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1

Quate, Amy. "Hymns to Inanna." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500257/.

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The poetry of Sumer, inscribed in cuneiform script on clay tablets dating from 2000 B.C., is considered humanity's earliest written literature. Hymns To Inanna is a three-movement, mixed media work based on adapted English translations from ancient Sumerian text. The text is sung by SATB choir and musically illustrated by harp, flutes, percussion, and computer-generated sound (on tape). My musical setting displays these hymns not as a reflection of antiquity but as a timeless expression of spiritual thought. Certain elements of the composition evoke associations with early culture and music. These components, however, are transformed or merged with musical characteristics of other eras, idioms, and forms thus representing a conceptual and stylistic "bridge" between past, present, and future.
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2

Torres, Kimberly. "Resurrecting Inanna lament, gender, transgression." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/629.

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This essay, which is at once a literary critical examination and a theological exploration of the Hebraic scriptural book of Lamentations in relation to ancient Sumerian lament, employs a mixed critical approach (e.g., form, feminist, postmodern, reader response), to address various lyrical, contextual, and thematic elements common to both the biblical Lamentations and the older Sumerian compositions. Specific focus is given to issues of gender and gender-malleability, as well as the notion of "transgression" and the various meanings that may be attached to this word in various contexts, theological or otherwise. Also addressed is the means by which the lament genre reflects/reveals the ways in which individuals and communities attempt to construct meaning, or find solace, in the face of human suffering.
B.A.
Bachelors
Arts and Humanities
Humanities
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3

Bruinsma, Raelene. "Restoring Inanna - an ancient myth for contemporary women?" Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1523.

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Combining a range of performative methods, including original song and platform storytelling, this autoethnographic practice-led feminist study explores the ways in which the 4-5000 year stories and poems of the goddess Inanna from Ancient Sumer (present day Iraq) speak to contemporary women. Weaving together data gained from creative practice, trial performances, contextual research and discussion forums, the results are presented in a live one woman performance, documented in an accompanying DVD, and a written exegesis.
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Dupla, Simone Aparecida. "CONSTRUÇÕES DO IMAGINÁRIO RELIGIOSO NO CULTO A INANNA NA ANTIGA MESOPOTÂMIA: SÍMBOLOS E METÁFORAS DE UMA DEUSA MULTIFACETADA (3200-1600 a.C)." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2016. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/372.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:49:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Dupla.pdf: 2971799 bytes, checksum: 7e1e207afce384b2447f024c95b4ed22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01
Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
Inanna, the multifaceted goddess of Mesopotamian culture, was worshiped throughout the history of this society. Known as the goddess of love and war, their status in the Mesopotamian pantheon and its functionality has been re-reading object by many historians. The purpose of this study was to address the representations present in the worship of Inanna through symbols and attributes to it attributed unveiling its characteristics and relationship with the imagery of that society. To do this, we use as sources, in addition to recorded images for artifacts, myths and hymns dedicated to this deity. We realize that the ways of holiness expressed in the worship of Inanna allowed the articulation of this in many social segments and ensured their maintenance and survival. Thus, images and symbols that made up the religious universe of divinity were assignments and constructions that are perpetuated over time related to the reality of his first devotees and those who captivated over the millenniums.
Inanna, a deusa multifacetada da cultura mesopotâmica, foi cultuada durante toda a história dessa sociedade. Conhecida como deusa do amor e da guerra, seu estatuto no panteão mesopotâmico e sua funcionalidade tem sido objeto de releitura por parte de muitos historiadores. O objetivo desse trabalho foi abordar as representações presentes no culto a Inanna por meio dos símbolos e atributos a ela imputados desvelando suas características e relação com o imaginário daquela sociedade. Para tal, utilizamos como fontes, além das imagens registradas em artefatos, mitos e hinos dedicados a essa divindade. Percebemos que as formas de sacralidade expressas no culto a Inanna permitiu a articulação deste nos muitos segmentos sociais e garantiu a sua manutenção e sobrevivência. Assim, imagens e símbolos que compunham o universo religioso da divindade foram atribuições e construções que se perpetuaram ao longo do tempo relacionadas à realidade de seus primeiros devotos e aqueles que cativados ao longo dos milênios.
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5

Behrens, Hermann. "Die Ninegalla-Hymne : die Wohnungnahme Inannas in Nippur in altbabylonischer Zeit /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37048152m.

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Habilitationsschrift--Gemeinsamer Ausschuss der vier philosophichen Fakultäten--Freiburg (Breisgau)--Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 1989.
Contient le texte sumérien de l'hymne avec trad. allemande en regard. Bibliogr. p. 8-11. Index.
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6

Slobodzianek, Iwo. "Acquérir, exprimer et transmettre les "pouvoirs" divins : une comparaison entre Aphrodite et Inanna-Is̆tar." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802105.

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La présente étude offre un regard nouveau sur les systèmes de croyances religieux grecs et mésopotamiens. Adoptant une démarche comparative et contrastive, la déesse grecque Aphrodite est confrontée à la déesse mésopotamienne Inanna/Ištar. Étudiant de manière interne à chacun des deux panthéons les différents modes d'action des déesses, il s'agit de comprendre comment s'exprime la notion de " pouvoir " divin dans les sources grecques archaïques et les compositions paléo-babyloniennes du IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Parts d'honneur, parures, cortèges sont autant d'expressions des réseaux de pouvoir d'Inanna/Ištar et d'Aphrodite ; ils se transmettent, s'échangent et avec eux circulent les souverainetés spécifiques des déesses. L'enjeu principal de cette thèse est d'étudier les différentes expressions des "pouvoirs" divins dans un même complexe culturel, le monde grec ou la Mésopotamie, d'en saisir les dynamiques internes, puis de les soumettre à comparaison afin d'apporter de nouveaux éclairages sur les fonctionnements des panthéons grecs et suméro-akkadiens.
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7

Vändel, Liminga Ulla. "Individuationsprocessen från ett kvinnligt perspektiv : myterna om Sofia och Inanna, sagan om Tusenskinn betraktade ur jungiansk synvinkel." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-362.

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C. G. Jungs teori om individuationen, och huvuddelen av de beskrivningar som finns av den, t.ex. via myter och sagor, utgår från ett manligt perspektiv. Vissa har dock diskuterat den utifrån ett kvinnligt perspektiv, och pekar på att kvinnans och mannens processer skiljer sig åt. Inom denna uppsats har jag utforskat kvinnans individuationsprocess, genom att diskutera myterna om Sofia och Inanna, samt sagan om Tusenskinn, med hjälp av jungianska metoder och en modell av kvinnans individuationsprocess föreslagen av Pia Skogemann. Jag har utforskat huvuddragen i den kvinnliga individuationsprocessen, hur de exemplifieras i dessa berättelser, vilka arketyper som är viktiga(st) i denna process och tittat på likheter och skillnader mellan kvinnlig och manlig individuationsprocess. Huvuddragen i kvinnans individuationsprocess innehåller en igångsättande fas, då Personan ifrågasätts av Jaget, och det omedvetna börjar bryta fram. Därefter följer faser då jaget möter både det manliga i olika skepnader, både av positiv och negativ karaktär, d.v.s. olika Animusuttryck, och det kvinnliga, som kan motsvara arketyperna Personan, Jaget, den Stora Modern, Skuggan och även Självet. Den innefattar också ett tydligt nedstigande, där Jaget måste våga överlämna sig, eller dra sig tillbaka till mer primitiva stadier. Slutligen sker ett återvändande, där alla delar förenas, för att uppnå helhet och då Självet träder fram. Dessa faser återfinns i alla tre berättelser. Myten om Inanna har den mest fullständiga beskrivningen av individuationsprocessen. I kvinnans individuationsprocess verkar Animus ha en central betydelse, medan Skuggan verkar spela en mindre roll, jämfört med i den manliga individuationsprocessen. Det är också troligt att kvinnans Skugga har andra karaktäristiska är mannens, t.ex. skam, skuld, svartsjuka. Den verkar också hanteras annorlunda av kvinnan än av mannen, där det för kvinnan handlar om kärlek, integration och acceptans, istället för att ta strid och besegra den.

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8

Bridgman, Karen Elizabeth, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Social Inquiry. "Rhythms of awakening : re-membering the her-story and mythology of women in medicine." THESIS_FSI_XXX_Bridgman_K.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/385.

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This thesis is based on the stories of the lived experience of two groups of women, the first was a group of women healers, and the second, a group of academic women.Woven through the his-story of women in medicine are two myths-those of Inanna and Isis.The insights that have come from this study will give future women a path to travel to reclaim their past.Both science and scientific medicine are critiqued, and more holistic alternatives as part of this process are offered. The thesis has been constructed with a series of stories to acknowledge the uniqueness of each individual's experience.These stories provide the threads that weave the thesis together and are congruent with both the process of the making of meaning in our lives, and with our journeys toward healing.The study is embedded in both a social and feminist framework and that of depth psychology/mythology. It is based on feminist research methods and cooperative inquiry methodology and uses narrative for the recounting of the experience. It is also a heuristic inquiry that offers constructive critique using reflexive learning and explores the richness of difference in philosophies of healing and the experience of transformation.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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9

Hawkins, Damaris. ""They say she is veiled": A rhetorical analysis of Judy Grahn's poetry." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2941.

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10

Shange, Nombulelo Tholithemba. "Shembe religion's integration of African traditional religion and Christianity : a sociological case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011819.

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The Shembe Church's integration of African Traditional Religion and Christianity has been met by many challenges. This merger has been rejected by both African traditionalists and Christians. The Shembe Church has been met by intolerance even though the movement in some ways creates multiculturalism between different people and cultures. This thesis documents the Shembe Church's ideas and practices; it discusses how the Shembe Church combines two ideologies that appear to be at odds with each other. In looking at Shembe ideas and practices, the thesis discusses African religion-inspired rituals like ukusina, ancestral honouring, animal sacrificing and virgin testing. The thesis also discusses the heavy Christian influence within the Shembe Church; this is done by looking at the Shembe Church's use of The Bible and Moses' Laws which play a crucial role in the Church. The challenges the Shembe Church faces are another main theme of the thesis. The thesis looks at cases of intolerance and human rights violations experienced by Shembe members. This is done in part by looking at the living conditions at eBuhleni, located at Inanda, KZN. The thesis also analyses individual Shembe member's experiences and discusses how some members of the Shembe church experience the acceptance of the Shembe religion in South African society. This thesis concludes by trying to make a distinction between intolerance and controversy. I try to highlight the idea that what many Shembe followers see as discrimination and intolerance towards them is sometimes a difference in opinion from other cultural groups. Sometimes these differences are not geared towards criticising other religious groups or perpetuating intolerance.
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11

Hughes, Heather Ann. "Politics and society in Inanda, Natal : the Qadi under Chief Mghawe, c1840-1896." Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243372.

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Naidoo, Krishantha. "A study into Healthcare Service Location Problems, Location and Allocation in the Inanda area." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32922.

