Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'In vitro toxicity tests'
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Holmes, Jan L. "Development of functional in vitro toxicity tests." Thesis, Aston University, 1998. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10976/.
Full textCookson, Mark R. "Studies of activation and toxicity in cultured astrocytes." Thesis, University of Salford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308094.
Full textPu, Yubing. "Toxicity assessment of engineered nanoparticles." Thesis, Troyes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TROY0001/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to improve understandings of toxicity of various engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) to human and ecosystem. It is realized via coordinating toxicological data and a scientific consensus environmental model -- the USEtox model. As an important element in life cycle impact assessment, the characterization factor (CF) is employed as a toxicity indicator for human and ecosystem in this work. To obtain the firsthand dose-response phenomena and human toxicological data, in vitro experiments have been conducted by exposing freshly isolated porcine neutrophils to three kinds of ENPs (i.e. copper, nickel and aluminum oxide nanoparticles). The morphologies, mortality rates, and chemiluminescence, of neutrophils are observed or monitored. Additionally, to estimate the persistence time of ENPs in freshwater ecosystem, a fate model on the basis of colloid science is developed. It takes nano-specific behaviors of ENPs into account and includes recommendations of regionalized hydrological parameters. Finally, a comprehensive literature survey is accomplished to collect the ecotoxicological data of various ENPs. Under the framework of USEtox model, the non-carcinogenic human toxicological CFs for Copper NPs and the ecotoxicological CFs for 14 ENPs are recommended. These CF values could be useful in the future when evaluating the environmental impacts of products containing ENPs
Tranchier, Christine. "Evaluation de la toxicité aigüe "in vivo" et "in vitro"." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P016.
Full textLouka, Chrysovalanto. "Controlling the toxicity of zinc oxide nanowires in vitro skin models." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALU004.pdf.
Full textZinc oxide nanowires (ZnONWs) are attracting a lot of scientific attention due to their optoelectrical, piezoelectrical and semiconducting properties, which make them a good candidate for sensors and wearable electronics. These applications increase the chance of skin exposure, hence the investigation of their safety is crucial, especially since studies on ZnONWs show a zinc ion related toxicity due to their dissolution. Unfortunately, understanding of ZnONWs impact on skin is limited. Therefore, it is the objective of this project to gain an insightful understanding of the potential hazard of ZnONWs upon (human) skin in vitro and how their physicochemical properties are related to this.Herein, an extensive ZnONWs physicochemical characterisation was performed in media with and without serum, and in milli Q water (mQ H2O) suspensions. Results showed the stock dissolution, where both ZnO nanomaterials (ZnONMs) are in mQ H2O, reached a zinc ion concentration at equilibrium of 15 µg/mL immediately, while size studies showed high aggregation in GlutaMAX without serum and reduced aggregation in GlutaMAX media with serum. Incubator storing conditions of 5% CO2 and 37oC were shown to have an impact on the dissolution by lowering the pH of the milli Q water suspension and possibly forming zinc carbonate complexes in media.Examining the cytotoxicity of ZnONWs in skin monoculture and comparing it to ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2), showed that ZnONMs induced a significant cytotoxicity and cell death from 40.2 µg/mL zinc equivalent, with less than 40% viable cells. Comparison with the ZnCl2 showed a clear association between dissolution and cell cytotoxicity.To assess further the actual impact of ZnONWs in the skin, a co-culture system in Air-Liquid-Interface (ALI) consisting of epidermis and dermis skin cells was developed after monoculture optimisation of each cell type. The 3D skin model system was exposed to ZnONPs, ZnONWs and ZnCl2. To prevent the dissolution of ZnONWs, a 5.75±SD 1.06 nm Titanium dioxide (TiO2) shell was deposited via Atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the ZnONWs. The TiO2 coated ZnONWs were also tested for their toxicity on the co-culture system.Results of the exposures showed a significant cell death with only 20% alive cells, after ZnONMs and ZnCl2 treatment at 80.4 µg whilst the TiO2 coated ZnONWs treatment maintained at least 75% cell viability even at 80.4 µg. However, further examination of (pro-) inflammatory mediators after treatment showed that TiO2 coated ZnONWs increased levels of (pro-)inflammatory Interleukin (IL) 8 and 6 compared to bare ZnONWs. This could raise further safety issues
Alañón, Ribas Maria del Pilar. "Comparative study of in vitro cell based assays versus in vivo toxicity tests to monitor environmental hazard of pesticides." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6841.
Full textThe general objective of this work was to compare the response of in vitro assays using cell lines with assays using fish in vivo in order to contribute to the development of alternative methods to the use of laboratory animals. Furthermore, we compared two types of cells, a fish cell line from an established culture and mammalian cells obtained from a primary cell culture, in order to see if there are similar responses based on common mechanisms of toxicity. A better knowledge of these mechanisms facilitates the interspecies extrapolation of the impact of environmental contaminants, which is one of the major challenges to ecotoxicologists.
In order to have a general point of view of the toxicity of these pesticides, single and in mixture, acute toxicity was evaluated using a battery of ecotoxicological model systems and indicators representative of a wide range of organisms. The systems studied included: RTG-2 fish cell line, primary cell cultures from bovine granulosa cells, the marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), three species of freshwater microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum) and the vertebrates zebra fish (Danio rerio). Sublethal effects were also evaluated in both types of cells using several biomarkers such as assessment of the DNA damage as genotoxic indicator, inhibition of production of progesterone as indicator of the aromatase activity and inhibiton of acetylcholinesterase activity as indicator of exposure to pesticides measured also in zebra fish.
By comparing the obtained in vitro fish cell line and mammalian primary cell cultures results with currently used bacteria, algae and fish acute toxicity tests, it was possible to compare its sensitivity against these conventional toxicity tests.
As conclusions of the study we can say: 1) fish cell lines can be used as an alternative to the use of fish in laboratory; 2) the simultaneous use of in vitro fish cell lines with fish species allow to assess whether cellular responses in vitro could mimic toxicity responses of individual fish, thus to directly assess the ecological relevance of the proposed in vitro cell based test; 3) cell lines are the most sensitive bioassay of the studied battery; 4) the use of a battery of multispecies tests to determine the toxicity of any product is recommended; 5) The aquatic test using bacteria or microalgae are quite interesting, but they cannot be considered as a substitute for the studies on fish, because of they assess the effect of toxicants on other trophic levels, not on fish and 6) synergistic and antagonistic toxicity effects were observed with pesticide cocktails relative to pure compound toxicities.
Carbofuran i chlorpyrifos són dos pesticides àmpliament investigats. Els seus efectes en diferents organismes han estat prèviament estudiats en diferents treballs. Per aquesta raó es va considerar que serien bones substàncies model, rellevants des de una perspectiva medi ambiental. Per altra banda, aquesta classe de compostos són utilitzats anualment en moltes tones en agricultura i horticultura i són especialment importants en la producció de vegetals i fruites en hivernacles en el sud d'Europa, particularment en Espanya.
L'objectiu general d'aquest treball és comparar la resposta de assaigs in vitro utilitzant cèl·lules amb assaigs in vivo utilitzant peixos, per tal de contribuir al desenvolupament de mètodes alternatius a l'ús d'animals de laboratori. A més a més dintre dels assaigs in vitro, és van comparar dos tipus de cèl·lules, una línia cel·lular establerta de peix i un cultiu primari de cèl·lules de mamífer, per veure les diferents respostes basades en mecanismes comuns de toxicitat. El fet d'assolir un millor coneixement d'aquestos mecanismes facilita l'extrapolació entre espècies per l'avaluació de l'impacte de contaminants medi ambientals, la qual cosa és un dels majors reptes dels ecotoxicolegs.
