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1
Yılmaz, Hakan. "Democratization from above in Response to the International Context: Turkey, 1945–1950." New Perspectives on Turkey 17 (1997): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002739.
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On 6 March 1995 the EU-Turkey Association Council took a decision regarding the inauguration of a customs union between the EU and Turkey, following the pattern set out in the Ankara Agreement of 1963 and the Additional Protocol of 1970. The Council's decision received the European Parliament's assent on 13 December 1995, enabling it to enter into force on 1 January 1996. Following the Association Council's customs union decision, the Turkish government has launched a series of democratizing and liberalizing reforms. It is apparent that the tactical goal of the Turkish government for initiating the reforms has been to persuade the European Parliament to give its consent to the Association Council's customs union decision. The government's strategic goal, on the other hand, has been to fulfill the necessary political conditions, such as those formulated in the June 1993 Copenhagen meeting of the European Council, of Turkey's qualification for full membership in the EU.
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Wargelin, Laurie, and Darwin G. Stuart. "Identifying New Markets for Rail Transit: Chicago Transit Authority’s Southwest Corridor." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1604, no. 1 (January 1997): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1604-15.
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The Chicago Transit Authority opened its Orange Line rapid transit service within the southwest corridor of Chicago in 1993. The market research that was conducted in 1995 to identify new markets for the Orange Line is presented. Three areas were investigated: (a) the effectiveness of advertising campaigns associated with the inauguration and ongoing provision of service; (b) a tradeoff analysis of service features determined to be most important to current rail transit travelers and that may attract future Orange Line riders as well; and (c) the trip purpose, mode, and origination–destination points for all trips made on a representative weekday. Several travel submarkets were investigated. Conclusions were drawn about suggested improvements for services and marketing efforts.
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Kazzaz, Mourhaf. "Investigating the Syrian “Other” in Donald J. Trump’s Twitter Campaign Rhetoric." Open Linguistics 6, no. 1 (November 24, 2020): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0032.
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AbstractThis study investigates the discursive techniques and processes employed by Donald J. Trump to portray Syrian refugees as a negative out-group and threat in tweets during his 2016 election campaign. The article argues that this anti-immigration argument facilitated and materialized not only as a right-wing populist discourse but also as an actual policy as evidenced by the travel ban of 2017. The data are comprised of 32 tweets from Trump’s personal Twitter account between his first available commentary tweets on the Arab Spring situation in November 2011 and his inauguration in January 2017. The article employs the Ideological Square (van Dijk 1992, van Dijk 1995, van Dijk 2013) and proximization theory (Cap 2008, Cap 2010, Cap 2013) to study how Donald J. Trump employs an ideological “othering” of Syrian refugees and constructs threatening representations of them as a political agenda to set himself apart from competitors and advance his election campaign.
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Gribben, Crawford. "Piety and Polemic in Evangelical Prophecy Fiction, 1995–2000." Studies in Church History 48 (2012): 478–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400001522.
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No one studying the impact of Evangelicalism’s most successful cultural products could doubt their mass-market appeal both within and beyond the ‘conservative revolution’ of contemporary America. With concerns to fashion the spirituality of their readers, the Left Behind novels (1995–2007) represent the ‘first outlines of a fully commercialised, fully mediatised Christian blockbuster culture’. The series dramatizes the end-time expectations of a popular evangelical system of eschatological thinking, known as dispensational pre-millennialism. This system maintains that Christ could return imminently to ‘rapture’ true believers to heaven; that this rapture will be followed by a catastrophic seven-year period known as the ‘Great Tribulation’, in which the Antichrist will rise to power to persecute those who, despite being ‘left behind’, have converted to evangelical faith; and that the tribulation will end with the ‘glorious appearing’ of Christ, the last judgement and the inauguration of a thousand-year reign of peace known as the millennium. Despite the complexity of its theology, the series has sold over sixty-five million copies since the publication of their eponymous debut novel in 1995, and has been identified as the best-selling fiction series in American literary history. After 1998, successive instalments in the series topped the New York Times best-seller lists. The seventh novel in the series, The Indwelling (2000), topped the best-seller lists of the New York Times, Publishers Weekly, Wall Street Journal and USA Today.