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Inanda is a predominantly rural area located on the northern coast of the province of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. It is bordered by the areas of Phoenix, Verulam and Tongaat. In the context of healthcare accessibility in the Inanda area, the research aimed at investigating the problem in service location planning. This was done by investigating level of accessibility to existing healthcare facilities available to the residents of Inanda. Following the classification of accessibility problems, recommendations were made on where the facility locations can be improved or expanded to provide better accessibility in terms of location-allocation. Literature that has been reviewed focused on geographic location, GIS and accessibility measures, spatial accessibility, models used to test accessibility, service location planning and accessibility measures and metrics so as to provide a background and precedent for the service location planning carried out in the research. The research aimed to confirm that accessibility to the healthcare facilities is indeed a problem and to propose alternative strategies to overcome the accessibility problems identified. The access to healthcare service locations is dependent on a number of factors. Some of these factors include travel time and distance, available capacity at facilities, existing road network, and provision or lack thereof of an efficient public transport system. This accessibility to the health service locations was assessed by using available GIS information on healthcare facilities and using accessibility analysis to identify problems in terms of the services location as well as additional location-allocation of current and additional facilities. The analysis was based on the assumption that all service locations have unlimited capacity. Flowmap was used as the tool to analyse the GIS data and conduct various accessibility models. The different models were Expansion Model Analysis, Relocation Model Analysis, Catchment Area and Clinic Allocation Analysis, Catchment Profile, Market share of Supply Locations, Regular Proximity Count, Average Distance in Competition, Proximity Count in Competition, Lowest Mean Trip Cost Alternate, Second Best Catchment Distance and Pareto Cover Set. The results of the research showed that while the locations of the existing healthcare facilities are not ideal, most are accessible to the majority of the Inanda residents. The information on actual capacity available at each of the locations was not available at the time of the research being carried out and would be worthwhile to research in the future.
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Ferreira, Diogenes Seraphim. "Imunidade inata na asma fatal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-22092010-115846/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A inflamação das vias aéreas na asma envolve respostas imunes inatas. Os receptores do tipo Toll (Toll-like receptors, TLRs) e a citocina linfopoetina do estroma tímico (thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TSLP) estão envolvidos na inflamação brônquica da asma, mas a expressão destas proteínas em vias aéreas grandes e pequenas de asmáticos ainda não foi investigada. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar a expressão protéica de TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 e TSLP em vias aéreas grandes e pequenas de asmáticos, comparar sua expressão entre asmáticos tabagistas e não tabagistas e investigar se a expressão dos TLRs está associada à infecção por Chlamydophila pneumoniae e Mycoplasma pneumoniae. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas por método imuno-histoquímico e análise de imagens as expressões de TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 e TSLP em vias aéreas grandes e pequenas de 24 indivíduos falecidos por asma (13 não tabagistas e 11 tabagistas) e 9 controles não asmáticos. A análise das proteínas foi realizada em quatro regiões das vias aéreas: camadas epitelial, interna, muscular e externa. A presença de C. pneumoniae e M. pneumoniae no tecido pulmonar foi investigada por meio de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Os indivíduos asmáticos apresentaram maior expressão de TLR2 nas camadas epitelial e externa de vias aéreas grandes e pequenas, e maior TLR2 na camada muscular de vias aéreas pequenas. Asmáticos tabagistas tiveram menor expressão de TLR2 nas camadas interna e externa de vias aéreas pequenas do que asmáticos não tabagistas. Indivíduos asmáticos tiveram maior expressão de TSLP na camada epitelial e externa de vias aéreas grandes, aumento de TLR3 na camada externa de vias aéreas grandes e aumento de TLR4 na camada externa de vias aéreas pequenas. O DNA de C. pneumoniae e M. pneumoniae não foi detectado em nenhum indivíduo asmático ou controle. CONCLUSÕES: Os receptores da imunidade inata TLR2, 3 e 4 e a citocina TSLP estão aumentados nas vias aéreas de pacientes falecidos por asma, e a expressão dos TLRs não está associada à presença de Chlamydophila pneumoniae e Mycoplasma pneumoniae nos pulmões. O tabagismo em asmáticos parece reduzir a expressão de TLR2 em vias aéreas pequenas. Estes resultados sugerem que os TLRs 2, 3 e 4 e a TSLP podem contribuir com a inflamação brônquica presente em exacerbações graves de asma e que as bactérias C. pneumoniae e M. pneumoniae não estão envolvidas em óbitos por asma
INTRODUCTION: Airway inflammation in asthma involves innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are involved in bronchial inflammation in asthma, but the expression of these proteins in large and small airways of asthmatics has not been investigated. The aims of this study were to analyze the protein expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TSLP in large and small airways of asthmatics, to compare their expression in smoking and nonsmoking asthmatics and to investigate if TLR expression in associated with infection by Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry and image analysis, we investigated the expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TSLP in large and small airways of 24 fatal asthma patients (13 nonsmokers and 11 smokers) and 9 nonasthmatic controls. The protein expression was analyzed in four regions of the airways: epithelial, internal, airway smooth muscle and outer layers. C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae presence in lung tissue was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Fatal asthma patients had increased expression of TLR2 in the epithelial and outer layers of large and small airways, and also higher TLR2 in the muscle layer of small airways. Smoking asthmatics had lower TLR2 in the inner and outer layers of small airways than nonsmoking asthmatics. TSLP was increased in the epithelial and outer layers of large airways. Asthmatics also had greater TLR3 in the outer layer of large airways and greater TLR4 in the outer layer of small airways. C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae DNA was not detected in asthmatics or controls. CONCLUSIONS: Innate immunity receptors TLR2, 3 and 4 and innate cytokine TSLP are increased in the airways of fatal asthma patients, and TLRs expression is not associated with the presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae in the lungs. Smoking may reduce TLR2 expression in the small airways of asthmatics. These results suggest that TLR2, 3, 4 and TSLP may contribute to the bronchial inflammation seen in severe exacerbations of asthma and that M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae are not involved in fatal asthma exacerbations
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Ross, G. "Tapehead, music for displeasure, beating time, Inanna's Descent, the Hidden Words, Jardin, BLAST! Scission/Slit, Inanna's Return, the Brine Boilers." Thesis, Keele University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242384.

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Urbina, Foneron Mauricio. "Strategies of inanga (Galaxias maculatus) for surviving the environmental stressors of hypoxia and salinity change." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7638.

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Salinity and oxygen availability have long been recognised as important factors influencing animal physiology and therefore species distribution. The maintenance of appropriate cellular ion levels is critical for many essential physiological processes, but at the same time is energetically expensive. Since hypoxia is likely to impose aerobic limitations for ATP generation, the maintenance of salt and water homeostasis could be at risk during hypoxia. The amphidromous inanga (Galaxias maculatus) is well known for its salinity tolerance and its life cycle that involves several salinity related migrations. During these migrations inanga also frequently encounters hypoxic waters, and therefore must maintain energy homeostasis when aerobic metabolism may be compromised. The present study has investigated behavioural, physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which inanga tolerate changes in salinity and hypoxia. After 14 days of acclimation to salinities ranging from freshwater to 43‰, inanga showed physiological acclimation. This was evident by no changes in metabolic rates or energy expenditures through this salinity range. Energy balance seemed to be tightly and efficiently controlled by changes in the proportion of protein and lipids used as energy substrate. No mortalities and only minor changes in plasma osmolality also indicated salinity acclimation. The remarkable osmoregulatory capacity of inanga was also evidenced after a seawater challenge. The osmotic balance of inanga was only disrupted during the first 24 hours after the challenge, evidenced by an increase in plasma osmolality and plasma Na+, and a decrease in muscle water content. These physiological changes were correlated with changes at the molecular level. Different isoforms of the catalytic subunit of the Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) were isolated, partially sequenced and identified in inanga. Phylogenetic analysis grouped inanga isoforms (α-1a, α-1b, α-1c) with their respective homologues from salmonids. Patterns of mRNA expression were also similar to salmonids, with α-1a being downregulated and α-1b being up-regulated following seawater challenge. Previous to this study, NKA isoform switching was reported to occur only in salmonids and cichlids. The presence of NKA subunits that change with environmnetal salinity in inanga indicates that this isoform switching phenomenon is much more widespread among teleost lineages than previously thought. Aiming to elucidate the hypoxia tolerance of inanga, oxygen consumption rate as a function of decreasing external PO2 was evaluated. At no point did inanga regulate oxygen consumption, suggesting that this species is an oxyconformer. This is the first robust demonstration of the existence of oxyconforming in fish. Evaluation of the scaling relationship between oxygen consumption and fish size in normoxia, showed that the exponent of this relationship fell within the range previously reported for fish. However, in hypoxic conditions the scaling relationship was less clear suggesting different size-related mechanisms for tolerating hypoxia. Analysis of the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of small and large fish, showed that smaller inanga were able to sustain aerobic metabolism for longer than larger inanga, which instead relied on anaerobic metabolism for extending their survival. This knowledge is likely to be of value for the conservation of this iconic fish species, by incorporating these size related differences in hypoxia tolerance in streams management. In light of the unusual oxyconforming response of inanga, a study examining the behavioural responses of this species to declining dissolved oxygen was performed. Inanga did not display a behaviour that might reduce energy expenditure during oxygen limitation; instead swimming activity and speed were elevated relative to normoxia. As hypoxia deepened inanga leaped out of the water, emersing themselves on a floating platform. Once emersed, fish exhibited an enhanced oxygen consumption rate compared to fish that remained in hypoxic water. Although this emersion behaviour was hypothesised to be of physiological advantage, both aquatic hypoxia and emersion resulted in similar physiological and biochemical consequences in inanga. While in hypoxic water oxygen availability seemed to be the limiting factor, in air failure of the circulatory system was hypothesised to be the cause of a similar metabolic signature to that found in aquatic hypoxia. Overall, inanga seemed to be not particularly well adapted to tolerate aquatic hypoxia. In light of the increasing likelihood of anthropogenic-induced hypoxia in inanga habitats, this is likely to have negative consequences for the future of inanga populations in the wild. Although this study provides the mechanisms behind the exceptional salinity tolerance of inanga, its susceptibility to hypoxia is likely to impose further constraints for the osmoregulatory processes that guarantee inanga survival during life cycle migrations. The results of the present study are relevant for understanding and managing the fishery of this economically- and culturally important fish species.
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Harley, Rachel. "Ion transport physiology and its interaction with trace element accumulation and toxicity in inanga (Galaxias maculatus)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10738.

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Inanga (Galaxias maculatus) are a culturally and economically important fish species in New Zealand and abroad. However, very little is known about their ability to deal with trace element contamination. As a scaleless fish with the ability to survive in relatively extreme environments, they may not fit toxicity models (such as the biotic ligand model; BLM) based on other fish species. The aim of this study was to determine how this fish responds to elevated trace elements in both the laboratory and field in order to determine the applicability of these toxicity models. In order to determine the impacts of stress on ion transport and subsequent metal toxicity, inanga were exposed to handling stress and measures of ion uptake were collected. Handling stress was shown to result in increased ventilation rates, resulting in stimulated sodium (Na+) efflux. A compensatory increase in Na+ influx was also measured as a result of this stress. Inanga largely recovered from this ionoregulatory stress within 2 hours, with full recovery after 24 hours. This was indicative of a rapid homeostatic response for maintaining ion balance. Enhanced Na+ uptake in response to this stress resulted in increased copper (Cu) uptake in Cu-contaminated water, suggesting stressed fish will accumulate more Cu (and likely other Na+ mimics) than an unstressed fish. These results suggest a heightened vulnerability of inanga to this type of contaminant as a result of exercise stress during migrations. A combination of field and laboratory studies was used in order to measure trace element accumulation in inanga. In situ field studies showed changes to aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) body burdens when inanga were placed in streams of varying trace element concentrations along the West Coast of the South Island. However, other trace elements measured did not alter over the period of exposure (9-10 days). Biochemical biomarker analysis showed no changes in the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), but a marker of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS) was elevated in one stream. Analysis suggested that stream pH was the major driver of this effect, whether directly or via changes to metal bioavailability. Subsequent laboratory exposures (96 h) of inanga to 1.2, 2.7, 10.8, and 44 µg L-1 dissolved Fe and 5.6, 23.3, 60.7, and 128.7 µg L-1 dissolved zinc (Zn) showed no difference in whole body trace element accumulation, ammonia excretion, ion influx (Ca2+ and Na+), and TBARS. There were significant differences in oxygen consumption (MO2) after Fe exposures, with increases in the 2.7 and 44 µg L-1 dissolved Fe exposures. Laboratory exposure results suggest inanga are relatively insensitive to short-term Fe and Zn exposures. Both in vivo (whole body partitioning) and in vitro (Ussing chamber) techniques were used to determine the influence of cutaneous ion transport on preventing trace element accumulation. Results suggest inanga use their skin as an additional site of calcium (Ca2+) and Na+ uptake. This is the first study to confirm these ion transport capabilities in inanga, and revealed that up to 48% of Na+ uptake may occur across the skin. Pharmacological inhibition of Ca2+ uptake was achieved by known Ca2+ channel blockers (verapamil and lanthanum). Furthermore Fe and Zn impaired cutaneous Ca2+ transport, indicating that ion transport pathways in the skin modulate in response to these metals.
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Inan, H. Cigdem. "L'étendue de l'anesthésie rachidienne isobare influence-t-elle la durée et les conséquences hémodynamiques du bloc spinal ? /." Genève : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/theses2004/InanC/these.pdf.

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Bürkle, Lutz. "Elektrooptische Eigenschaften von InAsa-(GaIn)Sb Übergittern." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:25-opus-51241.

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Ottermann, Monika. "AS BRIGAS DIVINAS DE INANA: Reconstrução feminista de repressão e resistência em torno de uma deusa suméria." Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2007. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/441.

