearance. There were significant differences between grain species in rates of gas production (P < 0.001), being ranked in the order wheat > triticale, oats > barley > maize > rice, sorghum. Effects of varieties and growing sites on gas production were significant with wheat, oats, maize and sorghum. With barley, only varietal effects were significant (P < 0.001). With maize and sorghum, there were significant variety by site interactions.
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Mertens, D. R., and P. J. Weimer. "Method for measuring gas production kinetics." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032626.
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Methodology can play a critical rôle in the measurement of digestion kinetics, especially when the objective is to define kinetic parameters for use in formulating rations or modelling animal responses. Measurement of gas production kinetics provides the opportunity to evaluate the rate of digestion of the soluble, more rapidly fermenting fractions of foods but has the potential for being more sensitive to the in vitro procedure used. Differences among procedures that have little impact on digestion of dry matter after 48 h of incubation, may have dramatic effects on fermentation of soluble matter during the first 20 h. Our objective was to develop a method for measuring the kinetics of gas production that would minimize any detrimental effects associated with the in vitro system and provide estimates of digestion kinetics that can be used to both describe foods for ration formulation systems and provide parameters for models of ruminal digestion.
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Blümmel, M., H. Steingaβ, and K. Becker. "The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial biomass yield and 15N incorporation and its implications for the prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages." British Journal of Nutrition 77, no. 6 (June 1997): 911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970089.
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AbstractThe relationship between in vitro gas production, concomitant in vitro apparent and true DM degradability has been examined in forty-two roughages. The partitioning of truly-degraded substrate between gas volume and microbial biomass yield and 15N incorporation into cells was also investigated. The relevance of this partitioning for the regulation of DM intake (DMI) was examined for fifty-four roughages. The results can be summarized as follows. In vitro gas production and in vitro apparent and true degradability are highly correlated (P<0.0001), r being 0.96 and 0.95 respectively. There is an inverse relationship between in vitro gas production and microbial biomass yield (r—0.67, (P<0.0001) and also 15N enrichment (P<0.001)when the variables were related to a given unit of substrate truly degraded. Selecting roughages by in vitro gas production may well be a selection against maximum microbial yield and a combination of in vitro gas volume measurements with a complementary determination of the substrate truly degraded is proposed, to calculate a partitioning factor (PF) reflecting the variation of short-chain fatty acid production per unit substrate degraded. PF is calculated as the ratio, substrate truly degraded: gas produced by it. PF was highly significant (P<0.0001) in DMI prediction when included in stepwise multiple correlations together with in vitro gas volume variables reflecting the extent and rate of gas production; 11 % of the variation in DMI was accounted for by the PF. The total model, including extent and rate of gas production and the PF, accounted for 84 % of the variation in DMI. Roughages producing proportionally less gas per unit substrate truly degraded had higher feed intakes.
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GETACHEW, G., H. P. S. MAKKAR, and K. BECKER. "Tropical browses: contents of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production." Journal of Agricultural Science 139, no. 3 (November 2002): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859602002393.
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The contents of phenolic compounds, protein precipitation capacity (PPC) and in vitro gas production of tropical browse species were evaluated. The stoichiometric relationship between in vitro gas measured on incubation of tannin-containing browses in buffered rumen fluid and calculated from short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was investigated. Crude protein (CP) contents in the browses ranged from 54 to 300 g/kg dry matter (DM). Total phenol (TP), tannins (T) and condensed tannins (TP and T as tannic acid equivalent; CT, as leucocyanidin equivalent) ranged from 17–250, 7–214, and 0–260 g/kg DM respectively, and PPC from 0 to 1066 μg BSA precipitated/g DM. CP content of browses was negatively correlated with TP, T, CT and PPC. A significant correlation was observed between per cent change in gas production on addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the contents of phenolics (r = 0.76 for both TP and T). Addition of PEG to tannin-containing browses increased in vitro gas production. PPC was significantly correlated with TP (r = 0.87; P<0.001), T (r = 0.83; P<0.001), and CT (r = 0.41; P<0.05). A good relationship (R2 = 0.94; P<0.001) was observed between measured in vitro gas production and that calculated from SCFA. The molar proportions of SCFA were not affected by the inclusion of PEG (P>0.05). The relationship between in vitro gas measured on incubation of browse leaves and that calculated from SCFA allows prediction of SCFA from gas production.
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Schofield, P., R. E. Pitt, and A. N. Pell. "Kinetics of fiber digestion from in vitro gas production." Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2980–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1994.72112980x.
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Tunkala, Bereket Zeleke, Kristy DiGiacomo, Pablo S. Alvarez Hess, Frank R. Dunshea, and Brian J. Leury. "Rumen fluid preservation for in vitro gas production systems." Animal Feed Science and Technology 292 (October 2022): 115405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115405.
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Krishnamoorthy, U., C. Rymer, and P. H. Robinson. "The in vitro gas production technique: Limitations and opportunities." Animal Feed Science and Technology 123-124 (September 2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.04.015.
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Wangui, James Chege, James P. Millner, Paul R. Kenyon, Peter R. Tozer, Patrick C. H. Morel, and Sarah J. Pain. "In Vitro Fermentation of Browsable Native Shrubs in New Zealand." Plants 11, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162085.
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Information on the nutritive value and in vitro fermentation characteristics of native shrubs in New Zealand is scant. This is despite their potential as alternatives to exotic trees and shrubs for supplementary fodder, and their mitigation of greenhouse gases and soil erosion on hill-country sheep and beef farms. The objectives of this study were to measure the in vitro fermentation gas production, predict the parameters of the in vitro fermentation kinetics, and estimate the in vitro fermentation of volatile fatty acids (VFA), microbial biomass (MBM), and greenhouse gases of four native shrubs (Coprosma robusta, Griselinia littoralis, Hoheria populnea, and Pittosporum crassifolium) and an exotic fodder tree species, Salix schwerinii. The total in vitro gas production was higher (p < 0.05) for the natives than for the S. schwerinii. A prediction using the single-pool model resulted in biologically incorrect negative in vitro total gas production from the immediately soluble fraction of the native shrubs. However, the dual pool model better predicted the in vitro total gas production and was in alignment with the measured in vitro fermentation end products. The in vitro VFA and greenhouse gas production from the fermentation of leaf and stem material was higher (p < 0.05), and the MBM lower (p < 0.05), for the native shrubs compared to the S. schwerinii. The lower in vitro total gas production, VFA, and greenhouse gases production and higher MBM of the S. schwerinii may be explained by the presence of condensed tannins (CT), although this was not measured and requires further study. In conclusion, the results from this study suggest that when consumed by ruminant livestock, browsable native shrubs can provide adequate energy and microbial protein, and that greenhouse-gas production from these species is within the ranges reported for typical New Zealand pastures.
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Wei, C., S. X. Lin, J. L. Wu, G. Y. Zhao, T. T. Zhang, and W. S. Zheng. "Effects of supplementing vitamin E on in vitro rumen gas production, volatile fatty acid production, dry matter disappearance rate, and utilizable crude protein." Czech Journal of Animal Science 60, No. 8 (April 9, 2018): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8402-cjas.