La toxicitat aguda d'aquestos pesticides, individuals i en barreja, es va avaluar emprant una barreja de sistemes i indicadors de models ecotoxicològics . Els sistemes estudiats inclouen: la línia cel·lular RTG-2 , cultius primaris de cèl·lules de la granulosa d'ovaris de bovins, la bactèria marina Vibrio fischeri, tres espècies de microalgues, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus susbspicatus i Selenastrum capricornutum i com a model de vertebrat, el peix zebrafish, Danio rerio. Els efectes subletals també van ser avaluats en els dos tipus cel·lulars utilitzant biomarcadors, tals com l'avaluació del dany a l'ADN com indicador genotòxic, la inhibició de la producció de progesterona com indicador de l'activitat de l'aromatasa i la inhibició de la activitat de l'enzim acetilcolinestarasa com indicador de l'exposició als pesticides la qual també es va mesurar en zebra fish.
Al comparar els resultats obtinguts amb la línia cel·lular de peix i els cultius primaris de mamífer amb els resultats dels tests de toxicitat aguda amb bactèries, microalgues i peixos, va estar possible comparar la sensibilitat de les cèl·lules respecte els test de toxicitat convencionals.
Es poden extreure les següents conclusions d'aquest estudi:1) les línies cel·lulars poden ser utilitzades com alternativa al ús de peixos en laboratori; 2) l'utilització simultània de línies cel·lulars derivades de peixos amb peixos in vivo permet avaluar si les respostes in vitro poden imitar les respostes de toxicitat obtingudes amb els peixos, així es permet avaluar la rellevància ecològica del test basat en cèl·lules in vitro; 3) les línies cel·lulars són el bioassaig més sensible dels utilitzats en aquesta bateria; 4) es recomana l'ús d'una bateria de test multiespècies per determinar la toxicitat de qualsevol producte; 5) els tests aquàtics que empren bactèries o microalgues són interessants però no poden considerar-se substitutius dels estudis amb peixos, perquè avaluen l'efecte dels tòxics a un altra nivell tròfic i ; 6) s'observen efectes toxicològics sinèrgics i antagonistes quan s'utilitzen les barreges de pesticides en front dels compostos purs.
Carbofuran y chlorpyrifos son dos pesticidas ampliamente investigados. Sus efectos en diferentes organismos han sido previamente estudiados en diferentes trabajos. Por esta razón se considero que serian unas buenas sustancias modelo, relevantes desde una perspectiva medioambiental. Por otra parte, esta clase de compuestos son utilizados anualmente en muchas toneladas en agricultura y horticultura y son especialmente importantes en la producción de vegetales y frutas en invernaderos en e l sur de Europa, particularmente en España.
El objetivo general de este trabajo es comparar la respuesta de los ensayos in vitro utilizando células y los ensayos in vivo utilizando peces, para contribuir al desarrollo de métodos alternativos al uso de animales de laboratorio. Además dentro de los estudios in vitro se compararon dos tipos de células, una línea celular establecida de pez y un cultivo primario de células de mamífero, para ver las diferentes respuestas basadas en mecanismos comunes de toxicidad. El hecho de alcanzar un mejor conocimiento de estos mecanismos facilita la extrapolación entre especies para la evaluación del impacto de contaminantes medio ambientales, lo cual es uno de los mayores retos de los ecotoxicólogos.
La toxicidad aguda de estos pesticidas, individuales y en mezcla, se evaluó utilizando una mezcla de sistemas y indicadores de modelos ecotoxicológicos. Los sistemas estudiados incluyen: la línea celular RTG-2, cultivos primarios de células de granulosa de ovarios bovinos, la bacteria marina Vibrio fischeri, tres especies de microalgas, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus subspicatus y Selenastrum capricornutum como modelo de vertebrado, el pez zebra fish, Danio rerio. Los efectos subletales también fueron evaluados en los dos tipos celulares utilizando biomarcadores tales como la evaluación del daño al ADN como indicador geonotóxico, la inhibición de la producción de progesterona como indicador de la actividad aromatasa y la inhibición de la actividad del enzima acetilcolinesterasa como indicador de la exposición a los pesticidas la cual también se midió en zebra fish.
Al comparar los resultados obtenidos con la línea celular de pez y los cultivos primarios de mamífero con los resultados de los tests de toxicidad aguda con bacterias, microlagas y peces, fue posible comparar la sensibilidad de las células con los test de toxicidad convencionales.
Se pueden extraer las siguientes conclusiones de este estudio: 1) las líneas celulares pueden ser utilizadas como alternativa al uso de peces en laboratorio; 2) la utilización simultánea de líneas celulares derivadas de peces con los peces in vivo permite evaluar si las respuestas in vitro pueden imitar las respuestas de toxicidad obtenidas con los peces in vivo, así se permite evaluar la relevancia ecológica del test basado en células in vitro; 3) las líneas celulares son el bioensayo más sensible de los utilizados en esta batería; 4) se recomienda el uso de una batería de test multiespecies para determinar la toxicidad de cualquier producto; 5) los test acuáticos que utilizan bacterias o microalgas son interesantes pero no pueden considerarse substitutos de los estudios con peces, porque evalúan el efecto de los tóxicos a otro nivel trófico y; 6) se observan efectos toxicológicos sinérgicos y antagonistas cuando se utilizan las mezclas de pesticidas respecto los compuestos puros.
Froquet, Romain. "Hématotoxicité des trichothécènes : études in vitro." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2021.
Full textSultana, Sadequa. "Study of Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Biological Media." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD018/document.
Full textLes nanoparticules d'or (NPO) sont d'un grand intérêt pour de nombreuses applications en nanomédecine (en particulier pour l'imagerie, la détection de pathologies, la délivrance de médicaments ou la thérapie photothermique) en raison de leurs propriétés physiques et chimiques. Pour toutes ces applications, une meilleure compréhension de l'interaction des NPO avec les biomolécules et leur absorption dans les cellules est d'une importance primoridale. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'étudier la toxicité des NPO dans les milieux biologiques en fonction de leurs tailles, leurs formes et leurs chimies de surface. Des études de cytotoxicité sur des cellules humaines ont été réalisées in vitro, en présence de six types différents de NPO de forme sphérique et de nano-fleur. Nous avons comparé les effets cytotoxiques et montré qu'ils étaient largement supérieurs pour les NPO en forme de nano-fleur par rapport au NPO sphériques. En outre, nous avons mis en place un système de corrélation de spectroscopie de fluorescence (CSF). La sensibilité, la résolution et les principaux paramètres du système ont été déterminés lors de sa caractérisation. La CSF a ensuite été utilisée pour caractériser des NPO fluorescentes fabriquées pour des applications biomédicales. Nous avons également caractérisé la diffusion de Mitotracker, un marqueur des mitochondries par CSF afin d'être en mesure de comparer la diffusion mitochondriale après incubation de NPO
Stoian, Alina. "Modélisation et simulation de l'atmosphère d'une enceinte membranaire pour des tests de toxicité." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20026.
Full textA major problem during in vitro evaluation of the toxicity of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is the lack of knowledge of the evolution of the concentration of such compounds during the course of experimental studies with living systems. This work presents the design of a novel experimental device for the study of cell culture exposure to VOCs. The device is made of two compartments separated by a porous hydrophobic membrane and allows relatively long durations of handling without restricting cellular breathing. A theoretical modeling which couples mass and moment conservation between the different phases inside the device with the breathing kinetics of hybridoma cells (ATCC CRL-1606) was developed. The model allows predicting the evolution of the concentration of the VOCs, the oxygen and the carbon dioxide inside the device. The simulations of the mass transfer of the VOCs simulated presented a good agreement with experiments and showed that the type of membrane and its diameter, the VOCs partition coefficient and the height of the liquid phase have a significant influence on the evolution of their concentration in the liquid phase. Nevertheless, the availability of oxygen for the cells depends mainly on the initial cellular density, the specific kinetics of consumption of this gas and on the height of the liquid phase, whereas the parameters related to membrane have an influence on the control of the pH
Mekki, Malik. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et évaluation toxicologique de fumées particulaires produites lors de tirs de petit calibre et de fumigènes : étude comparative." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR140/document.