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The analysies of this thesis, based on a feminist hermeneutics of liberation, center on the figure of Inana, the most important and most popular goddess of Sumer who, as I tar, held a predominant position also in the posterior Mesopotamian pantheons. Chapter 1 gives a reconstruction of life in Sumer, since neolithic times until the beginnings of the Old Babylonian Period (approximately 5000 to 2000 BCE), with special attention to data on women and gender aspects. Chapter 2 presents presargonic documents, iconographical and philological, related with the figure and the cult of Inana, and offers first reflections on particular aspects and conflicts that show her special position in the religion of Sumer and its increasing patriarchalization. In Chapter 3, these aspects and conflicts are discussed focusing on traditions of Inana as the Lady of Eana, of the Me and of Kur, with special attention to the myths Inana and Eana , Inana and the Me and Inana and the Netherworld (ETCSL 1.3.5; 1.3.1; 1.4.1). It shows that the myth Inana and Eana is the result of manipulations to legitimate the cult of An in the main temple of Inana, that Inana and the Me reflects attitudes of resistance against attempts of her depowerment, and that Inana and the Netherworld is composed of different myths that evidence several conflicts related to functions and powers of Inana. Thus it is demonstrated that the conflicts in the sphere of Inana reflect human repressions and resistances within a kyriarchal society and the increasing patriarchalization of its religion. Although political and religious activities of women in today s societies do not need legitimation by examples from old religions, their feminist reconstruction and memory can serve to stimulate such activities when they try to construct a different image of the divine, and when they struggle for a world of equal rights and dignity for all people.(AU)
As análises desta tese, baseadas numa hermenêutica feminista libertadora, têm como centro a figura de Inana, a deusa mais importante e mais popular da Suméria, que predominou, sob o nome de I tar, também nos panteões mesopotâmicos posteriores. O Capítulo 1 oferece uma reconstrução da vida na Suméria, desde os tempos neolíticos até os inícios do Período Babilônico Antigo (aproximadamente de 5000 a 2000 aEC), com especial atenção para dados sobre mulheres e para aspectos de gênero. O Capítulo 2 apresenta documentos pré-sargônicos, iconográficos e filológicos, relacionados com a figura e o culto de Inana, oferecendo as primeiras reflexões sobre aspectos particulares e conflitos que mostram sua posição especial na religião na Suméria e na sua crescente patriarcalização. No Capítulo 3, esses aspectos e conflitos são discutidos enfocando tradições de Inana como Senhora da Eana, dos Me e de Kur, com especial atenção para os mitos Inana e a Eana , Inana e os Me e Inana e o Inframundo (ETCSL 1.3.5; 1.3.1; 1.4.1). É mostrado que o mito Inana e a Eana é o resultado de manipulações para legitimar o culto de An nesse templo de Inana, que Inana e os Me reflete atitudes de resistência contra tentativas de seu desapoderamento, e que Inana e o Inframundo é composto de mitos diferentes que evidenciam vários conflitos relacionados com funções e poderes de Inana. Desse modo mostra-se que os conflitos em torno de Inana refletem repressões e resistências humanas no âmbito de uma sociedade quiriarcal e da crescente patriarcalização de sua religião. Embora a atuação política e religiosa de mulheres em sociedades de hoje não necessite de legitimações a partir de exemplos provenientes de religiões antigas, a reconstrução e memória feministas de tais exemplos podem servir de estímulo para tal atuação quando busca construir uma outra imagem do divino e quando luta por um mundo de igualdade em direitos e dignidade para todas as pessoas.(AU)
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20

Reed-Geaghan, Erin Grace. "The inante immune receptor CD14 mediates microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1266602303.

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21

Marques, Mariana Morato. "Leucotrienos como moduladores da imunidade inata a fungos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42133/tde-12112012-092250/.

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Leucotrienos (LTs) são mediadores lipídicos derivados do ácido araquidônico. Existem evidências que receptores da imunidade inata interagem com receptores para LTs amplificando funções efetoras de macrófagos. Investigamos se LTs modulam a fagocitose e a atividade microbicida via receptores Manose, Dectina -1 e PTX3 em macrófagos alveolares (AMs) e os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos. Nossos resultados mostram que: 1) AMs sintetizam LTs quando fagocitam C. albicans, Zy e Zy-PTX3; 2) LTs potencializam a fagocitose de C. albicans e Zy, mas não de Zy-PTX3. Este efeito dos LTs depende: do reconhecimento via receptor manose (LTB4) e Dectina-1 (LTD4); da integridade de lipid rafts; da ação em mecanismos de polimerização de actina; do aumento dos níveis de F-actina por inativação da Cofilina-1; da ativação das LIMKs, que regulam Cofilina-1; da ativação de PKCd e PI3K3) LTs aumentam a capacidade de AMs em matar C. albicans por ativação de NADPH oxidase. Em conjunto, mostramos que LTs potencializam programas de sinalização específicos para determinados PRRs.
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. There is evidence that innate immunity receptors and leukotrienes receptors interact and amplify macrophage effector functions. We investigated if LTs receptors modulate phagocytosis and microbicidal activity mediated by Mannose receptor, Dectin-1 and PTX3 in alveolar macrophages (AMs) and the molecular mechanisms involved. Our results showed that: 1) AMs produce LTs when stimulated with C.albicans, Zy, Zy-PTX3; 2) LTs enhance phagocytosis of C.albicans and Zymosan, but not Zy-PTX3. This is dependent on: recognition via mannose receptor (LTB4) and Dectin-1 (LTD4); integrity of lipid rafts; its action on actin polimerization mechanisms; enhancement of F-actin levels by induction of Cofilin-1 inactivation; activation of LIMKs that regulate Cofilin-1; activation of PKCd and PI3K3) LTs enhance killing of C.albicans by activation of NADPH oxidase. Taken together, our results showed that LTs specifically influence signaling programs of keys PRRs.
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22

Cruz, Meire Karla Miguel. "Receptores da imunidade inata na Leishmaniose visceral canina." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM BIOLOGIA PARASIT?RIA, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24113.

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C?es s?o os reservat?rios prim?rios dos parasitos do g?nero Leishmania. Receptores da imunidade inata fazem a detec??o precoce do parasito e conduzem a imunidade adaptativa espec?fica na tentativa de controlar a infec??o. Entretanto, poucos estudos tem investigado a correla??o entre a express?o de receptores da imunidade inata e a resist?ncia ou susceptibilidade em c?es infectados por Leishmania infantum. O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar os achados cl?nicos em c?es naturalmente infectados por L. infantum ? express?o de receptores da imunidade inata (Toll Like Receptors-TLRs e Nod Like Receptors-NLRs). Inicialmente, o soro de 76 c?es foi coletado no Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. A positividade dos c?es para L. infantum foi confirmada pela reatividade nos testes de ELISA e DPP?. Os c?es foram clinicamente avaliados e classificados como sintom?ticos (n=19), oligossintom?ticos (n=19), assintom?ticos (n=19) e n?o infectados (n=19). Os c?es naturalmente infectados por L. infantum e controles n?o infectados foram eutanasiados e fragmentos de f?gado foram coletados para quantifica??o da express?o de RNAm de TLRs (TLR1-9), NLRs (NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1 e NLRP3) citocinas (IL1?, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, TNF?, IFN-?) e iNOS com auxilio da t?cnica de PCR em tempo real. Os resultados demonstram o aumento na express?o da maioria dos receptores do tipo Toll e do tipo Nod nos c?es naturalmente infectados por L. infantum, comparado a animais n?o infectados. Entretanto, c?es sintom?ticos apresentaram maior express?o de TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, NLRP1, NLRP3, NOD1 e IL-1? quando comparado a animais assintom?ticos, mostrando significante aumento na transcri??o destas mol?culas com a progress?o da doen?a. Por outro lado, c?es assintom?ticos apresentaram maior express?o de RNAm de citocinas (IFN-?, IL-12) e iNOS quando comparado a animais oligossintom?ticos e sintom?ticos. Este estudo gerou novos conhecimentos envolvendo receptores da imunidade inata (TLRs, NLRs) na leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC), podendo servir de base para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de resist?ncia ou susceptibilidade ? infec??o por L. infantum em c?es, bem como dar subs?dio a estrat?gias profil?ticas para o controle da LVC.
Dogs are the primary reservoirs of parasites of the Leishmania genus. Innate immune receptors perform early detection of the parasite and lead to specific adaptive immune response in attempt to infection control. However, few studies have investigated a correlation between the expression of innate immunity receptors and the resistance or susceptibility pattern in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. The aim of this study was to correlate the clinical status of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum with the mRNA expression levels of innate imune receptors (Toll like receptors-TLRs and Nod Like Receptors-NLRs). Initially, serum of 76 dogs was collected at the Zoonoses Control Center in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The L. infantum infection in dogs was confirmed by ELISA and DPP? tests. Subsequently, animals were clinially evaluated and classified as asymptomatic (n=19), oligosymptomatic (n=19), symptomatic (n=19) and uninfected (n=19). Dogs naturally infected by L. infantum and uninfected controls were euthanasied and liver samples were collected to quantify mRNA expression of TLRs (TLR1-9), Nod Like receptors-NLRs (NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1, NLRP3), cytokines (IL1?, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, TNF?, IFN-?) and iNOS using real-time PCR. The results demonstrate the increased expression of almost all TLRs and NLRs in dogs naturally infected by L. infantum compared with uninfected animals. However, symptomatic dogs showed higher expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8 NLRP1, NLRP3, NOD1 and IL-1? than asymptomatic animals, revealing significant up regulation of transcription with disease progression. On the other hand, asymptomatic dogs presented greater cytokine mRNA expression (IFN-?, IL-12) and iNOS when compared to oligosymptomatic and asymptomatic animals. This study unveil new knowledge involving innate immunity receptors (TLRs, NLRs) and cytokines in canine visceral leishmaniasis and may be used as a basis for better understanding of resistance or susceptibility mechanisms in dogs infected with L. infantum, as well as prophylactic strategies to control canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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23

Alomari, Mohammed [Verfasser]. "Technology and characterization of InAlN/GaN FETs / Mohammed Alomari." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften und Informatik, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037157974/34.

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24

Taylor-Shaw, Elaine. "Composition and luminescence studies of InGaN and InAIN alloys." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2015. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25954.

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III-nitride semiconductors are the leading material for use in solid state lighting (SSL), with highly efficient blue and white nitride-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) commercially available. However challenges still remain to improve their efficiency. The work in this thesis focuses on the optical and compositional characterisation of InGaN and InAlN alloys, which are widely used as active regions in such light emitters. Composition and luminescence properties of InGaN epilayers with varying growth temperature and hydrogen flow rates are investigated. The measurements revealed that the samples grown with small amounts of hydrogen improved in surface quality, compositional and luminescence homogeneity when compared with samples grown at equivalent temperature. The additional hydrogen did reduce the InN fraction slightly. Investigations of the optical, compositional and structural properties of Ga auto-incorporated InAl(Ga)N epilayers are made. Composition measurements revealed 1 2-28 % of Ga incorporated. The growth parameters and resultant Ga indicated the likely cause is residual Ga coming from the reactor walls and delivery pipes, as by increasing the total flow rate from 8000 sccm to 24000 sccm was seen to suppress the GaN from 28 to 12 %. A broad spectral emission peak was seen, whose energy varied with InN content and not GaN. A large set of InAlN epilayers grown on AlN buffers are studied. Composition measurements revealed a wide range of InN contents from 0.1 % to 25.6 %. The analysis revealed no presence of Ga within the samples. Optical measurements produced broad InAlN luminescence spectra which varied with InN content. The peak energy was found to be 3.46-3.93 eV for InN compositions of 0.7-6.6 %. Analysis suggests this is not bandedge emission due to the low peak energy and very wide FWHMs. Finally, a home built PL mapping system is demonstrated, along with the design and operation challenges. Utilising this mapping system, investigations of InGa N/GaN MQW LED samples grown under different barrier growth methods are made.
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25

Reis, Cláudio Araújo dos. "A imunidade inata na insuficiência cardíaca: papel dos monócitos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10087.

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Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e Celular
Os monócitos desempenham um papel importante na imunidade inata e a ativação desta é mediada pelos recetores Toll-like (TLRs). Os TLRs estão envolvidos no reconhecimento de micro-organismos estranhos pelo sistema imunológico inato, podendo também ser ativados por moléculas endogénas. Os TLR2 e TLR4 têm sido associados à ativação da imunidade inata na insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Os monócitos são populações heterogéneas e compreendem subpopulações com fenótipos distintos, que podem ser identificadas pela diferente expressão dos antigénios CD14 e CD16. Este estudo tem como objetivo clarificar os mecanismos de ativação da imunidade inata em doentes com insuficiência cardíaca crónica (ICC), utilizando a imunofenotipagem celular por citometria de fluxo. Foi colhido sangue periférico a 15 doentes com ICC e a 12 controlos saudáveis. Estudou-se por citometria de fluxo o fenótipo celular dos monócitos (FSC, SSC, TLR2, TLR4, CD4, CD11b, CD14, CD16, CD36, CD45, CD64, HLA-Dr e IREM-2), dos neutrófilos (FSC, SSC, CD10, CD11b, CD13, CD15, CD16 e CD45) e dos linfócitos (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19 e CD56). As três subpopulações monocíticas identificadas (CD14+CD16-, CD14+CD16+ e CD14dimCD16+) apresentaram diferenças fenotípicas dos antigénios celulares estudados. A subpopulação CD14+CD16+ foi a que expressou com maior intensidade vários antigénios de ativação e os recetores TLR2 e TLR4. Os doentes com ICC apresentaram um aumento ligeiro da percentagem dos monócitos CD14+CD16+ e uma diminuição dos monócitos CD14+CD16-. A subpopulação CD14dimCD16+ apresentou uma diminuição significativa da sua percentagem com o aumento da gravidade da ICC. Na maioria das subpopulações, o TLR2 e o TLR4 tiveram uma tendência de aumento da sua expressão nos doentes com ICC, do que nos controlos. Os monócitos CD14dimCD16+ apresentaram uma diminuição significativa da expressão do TLR2 nos doentes com ICC, relativamente ao grupo controlo. A expressão diferencial do TLR2 e do TLR4 nos subtipos de monócitos poderá contribuir para o desenvolvimento e progressão da IC. A existência de subpopulações monocíticas com fenótipos e funções distintas poderá fornecer informações valiosas da patogénese da IC.
Monocytes play an important role in innate immunity and these are activated by the Toll-like receptores (TLRs). TLRs are able to recognise foreign microorganisms via the innate immune system and these can also be activated by endogenous molecules. TLR2 and TLR4 have been associated with activation the innate immunity in heart failure (HF). Monocytes are heterogenous populations which are subdivided into distinct phenotypes and can be identified by the different expression of CD14 and CD16 antigens. This study´s main objective is to clarify the activation mechanisms of innate immunity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), using the cellular immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood was taken from 15 patients with CHF and was used also 12 health controls. The cellular phenotypes of the monocytes were studied using flow cytometry (TLR2, TLR4, CD4, CD11b, CD14, CD16, CD36, CD45, CD64, HLA-Dr, IREM-2, FSC and SSC), in neutrophils (CD10, CD11b, CD13, CD15, CD16, CD45, FSC e SSC) and in lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19 e CD56). The three monocytic subpopulations identified (CD14+CD16-, CD14+CD16+ e CD14dimCD16+) revealed phenotypic differences of the cellular antigens. The CD14+CD16+ subpopulation expressed greater intensity of several activation antigens as well TLR2 and TLR4 receptors. Patients with CHF showed a slight increase in monocyte percentage CD14+CD16+ and a decrease in CD14+CD16- monocytes. The CD14dimCD16+ subpopulation showed a significant decrease of its percentage with increasing severity of CHF. In most subpopulations, TLR2 and TLR4 had a trend of increased expression in patients with CHF than controls. In patients with CHF, CD14dimCD16+ monocytes showed a significant decrease in expression of TLR2, than the control group. Different expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the subtypes of monocytes may contribute to the development and progression of HF. The existence of monocytic subpopulations with distinct phenotypes and functions can provide valuable information of the pathogenesis of HF.
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26