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Two in vitro trials were carried out to study the effects of supplementing vitamin E (V<sub>E</sub>) on rumen fermentation. In Trial I, four levels of V<sub>E</sub> product (purity 50%), i.e. 0, 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg dry matter (DM) of feed (equivalent to 0, 7.5, 15, 30 IU V<sub>E</sub>/kg DM) were supplemented to a typical feed mixture, respectively, as experimental treatments. The gas test technique of Menke et al. (1979) was used to measure gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. In Trial II, the in vitro incubation technique of Zhao and Lebzien (2000) was used to determine DM disappearance rate and utilizable crude protein (uCP). Four levels of V<sub>E</sub>, i.e. 0, 7.5, 15, 30 IU/kg DM were supplemented to the same feed mixture as in Trial I, respectively, as experimental treatments. The results showed that supplementing V<sub>E</sub> increased total gas production (P < 0.01) and tended to increase methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) production (P = 0.087). Supplementing V<sub>E</sub> also increased total VFA (P < 0.05) and propionate (P < 0.05), tended to increase acetate production (P = 0.084), and significantly increased DM disappearance rate (P < 0.05) and uCP (P < 0.01). It was concluded that supplementing V<sub>E</sub> at 30 IU/kg DM under the conditions of present trials with 11.1 IU/kg DM in the feed mixture improved in vitro rumen fermentation of feed mixture. Further research is necessary to confirm the effects of supplementing V<sub>E</sub> using in vivo trials.
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Blümmel, M., and P. Bullerdieck. "The need to complement in vitro gas production measurements with residue determinations from in sacco degradabilities to improve the prediction of voluntary intake of hays." Animal Science 64, no. 1 (February 1997): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800015563.
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AbstractThe need to complement in vitro gas production measurements with residue determination is demonstrated by the recalculation and reassessment of published data on in vitro gas production, in sacco degradabilities and voluntary dry matter intake (DMI). The in sacco degradability — gas volume ratio was determined at 24 and 48 h of incubation, termed partitioning factor (PF) and combined with rate and extent parameters of in sacco degradability and in vitro gas production to predict DMI. In vitro gas production and in sacco degradability characteristics (a + b) and c as described by the equation y = a + b(1−ect) explained 0·373 and 0·668 respectively of the variation in DMI of 19 legume and grass hays. The complementation of gas production parameters by the PF24 increased the R2 value to 0·744 with PF24 accounting for 0·407 of the variation in DMI, the rate of gas production (c) for 0·218 and the extent of gas production (a + b) for 0·119 of the variation in DMI. As a single parameter, PF48 showed the highest correlation (R2 = 0·597) with DMI but the combination of PF4S with rate and extent of in sacco or in vitro gas production measurements did not improve the correlation further, probably due to an intercorrelation between rates of fermentation and PF4S. Hays which were degraded at faster rates had higher PF values indicating proportionally higher microbial yield and lower short-chain fatty acid production per unit substrate degraded. Generally, hays with high in sacco degradabilities but proportionally low gas production i.e. hays with high PF values showed higher DMI.
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Pal, Kaushik, Amlan K. Patra, and Artabandhu Sahoo. "Evaluation of feeds from tropical origin for in vitro methane production potential and rumen fermentation in vitro." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 3 (August 28, 2015): e0608. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015133-7467.
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<p>Enteric methane arising due to fermentation of feeds in the rumen contributes substantially to the greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, like evaluation of chemical composition and nutritive values of feeds, methane production potential of each feed should be determined. This experiment was conducted to evaluate several feeds for methane production potential and rumen fermentation using <em>in vitro</em> gas production technique so that low methane producing feeds could be utilized to feed ruminants. Protein- and energy-rich concentrates (n=11), cereal and grass forages (n=11), and different straws and shrubs (n=12), which are commonly fed to ruminants in India, were collected from a number of locations. Gas production kinetics, methane production, degradability and rumen fermentation greatly varied (<em>p</em><0.01) among feeds depending upon the chemical composition. Methane production (mL/g of degraded organic matter) was lower (<em>p</em><0.01) for concentrate than forages, and straws and shrubs. Among shrubs and straws, methane production was lower (<em>p</em><0.01) for shrubs than straws. Methane production was correlated (<em>p</em><0.05) with concentrations of crude protein (CP), ether extract and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) negatively, and with neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) positively. Potential gas production was negatively correlated (<em>p</em>=0.04) with ADF, but positively (<em>p</em><0.01) with NFC content. Rate of gas production and ammonia concentration were influenced by CP content positively (<em>p</em><0.05), but by NDF and ADF negatively (<em>p</em><0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration and organic matter degradability were correlated (<em>p</em><0.05) positively with CP and NFC content, but negatively with NDF and ADF content. The results suggest that incorporation of concentrates and shrubs replacing straws and forages in the diets of ruminants may decrease methane production.</p>
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Sharifi, M., A. Taghizadeh, A. A. Khadem, A. Hosseinkhani, and H. Mohammadzadeh. "Effects of nitrate supplementation and forage level on gas production, nitrogen balance and dry-matter degradation in sheep." Animal Production Science 59, no. 3 (2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17759.
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The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrate supplementation on dry-matter (DM) degradation and ruminal fermentation parameters by using in vitro gas production and in situ technique. In vitro gas production and in situ DM degradation in the presence or absence of nitrate were recorded at all incubation times. At all incubation times, diets incubated with nitrate gave a significantly lower gas production than did the other diets, except at 2-h incubation. Ruminal DM degradation did not differ among the experimental treatments. Furthermore, at most incubation times, total volatile fatty acids in diets containing nitrate were lower than those in the other treatments. Nitrate supplementation considerably increased gas production from the insoluble fraction, whereas it decreased gas production from the quickly soluble fraction, and potential gas production. Moreover, in all incubations, there were significant correlations between gas production and in situ DM-degradation parameters. The control diet had the greatest retained nitrogen content, but the diets containing nitrate had the greatest faecal nitrogen. The results showed that nitrate addition resulted in a lower gas production and volatile fatty acid production in in vitro assay. It was concluded that considering the strong posetive relationship between the two methodologies, the degradability parameters can be predicted from obtained gas production.
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Taghizadeh, A., and M. Besharati. "Evaluation of nutritional value in some tropical by-products using the in vitro gas production technique." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030295.
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Anaerobic digestion of carbohydrates by ruminal microbes produces short chain fatty acids (SCFA), CO2, CH4, and traces of H2; hence, measurement of gas production in vitro can be used to study the rate and extent of digestion of feedstuffs (Hungate, 1966). When a feedstuff is incubated with buffered rumen fluid in vitro, the carbohydrates are fermented to SCFA, gases mainly CO2 and CH4 and microbial cells. Gas production is basically the result of fermentation of carbohydrates to acetate, propionate and butyrate (Wolin, 1960; Beuvink and Spoelstra, 1992; Blummel and Ørskov, 1993). High correlations between gas production and NDF disappearance, r2 = 0.99 (Pell and Schofield, 1993) or gas production and DM disappearance, r2 = 0.95 (Prasad et al., 1994) have been reported. In vitro techniques that estimate digestion kinetics indirectly by measuring gas production are a more viable option than other in vitro methods. Gas production technology allows for a more usable collection of digestion kinetics data and has allowed for a growing body of knowledge that is directly applicable to the feeding programs that are in daily practical field use. The range of data that can be acquired is broad and will no doubt grow over time. One of the most challenging problems associated with using gas production methods is that the amount of gas produced varies with different molar proportions of SCFA. For example, a higher propionate concentration is associated with lower gas production because an extra carbon atom in propionate would otherwise have appeared as CO2 (Wolin, 1960). The object of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of noodle waste (NW), tomato pomace (TP) and apple pomace (AP) using the gas production technique.