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Rodrigues, Julia De Souza, Gustavo Silveira Siqueira, and Anna Carolina Oliveira Nunes. "HISTÓRIA DA FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UERJ: PARTE 1 - DO PLANEJAMENTO À INAUGURAÇÃO (1935) / HISTORY OF THE FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UERJ: PART 1 - FROM PLANNING TO INAUGURATION (1935)." RFD- Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ, no. 41 (April 27, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rfd.2021.59411.
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Resumo: O presente artigo faz parte do “Projeto Museu da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ” que tem, entre as suas diretrizes, produzir referências sobre a história da Faculdade. Este é o primeiro artigo de uma série que pretende cobrir a história da instituição entre 1935 e 1995. Analisaremos aqui a formação da Faculdade no período compreendido entre janeiro de 1935, quando tiveram início as reuniões da Congregação para a sua organização, até maio do mesmo ano, por ocasião da inauguração. Como metodologia, consideramos as bases da Escola de Annales, por meio da obra de António Manuel Hespanha, que, ao elaborar uma pesquisa histórica do direito, não se restringe apenas à lei como fonte. Dessa forma, utilizaremos fontes múltiplas, como as Atas da Congregação e do Conselho Técnico Administrativo, jornais da época e livros, para que seja possível uma análise complexa da criação da faculdade.Palavras-chave: História do Direito. Museu da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ. Faculdade de Direito do Rio de Janeiro (FDRJ). Abstract: The present paper is part of the “Project Museum of the Faculty of Law of UERJ” which has as one of its guidelines the production of references on the history of the Faculty. This is the first in a series of articles that intends to cover the institution's history between 1935 and 1995. We will analyze here the formation of the Faculty in the period between January 1935, initially through the meetings of the Congregation for its organization, until May of the same year, on the occasion of the inauguration. As a methodology, we consider the foundations of the Escola de Annales, through the work of António Manuel Hespanha, who, when preparing a historical research of law, is not restricted to the law as a source. In this way, we will use multiple sources, such as Minutes of the Congregation and of the Administrative Technical Council, newspapers of the time and books, so that a deep analysis of the creation of the faculty is possible.Keywords: Legal History. Museum of the Faculty of Law of UERJ. Faculdade de Direito do Rio de Janeiro (FDRJ).
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Rodrigues, Julia De Souza, Gustavo Silveira Siqueira, and Anna Carolina Oliveira Nunes. "HISTÓRIA DA FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UERJ: PARTE 1 - DO PLANEJAMENTO À INAUGURAÇÃO (1935) / HISTORY OF THE FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UERJ: PART 1 - FROM PLANNING TO INAUGURATION (1935)." RFD- Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ, no. 41 (April 27, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rfd.2022.59411.
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Resumo: O presente artigo faz parte do “Projeto Museu da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ” que tem, entre as suas diretrizes, produzir referências sobre a história da Faculdade. Este é o primeiro artigo de uma série que pretende cobrir a história da instituição entre 1935 e 1995. Analisaremos aqui a formação da Faculdade no período compreendido entre janeiro de 1935, quando tiveram início as reuniões da Congregação para a sua organização, até maio do mesmo ano, por ocasião da inauguração. Como metodologia, consideramos as bases da Escola de Annales, por meio da obra de António Manuel Hespanha, que, ao elaborar uma pesquisa histórica do direito, não se restringe apenas à lei como fonte. Dessa forma, utilizaremos fontes múltiplas, como as Atas da Congregação e do Conselho Técnico Administrativo, jornais da época e livros, para que seja possível uma análise complexa da criação da faculdade.Palavras-chave: História do Direito. Museu da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ. Faculdade de Direito do Rio de Janeiro (FDRJ). Abstract: The present paper is part of the “Project Museum of the Faculty of Law of UERJ” which has as one of its guidelines the production of references on the history of the Faculty. This is the first in a series of articles that intends to cover the institution's history between 1935 and 1995. We will analyze here the formation of the Faculty in the period between January 1935, initially through the meetings of the Congregation for its organization, until May of the same year, on the occasion of the inauguration. As a methodology, we consider the foundations of the Escola de Annales, through the work of António Manuel Hespanha, who, when preparing a historical research of law, is not restricted to the law as a source. In this way, we will use multiple sources, such as Minutes of the Congregation and of the Administrative Technical Council, newspapers of the time and books, so that a deep analysis of the creation of the faculty is possible.Keywords: Legal History. Museum of the Faculty of Law of UERJ. Faculdade de Direito do Rio de Janeiro (FDRJ).