Wu, Yufei Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. "Reliability of W-Band InAIN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112033.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 121-129).
AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) have enjoyed tremendous market growth in RF power amplifiers over the past decades. In the quest for enhancing the operating frequency of GaN HEMTs, there has been a great effort to scale down the gate length. Maintaining acceptable short-channel effects requires shrinking the barrier thickness at the same time. However, a limitation exists since there is a minimum barrier thickness that is needed to obtain a sufficiently high two-dimensional electron gas density. One possible solution to this problem is the use of a new barrier material, i.e., InAlN. Due to its high spontaneous polarization, if InAlN is used as a barrier material in GaN HEMTs, a much smaller layer thickness is required compared with conventional HEMTs. This enables further barrier thickness scaling and therefore gate length scaling and a higher frequency response. However, as a relatively new structure, reliability studies of InAlN/GaN HEMTs are still lacking. Solid reliability is essential before the wide commercial deployment of this new technology. This thesis investigates the most relevant degradation mechanisms under important stress regimes, aiming at building a comprehensive understanding of InAIN/GaN HEMT reliability. Through investigating various voltage, current, and temperature stress levels, we have identified one recoverable degradation mechanism as well as three permanent degradation mechanisms. Under high drain voltage, hot-electron trapping results in temporary drain current decrease and drain resistance increase. In addition, under high drain voltage but relatively low drain current level, permanent negative threshold voltage shift and drain current increase have been observed. We attribute the phenomena to dehydrogenation of pre-existing defects in GaN channel by hot electrons. Under high positive gate bias, defect generation in the AIN interlayer due to high electric field across AIN has proven to be responsible for the observed gate leakage current increase. Also, under high-power stress conditions, positive threshold voltage shift and maximum drain current decrease have been consistently observed. We verified through both thermal stress experiments and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis that Schottky gate sinking is the cause. This work provides fundamental understanding of potential reliability concerns in InAlN/GaN HEMTs and is essential in accelerating the future commercialization of this promising technology.
by Yufei Wu.
Ph. D.
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27

Batista, Camila Freitas. "Dinâmica da resposta imune inata do sistema respiratório de bezerros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10136/tde-04092012-150644/.

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As influências etárias do sistema imune de bezerros são descritas na primeira fase de vida desses animais e a hipótese de também ocorrerem ariações nos principais mecanismos de resposta inata do pulmão pode identificar períodos de maior suscetibilidade às principais doenças respiratórias que acometem os bezerros nesse período. Com a finalidade de minimizar os prejuízos econômicos associados às doenças respiratórias em bezerros, este estudo objetivou avaliar a dinâmica imunológica inata do sistema respiratório de bezerros sadios nos três primeiros meses de vida, no qual nove bezerros sadios foram acompanhados por três meses e submetidos a oito avaliações imunológicas. O material recuperado do lavado broncoalveolar colhido por broncoscopia foi submetido à avaliação funcional dos macrófagos alveolares utilizando as provas de fagocitose (SaPI e E.coli), burst oxidativo, quantificação de imunoglobulinas e expressão de CD14. Os dados foram avaliados pelo teste ANOVA oneway (unstacked) (paramétricos) e pelo teste Mann-Whitney (não paramétricos). Verificaramse alterações funcionais de fagócitos CD14+, que apesar de se manterem constantes em seus valores relativos durante todo o período, apresentou intensidade de fagocitose elevada pontual na terceira semana de vida e um aumento da fagocitose por mononucleares CD14+ aos 45 dias de idade com diminuição da intensidade da fagocitose por essas mesmas células a partir dessa idade. Conclui-se que a partir de 45 dias de vida os animais começam a montar uma resposta imune própria, porém pontual e que até os 90 dias não atingem a estabilidade necessária para atestar a conclusão do processo de maturação da resposta inata local.
The influences of age in calves\' immune system are described in their first phase of life. The hypothesis that variations occur in the main mechanisms of lung innate response can help to identify periods of greater susceptibility to the respiratory diseases that affect calves in the first stage of their life. With the purpose of minimizing the economic losses associated with respiratory disease in calves, this study aimed to evaluate the innate immune dynamics of the respiratory system of healthy calves in the first three months of life. Nine healthy calves were monitored for three months and eight immunologic evaluations were performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were recovered by bronchoscopy. Then, the alveolar macrophages in samples were identified by protein expression of CD14 and undergone functional evaluation of phagocytosis (SAPI and E.coli) and oxidative burst. Immunoglobulin were also quantified in samples. Data was assessed by one-way ANOVA (unstacked) (parametric) and the Mann-Whitney test nonparametric). Functional alterations in phagocytes CD14 + were observed, and although their relative values were kept throughout the period, higher intensity of phagocytosis in the third week and increased phagocytosis by macrophages CD14 + at 45 days of life was observed. Decreased intensity of phagocytosis was observed after this age. It is concluded that from 45 days of life on, calves began to maintain their immune response, but until 90 days of life they did not achieve the stability to conclude the maturation of local innate response.
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Guimarães, Joana Alexandra Carvalho. "Patogénese da artrite idiopática juvenil sistémica. Papel da imunidade inata." Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62307.

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29

Noleto, Pablo Gomes. "Efeito do metabolismo na resposta imune inata do endométrio bovino." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2016. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/19063.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Contaminação bacteriana que normalmente infecta o endométrio bovino no pós-parto prejudica a defesa imunológica quando há estresse metabólico, levando a endometrite e infertilidade. A resposta do endométrio contra bactérias depende da imunidade inata, com o reconhecimento de padrões moleculares associados a patógenos, estimulando a inflamação, caracterizadas por secreção de interleucinas (IL)-1p, IL-6 e IL-8. Entretanto, animais frequentemente falham em eliminar a infecção microbiana quando apresentam reduzidas concentrações de glicose e glutamina, que são fontes de energia para o endométrio no conhecido balanço energético negativo. A contínua inflamação e resposta imune inata contra infecção bacteriana no útero após o parto compromete o bem-estar animal. Neste estudo testou-se a hipótese de que as vias homeostáticas conferidas pela glicose, glutamina e biotina integram o metabolismo energético e a imunidade inata no tecido endometrial bovino. A ausência de glicose reduziu a secreção de IL-1P, IL-6 e IL-8 em culturas de órgãos endometriais desafiadas com a endotoxina lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Depleção de glutamina também reduziu a atividade inflamatória do endométrio contra LPS. Entretanto, as atividades de glicose e glutamina dependem da presença de glicólise. A vitamina biotina demonstrou ter caráter anti- inflamatório, reduzindo a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias no endométrio. Em conclusão, o estresse energético metabólico afetou as respostas inflamatórias à infecções bacterianas no endométrio. Providenciamos dados que demonstram como o balanço energético negativo pode estar ligado a doença uterina no pós-parto.
Bacteria that usually infect the bovine endometrium at postpartum impairs immune defense when exist metabolic stress, leading to endometritis and infertility. The response of the endometrium to bacteria depends on innate immunity, with the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by stimulating inflammation, characterized by secretion of interleukins (IL) -1p, IL-6 and IL-8. However, animals often fail to eliminate the microbial infection when they have reduced levels of glucose and glutamine, which are sources of energy to the endometrium in the negative energy balance. Continuous inflammation and innate immune response to bacterial infection in the uterus after calving compromise animal welfare. In this study we tested the hypothesis that homeostatic pathways conferred by glucose , glutamine and biotin, link the energy metabolism and innate immunity in the bovine endometrial tissue. The deprivation of glucose reduced the secretion of IL-1P, IL-6 and IL-8 in cultures of endometrial organs challenged with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Glutamine depletion also reduces the inflammatory activity of the endometrium to LPS. However, glucose and glutamine activities depend on the presence of glycolysis. The vitamin biotin demonstrates anti-inflammatory nature, reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the endometrium. In conclusion, the energy metabolic stress disrupts inflammatory responses to bacterial infections in the endometrium. We provide data on how negative energy balance may be linked to postpartum uterine disease.
Tese (Doutorado)
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30

Santos, Renato de Lima. "Imunidade inata, patogênese e diagnóstico de salmonelose, brucelose e leishmaniose /." Botucatu, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/122156.

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Resumo: Este trabalho traz uma revisão sistemática e crítica de parte da produção científica de seu autor. O trabalho incluiu três linhas de pesquisa, incluindo a salmonelose, brucelose e leishmaniose. Cada uma destas linhas é discutida em um capítulo individual. A maior parte dos dados discutidos neste trabalho se referem a patologia, patogênese, interação patógeno-hospedeiro, imunidade inata e diagnóstico destas doenças. Ao invés de serem organizados como revisão de literatura tradicional, os capítulos enfatizam a contribuição científica das publicações do autor nestas áreas do conhecimento
Abstract: This work provides a systematic and critical review of part of the scientific production of its author. It includes three research topics, namely salmonellosis, brucellosis, and leishmaniasis. Each one of these topics is discussed in individual chapters. Most of the data discussed here refers to pathology, pathogenesis, hostpathogen interactions, innate immunity, and diagnosis of these diseases. Instead of being organized as a traditional literature reviews, the chapters actually emphasize the scientific contribution of the author's publications in each of these fields
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31