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Freiria, Lucien Bissi da, Joanis Tilemahos Zervoudakis, Nelcino Franciso de Paula, Luciano Da Silva Cabral, Luis Orlindo Tedeschi, Pedro Ivo José Lopes da Rosa e. Silva, Alan Carlos Barboza Melo, and Adriano Jorge Possamai. "Do fibrolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes influence the in vitro fermentation characteristics of forage?" Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n3p1143.
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The effects of increasing doses of three exogenous enzymes preparations with fibrolytic activity (FIB - 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg mL-1liquid volume incubated), amylolytic activity (AMZ - 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg mL-1liquid volume incubated), and proteolytic activity (PRO - 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg mL-1 liquid volume incubated ) on gas production (GP), kinetic parameters, and fermentation profile of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu were evaluated using the in vitro gas production technique. Ruminal liquid was obtained from two rumen-cannulated Santa Inês sheep maintained on pasture. Accumulated gas production was measured during 96 hours of incubation, measured at 18 different time points. The determined parameters were pH, asymptotic gas production (mL g-1), rate of gas production (h-1), lag time (h), organic matter digestibility (OMD, g g-1 DM), metabolizable energy (ME, MJ kg-1 DM), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD, mg g-1 DM). Increasing the FIB dose linearly increased (P < 0.05) the asymptotic gas production. However, the rate of gas production and the lag time showed linear decreases (P < 0.05). Addition of FIB also linearly increased (P < 0.05) the GP at all incubation times, as well as the OMD, NDFD and ME. Addition of AMZ linearly increased (P < 0.05) the asymptotic gas production, but GP linear increased (P < 0.05) only at the 6-hour and 12-hour time points. The rate of gas production and the lag time decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to increasing AMZ addition. Inclusion of PRO did not affect (P > 0.05) asymptotic gas production, but there was quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the rate of gas production, the lag time, and the GP at the 6-hour and 12-hour time points. The OMD, NDFD and ME were not affected by PRO addition. Thus, fibrolytic, amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes are effective in reducing the lag time and increasing the in vitro gas production from Brachiaria Brizantha cv. Marandu forage, and fibrolytic enzymes improve the in vitro fermentation profile.
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Gürsoy, Esra, Gürkan Sezmiş, and Ali Kaya. "Determining The Feed Value, Feed Quality, and in Vitro Fermentation Properties of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) Harvested in Different Periods." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (May 3, 2022): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i4.542-548.4542.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical content, in vitro gas and methane production, relative feed value (RFV), relative feed quality (RFQ), in vitro digestibility parameters, and microbial protein production of the Italian ryegrass plants harvested in different periods of the 2020 production season in Erzincan. In this study an ANKOM Daisy Incubator was used to determine the in vitro digestibility parameters. In vitro gas production technique was used todetermine gas production and predicted parameters. It was found that there were significant differences between the Italian ryegrass plants harvested in different periods in terms of composition, RFV, RFQ, and in vitro digestibility and fermentation parameters. The RFV, metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), true NDF digestibility (TNDFD), organic matter digestibility degree (OMDD), total digestible nutrient (TDN), dry matter intake (DMI), and RFQ values of the Italian ryegrass plants were found to be 247.32, 9.13, 5.68, 62.26%, 54.15%, 55.35%, 4.82%, and 215.81, respectively. On the other hand, after 24 hours of incubation it’s in vitro gas (GP), and methane production (ml and %), true dry matter digestibility (TDMD) values, partitioning factor (PF), microbial protein (MP), microbial protein synthesis efficiency (MPSE), and true digestibility (TD) were found to be 105.41, 17.35, 16.42, 281.72, 2.68, 57.68, 20.32, and 59.82, respectively. In conclusion, determining the digestibility of plants via the measurement of RFV, RFQ, digestion parameters, and gas production in different harvest periods provided insights into the potential of Italian ryegrass as a feed material.
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Pitt, R. E., T. L. Cross, A. N. Pell, P. Schofield, and P. H. Doane. "Use of in vitro gas production models in ruminal kinetics." Mathematical Biosciences 159, no. 2 (July 1999): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-5564(99)00020-6.
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Kara, Kanber, Eray Aktuğ, Alper Çağrı, Berrin Kocaoğlu Güçlü, and Erol Baytok. "Formik Asitin İn Vitro Rumen Fermentasyonu ve Metan Üretimine Etkisi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 11 (October 20, 2015): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i11.856-860.491.
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In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of formic acid on the in vitro methane production and in vitro ruminal fermentation of alfalfa hay. Effect of 0.0 (control group: YF0), 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ml/L (experimental groups: YF1, YF2, YF3, YF4, and YF5 respectively) formic acid (Amasil85-liquid) addition to rumen fluid on ruminal fermentation parameters of alfalfa hay were determined by using in vitro gas production techniques. Methane production of in vitro incubation increased (to about 20%) with addition of linearly increased formic acid. Linearly increased levels of formic acid addition to rumen fluid has significantly changed the production of in vitro total gas production, metabolic energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) at linear, quadratic and cubic. The addition of 0.1 ml/L and 0.2 ml/L formic acid to rumen fluid significantly decreased in vitro total gas production, ME and OMD however addition of 0.3 ml/L and 0.4 ml/L formic acid was not changed in vitro gas production, ME and OMD levels and 0.5 ml/L formic acid was significantly increased all these parameters. Ruminal pH was not changed by addition of formic acid. Formic acid is a safe feed additive because of its properties antibacterial and flavorings and also is used as a fermentation promoter in silage. In this study it has been observed that all doses of formic acid increased in vitro enteric methane production and low doses decreased in vitro total gas production, ME and OMD and high doses have increased all these parameters. High doses have a positive effect on ME and OMD; however formic acid should be used at limited levels in diets due to the negative effect of increasing greenhouse gases. The effect of formic acid addition to the feed raw matter and rations of all livestock would be beneficial to investigate in terms of digestive system parameters and global warming, further in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Molho-Ortiz, Aaron A., Atmir Romero-Pérez, Efren Ramírez-Bribiesca, Claudia Marquez-Mota, Juan Carlos Ramírez-Orejel, and Luis Corona. "PSXIV-13 Effect of phytochemicals on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.877.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight phytochemicals from four plant species, in two presentations, essential oils (EO) and aqueous extracts (AE) of garlic (GEO, GAE), cinnamon (CEO, CAE), eucalyptus (EEO, EAE) and rosemary (REO, RAE) on rumen fermentation, using the in vitro gas production technique. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. All treatments were incubated with 0.5 g of a basal diet (BD; 50% concentrate, 20% alfalfa and 30% corn silage, dry matter basis). Additionally, BD and BD with 30 ppm of sodium monensin (MON) were used as controls. Phytochemicals were evaluated at a single dose of 900 mg/L of inoculum. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), maximum volume of gas (Vmax), gas production rate (S) and lag phase (L) were evaluated. Methane (CH4) was determined indirectly, by fixation of CO2present in gas samples with 1M KOH solution, Non-fixed gas was assumed to be CH4. Methane production was correlated with organic matter fermented in the rumen (mL CH4/g OMFR). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS ©. The effects of treatments were tested for the following contrasts: EO Vs AE, W Vs EO, W Vs AE. Some essential oils (GEO, CEO, REO) decreased CH4 production (mL CH4/g OMFR) and IVDMD by 20.4% and 17.8% compared to control treatments (BD and MON) (P < 0.05). Aqueous extracts showed a similar response (P < 0.05) to control treatments. In conclusion the use of essential oils negatively affected rumen fermentation and the production of CH4 in P cinnamon essential oil.