Full textAir pollution, and particulary anthropogenic particulate matter, is one of the most important risk factors involved in the high rate of morbidity and mortality related to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In pyrotechnic field, be it professional, civil or military activities, smokes constitue an important particle producer playing a major role in particulate matter emmergence and thereby exposing users to the various emitted aerosols.The main purpose of this exploratory study was to provide knowledge on the physicochemical characteristics of particles emitted during pyrotechnic activities, more specifically particles from gunfire and smokes, and to assess their pulmonary toxicity in vitro.On the first hand, the physicochemical characterization demonstrates that firing particles had a rather coarse granulometry (3 to 7.5 μm) and were mainly composed of metallic elemets, despite smoke particles belong to the category of fine particles (< 0,95 μm) and are predominantly composed of different organic molecules according to the smoke type.On the other hand, in order to assess the pulmonary toxicity of particles, we exposed human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) in vitro to particles coming from either gunfire and to two of the four different smokes (smoke 1 and 4). The results of this study showed that some of these particles (gunfire and smoke 1 particles) induced a mutagenic effects from organic extracts, as well as cytotoxicity. Moreover, particles of smoke 1 were also able to give rise to an oxidative stress (increased HO-1 mRNA expression) and to initiate an important inflammatory response characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation (increase in IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression).The results of this comparative study demonstrated that particles from gunfire and smoke have different particle sizes and chemical composition. These physicochemical characteristics are responsible for different mutagenic and cytotoxic effects as well as alterations of the intrinsic oxidizing and inflammatory properties. This study also made it possible to understand the different methods of toxicological evaluation of smoke particles
Lautraite, Sophie. "Étude in vitro de la myélotoxicité des trichothécènes." Brest, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BRES2017.
Full textMalerba, Ilaria. "Hematopoi͏̈èse et toxicologie : optimisation et développement des méthodes in vitro pour étudier les effets des toxiques sur l'hématopoi͏̈èse humaine et murine." Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES2027.
Full textDue to its rapid turnover, the hemopoietic tissue is a sensitive target for xenobiotic toxicity. The aim of the work presented, was protocol optimisation of in vitro tests for hematotoxicity and myelotoxicity, in order to make them more reliable, reproductible and less costly, and to reduce the use of animals. In vitro clonogenic assays were first optimised using human models, then transferred to the murine model and miniaturised for cost reducing. Bone marrow long-term cultures were used to better understand the microenvironnment role. Moreover, human bone marrow characterisation gave rise to new end-points for evaluating hematotoxicity, such as telomerase activity. The study of in vitro model for hematopoietic system is still undergoing development. Two new cellular lines, from transgenic mouse lineage were employed as a useful model for clarifying cytokine role in lymphoproliferative disorders
Aït-Aïssa, Sélim. "Analyse in vitro de la pollution par utilisation d'un modèle cellulaire contenant un gène reporteur sous le contôle du promoteur du gène de stress hsp70." Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1263.
Full textBiomonitoring of pollution requires low cost effectiveness and easy to use bioassays. This has stimulated the use of reporter genes systems using stress inducible promoters. In this work, we aimed to characterize the potentiel of a in vitro cellular model containing the hsp ri! promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene as a simple test for the screening of environnent pollutants and complex mixtures. An early hsp7O induction, i. E. Before cytotoxicity, was observed with heavy metals and some pesticides. With chlorophenol compounds, hsp70 induction occurs at highly cytotoxic doses. A structure activity relationship is evidenced in relation to the octanol/water coefficient (Kow), showing that hsp7O induction by eight of the organic chemicals studied occurred through a non specific (e. G. Narcotic) process. No promoter induction was noticed with strictly genotoxic compounds (anticancer drags) or with others organies (polycyclic hydrocarbons, others pesticides). The patterns of gene expression shows the relevance of the cellular model to study the mechanisms leading to hsp70 induction. In HeLa cens, hsp70 induction by cadmium or tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ), but not by pentachlorophenol (PCP), was mediated by an oxidative stress. On the second band, the influence of PCP and benzo(a)pyrene metabolization by cytochrome P4501A on HSP expression is suggested in HepG2 cells. Eventually, HeLa-CAT cells were applied to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of fourteen industrial wastes. Most of the tested samples (78%) induced the hsp7O promoter, showing a good correlation (p<0. 01) with metal content. Significant correlation were also observed between the in vitro test and in vivo ecotoxicity tests with algae (p<0. 001), Ceriodaphnia dubia (p<0. 001) 1ndDaphnia magna (p=0. 007). It appears that the proposed cellule model would be a good predictor of chronic toxicity on aquatic organisms and is pertinent to detect metals toxicity in complex mixtures. Its use in a battery of tests can be envisioned for the toxicological characterization of pollution
Fabulas-Da, Costa Anaëlle. "Utilisation de modèles in vitro de la barrière hémato-encéphalique dans les phases précoces du développement de médicaments." Thesis, Artois, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ARTO0410/document.
Full textThe blood-brain barrier (BBB), located at the level of brain capillaries, is responsible for brain homeostasis maintenance by tightly controlling blood-borne substances access to the brain. The presence of the BBB is an asset during peripheral drug development. Indeed, the BBB protects the central nervous system (CNS) against potential neurotoxic effects of compounds by strongly limiting their passage. However, exposure of brain capillaries endothelial cells to chemical agents is likely to cause a transient increase in BBB permeability. This increase can disrupt brain homeostasis and allow the massive entry of potentially neurotoxic molecules in the CNS. Hence, taking into account BBB toxicity in alternative neurotoxicity studies is important. In addition, the CNS side effects of several drugs used chronically could be at least partly attributed to their toxicity at the level of the BBB causing unwanted, indirect effect on brain cells. To address this issue, our in vitro BBB model, which consist of a co-culture of brain capillary endothelial cells and glial cells, has been adapted to the evaluation of repeated-dose toxicity at the BBB. The protective properties of the BBB become a major hurdle during CNS drug development. One way to reduce theimportant attrition rate, consists in predicting the CNS distribution of drug candidates early in CNS drug discovery programs. The use of unbound brain concentrations has been shown to provide the best correlations with pharmacological data. Hence, new approaches aim to predict the free brain concentration of compounds. However, the determination of free brain / free plasma ratios requires both in vitro and in vivo experiments that are both animal and time consuming. Consequently, we have explored the possibility to directly generate free brain / free plasma ratios under steady-state and non-steady state conditions in our in vitro BBB model, thereby greatly simplifying existing experimental procedures.. The work presented herein aimed to develop two in vitro methodologies. The first one allows the study of repeated-dose BBB toxicity. The second one allows free brain / free plasma ratios assessment using an in vitro model of the blood brain barrier, which can drive the selection of CNS drug candidates with the most favourable target engagement. The use of these two methodologies may help to reduce attrition rates in drug discovery and development by appreciating the eventual central toxicity of systemic drug associated with BBB dysfunction and by identifying centrally acting-compounds with a desirable in vivo response in the CNS early on in the drug discovery process
Hymery, Nolwenn. "Evaluation in vitro des effets toxiques de contaminants alimentaires sur les cellules dendritiques." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2006.
Full textThe trichothecenes, mycotoxins produced by various species of moulds, are at the origin of serious food poisonings which touch as well the livestock as the man. The human food poisonings due to the mycotoxins are in general accidental. The diseases described following intoxications with trichothecenes are mainly Aleucie Toxique Food (ATA) met in the countries of Eastern Europe and the countries in the process of development, Stachybotryotoxicose, met in Western Europe and North America, and “Akakabio disease” met in the South-East Asia. The origin of its disorders is hematologic. Indeed, the trichothecenes are known for their hematoxicity but also for their immunotoxicity. A cell establishes the link between these two toxicities: the dendritic cell. The immunizing cells are produced by cells stocks, within osseous marrow. Among these cells, the dendritic cell seems the initiating cell of the immunizing answer primary, able to stimulate the proliferation of the lymphocytes T naive. Taking into account the immunotoxicity of the mycotoxins, primarily on the lymphocytes T, it seemed relevant to study the effects of these molecules on the dendritic cells. To make this study, it proved to be necessary to choose a relevant cellular model and to optimize this model to adapt to the study of the adverse effects of contaminants of the food. The model using the CD34+ involves the majority formation of cells of Langerhans (dentritic cells of the skin). These last are implied in the cutaneous reactions, without interest for the study of the effects of food contaminants. This is why the choice was made on dendritic cultures of cells deriving from monocytes, rather than of cells CD34+. The aim of this work is to develop a human model using the dendritic cells generated in vitro from monocytes. This model allowing to study the effects of xenobiotic on maturation of the dendritic cells. This work shows the importance of the studies carried out in vitro on the human dendritic cells in the comprehension of the immunotoxic effects of food contaminants. It appears relevant to propose that these studies are carried out very upstream during the exploration of a immunotoxic effect
Leyva, Lida. "Complexes cycloruthénés à activité anticancéreuse : Synthèse, activité et toxicité." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13159.