Leite, Luciana de Magalhães. "Imunidade inata em cães com infecção natural pela Leishmania spp." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2014. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18627.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, 2015.
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As leishmanioses representam um complexo de doenças com uma importante diversidade clínica e epidemiológica. A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) é uma zoonose endêmica no Brasil, anteriormente restrita a áreas rurais, mas, recentemente tem ocorrido expansão no processo de urbanização da Leishmaniose Visceral. A imunidade inata participa dos mecanismos de defesa contra a leishmânia e ainda está pouco compreendida na leishmaniose canina. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta imunitária inata dos fagócitos de cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania spp. em comparação com cães normais, pela avaliação da fagocitose e capacidade de produzir moléculas microbicidas. Foram utilizados 30 cães, sem raça definida, maiores que um ano de idade, sendo 22 cães machos e 8 fêmeas, que foram distribuídos em dois grupos: 15 cães não infectados utilizados como controle normal e 15 cães naturalmente infectados pela Leishmania spp. Foram feitos o exame clínico, o hemograma e os testes bioquímicos. Foram avaliadas a fagocitose de Saccharomyces cerevisiae pelos neutrófilos e monócitos do sangue periférico, pelos receptores para padrões moleculares de patógenos e pelos receptores para opsoninas. A produção de ânions superóxido foi avaliada pelo teste do NBT, a produção de peróxido de hidrogênio pela oxidação do vermelho neutro na presença de peroxidase e a produção de óxido nítrico foi quantificada pela presença de nitrito no sobrenadante das culturas utilizando reagente de Griess, estimuladas ou não com LPS. Os cães com leishmaniose apresentaram os seguintes sinais clínicos característicos da doença: alopecia (33%), descamação (46%), úlcera na pele (20%), onicogrifose (26%), caquexia (46%), linfoadenomegalia (40%), ceratoconjuntivite (53%). Os cães com leishmaniose apresentaram anemia normocrômica e normocítica, plaquetopenia e leucopenia, com neutrofilia relativa e desvio à esquerda. Os cães com leishmaniose apresentaram diminuição da atividade sérica da alanina aminotransferase (ALT) em relação a cães normais. Não foram observadas diferenças na concentração sérica da creatinina. As proteínas totais (PT) mostraram-se aumentadas em cães com leishmaniose as custas do aumento das globulinas, sendo que não houve diferença na concentração sérica de albumina entre cães com leishmaniose e cães normais. Cães com leishmaniose apresentaram menor capacidade fagocitária pelos neutrófilos do que cães normais quando avaliados pelos r eceptores para padrões moleculares de patógenos. A fagocitose facilitada por opsoninas mostrou que o número de leveduras ingeridas por neutrófilo foi maior em cães com leishmaniose em relação aos controles normais. Não houve diferença entre a capacidade fagocitária pelos monócitos de cães com leishmaniose e cães controle normal quando avaliados pelos receptores para padrões moleculares de patógenos, nas proporções de 5 ou 20 leveduras não sensibilizadas por monócito. Monócitos de cães com leishmaniose apresentaram maior capacidade fagocitária em comparação aos de cães normais, quando avaliados pelos receptores para opsoninas, tanto na proporção de 5 quanto na proporção de 20 leveduras sensibilizadas por monócito. A porcentagem de redução do NBT basal pelos fagócitos de cães com leishmaniose foi menor do que a dos cães controle. Quando utilizamos a concentração de 5 μg/mL de LPS, observamos que cães controles normais apresentaram um aumento da produção de óxido nítrico em relação aos cães controles normais. Entretanto, nos cães com leishmaniose houve diminuição na produção de óxido nítrico quando estimulados com 5 μg/mL de LPS em relação a sua produção basal. Observamos maior produção basal de peróxido de hidrogênio pelos cães com leishmaniose. Nossos resultados mostraram que há uma deficiência dos neutrófilos de cães com leishmaniose tanto na fagocitose quanto na produção de moléculas microbicidas, como os ânions superóxido. Entretanto, os monócitos desses cães embora apresentem uma maior capacidade fagocitária do que os cães normais, mostram uma menor capacidade de produzir óxido nítrico, que é uma das principais moléculas microbicidas para as leishmânias. Estas alterações do sistema imunitário inato podem favorecer o escape do parasito do sistema imunitário do hospedeiro, assim perpetuando sua sobrevivência. Ademais, o aumento da produção de peróxido de hidrogênio pelos monócitos, pode estar contribuindo para restringir em parte a multiplicação do parasito, mas o seu excesso pode também estar contribuindo nos mecanismos de imunopatogenia. Nossos dados contribuem para uma maior compreensão dos mecanismos de defesa da imunidade inata e da imunopatogenia da leishmaniose em cães e podem contribuir para a busca de novos alvos para drogas imunomoduladoras que possam auxiliar no tratamento contra a leishmaniose. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Leishmaniasis represent a complex disease with a significant clinical and epidemiological diversity. The Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonosis endemic in Brazil, previously restricted to rural areas, but recently there has been expansion in the urbanization process of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Innate immunity participates in the defense mechanisms against Leishmania and is still poorly understood in canine leishmaniasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the innate immune response of phagocytes of naturally infected dogs to Leishmania spp. compared to healthy dogs, and to evaluate phagocytosis and microbicide molecule production by phagocytes. Thirty dogs, mixed breed, higher than one year old, 22 males and 8 females, were separated into two groups: 15 uninfected dogs used as healthy control, 15 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania spp. The clinical examination, the blood cell count and biochemical tests were assessed. Phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by neutrophils and monocytes were assessed through pathogen-associated molecular pattern and opsonin receptors. The production of superoxide anions was assessed by the NBT test. Hydrogen peroxide production was evaluated by neutral red oxidation and nitric oxide production by the Griess reagent, with or without LPS. Leishmania infected-dogs showed the following clinical characteristics: alopecia (33%), peeling (46%), skin ulcers (20%), onychogryphosis (26%), cachexia (46%), lymphadenopathy (40%), keratoconjunctivitis (53%). Leishmania infected-dogs showed normochromic and normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia with neutrophil relative increment and a left shift. Leishmania infected- dogs showed decreased serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared to healthy control. No differences were observed in serum creatinine. The total protein (TP) was increased in Leishmania infected-dogs due to an increase in globulins, and there was no difference in serum albumin concentration between dogs with leishmaniasis and healthy controls. Leishmania infected-dogs showed lower phagocytic capacity by neutrophils than healthy dogs when evaluated by pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors. Phagocytosis facilitated by opsonins showed that the number of ingested yeast per neutrophil was higher in Leishmania infected-dogs when compared to healthy controls. There was no difference between the phagocytic capacity of monocytes by Leishmania infected-dogs and healthy control when evaluated by pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors. Monocytes from leishmaniasis animals showed higher phagocytic capacity when compared with healthy dogs, as assessed by the opsonin receptors. NBT percent reduction was lower in leishmaniasis than control dogs. When the concentration of 5 mg / mL of LPS was use, it was observed that healthy control dogs showed an increase in nitric oxide production when compared to control dogs. However, in dogs with leishmaniasis decreased nitric oxide production was observed when monocytes were stimulated with 5 / ml LPS. Higher baseline production of hydrogen peroxide by dogs with leishmaniasis was observed. Our results showed that there is a deficiency in neutrophils of Leishmania infected-dogs, both to phagocytosis as production of microbicidal molecules, such as superoxide anions. However, monocytes from leishmaniasis animals showed a higher phagocytic capacity than healthy dogs, showed a decreased capability to produce nitric oxide, which is a major microbicides molecule to Leishmania. These changes in innate immune system may favor the parasite scape from host immune system, thus maintaining their survival. In addition, the increased production of hydrogen peroxide by monocytes may contribute to impair the growth of parasites, but its excessive production may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of the disease. Our data contribute to enhance the understanding of the defense mechanisms of innate immunity and the immunopathogenesis of the disease in dogs. This knowledge may contribute as new targets for immunomodulatory drugs improving treatment against leishmaniasis.
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32

Eckhoff, Grace. "Evaluation of a Novel Inaba Cholera Conjugate Vaccine in Mice." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17295897.

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Vibrio cholerae is a non-invasive Gram-negative enteric pathogen that causes cholera, a severe dehydrating diarrheal illness of humans. Cholera is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in both endemic and epidemic settings. Current oral killed vaccines do not provide protection that lasts as long as natural cholera infection, and current cholera vaccines have greatly reduced efficacy in children, the population most affected by cholera in endemic areas. Protection against cholera appears to be mediated by immune responses that target the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae. Here we report analysis of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice of a cholera conjugate vaccine containing V. cholerae O1 Inaba OSP conjugated to a recombinant immunogenic fragment of tetanus toxoid heavy chain (rTTHc). OSP-rTTHc induced prominent anti-OSP responses in these animals. Serum from vaccinated mice also provide protection in the infant mouse model of cholera infection. Our results suggest that a cholera conjugate might have development potential for evaluation in humans.
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33

Guimarães, Joana Alexandra Carvalho. "Patogénese da artrite idiopática juvenil sistémica. Papel da imunidade inata." Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62307.

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34

Ntuli, Leanett Fanyana. "Community participation in the implementation of the integrated development plan with reference to Inanda Township in the province of Kwa-Zulu Natal." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1664.

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This study focuses on community participation in the implementation of the integrated development plan in Inanda Township in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal. The empirical part of the study was conducted on the Inanada, Ntuzuma, and KwaMashu area of the eThekwini Municipality. Ward committees are forums for community participation in municipalities. They enhance participatory democracy at the local sphere of government. The main function of ward committee members include advising the ward councilors on policy matters that affect their respective wards, identifying the needs and challenges that face the wards, and communicating information to communities residing in those wards. This study acknowledges the fact that, in terms of the policy framework, ward councillors are the chairpersons of their respective ward committees. They are there to assist the community to express its views and participate in the processes of policy-making. Ward committee members need to liaise with the community, bring issues to the ward committee meetings and take the concerns of the community to the relevant unit of the municipality. The role of ward committees is to facilitate service delivery in their communities. It also found that the efficacy of ward committees during the implementation phase of the IDP could be improved. Hence it recommends that the eThekwini Municipality must encourage local community members, ward committees and councillors to play their role during the implementation of the IDP.
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35

Blaha, Jindřich. "Posouzení podnikatelského plánu s důrazem na finanční analýzu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-13722.

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Práce se zabývá posouzením podnikatelského záměru s důrazem na finanční alalýzu. Zkládá se z teoretické a praktické části. Zkoumá struktury poskytovaných produktů a služeb, marketingový plán a finanční plán s tím, že je v závěru zhodnoceno celkové zdraví podniku.
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36

Kampa, Alethea Valim. "Pai e filho(a) deficiente: o brincar e a intersubjetividade inata." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2009. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1722.

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Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
This study aimed to observe the existence or not of interactions between the father and his disabled child in playing situations, based upon the Theory of Innate Intersubjectivity. Two disabled children, aged 1 and 1-and-a-half year and their fathers were selected and filmed in their homes, during playtime, for a 30-minute period. Based in the assertion that the child has the ability to respond affective and adequately to the other and synchronically interact, observed behaviors were divided into two main categories: negotiatory and emotional. Playing was analyzed according to the children s ability to maintain them, based in Occupational Therapy s theories on the subject. Results showed that interactions between father and child occurred, although there were frequent breaking in synchrony and the presence of irritation in one of the children, as well as the ability of creating and sustaining a game, despite their limitations, with their fathers help.
Este estudo teve como objetivo observar a existência ou não de interação entre o pai e seu filho com deficiência em situação de brincar, usando como base a Teoria da Intersubjetividade Inata. Para tanto, foram selecionadas duas crianças de um ano e meio a dois anos e meio de idade com deficiência e seus pais para serem filmados em suas casas, num período de recreação, durante 30 minutos. Partindo do pressuposto de que a criança tem a capacidade de responder afetiva e adequadamente ao outro e interagir em sincronia, os comportamentos observados foram divididos em duas categorias principais: negociadoras e emocionais. As brincadeiras foram analisadas segundo a capacidade de manutenção delas pelas crianças, de acordo com as teorias da Terapia Ocupacional sobre o brincar. Os resultados indicaram que houve interação entre os pais e suas crianças, apesar de quebras freqüentes da sincronia e presença de comportamentos de irritação por parte de uma das crianças, além da capacidade delas em criar e sustentar uma brincadeira apesar de suas limitações, com a devida ajuda dos pais.
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37

Melounová, Irena. "Role prezidenta v zahraniční politice Brazílie (srovnání Luize Inacia Luly da Silvy a Dilmy Roussefové)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149860.

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In recent years, the perception of Brazil in the international arena has changed significantly and the country attracts more and more attention. The key role of the head of state in a presidential political system is reflected in all government agendas, including the foreign policy. Since the 1990s, the Presidents have started to participate more actively in foreign policy decision process, which had been traditionally dominated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the examples of Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff and qualify the role of contemporary Brazilian President in foreign policy, and to benefit from the favourable situation when, for the first time in the history of Brazil, the elected candidate was nominated by his predecessor. Therefore it is possible to abstract in the study period (October 2002 to December 2012) from three levels of foreign policy analysis that are considered constant, and so the only factor influencing foreign policy would be a change in the level of the individual. The core is to compare the personalities of presidents and their foreign policy activities which are studied in three dimensions: foreign travel and foreign visits to the country, way of intervening in resolving the crisis and its own foreign policy initiatives in newly highlighted regions and themes.
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38

Takahashi, Jaqueline Dalbello Biller [UNESP]. "Imunomodulação por levamisol na imunidade inata e adquirida de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100725.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O aparecimento de doenças em peixes de criação intensiva é um problema enfrentado no Brasil e no mundo. Algumas substâncias podem influenciar as respostas do sistema imune de peixes, como o levamisol, através da modulação de parâmetros imunes, aumentando a resistência contra diversos agentes. Foram avaliados os efeitos do levamisol na dieta em dois experimentos. O primeiro experimento avaliou a suplementação com 0, 125, 250 e 500 mg kg-1 do imunoestimulante administrado por sete e 15 dias, no qual foram avaliados os parâmetros da imunidade inata, hematológicos e bioquímicos. A administração do levamisol por sete e 15 dias promoveu alterações em parâmetros imunológicos e hematológicos. A administração do levamisol pode promover imunomodulação, entretanto a determinação do efeito não ficou claro devido às respostas contraditórias em cada parâmetro avaliado. O segundo experimento consistiu em suplementação com 0, 125, 250 e 500 mg kg-1 do imunoestimulante administrada por sete dias conjuntamente com a imunização com bactérias Aeromonas hydrophila. A imunização e a administração de levamisol promoveram aumento do título de anticorpos, atividade bactericida do soro, hematócrito, número de eritrócitos, leucócitos totais e trombócitos nos pacus. A administração de levamisol por sete dias e a imunização de pacus promoveu melhora de alguns parâmetros da imunidade adquirida e inata de defesa. Entretanto outros protocolos devem ser estudados para avaliar o efeito do levamisol sobre o sistema imune de pacu
The emergence of diseases in fish farming is a problem faced in Brazil and worldwide. Some substances can influence the immune system responses of fish, like levamisole, increasing resistance against various etiological agents. Were evaluated the effects of levamisole in diet in two experiments. The first experiment evaluated supplementation with 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 imunoestimulante administered by seven and 15 days in which have been assessed the parameters of innate immunity, haematological and biochemists. The administration of levamisole by seven and 15 days promoted changes in haematological and immunological parameters. The administration of levamisole can promote immunodulation, however the determination of the effect not clear due to contradictory answers evaluated in each parameter. The second experiment consisted of supplementation with 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 imunoestimulante administered by seven days together with immunization with inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with formaldehyde. Immunization and administration of levamisole promoted increase antibody titre, serum bactericidal activity, hematocrit, number of erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes in pacus totals. Administration of levamisole for seven days and immunization pacus promoted improves some parameters of innate and acquired immunity defense. However other protocols must be studied to assess the effect of levamisole on the immune system of pacu
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39