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Işık, Yasemin, and Adem Kaya. "Determination of Feed Values of Different Physical Processed Common Vetch Seed (Vicia Sativa) by in Vitro Gas Production Technique." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 12 (December 26, 2020): 2528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i12.2528-2532.3475.
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In this study, in vitro gas production values, gas production parameters (a, b, a+b and c) and organic matter digestibilities (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL) contents, chemical compositions and feed values of different physical processed (raw, soaked, boiled and roasted) common vetch seeds (Vicia sativa) were determined by in vitro gas production technique. Rumen fluid, used in this study, was obtained by probe from one Holstein bull (seven years old, average live weight= 650 kg) raised at Research and Application Farm of Agricultural Faculty Atatürk University. Raw and treated common vetch seeds were incubated for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 ve 96 hours for the determination of in vitro gas production values and gas production parameters in rumen fluid. It was observed significant differences among all of the common vetch seeds in terms of chemical composition (DM, CA, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, ADL) values (P
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Kara, K., S. Ozkaya, E. Baytok, BK Guclu, E. Aktug, and S. Erbas. "Effect of phenological stage on nutrient composition, in vitro fermentation and gas production kinetics of Plantago lanceolata herbage." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 6 (June 29, 2018): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2/2017-vetmed.
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This study was aimed at determining the nutrient composition and in vitro ruminal digestion values of Plantago lanceolata herbage in different phenological stages. The plant samples were gathered in the vegetative, flowering and early seed stages of the plant. The crude protein, diethyl ether extract, ash, non-fibre carbohydrates, and proanthocyanidins levels of the vegetative and flowering stages were higher than those of the early seed stage (P < 0.001). Structural carbohydrate levels (P < 0.05) were determined to have a higher value in the early seed stage. Glucose, fructose, Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe and Cu concentrations decreased as the plant matured (P < 0.001), but Na, Zn, and Mn concentrations increased (P < 0.05). The asymptote gas production, gas production rate (P < 0.001), total gas production at 24 h (P = 0.002), metabolic energy, net energy lactation and organic matter digestibility values and the number of Entodinium (P < 0.001) and total bacteria count (P = 0.026) of the flowering and vegetative stages were higher than those of the early seed stage. Methane produced by 0.2 g dry matter was similar in the three phenological stages (P = 0.078). The bound condensed tannins and saponin contents of plants and ammoniacal-N, number of total protozoa and pH value of rumen fluid were similar in the three different phenological stages (P > 0.05). The present study indicates that P. lanceolata in the vegetative and flowering stages has, owing to its chemical composition, energy content and digestibility, the potential to be used as a forage source for ruminants in areas affected by drought.
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Sari, R. W. W., N. Jamarun, Suyitman, Khasrad, and G. Yanti. "Mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaves as an alternative feed resources for ruminants." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 888, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/888/1/012079.
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Abstract The aim of this research was to get the best treatment for preserving of mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaves as an alternative feed resouces for ruminants. This research used experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 treatments and 5 replications for each treatment. The treatments are: P1 (Mangrove leaves silage) and P2 (Mangrove leaves hay). The variables observed in the in-vitro experiment were in-vitro rument fluid characteristics (pH, NH3, VFA), total gas production and methane gas production. The results of the in-vitro research showed that the P2 treatment (mangrove hay) produced : pH 6,67, VFA 83 Mm, NH3 5,44 mg/100 ml, total production gas for 48 hours 99,7 ml/hour, and methane gas production for 48 hours 65,05 ml/gr DM. From this research can be concluded that the best treatment for preservation of mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) was the hay treatment based on the total gas and methane gas production. It can be concluded that the hay mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) can be used as an alternative resource feed for ruminant animals.
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Foroughi, A. R., A. A. Naserian, R. Valizadeh, M. Danesh Mesgaran, and A. Mirhady. "Nutritive evaluation of heat-treated cottonseed with in vitro gas production." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001334x.
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Biological methods are more meaningful since microorganisms and enzymes are more sensitive to factors influencing the rate and extent of digestion than are chemical methods (Getachew and et al,1997).Gas measurements provides a useful data on digestion kinetics of both soluble and insoluble fractions of feedstuffs. The objective of this experiment was to determine nutritive value evaluation of heat-treated cottonseed with in vitro gas production.
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Olfaz, Mustafa, Unal Kilic, Mustafa Boga, and Abdiwali Mohamoud Abdi. "Determination of the In Vitro Gas Production and Potential Feed Value of Olive, Mulberry and Sour Orange Tree Leaves." Open Life Sciences 13, no. 1 (August 21, 2018): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2018-0033.
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AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the potential nutritive value andin vitrogas production (IVGP) parameters ofOlea europaea L. (Olive = OL),Morus alba L. (Mulberry = ML) andCitrus aurantium L. (Sour orange = SOL) tree leaves. Hohenheim gas test was used to determine thein vitrogas productions of the leaves. The gas production of samples over time was recorded for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after incubation. Completely Randomized Design was used to compare gas production, and gas production kinetics of samples. The findings of the present study suggested that there were differences among the tree leaves in terms of crude protein, NDF,in vitrogas productions, organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolisable energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL) and relative feed values (RFV) (P<0.01). ML had the highest condensed tannin contents (P<0.05),in vitrogas production (IVGP), OMD and energy values (P<0.01). SOL had highest RFV values. OL showed the lowest IVGP when compared to SOL and ML. Low NDF and ADF contents of SOL would probably increase the voluntary intake, digestibility and relative feed values of these leaves by ruminants. In conclusion, it was determined that OL, ML and SOL used in the study have lowin vitrogas production and can be utilized as alternative roughage feed in ruminants. However, it is recommended that the results obtained from this research should be tested inin vivostudies.
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Lowman, R. S., N. S. Jessop, M. K. Theodorou, M. Herrero, and D. Cuddeford. "A comparison between two in vitro gas production techniques to study fermentation profiles of three foodstuffs." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032614.