Full textGaceur, Meriem. "Nanosondes bimodales pour l'imagerie médicale par résonance magnétique et par fluorescence optique : synthèse, caractérisation et évaluation de leur toxicité in vitro." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077020.
Full textSemi-conductive nanomaterials have become of great interest lately in biotechnology area especially in medical imaging. Typically, magnetically diluted luminescent nanoparticles offer a real profit as potentially being bimodal probes in magnetic resonance imaging (RMI) and optical fluorescence imaging (OFI). The present work, firstly deals with the optimization through a polyol process of the synthesis of paramagnetic and fluorescent Zn!. XMnxS (x < 0,4) nanoparticles, secondly their functionalization with mercapto-acetic acid and eventually the preparation of their aqueous based colloids. The magnetic characterization and MRI measurements performed on post functionalized nanoparticles respectively before and after their dispersion as stable colloids both confirm the paramagnetic behavior of Zni_xMnxS (x < 0,4) nanomaterials. Indeed, regarding MRI, longitudinal relaxivity r₁ at room temperature and at 3. 0 T is of 20 and 74 mM⁻¹. S⁻¹ for a Mn²+ amount of respectively 10 and 30 %. Moreover, these colloids emit in the visible light range (blue) when excited at 405 nm. The use of these probes in any possible medical application is not conceivable unless their cyto- and genotoxicities are evaluated. Therefore, a serious study was carried out on chinese hamster ovarian cells (CHO) and evidenced the absence of any cyto- or genotoxic effects on these latter in the range of the nanoparticle studied concentrations (1-100 Hg/mL). These results make us seriously consider the ZnMnS hybrids as potential bimodal probes for dual MRI and OFI imaging
Sega, Estela Munhoz. "Determinação da toxicidade in vitro e in vivo de novos organofosforados e ressonancia magnetica nuclear do cloreto de acetilcolina." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311381.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Esse estudo analisou as propriedades toxicológicas de novos compostos organofosforados. Foram realizados experimentos para avaliar a atividade anticolinesterásica desses organofosforados, in vitro, no sangue total através do método de Ellman modificado. Para determinar a sua citotoxicidade foram utilizadas células PC 12, com as quais avaliamos a viabilidade celular após contato com os organofosforados e determinamos a IC 50, encontrando valores muito diferentes para os diversos organofosforados estudados. Estudos de toxicidade aguda in vivo foram realizados com camundongos, através da metodologia recomendada pela OECD nos quais determinamos a DL50 para três dos organofosforados estudados, sendo que um apresentou toxidade moderada. Foram analisados os efeitos dos solventes nas constantes de acoplamento JHH, JHH, JNC e 2Jnc em espectros de RMN de LH e 13C do cloreto de acetilcolina. Os valores das constantes de acoplamento em solventes de diferentes constantes dielétricas (s) não sofreram variações, indicando uma ausência de efeitos de solvente no equilíbrio conformacional do cloreto de acetilcolina (ACh). As constantes de acoplamento mostram que o sistema OCH2CH2N+ tem uma conformação gaúche (sinclinal). O Jnh e Jkc são observados na maioria dos solventes, mas não em solventes clorados e não são dependentes da viscosidade do solvente, esse comportamento foi explicado usando dados de medidas de Ti. Os valores dos coeficientes de difusão de RMN mostraram que a ACh tem uma grande tendência de se agregar quando dissolvida em solventes clorados, fato que pode explicar as diferenças observadas em valores de T1 para o 14N
Abstract: This study analyzed the properties of the news organophosphorus. Experiments had been carried through to evaluate the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase of these organophosphorus, in vitro, through the modified EUman's method. In order to determine its cytotoxicity cells PC 12 had been used, with which we evaluate the cellular viability after contact with the organophosphorus and determined the IC50, different values were found for the diverse organophosphorus. Studies of acute toxicity had been carried through with mice, following the methodology recommended by the OECD in which determine the DL50 for three of the organophosphorus studied, being that one presented moderate toxicity. Coupling constants values ( Jhh and Jnc) obtained from the 'H and 13 C NMR spectra of acetylcholine chloride (ACh) in several solvents with a wide range of dielectric constants (e) are remarkably invariant, indicating an absence of solvent effects in the conformational equilibrium of this compound. Those values show that the OCH2CH2N+ system occurs in a synclinal conformation. The Jnh and Jnc are observable in most solvents, but not in chlorine-containing solvents and are not dependent on solvent viscosity. This behavior was explained using data from Ti measurements. The measurement of NMR diffusion coefficients show that ACh has a greater tendency to aggregate when dissolved in chlorinated solvents, a fact that could explain the observed differences in 14N T1
Mestrado
Patologia Clinica
Mestre em Ciências Médicas
Guerbet, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude de la toxicité des produits de thermolyse des matériaux." Rouen, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ROUE08NR.
Full textHillenweck, Anne. "Métabolisme comparé du chlorothalonil : approches in vitro et in vivo, rôle de la microflore digestive." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT008A.
Full textLoret, Thomas. "Capacité de modèles in vitro de complexité différente à prédire les réponses toxiques pulmonaires observées in vivo après exposition aiguë à des nanoparticules de TiO2 et de CeO2." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2358/document.
Full textNanoparticles (NPs) represent a potential danger for workers and public, especially after inhalation. When a NP is shown toxic for the lungs in vivo in animals, this can incite regulators to implement measures to reduce human exposure risks. The in vivo studies are thus of utmost importance in reducing the potential health risks for humans. However, in a context of a diminution in the number of animals used in experimentations and considering the high number of NPs used and their physicochemical diversity, there is an urgent need for alternative methods, like the in vitro, which could be used to predict the potential health effects of NPs in human. Many progresses have been made recently to develop more physiological cell models and exposure methods simulating the inhalation of NPs in vitro. Nevertheless, uncertainties remain regarding the capacity of these new in vitro methods to predict the biological responses observed in vivo into the lungs after exposure to NPs. In this context, the aim of our study was to assess the ability of several in vitro methods, differing in complexity, to predict the adverse responses observed in vivo in rat lungs after acute exposure (24h) to several metallic and poorly soluble TiO2 and CeO2 NPs. For this, in vitro experimentations were first performed to assess if exposing alveolar cells in monoculture or in co-culture at the ALI interface to aerosols of NPs, generated different results compared to classic exposure in submerged conditions to suspensions. In a second step, rats were exposed by intratracheal aspiration of NP suspensions to compare the biological responses in vitro to those obtained in vivo. To compare the pulmonary responses in vivo and in vitro, similar dose metrics were selected, including the mass per surface unit or per macrophage. After 24h of exposure, significant biological responses (mostly inflammation) were observed at lower doses at the ALI compared to in submerged conditions. Moreover, we highlighted the necessity to take into account the deposited dose on the cells and the timing of the dose delivery in order to compare the two exposure methods used in vitro. When we compared the responses in vitro to those observed in vivo, we noticed that the ALI methods generated more predictive results than the submerged one, in term of biological activation levels after 24h of exposure. Finally, a ranking of the four NPs used in our study was provided and the NPs were ranked similarly both in vivo and in vitro and whatever the exposure method used in vitro. We also showed the importance of the surface area when ranking the poorly soluble NPs. In conclusion, the gap existing between the in vivo and the in vitro has been evaluated in our study. Our results highlighted the relevance of using more realistic in vitro exposure methods to model the potential adverse effects of NPs for human. This brings perspectives about using and developing in vitro methods mimicking more closely the in vivo exposure conditions
Habka, Dany. "Modélisation toxico-pharmacocinétique à partir de méthodes bioinformatiques et de tests in vitro." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1941.