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Gorodnia, Nataliya. "US-Philippines Security Relations (1991–2016)." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 9 (2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.09.5.
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This paper describes and discusses the major developments in the U.S.-Philippines security relations in 1991-2016, between signing an agreement to extend a rent of Subic Bay Naval base by the U.S. and inauguration of R. Duterte administration. The research has revealed three periods in the U.S.-Philippines security relations in 1991-2016. The first period started when the Philippines senate rejected to ratify the Subic Bay Agreement in September 1991, and the United States had to evacuate the naval base on November 1992. It lasted until the U.S. and the Philippines signed a Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) in 1998. The Philippines government’s interest in reaching a new agreement was caused by China’s 1995 military occupation of the Panganiban reef and other incidents at the disputed territories in the South China Sea. The Philippines claimed that they composed a part of their exclusive economic zone, according to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The second period lasted since ratification of the VFA by the Philippines parliament in 1999 until aggravation of the situation in the South China Sea in 2011. This period was featured by enhanced political and military cooperation between the U.S. and the Philippines, and significant U.S. assistance in modernization of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). In September 2001–2006, the security cooperation was focused on the counterterrorism activitiesin the Philippines by military means. In 2007–2011, the focus shifted to humanitarian operations and development assistance. During the third period, in March 2011 – June 2016, B. Aquino administration refocused attention from domestic security issues to the threats in the South China Sea. In 2014, the Philippines and the U.S. signed the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, which provided American ships, aircrafts and military personnel with an access to several military bases of the AFP on a rotating basis. The Agreement essentially improved U.S. strategic position in the Southeast Asia and the South China Sea.
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Satoh, T. "Toxicology in Asia—Past, present, and future." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 12 (November 26, 2015): 1291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115606334.
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The Asian Society of Toxicology (ASIATOX), which consists of the seven national toxicology member societies of Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, and Iran, now boasts of more than 3,000 members from a variety of industries, academia, and regulatory organizations. ASIATOX congresses are spaced three years apart and rotated among the member societies. In 1995, ASIATOX joined the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX) as a regional society, and now serves as the scientific voice of toxicology in Asia under the IUTOX umbrella. Since its inauguration, the society has worked diligently to handle matters deemed essential to promoting the vision set fourth by its founders. Future perspectives of ASIATOX include the establishment of education and training programs, and the certification and accreditation of toxicologists. As the leading voice of toxicology in Asia, the society seeks to extend knowledge of toxicological issues to developing nations in Asia based on the following missions and goals: (1) to provide leadership as a worldwide scientific organization that objectively addresses global issues involving the toxicological sciences, (2) to broaden the geographical base of toxicology as a discipline and profession to all countries of the world, and (3) to pursue capacity building in toxicology, particularly in developing countries, while utilizing its global perspective and network to contribute to the enhancement of toxicology education and the career development of young toxicologists.
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Iheduru, Okechukwu C. "Post-Apartheid South Africa and Its Neighbours: a Maritime Transport Perspective." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 1 (March 1996): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0005518x.
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The official dismantling of apartheid, the release of Nelson Mandela after 27 years imprisonment in Febuary 1990, and especially the first multi-racial elections in April 1994 followed by the inauguration of the Government of National Unity (GNU), have marked this decade as the most fascinating in the history of South Africa.
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Dladla, Ndumiso. "The Azanian Philosophical Tradition Today." Theoria 68, no. 168 (September 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/th.2021.6816801.
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Even though the Pan Africanist Congress was formed in 1959 after departing from the African National Congress at a point marking out the irreconcilability of the Azanian ‘faith’ with the other interpretations of the struggle within the ‘broad church’ of the Congress Movement, it was only six years later, in 1965, that it modified its name to the PAC of Azania. The name Azania is supposed to have been suggested by Nkrumah at the All-African Peoples’ Conference in 1958 attended by the Africanists even before the inauguration of the PAC (Diaz 2009: 239; Hilton 1993: 5). The Azanian tendency in ‘South African’ history can arguably be said to have existed from the earliest times of resistance by the indigenous people against the unjust wars of colonisation (see Dladla 2020: 71–108).