Marconi, Camila [UNESP]. "Aspectos clínicos, microbiológicos e da regulação da imunidade inata na vaginose bacteriana." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104556.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A vaginose bacteriana (VB) é a alteração de microbiota vaginal mais frequente em mulheres em idade reprodutiva.Inúmeras complicações ginecológicas e obstétricas são associadas à VB, como doença inflamatória pélvica, aumento do risco de aquisição de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DSTs), corioamnionite clínica e histológica e baixo peso ao nascimento. A VB se caracteriza pela substituição dos lactobacilos da microbiota vaginal por outras espécies bacterianas, na sua maioria anaeróbias. Estudos recentes demonstraram que várias espécies até então raramente ou nunca isoladas em laboratório são associadas à VB como Atopobium vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. e Megasphaera sp. Essas espécies têm como característica comum a produção de ácido lático. Dessa forma, tem sido observado que mulheres assintomáticas podem apresentar ausência de lactobacilos na microbiota vaginal e predomínio de tais espécies. Portanto, alguns autores sugerem que elas possam contribuir para o equilíbrio do meio vaginal. Tendo em vista que os casos de VB apresentam grande heterogeneidade quanto à composição microbiológica, considera-se que a resposta imune também possa ser variável. A amplificação da resposta imune local na VB é um dos mecanismos que levam a maior suscetibilidade da mucosa vaginal à aquisição de DSTs, dentre as quais a infecção clamidiana que, é bastante frequente em nossa população. Embora estudos tenham demonstrado associação da infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) com a VB, poucos trabalhos avaliaram o perfil da resposta imune inata local nesses casos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros da imunidade inata e atividade de sialidases nos casos de VB em relação a maior ou menor participação das espécies de A. vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. e Megasphaera sp., além de comparar os níveis de citocinas pro-inflamatórias nos casos de VB de acordo com o status...
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most frequent type of abnormal vaginal flora in women in childbearing age. Several gynecological and obstetrical complications are associated with BV, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, increased risk for acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), clinical and histological chorioamnionitis and low birth weight. Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by the replacement of the vaginal lactobacilli by other bacterial species, mostly anaerobes. Recent studies show that many species, rarely or never isolated by culture, are highly associated with BV, such as Atopobium vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. and Megasphaera sp. In common, these bacteria have the characteristic of producing lactic acid. Study of the vaginal flora of asymptomatic women showed that these species may replace the lactobacilli, dominating the vaginal environment. Thus, some authors suggest that A. vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. and Megasphaera sp. may contribute to a balanced vaginal flora. Considering that BV cases are microbiologically heterogeneous, the immune response is also likely to differ among the women. An imbalanced local immune response is one of the mechanisms leading to increased acquisition of STIs, such as chlamydial infection, which is very frequent in our population. Although studies demonstrated a significant association of BV with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), few studies evaluated the associated innate immune response. The objective of this study was to evaluate parameters of the innate immunity and sialidase activity in BV, in relation to the larger or samaller participation of A. vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. and Megasphaera sp., and to compare the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV cases according to the status of CT infection. We evaluated women that presented BV in the period of the study and the control group was composed by women with normal vaginal flora pattern. Vaginal ...
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40

Yoshikawa, Fábio Seiti Yamada. "A participação dos receptores da imunidade inata na resposta contra Trichophyton rubrum." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-04052016-104324/.

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Dermatofitoses são infecções fúngicas de natureza crônica cujo principal agente etiológico é Trichophyton rubrum. Apesar de sua alta ocorrência mundial, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos nestas infecções. Neste trabalho investigamos a participação de duas classes de receptores de imunidade inata (NLRs e CLRs) na resposta a T.rubrum e avaliamos o perfil proteômico de macrófagos quando estimulados com o fungo. Observamos que T.rubrum foi capaz de induzir a produção de IL-1β dependente do inflamassomo NLRP3 e destacamos o papel da sinalização de IL-1 na modulação da resposta de IL-17. Determinamos os CLRs dectina-1 e dectina-2 como receptores essenciais na produção de citocinas inflamatórias e para o controle da infecção experimental. Curiosamente, a IL-17 e os linfócitos T e B foram dispensáveis para a eliminação do fungo. Também identificamos a proteína CLEC1A como uma novo receptor para fungos, envolvido no reconhecimento de glicolipídeos de T.rubrum. Por fim, a análise proteômica de macrofagos revelou a vimentina e a plastina-2 como duas proteínas potencialmente envolvidas na relação patógeno-hospedeiro.
Dermatophytosis are chronic fungal infections whose main causative agent is Trichophyton rubrum. Despite its high incidence worldwide, the immunological mechanisms underlying these infections remain largely unknown. Here we investigated the involvement of two classes of innate immune receptors (NLRs and CLRs) in the reponse to T.rubrum and performed a proteomic profiling of macrophages upon T.rubrum stimulation. We observed that T.rubrum was able to drive NLRP3 inflammasome-derived IL-1β production and highlighted IL-1 signaling as an important component in the shaping of the IL-17 response. We defined the CLRs dectin-1 and dectin-2 as key receptors for the induction of inflammatory cytokines and for the infection control in the in vivo settings. Curiously, IL-17 cytokines and T and B lymphocytes were dispensable for fungal clearance. In addition, we uncovered CLEC1A as a new receptor in fungal sensing, involved in the recognition of T.rubrum glycolipids. Finally, the proteomic analysis revealed Vimentin and Plastin-2 as two proteins potentially involved in the host-pathogen interaction.
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41

Marconi, Camila. "Aspectos clínicos, microbiológicos e da regulação da imunidade inata na vaginose bacteriana /." Botucatu, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104556.

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Orientador: Márcia Guimarães da Silva
Banca: Ana Katherine da Silveira Gonçalves
Banca: Rodrigo Paupério Soares de Camargo
Banca: Andrea da Rocha Tristão
Banca: Geraldo Duarte
Resumo: A vaginose bacteriana (VB) é a alteração de microbiota vaginal mais frequente em mulheres em idade reprodutiva.Inúmeras complicações ginecológicas e obstétricas são associadas à VB, como doença inflamatória pélvica, aumento do risco de aquisição de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DSTs), corioamnionite clínica e histológica e baixo peso ao nascimento. A VB se caracteriza pela substituição dos lactobacilos da microbiota vaginal por outras espécies bacterianas, na sua maioria anaeróbias. Estudos recentes demonstraram que várias espécies até então raramente ou nunca isoladas em laboratório são associadas à VB como Atopobium vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. e Megasphaera sp. Essas espécies têm como característica comum a produção de ácido lático. Dessa forma, tem sido observado que mulheres assintomáticas podem apresentar ausência de lactobacilos na microbiota vaginal e predomínio de tais espécies. Portanto, alguns autores sugerem que elas possam contribuir para o equilíbrio do meio vaginal. Tendo em vista que os casos de VB apresentam grande heterogeneidade quanto à composição microbiológica, considera-se que a resposta imune também possa ser variável. A amplificação da resposta imune local na VB é um dos mecanismos que levam a maior suscetibilidade da mucosa vaginal à aquisição de DSTs, dentre as quais a infecção clamidiana que, é bastante frequente em nossa população. Embora estudos tenham demonstrado associação da infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) com a VB, poucos trabalhos avaliaram o perfil da resposta imune inata local nesses casos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros da imunidade inata e atividade de sialidases nos casos de VB em relação a maior ou menor participação das espécies de A. vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. e Megasphaera sp., além de comparar os níveis de citocinas pro-inflamatórias nos casos de VB de acordo com o status ...
Abstract: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most frequent type of abnormal vaginal flora in women in childbearing age. Several gynecological and obstetrical complications are associated with BV, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, increased risk for acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), clinical and histological chorioamnionitis and low birth weight. Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by the replacement of the vaginal lactobacilli by other bacterial species, mostly anaerobes. Recent studies show that many species, rarely or never isolated by culture, are highly associated with BV, such as Atopobium vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. and Megasphaera sp. In common, these bacteria have the characteristic of producing lactic acid. Study of the vaginal flora of asymptomatic women showed that these species may replace the lactobacilli, dominating the vaginal environment. Thus, some authors suggest that A. vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. and Megasphaera sp. may contribute to a balanced vaginal flora. Considering that BV cases are microbiologically heterogeneous, the immune response is also likely to differ among the women. An imbalanced local immune response is one of the mechanisms leading to increased acquisition of STIs, such as chlamydial infection, which is very frequent in our population. Although studies demonstrated a significant association of BV with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), few studies evaluated the associated innate immune response. The objective of this study was to evaluate parameters of the innate immunity and sialidase activity in BV, in relation to the larger or samaller participation of A. vaginae, Leptotrichia sp. and Megasphaera sp., and to compare the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV cases according to the status of CT infection. We evaluated women that presented BV in the period of the study and the control group was composed by women with normal vaginal flora pattern. Vaginal ...
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42

Takahashi, Jaqueline Dalbello Biller. "Imunomodulação por levamisol na imunidade inata e adquirida de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100725.

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Orientadora: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
Banca: José Eurico Possebon Cyrino
Banca: Helio José Montassier
Banca: Janessa Sampaio de Abreu
Banca: Fabiana Pilarski
Resumo: O aparecimento de doenças em peixes de criação intensiva é um problema enfrentado no Brasil e no mundo. Algumas substâncias podem influenciar as respostas do sistema imune de peixes, como o levamisol, através da modulação de parâmetros imunes, aumentando a resistência contra diversos agentes. Foram avaliados os efeitos do levamisol na dieta em dois experimentos. O primeiro experimento avaliou a suplementação com 0, 125, 250 e 500 mg kg-1 do imunoestimulante administrado por sete e 15 dias, no qual foram avaliados os parâmetros da imunidade inata, hematológicos e bioquímicos. A administração do levamisol por sete e 15 dias promoveu alterações em parâmetros imunológicos e hematológicos. A administração do levamisol pode promover imunomodulação, entretanto a determinação do efeito não ficou claro devido às respostas contraditórias em cada parâmetro avaliado. O segundo experimento consistiu em suplementação com 0, 125, 250 e 500 mg kg-1 do imunoestimulante administrada por sete dias conjuntamente com a imunização com bactérias Aeromonas hydrophila. A imunização e a administração de levamisol promoveram aumento do título de anticorpos, atividade bactericida do soro, hematócrito, número de eritrócitos, leucócitos totais e trombócitos nos pacus. A administração de levamisol por sete dias e a imunização de pacus promoveu melhora de alguns parâmetros da imunidade adquirida e inata de defesa. Entretanto outros protocolos devem ser estudados para avaliar o efeito do levamisol sobre o sistema imune de pacu
Abstract: The emergence of diseases in fish farming is a problem faced in Brazil and worldwide. Some substances can influence the immune system responses of fish, like levamisole, increasing resistance against various etiological agents. Were evaluated the effects of levamisole in diet in two experiments. The first experiment evaluated supplementation with 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 imunoestimulante administered by seven and 15 days in which have been assessed the parameters of innate immunity, haematological and biochemists. The administration of levamisole by seven and 15 days promoted changes in haematological and immunological parameters. The administration of levamisole can promote immunodulation, however the determination of the effect not clear due to contradictory answers evaluated in each parameter. The second experiment consisted of supplementation with 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 imunoestimulante administered by seven days together with immunization with inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with formaldehyde. Immunization and administration of levamisole promoted increase antibody titre, serum bactericidal activity, hematocrit, number of erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes in pacus totals. Administration of levamisole for seven days and immunization pacus promoted improves some parameters of innate and acquired immunity defense. However other protocols must be studied to assess the effect of levamisole on the immune system of pacu
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43

Deiró, Adenilda Queirós Santos. "Aspectos da Resposta imune inata de ratos obesos submetidos à sepse abdominal." Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, 2010. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/17276.