Full textIn this work we report calibration methodologies of PBPK models using methods that are alternatives to animal experimentations. Our aim was to develop predictive PBPK models of xenobiotics disposition in humans. PBPK / in vitro / in silico approaches have already been implemented in several commercial PK softwares. We evaluated the predictability of this approach and showed that the goodness of the PK predictions was widely dependent on the precision of ADME parameters estimation, in particular relative to partition coefficients and metabolic parameters. To increase the predictability of PBPK models, we investigated two approaches. First we investigated the development of realistic techniques like cell microchips which provide an in vivo-like environment for cells in culture and may lead to more accurate estimations of ADME parameters, notably metabolism. We evaluated preliminary metabolic data obtained on a hepatic cells microchip developed by UTC. For this purpose, we proposed a mathematical model that account for the unspecific binding to the device and cell constituents. Our results showed that the metabolic clearance predictions were equally or more accurate than the predictions made using static devices. Second the calibration of PBPK models may combine in silico, in vitro information together with in vivo data available for humans like blood concentrations. To illustrate this PBPK / QSAR / in vitro / in vivo approach, we developed a PBPK model for ifosfamide. This exercise emphasized the complementarities of the several information sources used in the calibration step. Once parameterized, the model was used to extrapolate between doses and population groups
Pontikis, Renée. "Synthèses de la colchicine marquée au carbone 14 : contribution à l'étude in vitro de sa toxicité." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112300.
Full textMissy, Pascale. "Recherche de nouveaux chélateurs du manganèse en vue de la détoxication de l'organisme : Études in vivo et in vitro chez le rat." Metz, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2001/Missy.Pascale.SMZ0123.pdf.
Full textThis study dealt with new manganese chelating agents. The first part is devoted to the development of a subchronic intoxication protocol. Rats were intoxicated by intraperitoneal injections, the oral route being not sufficiently effective since less than 2%of the ingested manganese are absorbed. This result suggests that the risks of intoxication by diet are very weak even null. Accumulation of manganese was observed in well-known target issues (spleen, central nervous system, bones, erythrocytes), but also in bone marrow. In our experimental conditions, the presence of manganese in the brain induced no neurochemical or histological modifications. The second part of this work concerns the in vivo study of new chelating agents selected beforehand for their in vitro effectiveness to complex with manganese. The most effective compounds in vitro (polyaminopolycarboxylic acids) caused only a partial detoxification of the organism; they remained without effect on manganese bound to the erythrocytes (haemoglobin). This results led us to the following assumptions : manganese (Mn2+), which chemical properties are close to those of iron (Fe2+), would take the place of this last not only in haemoglobin, that is already known, but also in the cytochromes of the respiratory chain. So, based on the standard redox potentials of the cytochromes containing manganese, it was possible to show the inability of these structures to reduce oxygen. This incomplete oxygen reduction would lead to the formation of free radicals which are capable of accelerating cells aging and oxidizing dopamine in benzoquinones, implied in the neurological symptoms observed in chronic manganism
Gravet, Alain. "Caractérisation de la leucotoxine LukE-LukD de Staphylococcus aureus et analyse de son expression in vitro et in vivo." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13144.
Full textGrives, Sophie. "Etude de la toxicité in vitro et de l'efficacité ex vivo et in vivo de formes galéniques de calixarène développées pour le traitement des contaminations cutanées dues à des composés d'uranium." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA114815/document.
Full textIn case of radiological skin contamination by uranium compounds, the only treatments currently available consist in rinsing the contaminated skin area with water and detergent, or with a calcium salt of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Ca-DTPA) solution. However, these procedures are not specific and no efficient treatment for cutaneous contamination due to uranium exists. In the absence of such treatments, uranium diffusion through the skin is fast, inducing an internal exposure after its distribution inside the body through the bloodstream. One part of the bioavalaible uranium is uptaken in target organs which are the kidneys and the skeleton, where its toxic effects occur. Therefore a topical formulation consisting of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion incorporating a tricarboxylic calixarene molecule, as a specific chelating agent for uranium, was previously developed. The work achieved in this thesis aimed at evaluating the ex vivo and in vivo decontamination efficiency of this new emergency treatment on intact and superficially wounded skin. For this purpose, skin excoriation model was used. Reproducible models of superficial wounds consisting of micro-cuts and micro-punctures were also developed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the nanoemulsion on physical wounds such as incisions. These studies showed that the calixarene nanoemulsion could be an efficient decontaminant treatment, less aggressive than using the current treatment: soaped water. Its potential cutaneous toxicity was evaluated on in vitro reconstructed human epidermis using three different toxicity tests (MTT, LDH and IL-1-α). These studies demonstrated that the calixarene nanoemulsion did not induce skin toxicity even after 24 h of exposure time
Savistchenko, Jimmy. "Mécanisme d'assemblage du prion Ure2p, propriétés des fibres et rôle des chaperons moléculaires." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112026.
Full textA prion is a host-encoded protein able to misfold into a pathological and transmissible conformation. In mammals, such protein is involved in neurodegenerative diseases. In this work we report the study of the Ure2p yeast prion model from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During my thesis, we documented the structure of Ure2p within fibrils and have shown that N- and C-terminal domains of the protein interact together and are tightly involved in the fibrils scaffold. In collaboration with co-workers from the University of Firenze, we identified toxic forms of Ure2p using mammalian cells assay. We also have investigated the rationale of this toxicity. Finally, we studied the effect of some cellular factors and natural compounds on the assembly of Ure2p in vitro. To this aim, we documented the effect of the molecular chaperones on the assembly reaction and screened the protein against a library of natural compounds
Groux, Hervé. "Régulation de l'activation des lymphocytes T : de la prolifération à la mort cellulaire par apoptose : application à l'étude physiopathologique du sida." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10149.
Full textD'autre part, nous avons proposé que la inappropriée dans la population lymphocytaire T CD4 adulte d'un programme de suicide cellulaire pourrait expliquer à la fois le dysfonctionnement précoce et la déplétion tardive des lymphocytes T CD4 chez les sujets infectés par le VIH. Nous montrons que la perte sélective de la capacité des lymphocytes T CD4 de sujets infectés par le VIH à proliférer in vitro est due à l'induction par les stimuli de la mort des lymphocytes T CD4. Ce processus de mort cellulaire présente toutes les caractéristiques de l'apoptose (nécessité d'une synthèse protéique et condensation de la chromatine et fragmentation de l'ADN). Ces résultats suggèrent que le suicide des lymphocytes T CD4 en réponse à l'activation pourrait aussi se produire in vitro et être responsable, indépendamment de tout effet cytopathogène du virus, de la réduction progressive du nombre de lymphocytes T CD4 qui aboutit au SIDA
Duracher, Lucie. "L'absorption cutanée : stratégies de formulation et influence de l'irradiation solaire." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON13503.
Full textRodier, Stéphane. "Synthèse d'analogues d'acétogénines d'annonaceae et d'inhibiteurs de topoisomérases à visée anticancéreuse." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2283.
Full textFrandon, Isabelle. "Actions physiologique et moléculaire de glucocorticoïdes sur Aspergillus fumigatus." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE18006.
Full textSpatti, Marina Cecília. "Efeito de nanoemulsão contendo oleato de paclitaxel em glioblastoma murino: estudos in vivo e in vitro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-04082016-092244/.