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Yang, Quanhe, and Fei Guo. "Occupational Attainments of Rural to Urban Temporary Economic Migrants in China, 1985–1990." International Migration Review 30, no. 3 (September 1996): 771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000306.
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Since the inauguration of reform in 1978, a large number of Chinese peasants were released from agricultural production and became “surplus labor.” Because a large proportion of rural-urban population mobility assumes the form of temporary movement, attention to such movement is therefore essential to any assessment of social, economic and political changes in urban and rural China and of the overall urbanization process. The present study uses the 1 percent sample of the 1990 census data of China to study long-term rural to urban temporary economic migrants, the provincial pattern and variation of these migrants, and their economic activities represented by the occupational attainments in cities in comparison with urban residents.
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Francis, Richard L. "Inaugural Daze." Mathematics Teacher 78, no. 1 (January 1985): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.78.1.0066.
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The calendar lends itself to many forms of mathematical amusement and insight. The year 1985 proves notable in this respect and features events of both historical and mathematical significance. In particular, Inauguration Day falls on a Sunday in 1985 and thus prompts the intriguing numerical question as to the frequency of Sunday inaugurals. The last such occurrence was the inauguration of Eisenhower on Sunday, 20 January 1957.
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Oyediran, Oyeleye, and Adigun Agbaje. "Two-Partyism and Democratic Transition in Nigeria." Journal of Modern African Studies 29, no. 2 (June 1991): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0000272x.
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After coming to power in 1985 via what might be described as a ‘palace coup’, General Ibrahim Babangida quickly earned himself the sobriquet of the ‘Maradona’ of Nigerian politics. In October 1989 the President surpassed his own record of unpredictability and unorthodoxy, and surprised even the closest watchers of his military régime by announcing that two parties would be established by fiat and provided with initial funding in the context of the agreed programme of transition to democratic civilian rule, laid out between 1986 and 1987, and scheduled to terminate with the inauguration of the Third Republic in 1992.
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Mlambo, Daniel N., Tsakie P. Manganyi, and Jabu H. Mphurpi. "Re-examining the notion of local economic development (LED) post democratization: anticipated outputs, impediments and future expectation(s)." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2022.002166.
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This article critically assesses the notion of Local Economic Development (LED) and utilizes South Africa as a case of reference, through which the conceptualization and underpinnings, associated with LED, are understood. South Africa has come through what one may call three waves of development change, which comprise the apartheid period (1949–1990), the transition period (1990–1994) and the post-apartheid era (1994–present). During both the apartheid and transition period, South Africa was at war with itself and neighbouring countries and economic growth, resources, employment and service delivery were scarce, particularly to the black majority because of the apartheid regimes destabilization policies. Post democratization, and with the inauguration of the democratic elected African National Congress (ANC) government, there were envisioned blueprint frameworks that ought to reverse the erstwhile apartheid regimes policies of racism, inequality and segregation. These were earmarked to alter South Africa’s development and economic growth landscape through the lens of LED. Hence, the promotion of LED was identified as a noteworthy strategy that can ultimately lead to community development, economic growth and poverty relief.
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Marsden, B. G. "From telescope to MPC: Organizing the minor planets." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 172 (1996): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900127287.
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Somewhat more than a century after its introduction for the purpose of discovering minor planets, photography is now rapidly giving way to the CCD as the technology of choice for observing these bodies. A CCD has been used in scanning mode in the University of Arizona's ‘Spacewatch’ program for the discovery of minor planets since as long ago as 1984 (Gehrels 1984, Gehrels et al. 1986), while a CCD in stare mode was first applied as a matter of routine to an established observing program for astrometric follow-up in 1989—that at the Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts (McCrosky 1990). After its initial 1984–1986 success, Spacewatch was modified with the help of a larger CCD and improved computer software and with the adoption of the particular mission of searching for NEOs, or minor planets (and comets) that pass close to the earth (Rabinowitz 1991, Scotti 1994). The Oak Ridge program utilizes a 1.5-m reflector, and the first CCD observations were reduced using the Astrographic Catalogue, the mainstay of the Oak Ridge photographic program back to its inauguration in 1972, as well as of other older photographic programs in which the fields observed were significantly less than 1° across. Within months, the availability, on CD-ROMs, of the STScI Guide Star Catalogue (Villard 1989) effectively consigned the venerable AC to the scrap-heap, and the rapid development of ready-made and relatively inexpensive CCD systems (e.g., di Cicco 1992) has recently increased the volume of CCD astrometry considerably, allowing it to be conveniently and reliably carried out, even by amateur astronomers. At the present time, very nearly 50 percent of the astrometric observations, typically 6000, published each month in the Minor Planet Center's Minor Planet Circulars are obtained by means of a CCD.