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Following the development of the Menke technique in 1979, the measurement of gas production in vitro has become increasingly popular for investigating the kinetics of rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to compare the gas production profiles for three foods using two in vitro gas production techniques; the Menke et al. (1979) technique (MT) and the pressure transducer technique (PTT) (Theodorou et al., 1994). Both techniques involve recording gas production throughout the incubation of a food sample with rumen fluid. The MT incubations are made in gas-tight syringes where the volume of gas produced causes the plunger to move up the syringe barrel. The PTT involves measuring gas production in fermentation bottles using a pressure transducer and syringe assembly to measure the pressure and corresponding gas volume. As the medium to rumen fluid ratios also differ between techniques; 2:1 in the Menke technique and 9:1 in the PTT, both ratios were investigated in this study.
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Davies, D. R., E. L. Bakewell, D. K. Leemans, and R. J. Merry. "The effect of bromoethanesulphonic acid on gas production during an in vitro rumen fermentation." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032560.
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Pressure transducer technology to measure gas production from microbial ecosystems has been utilized in a number of ways but predominantly for food evaluation. The approach also has considerable potential to increase our understanding of, and ability to manipulate, the rumen microbial ecosystem, but most research to date has concentrated on measurement of total gas production and not composition. The aim of this study was to extend the scope of the gas production technique to the quantitation of component gases, whilst investigating ruminal gas production in the presence and absence of methanogens.
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Mir, Z., S. N. Acharya, P. S. Mir, W. G. Taylor, M. S. Zaman, G. J. Mears, and L. A. Goonewardene. "Nutrient composition, in vitro gas production and digestibility of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and alfalfa forages." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-061.
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Nutritive value of forage from the annual legume fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) was evaluated by comparing its chemical composition, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and in vitro gas production with that of alfalfa. Samples of forage grown in a greenhouse or in field plots under irrigation were collected 9, 15, and 19 wk postseeding and nutritive quality was compared with alfalfa harvested at early-bloom. Greenhouse grown fenugreek-9 contained more ash than alfalfa cut at early-bloom, yet the IVDMD of fenugreek-9 was greater than that of the alfalfa. Total in vitro gas production was generally greater for alfalfa than fenugreek; however, lag time prior to initiation of gas production was shorter for alfalfa than fenugreek. Greenhouse grown fenugreek-15 or -19 contained less CP than alfalfa, while the NDF content of fenugreek-19 was highest. The IVDMD of fenugreek-15 and -19 were greater (P < 0.05) than for alfalfa. Total in vitro gas production was similar for all forages. The rate of gas production was slower (P < 0.05) for fenugreek-19 than for alfalfa. Fenugreek-9 harvested from field plots contained higher (P < 0.05) CP than fenugreek-15 and -19 and alfalfa. Protein content of fenugreek-19 was similar to that of early-bloom alfalfa (P > 0.05), while NDF and ADF contents of fenugreek-9 and -15 were lower (P < 0.05) than alfalfa. Total in vitro gas production of fenugreek-19 was similar to that of alfalfa even though the rate of gas production was slower for fenugreek-19 than for alfalfa. Volatile fatty acids production and composition were generally similar for fenugreek-15 or -19 and early-bloom alfalfa. The estimated DM yield of fenugreek-19 from plots was approximately 10.4 t ha−1. These results suggest that the nutritive value of fenugreek biomass regardless of its stage of growth, is at least comparable to that of early-bloom alfalfa and so it has potential as a forage crop. Feeding trials with cattle are still required to determine intake and utilization potential of this crop. Key words: Alfalfa, fenugreek, IVDMD, in vitro gas production
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Rymer, C., A. R. Moss, E. R. Deaville, and D. I. Givens. "Factors affecting the amount of indirect gas produced by the in vitro gas production technique." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032328.
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When a food is ingested by a ruminant animal, the carbohydrate fraction of the food is fermented by the rumen micro-organisms to produce gas (predominantly carbon dioxide and methane) as well as volatile fatty acids (VFA). The gas production technique simulates this fermentation process and provides an estimate of both the rate and extent of fermentation. Comparing the gas production (GP) profiles of foods enables a comparison to be made of the fermentative characteristics of different foods. However, the technique uses a bicarbonate-based medium system with the rumen liquor. This complicates the GP profile because of the production of ‘indirect’ gas resulting from the reaction between the VFA and the bicarbonate ions.Beuvink and Spoelstra (1992) measured the volume of gas produced from buffered rumen fluid when known amounts of VFA were added and observed that 20·8 ml gas were released per mmol VFA. However, there is variation between laboratories in terms of the composition of the medium that is used. Even when the same medium is used, significant differences have been observed in the GP profile when different types of apparatus were employed (Rymer and Givens, 1997). Media are gassed with carbon dioxide before they are added to the gas production system and it is possible that the concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the medium varies between experiments. The objective of this experiment, therefore, was to determine whether the volume of indirect gas produced was affected by the composition of the medium, the addition of carbon dioxide, and the technique employed to measure gas production.
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Mauricio, R. M., M. S. Dhanoa, E. Owen, K. S. Channa, F. L. Mould, and M. K. Theodorou. "Semi-automation of the in vitro gas production technique using a pressure transducer." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032839.
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The use of a syringe (manual method) to measure gas production is time consuming and inaccurate. In addition the time taken prevents frequent measurements and therefore does not allow gas production kinetics to be fully described. According to Boyle's Law, gas volume corrected for temperature, is directly related to pressure. A simple, semi-automatic system recording of gas pressure and equations to estimate volume, was therefore developed.Data for this work came from a study which compared rumen liquor and faeces as sources of inoculum using the method of Theodorou et al. (1994). Six substrates (wheat straw, hay, soyabean meal, wheat starch, maize starch, and potato residue) were utilized. Gas pressure readings (observations = 1187) were measured using a hand-held pressure transducer with an LED readout. Interfaced to a computer using a Mini-Pod 300 (AD converter). MS-Visual Basic (Microsoft) was used to convert the mini-pod readings and automatically enter them into an Excel spreadsheet. Gas volume was measured using a syringe to remove the gas produced until the readout indicated zero.
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Kusuma, J. W., I. N. Tuti, E. Handayanta, A. Hanifah, Sudiyono, and R. F. Hadi. "Evaluation of gas production kinetics from phyllode and acacia plant (Acacia mangium) pod through fermentation by in vitro gas test." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1001, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1001/1/012001.
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Abstract This study aims to evaluate feed from phyllodes and the pod of acacia plants (Acacia mangium) as an eco-friendly feed source for livestock by in-vitro gas test. It was conducted using total gas production, gas production from soluble and insoluble but fermentable fraction, the reaction rate of gas formation, and the maximum gas production that can be formed during the fermentation process. The type of plant used was Acacia mangium which is taken from the pod and phyllode. In this study, P0 was used as standard, P1 as phyllode of Acacia mangium, and P2 as the pod of Acacia mangium with 48 hours incubation. The in-vitro gas test method was used to determine the gas production from the pod and phyllode of the acacia plant. The results showed that the gas production in the phyllode and pod of acacia plants decreased (P<0.001), which was mostly from the pod of the acacia plant. Therefore, it is concluded that the phyllode and pod of the acacia plant have a significant effect on the decrease in gas production. This showed that acacia plants have the potential to be used as animal feed to reduce rumen gas production.