Full textGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of severe cancer that affects the central nervous system, and patient survival is about12 months. The treatment with the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel (PTX) reduces the experimental and human GBM, however, their use is limited by side effects. The lipid nanoemulsion (LDE), that is mimetic to low density protein, has been employed as an efficient drug nanocarrier to treat cancer. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the oleate PTX (OPTX), a more lipophilic derivative of PTX, associated to (LDE), in in vitro and in vivo studies. Initially, glioblastoma murine strain GL261 was incubated with commercial PTX solution or LDE-OPTX at concentrations of 1 or 10 µM. Data obtained showed that treatment with PTX or LDE-OPTX caused in vitro toxicity to GL261 cells, by reducing the proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Moreover, both treatments reduced the secretion of monocyte chemotacticprotein-1 (MCP-1). In vivo experiments showed the severe toxicity of commercial PTX, as mice with GBM did not survive to the treatment with 75mg/kg, i.p., each 3 days, and died after 8 days of treatment. Conversely, animals treated with the same schedule of treatment with LDE-OPTX survived until the end of treatment, without any toxicity signal. Nevertheless, the treatment was not effective to reduce the GBM volume. Hence, other sets of animals with GBM were treated with daily i.p. dose of 15mg/kg of PTX or 75mg/kg of LDE-OPTX. Data obtained showed the inefficacy and efficacy of PTX and LDE-OPTX treatments, respectively, to reduce the volume of GBM. Nevertheless, mice treated with LDE-OPTX lost weight and lower number of circulating lymphocytes. Together, our data show the ability of LDE-OPTX treatment cause in vitro toxicity on GL261 cells e the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of higher doses on GBM murine model.
Lago, Wowro Rosine Sonia. "Etude du vieillissement des copolymères d'éthylène et de norbornène." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS556/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis work was to study different ages of copolymers of ethylene and norbornene (ENC), used as packaging of pharmaceutical products. Thanks to the analytical strategy adopted using different characterization techniques, such as separation techniques such as size exclusion chromatography, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, spectral techniques including infrared spectroscopy transforming of Fourier and UV spectroscopy, thermal analysis techniques through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and then a toxicity study of degradation products, we were able to highlight different types of modifications in the volume of the material after aging. The main modification in the bulk of the material, observed at the prescribed sterilization dose (25 kGy), is the cleavage of the polymer chains, which is accompanied by the creation of compounds with low molar masses, and therefore potential migrants, which are likely to influence ENC job security. Then for high doses of radiation (150 kGy) and for 500h UV exposure, there is the crosslinking of the chains. The presence of the additive (the phenolic antioxidant Irganox 1010®) prevents the creation of MBMM after aging. However, in the absence of an additive, aging generates new CBMMs. However, the toxicity study shows some toxicity at 150 kGy of the ENC
Alquier-Baudoin, Christine. "Recherche d'un test précoce de sélection pour la résistance du bananier (Musa sp) à la maladie des raies noires (Mycosphaerella fijiensis)." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112206.
Full textThe research of new banana varieties resistant to Mycosphaerella fijiensis needs the use of technics involving in vitro culture. The establishment of an early test of resistance is necessary for the valorization of the methods. We tried to design some tests, permitting the detection of resistance characters carried by calluses or plantlets from in vitro culture. A crude extract (C. E. ) was obtained from cultures of M. Fijiensis. No evidence for the presence of cercosporin in this C. E. Was found. The toxicity of the fungus or of the C. E. Against calluses of banana was tested by placing them separately in the same Petri dish. Only the fungus was showed to be toxic in these conditions, and equally on all the varieties studied. The inoculation of fungus into leaves of banana in laboratory was difficult. The injection of C. E. In leaves of bananas reveals its toxic action. The variations of level of reactions among different varieties don't seem to be in relation with their resistance ability's. Even if the results obtained don't yet permit the establishment of a practical test of resistance, they might contribute to improve the knowledge of different mechanisms of resistance
Khier, Sonia. "Etude Préclinique de Nouveaux Dérivés Imidazoquinoxaliniques, EAPB0203 et EAPB0503, Actifs sur les Mélanomes." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON13510.
Full textNikola, Jojić. "Komparativno in vitro ispitivanje efekata ugljeničnih nanocevi u normalnim i malignim ćelijama pluća." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=105989&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textCarbon nanotubes are being actively introduced in electronics, computer science, and optics as well as for various biomedical applications. While production of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) has escalated in recent years, the knowledge on risk associated with exposure remains unclear. Contradictory data on the toxic effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes highlights the urgent need for further studies. In this study we investigated the alterations in cellular response along with morphological changes induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes in human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 and adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells A549. In this study we used SWCNT containing large amounts of residual metallic impurities such is iron, and the iron concentration increased in dose dependent manner in cells exposed to SWCNT. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay and SWCNT showed little cytotoxic effect on the proliferation and viability of two cell lines tested at the concentrations used (<250 μg/mL) within 24 and 48h. However exposing both cell lines to high concentrations (250-750 μg/mL) resulted in near IC50 values. Based on MTT test SWCNT were more cytotoxic to A549 cell line. Cytotoxicity of SWCNT in combination with natural polyphenols (resveratrol and proanthocyanidins) did not noticeably affect the cytotoxicity of SWCNT to MRC-5 cells. However introduction of polyphenols did reduce the cytotoxicity of SWCNT to A549 cells. Transmission electron microscopy was used to complement cytotoxicity assays and to investigate the pathological effect of internalized SWCNT on cell morphology and survival. Intracellular bundles of CNTs, possibly aggregated/agglomerated were observed in both cell lines, confirming internalization after 24h exposure. Since nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes are toxic mainly because they cause oxidative stress, often associated with an increased apoptosis we checked for apoptotic and necrotic cells using flow cytometry. Incubation with SWCNT did not result in pronounced apoptosis or necrosis supporting its low toxicity and possibly alternative mechanism of cell damage. However incubation with SWCNT in combination with resveratrol and proanthocyanidins induced higher levels of both apoptosis and necrosis than SWCNT alone. Changes in gene expression following exposure to SWCNT were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction PCR array which indicated complex and diverse change in expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and oxidative stress. Finally we investigated the modulation of the antioxidant enzyme system and the changes in the cytosolic levels of GSH. SWCNT reduced the specific activity of SOD and GR enzymes, increased GPx activity. No changes in intracellular levels of GSH were observed in MRC-5 cell line. Same treatment in A549 cell reduced the specific activity of SOD, had no effect on GR, GST and GPx activity, but increased intracellular levels of GSH. Cell viability, morphologic changes, redox homeostasis and gene expression were affected by the presence of SWCNT. Although our findings are useful in predicting human response against SWCNT exposure, further study is needed for better understanding of the effects of SWCNT.
Esteves-Pedro, Natalia Mencacci. "Avaliação in vitro da toxicidade de óleos essenciais da flora Latino-americana candidatos ao uso em cosméticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-24092015-120519/.
Full textEssential oils from plants flora Latin America, have been presented as candidates for use in cosmetic formulations as fragrances, skin permeation enhancers, antioxidants and natural preservatives. The safety of the formulation components should be assessed by validated toxicological tests. The cytotoxicity assays (OECD/GD 129), in vitro phototoxicity (OECD 432), in vitro micronucleus (OECD 487) and intracellular antioxidant activity correspond to alternative methods guided by the 3R\'s principles: Refinament, Reduction and Replacement. In this scenario, the proposed objective was to evaluate the cytotoxicity, phototoxicity in vitro, the genotoxic potential and intracellular antioxidant activity of Minthostachys setosa (Briq.) Epling, Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) Landrum and Drimys brasiliensis Miers essential oils, from Latin American plants candidates for use in cosmetics. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and its dispersion was evaluated in culture medium. The results obtained in cytotoxicity assays on line BALB/3T3 clone A31 was calculated the IC50. In vitro phototoxicity in BALB/3T3 clone A31 cell line and the micronucleus assay in vitro in the CHO-K1 cell line, it was verify phototoxic and genotoxic potential, respectively. With the exception of essential oil Drimys brasiliensis, the intracellular antioxidant activity was assessed in WS1 cell lines. In conclusion Minthostachys setosa, Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus and Drimys brasiliensis Miers essential oils showed no cytotoxic, phototoxic and genotoxic potential, moreover, the antioxidant activity was expressive for Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus.