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A obesidade é uma doença multifatorial que tem em sua origem fatores genéticos, psicossociais, nutricionais, metabólicos e endócrinos. A obesidade e a sepse em conjunto, são uma causa de crescente preocupação no mundo ocidental e o aumento da morbidade e mortalidade têm sido relatados em pacientes obesos criticamente enfermos. O mecanismo exato para este fenômeno ainda não está esclarecido. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar eventuais conseqüências da obesidade sobre aspectos da resposta imune inata de ratos submetidos à sepse polimicrobiana. No primeiro artigo foram avaliadas as conseqüências da sepse em ratos obesos através da análise do leucograma e da histologia do pulmão. Neste trabalho encontramos aumento de leucócitos totais tanto nos ratos submetidos à cirurgia de indução da sepse (CLP) quanto aqueles sham-operados nos tempos de 4 e 24 horas após os procedimentos. Os ratos obesos sépticos apresentam maior lesão pulmonar após 24h da sepse do que os outros grupos. No segundo artigo avaliou-se a função de macrófagos alveolares de ratos obesos frente à sepse polimicrobiana. Foram analisados o índice de aderência, a taxa de fagocitose, a produção de óxido nítrico e a produção de citocinas IFN-γ e IL-12 de ratos normais e obesos sépticos ou sham-operados nos tempos de 4 e 24 horas. Os resultados desse trabalho mostraram que os ratos obesos sépticos produziram maior quantidade de NO após 4h e 24h da cirurgia de indução da sepse (CLP) em relação aos demais grupos. Assim, o resultado deste trabalho demonstrou que a obesidade em situações de estresse orgânico como a sepse pode exacerbar a resposta imune inata deixando o indivíduo susceptível à piora do quadro clínico comprometendo a sobrevivência do indivíduo nesta situação.
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44

Lee, Jacqueline Amanda. "Cellular and molecular mechanisms of salinity acclimation in an amphidromous teleost fish." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Science, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10370.

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Inanga (Galaxias maculatus) is an amphidromous fish species that is able to successfully inhabit a variety of salinities. Using an integrated approach this thesis has characterised for the first time the physiological characteristics that facilitate acclimation in inanga. Structural studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) revealed freshwater-acclimated inanga have a high density of apical pits and freshwater-type mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) that can facilitate ion absorption from the hypo-osmotic environment. In seawater, inanga remodel their gills by increased proliferation of seawater-type MRCs to facilitate ion secretion in the hyper-osmotic environment. Concentration-dependent sodium (Na+) kinetic analysis revealed that at a whole body level, inanga regulate Na+ using a saturable, high affinity, low capacity uptake system which makes them extremely adept at extracting Na+ from very dilute freshwater environments. In fact inanga displayed an uptake affinity (Km) of 52 ± 29 µM, which is one of the lowest ever recorded in freshwater fish. The sodium/potassium ATPase transporter (NKA) is central to Na+ regulation within the gill. In high salinties inanga displayed increased NKA activity (6.42 ± 0.51 µmol ADP mg protein-1 h-1) in an effort to excrete the excess Na+, diffusively gained from the hyper-osmotic environment. This increase in NKA was most likely a reflection of the proliferation of NKA-containing MRCs. The NKA activities seen in freshwater- and 50% seawater-acclimated inanga were similar (2.54 ± 0.19 and 2.07 ± 0.22 µmol ADP mg protein-1 h-1 respectively) to each other suggesting the inanga gill is capable of supporting ion regulation in brackish waters without a significant increase in NKA activities, and the energetically-expensive changes in gill structure and function that accompany such a change. Molecular investigation of NKA isoform expression using quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that inanga displayed salinity-induced changes in the expression of the three α NKA isoform variants investigated. Isoform α1a exhibited a pattern consistent with an important role in freshwater, confirming results from other fish species. While it is generally accepted that α1b isoform is the predominant NKA isoform in seawater, inanga did not display this pattern with a freshwater dominance seen. None of the salinity-induced changes could quantitatively explain the increased NKA activity in seawater suggesting that different isoforms may convey different activities, that there is also regulation of NKA at a post-transcriptional level, and/or other isoforms or subunits may have a significant role. The importance of the osmoregulatory hormone cortisol and prolactin is widely accepted and inanga were treated with cortisol, prolactin and a combination of the two in an effort to further elucidate their role. NKA activity and NKA isoform expression were assessed but no specific patterns were deduced, except for a decrease in both NKA activity and isoform expression in 100% seawater-acclimated inanga treated with cortisol and prolactin. The reasons for this decrease were not evident, although the impact of stress induced by the injection protocol was likely to be a confounding factor. The development of a new confocal-based technique in this study was able to describe, for the first time, intracellular sodium levels ([Na+]i) as a function of salinity in an intact euryhaline fish gill cell. Using the fluorescent Na+ indicator dye CoroNa Green this study demonstrated the ability of inanga gill cells to maintain [Na+]i in the face of environmental change. Freshwater-acclimated inanga displayed basal [Na+]i of 5.2 ± 1.8 mM, with 12 ± 2.3 mM and 16.2 ± 3.0 mM recorded in 50% seawater- and 100% seawater-acclimated cells, respectively. Low [Na+]i is advantageous in hypo-osmotic environments as it provides a gradient between the cell and the blood which is essential for generating electrochemical gradients cell volume regulation and other cellular homeostatic mechanisms. A slightly elevated [Na+]i seen at the higher sanities would help minimise the diffusive gradient for passive influx from the environment which would be of benefit in hyper-osmotic environments. Upon salinity challenge 50% seawater cells were equally adept at maintaining a constant [Na+]i at any salinity, suggesting these cells are have the necessary constituents to regulate Na+ in both lower and higher salinities. This novel LSCM approach is advantageous relative to existing transport models as it will allow the observation of cellular ion transport in real time, within a native filament structure displaying functional interaction of different cell types. The extreme ion uptake characteristics of the inanga and their amenability to in situ confocal-based studies demonstrated in this study, confirm inanga as a valuable model species for future research.
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45

Kochenborger, Ana Paula Bouças. "Investigação da expressão do gene IFIH1 em mulheres com pré-eclampsia e do efeito do bloqueio desta helicase na indução de genes relacionados à hipertensão arterial." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143056.

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A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma desordem comum com etiologia incerta. Entretanto, sabe-se que a inflamação vascular caracterizada pela infiltração de células do sistema imune é um mecanismo importante no desenvolvimento desta condição. Outro distúrbio hipertensivo conhecido é a pré-eclampsia (PE), uma síndrome específica da gravidez, caracterizada pela ativação excessiva do sistema imunológico materno, levando à inflamação e disfunção endotelial, causando hipertensão. Existem fortes evidências que receptores da imunidade inata (pattern-recognition receptors – PRRs) também tem um importante papel no desenvolvimento da HA e da PE. Os PRRs reconhecem padrões moleculares associados a patógenos (pathogen-associated molecular patterns – PAMPs) ou a ligantes endógenos (danger-associated molecular patterns – DAMPs), ativando diferentes cascatas de sinalização que regulam respostas inflamatórias locais e sistêmicas. Estes receptores incluem retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicases (RLHs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) e toll-like receptors (TLRs). Apesar de alguns estudos já terem ligado a ativação excessiva de PRRs à PE, ainda não é claro como essa ativação leva ao desenvolvimento desta complicação. Dessa forma, visando esclarecer se diferentes PRRs estão realmente associados com PE e como isto ocorre, realizamos uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o assunto. Vinte e seis estudos estavam de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e foram revisados: 20 que analisaram expressões de PRRs de acordo com a presença de PE e 6 que investigaram a associação de polimorfismos nos genes para PRRs e esta complicação. Poucos estudos analisaram expressões nos genes RIG-I, IFIH1, TLR-1, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 9 em células do sistema imune ou placentas de mulheres com PE (casos) ou mulheres grávidas saudáveis (controles). Sendo assim, ainda é inconclusivo se estes PRRs estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento da PE. Os resultados dos 10 estudos que analisaram expressões do TLR-2 em casos e controles também são contraditórios. A maioria dos estudos que investigaram expressões do TLR-3 e TLR-4 em casos e controles para PE indicam que estes receptores estão aumentados na placenta ou células imunes de mulheres com PE. Até o momento, polimorfismos nos genes TLR-2, 3, e 4 e NOD-2 não parecem estar associados com o desenvolvimento da PE. O receptor interferon-induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) é uma NLR que tem um papel importante na imunidade inata contra infecções virais. Interessantemente, um estudo prévio realizado pelo nosso grupo demonstrou uma expressão aumentada do gene IFIH1 em células mononucleares de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) e HA comparado a pacientes normotensos. Além disso, um estudo prévio sugeriu a associação deste receptor com PE. Sendo assim, visando esclarecer o papel do IFIH1 na HA e PE, comparamos a expressão de IFIH1 e as frequências do polimorfismo rs1990760 neste gene entre mulheres com PE (casos) e mulheres grávidas saudáveis (controles). Em um estudo experimental, também avaliamos o efeito do knockdown do IFIH1 com siRNA em uma linhagem de células endoteliais humanas tratadas com ácido nucléico viral sintético (PIC) na expressão de genes relacionados à inflamação, angiogênese e hipertensão. No estudo de caso-controle, a expressão gênica de IFIH1 foi diminuída em placentas de mulheres com PE (n = 44) comparado ao grupo controle (n = 65) (p= 0,049). Após a exclusão das mulheres negras da amostra, esta diferença entre grupos foi mais pronunciada (p= 0,004). As frequências do polimorfismo rs1990760 não diferiram significativamente entre mulheres com PE (n = 59) e mulheres controles (n = 134). Para o estudo experimental, células HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) foram transfectadas com um siRNA controle ou com dois diferentes siRNAs contra o IFIH1, por 48 h. Em seguida, as HUVECs foram transfectadas com PIC, por 24h, para mimetizar uma infecção viral. Após este período, o RNA total foi extraído para as análises de expressão gênica. O tratamento com PIC induziu um aumento significativo nas expressões de TNF, IFN-, iNOS, VEGF, ANGPT-2 e ET-1 e o bloqueio do IFIH1 foi capaz de prevenir parcialmente o aumento nestes genes. O tratamento com PIC não induziu a expressão gênica de PGE-2 (p >0,05). Todos os resultados de expressão gênicas foram confirmados nos experimentos usando um segundo siRNA contra IFIH1. O aumento nos níveis proteicos de Ang-II-induzidos por PIC pareceram diminuir após bloqueio do IFIH1, mas esta diferença não atingiu significância formal (p= 0,069). Para avaliar se os genes relacionados à hipertensão e angiogênese poderiam ser induzidos em um ambiente inflamatório não viral, as HUVECs foram tratadas com a citocina pró-inflamatória IFN- por 48 h. O tratamento com esta citocina aumentou significativamente as expressões de STAT-1, PGE-2, ANGPT-2 e VEGF. Estes resultados indicam que um ambiente inflamatório não viral é suficiente para ativar a via do IFIH1 em células endoteliais. Dessa forma, estudos adicionais são necessários para definir quais PAMPs ou DAMPs podem ativar IFIH1 nessas células levando a expressão de genes relacionados à inflamação, angiogênese e hipertensão. Em conclusão, nossos resultados sugerem que a expressão de IFIH1 está diminuída em mulheres com PE, provavelmente contribuindo a patogênese desta complicação. Além disso, experimentos in vitro nas HUVECs demonstraram que o tratamento com PIC é capaz de induzir as expressões de genes relacionadas à inflamação, angiogênese e hipertensão e que o bloqueio do IFIH1 diminui o aumento na expressão destes genes. Este estudo contribuir com um possível novo papel do IFIH1 na patogênese da PE e HA.
Arterial hypertension (AH) is a common disorder with unknown etiology. However, it is known that vascular inflammation characterized by infiltration of immune cells is a key mechanism in the development of this condition. Other recognized hypertensive disorder is preeclampsia (PE), a specific pregnancy syndrome characterized by excessive activation of the maternal immune system, leading to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and then causing hypertension. There are strong evidences that innate immunity receptors (pattern-recognition receptors – PRRs) play an important role in the development of AH and PE. PRRs recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as endogenous ligands (danger-associated molecular patterns – DAMPs), activating different signaling cascades that regulate local and systemic inflammatory responses. These receptors include retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicases (RLHs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) e toll-like receptors (TLRs). Even though some studies have linked an excessive PRR activation to PE, it is still unclear how this activation might lead to the development of this complication. Therefore, aiming to elucidate if different PRRs are indeed associated with PE and how this occurs, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on the subject. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria and were revised: 20 of them analyzed PRR expressions according to PE presence, and 6 studies investigated the association between PRR polymorphisms and this complication. Only few studies analyzed RIG-I, IFIH1, TLR-1, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 expressions in immune cells or placentas from PE women (cases) and healthy pregnant women (controls); therefore, it is still inconclusive if these PRRs are involved in PE. Results from the 10 studies that analyzed TLR-2 expressions in cases and controls are contradictory. The majority of the studies that investigated TLR-3 and TLR-4 expressions in cases and controls indicate that these PRRs are increased in placenta or immune cells from PE women. To date, polymorphisms in TLR-2, 3, and 4 and NOD-2 genes do not seem to be associated with PE development. The interferon-induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) receptor is a NLR that plays an important role in the innate immunity against viral infections. Interestingly, a previous study published by our group demonstrated an increased IFIH1 expression in mononuclear cells from type 1 diabetic patients with AH compared to normotensive patients. Moreover, this receptor also seems to be associated with PE. Hence, to further investigate the role of IFIH1 in AH and PE, we compared IFIH1 expressions and frequencies of the rs1990760 in this gene between PE women (cases) and healthy pregnant women (controls). In an experimental study, we also evaluated the effect of IFIH1 knockdown with siRNA in a human endothelial cell line treated with synthetic viral nucleic acid (PIC) in the expression of genes related to inflammation, angiogenesis and hypertension. In the case-control study, IFIH1 expression was decreased in placenta from PE women (n = 44) compared to the control group (n = 65) (P= 0.049). After exclusion of black women, the difference between groups was more pronounced (P= 0.004). Frequencies of the rs1990760 polymorphism did not differ significantly between PE women (n = 59) e control women (n = 134). In the experimental study, HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) were transfected with either a control siRNA or with two different siRNAs targeting IFIH1 for 48h. Then, HUVECs were transfected with PIC, for 24 h, to mimic a viral infection. After this period, total RNA was extracted for gene expression analyses. PIC treatment induced a significant increase in TNF, IFN-, iNOS, VEGF, ANGPT-2, and ET-1 expressions, and the IFIH1 knockdown was able to partially prevent the up-regulation of these genes. PIC treatment did not influence PGE-2 gene expression (P >0.05). All gene expression results were confirmed in experiments using a second siRNA targeting IFIH1. IFIH1 knockdown seemed to prevent PIC-induced increase of Ang-II protein levels, although this difference did not reach formal statistical significance (P= 0.069). To evaluate if hypertension- and angiogenesis-related genes could be also induced in a non-viral inflammatory environment, HUVECs were treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN- for 48 h. Treatment with this cytokine significantly increased STAT-1, PGE-2, ANGPT-2 e VEGF gene expressions. These results indicate that a non-viral inflammatory environment is sufficient to activate IFIH1 pathway. Therefore, further studies are necessary to clarify which PAMPs or DAMPs could activate IFIH1 in these cells, leading to the expression of genes related to inflammation, angiogenesis and hypertension. In conclusion, our results suggest that IFIH1 gene expression is decreased in placentas from PE women, probably contributing to PE pathogenesis. Furthermore, the in vitro experiments in HUVECs demonstrated that PIC treatment induces expressions of genes related to inflammation, angiogenesis and hypertension, which is decreased after IFIH1 knockdown. This study adds a new possible role for IFIH1 in the pathogenesis of PE and AH.
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46