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Zheng, Chen, Junjun Ma, Ting Liu, Bingdong Wei, and Huaming Yang. "Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharides on Gas Emission, Protein and Energy Utilization, and Fasting Metabolism in Sheep." Animals 9, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100741.
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This study investigated the effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on in vitro and in vivo gas emission, utilization of crude protein (CP) and energy, and relative parameters of sheep under fasting metabolism conditions. In vitro gas productions were evaluated over 12 h in sheep diets containing different amounts of MOS (from 0% to 6.0%/kg, the increment was 0.5%). A control experiment was used to assess the gas emission, utilization of CP and energy, and fasting metabolism in control sheep and sheep treated with 2.0% MOS over 24 days (d). The results showed that 2.0% MOS supplementation led to the lowest in vitro CO2 production and less CH4 production, while also leading to decrease in vivo nutrients intake, CP and energy excretion, digested and retained CP, and energy released as CH4 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 2.0% MOS supplementation appeared to decrease in vivo O2 consumption and CH4 production per metabolic body weight (BW0.75), and increase the CP retention rate of sheep (p < 0.074). MOS did not affect other parameters, along with the same parameters of sheep under fasting metabolism conditions (p > 0.05). The findings indicate MOS has only slight effects on the gas emission and nutrients and energy metabolism of sheep.
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Rymer, C., S. Fakhri, A. R. Moss, and D. I. Givens. "Relationship between the production of short chain fatty acids and gas when proteins are incubated in vitro." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200005160.
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The in vitro gas production technique is a means of measuring the dynamics of fermentation. If Wolin (1960) stoichiometry is assumed, and the amount of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced during an incubation are measured, the volume of gas produced can be predicted (Blümmel et al., 1997). When carbohydrate rich feeds are incubated, observed and predicted gas volumes are well related (Getachew et al., 1998). Blümmel et al. (1999) also observed a good relationship between observed and predicted gas volumes across a wide range of feeds. However, it was suggested by Cone and van Gelder (1999) that when proteins were incubated in vitro, the relationship was poor, which would suggest that the fermentation of proteins in vitro does not follow Wolin (1960) stoichiometry. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between observed and predicted gas volumes when protein rich feeds were incubated in vitro.
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Assis, J. R., A. C. M. Assis, and G. A. Fernandes. "Mathematical modeling applied to ruminal digestion and gas production in vitro." Scientific Electronic Archives 14, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/14420211317.
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The ruminal digestion performed by ruminants is one of the essential and most important processes for the use of dietary nutrients. However, the use of mathematical models applied to digestion kinetics has been widely applied to provide prediction of animal performance, maximize the use of nutrients and reduce nutritional losses due to excreta and a reduction in the cost of animal production. In this context, it aimed to conduct a literature review on the use of mathematical models and to analyze comparisons of different models to predict ruminal digestion. The in vitro gas production technique provides direct measurement of the ruminal digestion rate associated with gas production and the respective gravimetric measurement of the food or diet under test. Nonlinear models are chosen to evaluate ruminal digestion due to a better interpretation of biological parameters, they produce exponential and sigmoidal growth equations. However, the most suitable model for evaluation depends on the type of food or diet. The two-compartment logistical model presents a better adjustment of the gas production curve, mainly for foods with a high proportion of fiber. Among this, single-compartment models can be well applied to evaluate the degradation kinetics of foods with low fibrous carbohydrate content. Therefore, the choice of the most appropriate model is up to the researcher to assess which model best suits the chemical-chemical composition of the food or diet.
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Kara, K. "Estimated ruminal digestion values and digestion end-products of concentrated mix feed after in vitro treatment with propionic acid." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 12 (December 3, 2018): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/100/2017-vetmed.
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This study was aimed at determining the effects of propionic acid supplementation at doses of 0 (control group, PA0), 12, 24, 48 and 96 mM (PA12, PA24, PA48, and PA96) to concentrated mix feed on in vitro cumulative total gas production, methane emission, gas kinetics (potential gas production, (a + b)<sub>gas</sub> and gas production rate, c<sub>gas</sub>), estimated digestibility, estimated energy value and the end-products and variables of in vitro digestion (total bacteria count, the number of ciliate protozoa, volatile fatty acids, pH value and ammonia-N). Digestion treatments were carried out in an anaerobic in vitro fermenter for up to 96 h. The in vitro cumulative total gas production, (a + b)<sub>gas</sub>, estimated metabolic energy, estimated net energy lactation and estimated organic matter digestibility and ammonia-N concentration were decreased by propionic acid up to 96 mM (P < 0.05). In the in vitro fermenter fluid, total bacteria count, the total numbers of ciliate protozoa and the individual numbers of some ciliate protozoa (Entodiniinae, Isotricha spp. and Diplodiniinae) (P < 0.01) decreased linearly with increasing concentrations of dietary propionic acid. The total molar concentrations of volatile fatty acids decreased in response to propionic acid supplementation (P < 0.001). Dietary propionic acid elicited linear increases in the molar concentrations of propionic acid (P < 0.001) and butyric acid (P < 0.01) as proportions of total volatile fatty acids of the in vitro fermenter fluid. In contrast, molar proportions of acetic acid, the c<sub>gas</sub>, pH values and the numbers of Dasytricha sp. were not affected by dietary propionic acid supplementation (P > 0.05). The addition of 12–96 mM propionic acid to concentrated mix feed decreased methane emission from the rumen and negatively affected microbiota count, feed digestibility, proteolysis, and molar volatile fatty acid values in the rumen environment.
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Kang, Sungchhang, and Metha Wanapat. "Rumen-buffering capacity using dietary sources and in vitro gas fermentation." Animal Production Science 58, no. 5 (2018): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15466.
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The present study aimed to compare the effect of the rumen-buffering capacity of dietary sources and urea supplementation on ruminal kinetic gas production, rumen pH and fermentation efficiency and degradability, using in vitro gas-production techniques. The treatments were arranged according to a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design. The first factor was a rumen-buffering source, including the following: no buffering, and supplementation of 2% of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), 2% of banana flower powder I (BAFLOP-I; Musa (AAA group)) or 2% of BAFLOP-II (Musa sapientum L.) in total substrate. The second factor was urea supplementation at 0, 3% or 6% of total substrate, as a non-protein nitrogen source. Dietary substrate was provided by roughage–concentrate fed at a ratio of 30 : 70 and two rumen-fistulated dairy steers were used as rumen-fluid donors. The chemical compositions and mineral element contents of both BAFLOP-I and BAFLOP-II were similar. The pH declined below 6.0 as a result of using a high concentrate ratio; however, inclusion of buffering sources increased the pH, which led to an improvement of efficiency of rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, microbial growth and nutrient digestibility. The intercept values for the different treatments representing gas production from soluble fractions, gas production from the insoluble fraction, gas production rate, potential extent of gas production and cumulative gas production (120 h of incubation) were significantly different between no buffering and buffering groups (P < 0.05) and increased with an increasing level of urea supplementation. Moreover, in vitro true and neutral detergent fibre digestibility as well as the number of ruminal microorganisms by direct counts (protozoa, fungi and bacteria) were higher with supplementation of buffering sources and increased linearly with an increasing supplementation level of urea. However, under the present study, there were no differences among the effects of the three buffering agents (NaHCO3, BAFLOP-I and BAFLOP-II) on ruminal kinetic gas production, rumen pH and fermentation efficiency, and digestibility (P > 0.05). In addition, the concentration of ruminal ammonia-nitrogen increased with an increasing level of urea supplementation. On the basis of the present experiment, it can be concluded that supplementation of BAFLOP either with or without urea as non-protein nitrogen could enhance rumen ecology and digestibility. The present study suggested that either BAFLOP-I or BAFLOP-II could be used as a dietary rumen-buffering agent supplemented at 2%, together with urea at up to 6% of total diet substrate, when animals are fed a diet of roughage–concentrate at an ratio of 30 : 70, with rice straw as the main roughage source.