Viracaoundin, Isabelle. "Étude chimique et pharmacologique de Eudistoma bituminis et Cystodytes violatinctus, deux ascidies de Mayotte (océan Indien) : isolement d'alcaloi͏̈des à noyau pyridoacridine : analyse de la fraction lipidique." La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_05_Viracaoundin_vol.pdf.
Full textSouza, Juliana Neves de Paula e. "Estudos preliminares de metabolismo in vitro utilizando reações biomiméticas com metaloporfirinas e toxicidade da licarina A." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60134/tde-09042014-105509/.
Full textNeolignans and lignans show several biological activities. Licarin A is a dihydrobenzofuranic neolignan, which exhibits leishmanicidal activity. For this reason, licarina A was selected to carry out the studies of in vitro metabolism. So biomimetic reactions were done by the use of [Fe(TPP)Cl] and Mn (Salen) catalysts, different oxidants (PhIO and mCPBA), as well solvents with different polarities (EtOAc, MeOH, ACN, and DCM), and the ratio of 1:30:30 (catalyst:substrate:oxidant). Initially, the reactions were analyzed by GC-MS and showed one major oxidation product of m/z 342 (metabolite A). The less polar solvents (DCM and EtOAc) and Jacobsen catalyst (Mn (Salen)) were more efficient for the production of metabolite A. The reaction time and concentration were increased, but they did not represent a higher production of metabolites. Subsequently these reactions were also analyzed by UPLC-DADMS/ MS and seven metabolites could be identified based on the fragmentation pattern proposed for licarin A, as well as from NMR and MS data of the metabolites isolated by HPLC. A metabolite of m/z 343 [M+H]+ (metabolite 3) was identified by NMR and MS/MS data and it consists of epoxidation in the carbons of C-7\'/C-8\' from licarin A. Therefore, four of the seven metabolites (2, 3, 6 and 7) exhibited m/z 343 [M+H]+ in the MS spectra and the MS/MS showed high similarity with the epoxided metabolite (metabolite 3). So these metabolites could be diasteroisomers of the metabolite 3. Three other metabolites were produced and exhibited ions at m/z 361 [M+H]+, m/z 315 [M+H]+ and m/z 341 [M+H]+, corresponding respectively to a vicinal diol in C-7\'/C-8\', benzylic aldehyde and other aldehyde generated from the oxidation of the terminal methyl at C-9\'. The study of in vitro metabolism by rat liver microsomes was also carried out, and this study was able to reproduce the biomimetic reactions by production of the same metabolite (2). The acute toxicity and potential damage of licarin A were evaluated and the results indicated toxicity for this compound at doses >300mg/kg and 2000mg/kg (category 4). Analysis of biochemical parameters were able to determine possible liver toxicity caused by enzymatic changes (AST, ALT, LDH, ALP). However, microscopic analysis of tissues sections (liver, heart and kidneys) did not show any tissue damage that could indicate toxicity.
Santos, Mariana Avelino dos. "Avaliação da citotoxicidade in vitro e da toxicidade aguda in vivo de cimentos esponjosos à base de polimetilmetacrilato e de poliuretana de mamona." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17142/tde-07112015-155428/.
Full textLarge metaphyseal bone defects created after benign bone tumor curettage are usually treated by solid bone cement (PMMA) implantation. Porous and absorbable cements are expected to improve clinical results by lowering incidence of aseptic loosening, heat promoted bone necrosis, bone/cement mechanical discrepancies and absence of bone integration. Effervescent components like sodium bicarbonate and citric acid can be mixed to PMMA producing porous cement that fits intraoperative requirements. Furthermore, castor oil polyurethane is a well-known absorbable cement that can be mixed to effervescent components to produce porous and absorbable bone cement. In vivo and in vitro toxicity of both products have never been tested to support its clinical use. The spurious production of toxic elements and the effect of citrate, an anticoagulant byproduct of the effervescent components reaction, were analyzed. In vitro experiments: The three experimental groups consisted of PMMA or one of the commercially available castor oil polyurethane cements (Poliquil® or Bioosteo®) mixed to the effervescent components specimens. These groups were compared to classic PMMA solid cement specimens. All the elements produced during preparation and incubation of the cements were analyzed by High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry and by Resazurine microplate assay of NIH/3T3 and MRC-5 fibroblasts strains culture. In vivo experiments: Femoral defects were created in six rabbits per group and filled with PMMA or Poliquil® porous cements or left empty. Magnetic resonance of the limb, histology of the limb, kidneys and liver, and coagulation parameters of blood samples collected immediately after and 1, 4 and 7 days after surgery were analyzed. Castor oil polyurethane of both brands (Bioósteo® and Poliquil®) released 4,4\'-diaminodiphenylmethane. The Poliquil® brand released 4,4\'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate too. Both compounds are considered toxic. The MRC-5 and NIH3T3 cell strains proliferation was decreased in less than 80% in contact with polyurethane cements and less than 65% with PMMA, compared to the control group. Dilution of the medium diminished this effect. We believe that the acidity of the medium due to incomplete reaction of the effervescent components may be the cause of this finding. Liver and kidneys histology showed some slight changes in the same proportion as the control group. We infer that the cements do not cause acute systemic toxicity. In all groups, histologic analysis of the operated area showed small hematomas and a slight foreign body reaction. Significant inflammatory reaction could not be found in any of the study groups. Citrate formation from the effervescent components reaction seems to not interfere with coagulation. Inflammatory reaction around porous cements is similar to that of classic solid PMMA cement. The cytotoxic effect observed in vitro, could not be detected in vivo. Coagulation parameters did not changed at any time after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation confirmed that there was no formation of larger hematomas than in specimens of the control group. In conclusion, the tested porous PMMA cement is safe and biocompatible for clinical use. The tested polyurethane porous cements eliminates toxic substances and deserves specific studies to verify clinical safety.
Roux, Hélène. "Optimisation d'un test in vitro de la cytocompatibilité des biomatériaux en culture organotypique." Compiègne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993COMPD567.
Full textFetzer, Ludivine. "Fonctionnalisation de ruthenacycles à visée anticancéreuse." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13094.
Full textFor several years, the ‘Laboratoire de Synthèses Métallo-Induites’ has been developing cycloruthenated complexes for their antitumor potential (RDC). During these previous works, a library of compounds has been constituted and has undergone biological screening. A lead compound has been selected to go into further pharmacological studies. Nevertheless, this complex possesses a poor solubility in physiological condition. The aim of this thesis was to develop a new generation of functionalized hydrosoluble RDCs using multi-steps organic syntheses and organometallic chemistry. The strategy was to modify a ligand, in particular the phenylpyridine, in order to graft a hydrosoluble chain like an amino acid, a polyol and a polyamine. One of the synthetic pathways has yielded to the first hydrosoluble RDC carrying a spermine side chain. These complexes have been screened by in vitro and in vivo tests
Pereira, Karla Regina. "Avaliação da biocompatibilidade \"in vitro\" e \"in vivo\" de ligas metálicas de titânio para aplicação odontológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-17052010-113423/.
Full textBiomaterial applications have increased in the last decade, since bone diseases, injury from accidents have reached an increasing number of people. In dentistic, biomaterials have also large use as to estetic application as well to recuperate the function. New biomaterials have been studied in order to get better mechanical properties allowing better performance of the biomedical device. Biocompatibility studies are part of the validation processes and in vivo testes and in vitro testes are carried out. The present work evaluated biocompatibility of Ti alloys through: haemocompatibility, cytotoxicity, systemic toxicity and washed peritoneal tests. Those tests were performed in rats which were in contact with extracts made from artificial salive plus NaF (low concentrations) with Ti-6Al-4V alloy (control test) and Ti-10Mo (under test). Alloy under test and its extracts shown biocompatible behavior suggesting for odontological applications.
Huppert, Cécile. "Développement d’un modèle de coculture cellules dendritiques lymphocytes T pour l’évaluation du danger des substances sensibilisantes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0195/document.