Tenorth, Moritz [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Beetz, and Masayuki [Akademischer Betreuer] Inaba. "Knowledge Processing for Autonomous Robots / Moritz Tenorth. Gutachter: Masayuki Inaba. Betreuer: Michael Beetz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1019589876/34.

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47

Almeida, Isabel Cristina Gomes de. "A construção da figura da INANNA/IŠTAR na Mesopotâmia: IV-II milénios a.C." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/16014.

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A divindade sumero-acádica Inanna/Ištar afirma-se como uma das mais importantes figuras divinas do universo religioso mesopotâmico, tendo sido alvo de um trabalho constante por parte da historiografia moderna. O seu lugar de destaque é confirmado pela sua constante presença como protagonista nas composições mitopoéticas, assim como pela transversalidade do seu culto, atestado desde a segunda metade do IV milénio a.C. O seu carácter sincrético conheceu um primeiro e vinculativo momento, quando a deusa suméria Inanna se fundiu com a deusa semita Ištar. A partilha da mesma identidade astral, Vénus, permitiu que as características das duas divindades se misturassem, definindo o quadro comportamental arquetípico que encontramos na literatura, nos cultos e na iconografia, tanto em termos diacrónicos como sincrónicos. O presente trabalho tem como grande objectivo reavaliar o processo construtivo desta divindade, tentando descortinar os contributos de uma e outra matriz, cujo encontro se deu ainda durante o IV milénio a.C. Produto divino de uma civilização híbrida, Inanna/Ištar desenvolveu a sua múltipla personalidade, ao mesmo tempo que a Mesopotâmia procurava acomodar as tradições sumérias e semitas, numa articulação do binómio múltiplo/uno ímpar. O exame cruzado dos dados onde a deusa figura, desde os primórdios do seu culto, até aos primeiros séculos do II milénio a.C., época em que a literatura mesopotâmica conheceu a sua fase de ouro, permite-nos evidenciar a sua esfera de acção globalizante, que encontra o seu fio condutor nas relações de poder. Por outro lado, torna-se possível descortinar as suas origens, assim como sincretismos e dissociações divinas, prévias ao advento político de Sargão, que cristalizou a simbiose civilizacional e, como tal, religiosa, da Mesopotâmia, ao efectivar a primeira unificação do território compreendido entre os rios Tigre e Eufrates. Com esta tese pretendemos ainda conciliar expressões religiosas de tempos diferentes, centradas na figura de Inanna/Ištar, contrariando a tendência tradicional de confinar o comportamento e pensamento religiosos do homem mesopotâmico, numa moldura cronológica, definida por balizas políticas. A nossa intenção prende-se, sobretudo, com a identificação do grau de transformações que a identidade da deusa terá sofrido, a partir do entendimento que a mesma encontra a sua origem e, simultaneamente, reflecte-se na mentalidade dos mesopotâmios, cujo norte se encontra numa lógica de mudança em continuidade. Seguindo linhas historiográficas recentes, a nossa proposta afigura-se como um novo olhar sobre o desenvolvimento de uma das divindades mesopotâmicas mais marcante, cujos ecos ressoaram pelos quatro quadrantes da Antiguidade do Médio Oriente.
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48

Nogueira, Erica Mafalda de Portugal da Cunha e. Alves de Sá. "As deusas Inanna e Ištar: semânticas de poder com traços de amor e guerra." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/24158.

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A presente dissertação de mestrado centra-se na divindade suméria Inanna e na sua homóloga semita Ištar. Recolhemos e analisamos conjuntos de mitos, narrativas, hinos, oráculos, canções e orações, de proveniências e cronologias distintas, para compor um retrato cuja complexidade ultrapassa as questões do género e apela a sentimentos transversais ao ser humano. Num panteão com uma miríade de divindades altamente especializadas, Inanna/Ištar destaca-se pelo facto de acumular funções. Deusa trifuncional, regente do Amor e da Guerra, era igualmente a representação divina do planeta Vénus. Numa primeira abordagem, essa singularidade é um factor desconcertante para a sua compreensão. Pelo seu carácter problemático, foi o principal incentivo para o nosso estudo. Examinando as suas diferentes manifestações, propomos um eixo comum para a sua aparente ambivalência, interpretando o amor e a guerra como metáforas com um mesmo significado: poder. Vemos assim como a guerreira e a noiva se complementam em vez de se contradizerem. Ao lado do rei, no leito sagrado ou no campo de batalha, exprimem sempre a bênção divina assegurando a legitimidade dos seus actos enquanto representante dos deuses na Terra e, por conseguinte, garante da ordem. A permanência no tempo do sistema de crenças originalmente fixado por mão suméria, resistindo a conquistas e mudanças dinásticas, e a sua difusão no espaço, transpondo fronteiras naturais e artificiais, demonstram que os povos do Crescente Fértil o partilharam, não obstante algumas alterações semânticas. Na perspectiva da história das religiões, este olhar projetado sobre o passado permite ainda entender melhor a mente do homem mesopotâmico e acompanhar as consequências das alterações culturais no tecido sociopolítico da época. Afloramos também alguns aspectos de continuidade, manifestados através da presença de influências mesopotâmicas na literatura e religião gregas, mais especificamente em Afrodite e Deméter, deusas do amor e da fertilidade, respectivamente. Por fim, sugerimos a permanência de categorias mentais que transportam o passado até aos dias de hoje, ligando a Antiguidade à Actualidade.
Abstract: This master’s dissertation is focused on the Sumerian deity Inanna and its Semitic counterpart Ištar. We have collected and analysed sets of myths, narrations, hymns, oracles and prayers from different geographies and chronologies in order to compose a portrait whose complexity by far supersedes gender issues and can be related with feelings that concern men and women of all times and places. Inanna/ Ištar had an outstanding position in a pantheon of highly specialised deities because she performed multiple functions. A trifunctional goddess, commanding Love and War, she was also the divine representation of planet Venus. At first sight this uniqueness is a bewildering feature preventing us from understanding her. Indeed her problematic nature was the most influential driver behind our decision to study her. By examining her different angles, we proposed a common explanation for her apparent ambivalence, interpreting love and war as metaphors with the same meaning, i.e. power. Thus we found that warrior and bride complemented – rather than contradicting, each other. Right by the king’s side, in the sacred bed or in the battle field, they always express the divine blessing required for legitimizing royal deeds, as representative of the Gods on Earth and, consequently, the warrant of order. The long-lasting permanence through time of the system of beliefs originally created by hand of the Sumerians, enduring conquests and dynastic change, and its expansion in space across natural and man-made borders, demonstrate that the peoples of the Fertile Crescent shared it, notwithstanding a few semantic modifications. As regards the perspective of history of religions, this look over the past also helps to better understand the mind of Mesopotamian men and perceive the impact of cultural change on the sociopolitical fabrics of ancient times. We also touch upon a few aspects of continuity, expressed in the presence of Mesopotamian influence in Greek literature and religions, more specifically in Aphrodite and Demeter, respectively goddesses of love and fertility. Lastly we suggest the permanence of mental categories that bring the past to the present, connecting Antiquity with Modernity.
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49

BERTOLINI, LUDOVICA. "Inanna e Dumuzi, al di là del tempo e dello spazio. Tradizioni cultuali e letterarie." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1401101.

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Il presente lavoro intende analizzare le evidenze testuali relative alle figure divine di Inanna e Dumuzi. Attraverso lo studio approfondito della tradizione letteraria di periodo paleo-babilonese (ca 2000-1600 a.C.) in lingua sumerica, è stato possibile delineare la natura del rapporto che unisce le vicende dei due personaggi mitici. La ricerca si è concentrata non solo sulle composizioni d’amore aventi in oggetto proprio la nascita e lo sviluppo del sentimento che coinvolge i due giovani dei, ma anche sulle tradizioni mitiche che che riguardano il periodo di formazione dell’identità delle due singole figure. L’analisi condotta ha permesso di individuare i caratteri principali delle due personalità divine, che fino ad oggi, specialmente nel caso di Dumuzi, erano state oggetto di una vivace discussione nel campo assiriologico. In virtù del particolare rapporto di omologia funzionale tra il dio Dumuzi ed la figura del sovrano nella letteratura sumerica di periodo paleo-babilonese, si è deciso di tenere in considerazione anche quelle composizioni che testimoniassero un legame privilegiato tra un personaggio di rango reale e la dea Inanna; ciò ha permesso di delineare con maggiore chiarezza le sfere di competenza e di tutela dei due personaggi divini in rapporto all’istituzione regale. La presente ricerca ha beneficiato di un approccio multidisciplinare che ha permesso di unire la metodologia storico-religiosa a quella assiriologica, al fine di ancorare saldamente il panorama letterario in oggetto al contesto storico di provenienza e di utilizzo. L’uso di un approccio che predilige la contestualizzazione storica del materiale non solo ha fatto sì che si ottenesse un’analisi puntuale della documentazione, ma ha anche permesso di evitare generalizzazioni diacroniche sulle figure oggetto della ricerca. In definitiva, lo studio ha permesso una rivalutazione della natura dei personaggi divini di Inanna e Dumuzi nel contesto letterario paleo-babilonese, sia per quanto riguarda le caratteristiche delle singole figure che nel loro rapporto di interdipendenza, con particolare riferimento alla costruzione di un’ideologia regale legittimata dalla sfera divina.
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50

Bridgman, Karen E. "Rhythms of awakening : re-membering the her-story and mythology of women in medicine." Thesis, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/385.

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This thesis is based on the stories of the lived experience of two groups of women, the first was a group of women healers, and the second, a group of academic women.Woven through the his-story of women in medicine are two myths-those of Inanna and Isis.The insights that have come from this study will give future women a path to travel to reclaim their past.Both science and scientific medicine are critiqued, and more holistic alternatives as part of this process are offered. The thesis has been constructed with a series of stories to acknowledge the uniqueness of each individual's experience.These stories provide the threads that weave the thesis together and are congruent with both the process of the making of meaning in our lives, and with our journeys toward healing.The study is embedded in both a social and feminist framework and that of depth psychology/mythology. It is based on feminist research methods and cooperative inquiry methodology and uses narrative for the recounting of the experience. It is also a heuristic inquiry that offers constructive critique using reflexive learning and explores the richness of difference in philosophies of healing and the experience of transformation.
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