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Besharati, M., A. Taghizadeh, and A. Ansari. "Effect of adding different levels of probiotic on in vitro gas production." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620003026x.
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Probiotics present an attractive alternative to the use of chemical and hormonal promoters in the livestock growth production industry. Preparations that contain micro-organisms have been safely used for many years and are generally accepted by both the farmer and the final consumer. Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation in ruminant diets can increase DMI, production performance, cellulose degradation, and nutrient digestibility (Callaway and Martin, 1997). The gas measuring technique has been widely used for the evaluation of nutritive value of feeds. Gas measurement provides useful data on digestion kinetics of both soluble and insoluble fractions of feedstuffs (Getachew et al., 1998). In the gas method, kinetics of fermentation can be studied on a single sample and therefore a relatively small amount of sample is required or a larger number of samples can be evaluated at time. The purpose of this study was to study effect of adding different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vitro gas production from a dried grape by-product.
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Ellis, Jennifer L., Héctor Alaiz-Moretón, Alberto Navarro-Villa, Emma J. McGeough, Peter Purcell, Christopher D. Powell, Padraig O’Kiely, James France, and Secundino López. "Application of Meta-Analysis and Machine Learning Methods to the Prediction of Methane Production from In Vitro Mixed Ruminal Micro-Organism Fermentation." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040720.
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In vitro gas production systems are utilized to screen feed ingredients for inclusion in ruminant diets. However, not all in vitro systems are set up to measure methane (CH4) production, nor do all publications report in vitro CH4. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop models to predict in vitro CH4 production from total gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production data and to identify the major drivers of CH4 production in these systems. Meta-analysis and machine learning (ML) methodologies were applied to a database of 354 data points from 11 studies to predict CH4 production from total gas production, apparent DM digestibility (DMD), final pH, feed type (forage or concentrate), and acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate production. Model evaluation was performed on an internal dataset of 107 data points. Meta-analysis results indicate that equations containing DMD, total VFA production, propionate, feed type and valerate resulted in best predictability of CH4 on the internal evaluation dataset. The ML models far exceeded the predictability achieved using meta-analysis, but further evaluation on an external database would be required to assess generalization ability on unrelated data. Between the ML methodologies assessed, artificial neural networks and support vector regression resulted in very similar predictability, but differed in fitting, as assessed by behaviour analysis. The models developed can be utilized to estimate CH4 emissions in vitro.
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Lund, P., R. Dahl, H. J. Yang, A. L. F. Hellwing, B. B. Cao, and M. R. Weisbjerg. "The acute effect of addition of nitrate on in vitro and in vivo methane emission in dairy cows." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9 (2014): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14339.
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The effects of a 24-h administration of a ration high in nitrate (20 g/kg DM) on DM intake and enteric gas production in lactating dairy cows as well as the effect of different doses of nitrate on in vitro fermentation were studied. Nitrate reduced in vivo methane (CH4) production by 31%, and CH4 production increased again when nitrate supplementation was stopped. A similar effect was found when relating CH4 to carbon dioxide, and to DM intake. Addition of nitrate was followed by increased hydrogen production, which decreased again when nitrate was stopped. Nitrate addition did not affect in vitro rumen fermentation in terms of DM degradability, pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein and volatile fatty acid production, but it decreased gas production with longer initial delay time before onset of gas production and lower gas production rate. Nitrate added at 7–20 g/kg ration DM significantly decreased net initial (0–12 h) CH4 production by 10–16%, although no further depression was observed afterwards.
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Sucu, Ekin. "Effects of Microalgae Species on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Pattern and Methane Production." Annals of Animal Science 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0061.
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AbstractThis experiment was conducted to establish the effects of two types of microalgae [Chlorella vulgaris (AI), C. variabilis (AII) and their combination (AI+AII)] with two substrates (wheat and corn silages) on rumen fermentation, gas and methane production. To each substrate, one of 3 algae treatment was supplemented at 0% and 25% of the total incubated dry matter. A series of 5 measurement points (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h) were completed and the gas production was monitored. The proximate and mineral composition of microalgae and substrates were examined. At 48 h incubation rumen fermentation variables and CH4 production were also assessed. When compared with wheat silage, corn silage caused an increase in gas production (P<0.05). Ruminal gas production decreased in the algae groups when compared to the controls (0% algae, wheat and corn silages, P<0.05). Among algae, C. vulgaris had the strongest effect, decreasing gas production by 34%. Among algae, the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and CH4 production were found to be lower in C. variabilis (P<0.001). Ammonia-N increased with the algae inclusion (P<0.05). But, the ruminal gas production, pH, acetate, the total VFA, CH4 and rumen fermentation efficiency were not affected by the substrate and algae interaction (P>0.05). The propionate was the highest (P<0.05) for corn silage when incubated with C. vulgaris. Ruminal butyrate was the lowest for the wheat silage when incubated with the mixture of algae (P<0.05). The NH3-N was the highest in corn silage when incubated with all algae types (P<0.05). Careful selection and combination of substrate and algae may positively manipulate rumen fermentation and may inhibit CH4 production. Further research is needed to validate these results in vivo.
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Yuan, Jiu, and Xinjie Wan. "Multiple-factor associative effects of peanut shell combined with alfalfa and concentrate determined by in vitro gas production method." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 8 (August 15, 2019): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/94/2019-cjas.