Full textAllergies constitute an important issue in the field of occupational health and have a serious impact on the lives of workers. Occupational allergies are mainly contact and respiratory allergies and can be caused by low molecular weight chemicals. In the past, the tests that were used to identify the potential allergens were carried out on animals. However, European legislation has provided the impetus for reducing the use of animal testing to assess the sensitization potential of chemicals and promoted the development of alternative in vitro tests. In this context, we aimed to develop cell culture models to identify sensitizers. A first model using bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from BALB/c mice was developed and showed promising results for identifying sensitizers and classify them according to their allergenic potency. Moreover, the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway seems to be involved in the response of this cell model to sensitizers. In order to supplement this model and to assess the functionality of BMDC, a BMDC-T cell (TC) coculture model was developed with a reference sensitizer before being tested on a range of reference sensitizers (cutaneous and respiratory sensitizers, irritants and non-sensitizers). The BMDC of our model, while exposed to sensitizers, were able to activate TC in coculture. Finally, preliminary tests using the cells of C57BL6/J mice in our coculture model showed that similar results to those obtained with cells from the BALB/c strain. The models of BMDC cultures and BMDC-TC coculture are promising for the development of alternative methods to animal experimentation assessing the sensitizing potential of chemicals
Mobio, Théophile Amondo. "Effets génotoxiques et épigénétiques de la fumonisine B1 in vitro : études des mécanismes moléculaires et prévention." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28804.
Full textDe, vaugelade du breuillac Segolene. "Évaluation des paramètres nécessaires à la détermination de la Date de Durabilité Minimale (DDM) et de la Période après Ouverture (PAO) des émulsions cosmétiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX022.
Full textAccording to Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009, implemented in July 2013, the manufacturer must mention the Date of Minimum Durability (DMD), or if DMD exceeds 30 months, the Period After Opening (PAO) on the product packaging. At the present time, no text regulates the procedures applicable to the validation of a DMD or a PAO. Some guidelines are published by Cosmetics Europe, the National Agency for the safety of medicines and health products, the Scientific Committee for consumer safety, or the European Commission; but the evaluation remains at the discretion of the person responsible for marketing the product. In this context, this work proposes recommendations to establish a stability protocol in order to quickly determine the DMD. Experimental approaches on an emulsion representative of the major category in the cosmetics industry have been established. Organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological stabilities were evaluated. The emulsion stability has been tested in accelerated conditions and in real time. A statistical approach has been proposed to evaluate the product shelf life according to its organoleptic properties. The sensory properties of the cosmetic emulsion changed differently depending on the temperature and the material in which it has been stored. A mathematical correlation between the results of studies under normal and those obtained under accelerated conditions has been proposed for some parameters. A microbiological study focused on the validation of a commercially available method, alternative to total count of aerobic microorganisms, normed by the ISO 21149 for cosmetic application. Once validated, this method has been used as an economical, quick and easy tool to evaluate the microbiological stability of cosmetic emulsions. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to follow the degradation of antioxidant and preservatives. To take into account the photostability of the emulsion, an analytical strategy was proposed to identify the mechanisms involved in phototransformation reactions. The study focused on two molecules: dehydroacetic acid and alpha-tocopherol. Both gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (LC-UHR-MS) were used for the separation and the structural identification of photoproducts. The main photoproducts were detected in the reference emulsion after UV-visible irradiation, thus showing the possible formation of photoproducts in a complex oil/water emulsion. Both in silico and in vitro toxicity tests highlighted the need for taking into account the potential formation of photoproducts in the safety evaluation of a cosmetic product
Persoz, Charles. "Air intérieur et santé respiratoire : approches épidémiologique et expérimentale." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05S006.
Full textThis work lies within the framework of "indoor air pollution and asthma". Our approach is epidemiological and experimental. The effects of various pollutants in indoor air on the occurrence of lower respiratory tract infections were analyzed in 196 infants in the birth cohort PARIS. To study the in vitro effects of air pollutants on the inflammatory response of respiratory epithelial cells, an exposure model suitable for air-liquid alveolar and bronchial cells was developed. Regarding the epidemiological study, no association between the pollutant levels and the occurrence of lower respiratory tract infection was found, except for a tendency with nicotine. The absence of association could be related to the size of the population and the low pollutant levels (including formaldehyde (FA)). The in vitro model we developed showed to be flexible, with variable parameters (cell type, pollutant, sensitization, number of exposures,. . . ). The exposure atmospheres were generated at environmental levels, FA-50 µg/m3 and Aspergillus fumigatus-Asp-7x108 spores/m3, were controlled. In our experimental conditions, after cell sensitization, FA induced a moderate change in the production of IL-8 and MCP-1. The model of sequential exposure to FA-Asp, mimicking the multi-exposure, did not induce major cellular effect. This original approach may be continued by applying it to closer conditions to the human exposure to air pollutants
Pannetier, Delphine. "Étude in vitro des réponses lymphocytaires T humaines induites par les virus Lassa et Mopeia." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10353.
Full textFigarol, Agathe. "Toxicité in vitro et propriétés physico-chimiques de nanotubes de carbone." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0764/document.
Full textDue to their exceptional properties, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have aroused a huge interest among in industrial fields such as microelectronics, material science and nanomedicine. Nevertheless, the health impacts of this nanomaterial still remain not well understood. The first toxicological studies pointed out that there is no unique response regarding the healthimpact of the CNT, but different toxicological profiles according to their various physicochemical properties. A safer by design approach is thus proposed to identify the parameters decreasing from their production the CNT biological impacts. In this context, this work aimed at studying the impact on the in vitro response from a macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) of two post-Production treatments: acid functionalization and high temperature annealing.Surface acid groups from functionalized CNT enhanced the pro-Inflammatory response although the cytotoxicity remained stable. On the other hand, acid functionalization, through the elimination of metallic impurities, significantly decreased the oxidative stress. Annealed CNT increased the pro-Inflammatory response compared to the pristine CNT. It thus confirmed the sensitivity of this response for the changes in surface chemistry. However, the high temperature annealing did not influence the oxidative stress, despite of the CNT purification. It suggested that structural defects are also of importance for this response. Besides, the acid functionalization of nano-Graphite and carbon black displayed trends in the macrophage response similar to the acid functionalization of CNT. The comparison of these three carbon-Based nanomaterials seemed to conform to the fibre and platelets paradigm. Eventually, exploratory studies have also been conducted on the interferences between CNT and the toxicity assays, and on the oxidative stress
Boulais, Lilandra. "Cryogel-integrated hepatic cell culture microchips for liver tissue engineering." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2561.
Full textToday, one of the challenges for the pharmaceutical industry is to develop accurate in vitro liver models to improve the predictability of preclinical studies, in particular the study of the toxicity and efficacy of drug candidates. In recent years, tissue engineering, a multidisciplinary approach to develop tissues, has led to the development of new cell culture methods. Among them, cell cultures in 3D or in perfusion allowed to obtain hepatic activities similar to those observed in vivo. The objective of this thesis is to combine these two cell culture methods to create an even more accurate in vitro liver model. To do so, we are seeking to develop an alginate cryogel integrated into a microchip with mechanical properties adaptable to those of the liver depending on the physiological state to be reproduced (healthy or pathological liver).In the first part, we develop and characterize the alginate cryogel at the microscopic and macroscopic level, outside (cylindrical samples) and then inside the biochip. Three parameters are studied here: the cryopolymerization temperature, the alginate concentration and the quantity of cross-linking agents. Mechanical properties, porosity, absorption, pore interconnectivity and flow resistance are analyzed. The second part aims to culture liver cells within this new device. For this feasibility study the HepG2/C3A cell line is used. The results show viable and functional cells (albumin production, APAP transformation). In addition, we observe a 3D tissue structure, which is maintained after removal of the alginate cryogel. The last part aims to complexify the hepatic model, in particular by co-cultures. To get closer to the sinusoid structure, liver cells are cultured with endothelial cells (HUVEC) according to two approaches. In addition, the possibility to follow circulating tumor cells (MDA-MB-231) in the system is studied