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The associative effects (AE) between concentrate (C), peanut shell (P) and alfalfa (A) were investigated by means of an automated gas production (GP) system. The C, P and A were incubated alone or as 40 : 60 : 0, 40 : 45 : 15, 40 : 30 : 30, 40 : 15 : 45, 40 : 0 : 60 and 30 : 70 : 0, 30 : 55 : 15, 30 : 40 : 30, 30 : 25 : 45, 30 : 10 : 60, 30 : 0 : 70 mixtures where the C : roughage (R) ratios were 40 : 60 and 30 : 70. Samples (0.2000 ± 0.0010 g) of single feeds or mixtures were incubated for 96 h in individual bottles (100 ml) with 30 ml of buffered rumen fluid. GP parameters were analysed using a single exponential equation. After incubation, the residues were used to determine pH, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N) of the incubation fluid, and their single factor AE indices (SFAEI) and multiple-factors AE indices (MFAEI) were determined. The results showed that group of 30 peanut shell had higher SFAEI of GP<sub>48 h</sub>, DMD, OMD and total volatile fatty acids (p < 0.05) and MFAEI (p < 0.05) than groups 60, 45 and 0 when C : R was 40 : 60. The group of 10 peanut shell showed higher SFAEI of GP<sub>48 h</sub>, DMD and OMD (p < 0.05) than groups 70, 55 and 40 and MFAEI (p < 0.01) when C : R was 30 : 70. It is concluded that optimal SFAEI and MFAEI were obtained when the C : P : A ratios were 40 : 30 : 30 and 30 : 10 : 60.
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Benhissi, H., A. García-Rodríguez, and I. Beltrán de Heredia. "Effect of type and inclusion level of cold-pressed oilseed cakes on in vitro rumen fermentation." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14258.
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The current study was conducted to explore the impact of inclusion of different types and levels of cold-pressed oilseed cakes on in vitro rumen fermentation and gas production parameters. Two batch fermentation trials (24 and 96 h) were conducted using the in vitro gas production technique. In each trial, three types of lipid sources [palm fat (PF), cold-pressed rapeseed cake (CPRC) and cold-pressed sunflower cake (CPSC)] × two levels of total fat (30 and 60 g/kg DM) were evaluated. Incubated substrates were made from iso-energetic and isoproteic basal mixtures of barley straw and concentrate (ratio 10 : 90). During the 24-h incubation trial, samples were collected 24 h post-incubation to measure volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane production. The 96-h incubation was used to assess the rate and extent of in vitro gas production. CPSC showed lower total VFA (P < 0.001) and methane (P < 0.001) production, compared with PF and CPRC. High fat level decreased total VFA (P < 0.001) and methane (P < 0.001) production compared with low level of inclusion. Molar proportions of individual VFA and acetate to propionate ratio were not affected by lipid supplementation. CPSC reduced (P = 0.006) asymptotic gas production at high fat level, compared with PF and CPRC. Neither supplementation level nor type of lipid affected the fractional gas production rate or lag time. In conclusion, there was no difference in ruminal fermentation when either CPRC or PF were added but CPSC altered microbial fermentation in vitro at a total fat level of 60 g/kg DM.
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Ichinohe, T., W. J. Shand, D. J. Kyle, X. B. Chen, and E. R. Ørskov. "Relationship between in vitro gas production and in situ degradability for forage components." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032742.
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Recently in vitro and in situ techniques have been used for assessing forage nutritive value for ruminants instead of laborious in vivo trials. Although, Blummel and Ørskov (1993) have shown that an in vitro gas production technique gives reliable estimates of forage nutritive value, whether the estimates could be correlated with in situ degradation are not well established. There is little known about the differences in degradation characteristics of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and cellular contents (CC: soluble carbohydrates, lipids and crude protein) in the rumen, and also about the relationships between component degradation rate in the rumen and gas production rate for different forages. This is because most in situ kinetic studies have followed the disappearance of insoluble cell wall constituents and comparative studies of in vitro and in situ estimates was not performed sufficiently.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between in situ degradation of forage components and in vitro gas production rate for the three forages.
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Putri, Widya Kenshiana, Cuk Tri Noviandi, and Kustantinah Kustantinah. "Modification Level of Polyethylene Glycol on In Vitro Gas Production of Feedstuffs." Key Engineering Materials 884 (May 2021): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.884.178.
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This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and gas production based on fermentation in the rumen of nine types of forage tropical feed commonly used, named mahogany (Swieteniamahagoni L. Jacq.), tayuman (Bauhinia purpurea), bamboo (Bambusa arundinaceae), canary (Canarium) indicum L.), tea (Camellia sinensis), ketapang (Terminalia catapa L.), lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), tehtehan (Duranta repens), and turi (Sesbania grandiflora). Measurement of gas production in vitro was carried out at 7 observation points of hours (2, 4, 8, 16, 36, 48, 72). Tannin activity was measured using measurements of gas production divided into three groups with modified levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG), i.e., samples without PEG (P1); sample + PEG in the amount of 200 mgDM (P2); and PEG + samples of tannins contained in each forage based on literature studies (P3). The total content of tannin varied between 0.20 - 13.80%. The most optimal measurement of gas production was in the sample given PEG of 200mg/kg with a significant difference (P<0.05). From the result, it was found that the higher the tannin content, the lower of gas produced. The addition of PEG was proven to be able to optimize the digestibility value seen from the higher gas production.
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Ligoski, Beatriz, Lucas Ferreira Gonçalves, Flavio Lopes Claudio, Estenio Moreira Alves, Ana Maria Krüger, Beatriz Elisa Bizzuti, Paulo de Mello Tavares Lima, Adibe Luiz Abdalla, and Tiago do Prado Paim. "Silage of Intercropping Corn, Palisade Grass, and Pigeon Pea Increases Protein Content and Reduces In Vitro Methane Production." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111784.
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Legume–grass intercropping systems are a sustainable option to improve nutritional quality of animal feed and decrease livestock greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the present study evaluated yield, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of silages produced with intercropped palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha.(A.Rich.) R.D.Webster), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. Super N) and corn (Zea mays. L.). Forage was harvested and placed inside micro-silos, which were opened after 100 days and samples were collected for chemical composition and in vitro gas production analyses. Intercropped silage had higher crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and lignin content than corn silage. Moreover, intercropped silage decreased total gas and methane production. Therefore, intercropped silage showed potential to increase conserved feed nutritional quality and reduce methane emissions in livestock production systems.
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Sallam, S. M. A., M. E. A. Nasser, A. M. El-Waziry, I. C. S. Bueno, and A. L. Abdalla. "Evaluation of some ruminant feedstuffs using gas production technique, in vitro." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021219.
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In Egypt, animals suffer from under feeding and mal-nutrition due to the shortage of local produced feed which are not sufficient to cover the nutritional requirements of animals. The annually amount produced of agro-by¬products in Egypt are around 2.5 million ton of rice straw and one million ton of sugarcane bagasse. These wastes are usually burned causing environmental pollution. The potential use of these wastes in ruminant ration will participate in reducing the shortage of feedstuffs and subsequently increase milk and meat production in Egypt. Gas measuring technique has been widely used for evaluation of nutritive value particularly to estimate agro-industry by-products, different feed classes and energy value of straws. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the nutritive value of rice straw, date stone, sugarcane bagasse and berseem hay using the in vitro gas production technique.
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Piquer, O., C. Casado, S. Biglia, C. Fernández, E. Blas, and J. Pascual. "In vitro gas production kinetics of whole citrus fruits." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 18, no. 4 (November 6, 2009): 743–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66449/2009.
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Savitri, A., T. N. Bhavanishankar, and H. S. R. Deslkachar. "Effect of spices on in vitro gas production by Clostridium perfringens." Food Microbiology 3, no. 2 (April 1986): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-0020(86)80042-9.
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