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Brzozowski-Zabost, Grzegorz. "Od ruchu protestu do partii władzy. Rozwój Zielonych w Niemczech." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2008): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2008.6.1.16.
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The author presents in this paper the developing process of German Green Party. In the 1970s new social movements like environmentalists, peace organizations and feminist founded political party The Greens (Die Grünen). It was an act of opposition against pollution, use of nuclear power, and some aspects of life in highly developed and industrialized society, the formal inauguration was held 1980 in West Germany. 1990 three civil rights groups in East Germany combined to form Bündnis 90, which merged with Die Grünen after long uniting process in 1993. 18 years after foundation they built together with social democrats from SPD government which lasted for two term of office between 1998 and 2005. So day there are a lot of green parties all over the world, but and the German greens are the most successful, they are an example for other green parties.
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Gee, Lind S., Douglas S. Neuhauser, Douglas S. Dreger, Michael E. Pasyanos, Robert A. Uhrhammer, and Barbara Romanowicz. "Real-time seismology at UC Berkeley: The Rapid Earthquake Data Integration project." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 936–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0860040936.
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Abstract The Rapid Earthquake Data Integration project is a system for the fast determination of earthquake parameters in northern and central California based on data from the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network and the USGS Northern California Seismic Network. Program development started in 1993, and a prototype system began providing automatic information on earthquake location and magnitude in November of 1993 via commercial pagers and the Internet. Recent enhancements include the exchange of phase data with neighboring networks and the inauguration of processing for the determination of strong-motion parameters and seismic moment tensors.
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Mubeen, Muhammad, Muhammad Qasim Basharat, and Sohail Ahmad. "Development of the United Nations Climate Change Regime and its Socio-economic Impressions on Pakistan (1992-2016): An Appraisal." Global Economics Review II, no. I (December 30, 2017): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(ii-i).11.
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The United Nations Climate Change Regime, planned in 1992, and formally established in 1994 through the inauguration of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), under its mandate to address climate change at the global level, provides a great deal of support to maintain global climate control through different institutions in the capacity building of developing states in health, poverty reduction, green energy, and the transfer of carbon dioxide reduction technology. This study intends to ascertain the development of the UN climate change regime and its role in Pakistan's socio-economic development for a sustainable climate from 1992 to 2016. The variables to determine the degree of UNFCCC's efforts in Pakistan include public health, poverty reduction, agricultural improvement, carbon dioxide emission control, international trade collaboration, and gender-oriented societal improvements. The study highlights the impact of efforts on these lines and the possible incentives to crop up substantially the fruits of the given considerable opportunity to develop the socioeconomic slant positively. This exploratory study is based on primary and secondary data, annual reports of different UN organs, especially the UNFCCC, official data from the Ministry of Climate Change Pakistan, surveys, interviews from the field experts, and peer-reviewed published research.
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Rédaction. "Inauguration de l’exposition de marionnettes au musée de l’Art comtois, 10 octobre 1990." Coulisses, no. 3 (February 1, 1991): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/coulisses.1665.
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Gleijeses, Piero. "Juan José Arévalo and the Caribbean Legion." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 1-2 (June 1989): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014450.
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On 15 March 1945 Juan José Arévalo became president of Guatemala. His inauguration marked the beginning of an unprecedented democratic parenthesis – ‘spring in the land of eternal tyranny ’1 – a spring that ended abruptly with the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in 1954.Arévalo was an anti-communist, a nationalist, and a reformer. He was an anti-communist who believed that individual communists should not be persecuted unless they violated the law. He was a nationalist who accepted that Guatemala was in the US sphere of influence. He was a reformer who eschewed radical change.
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Kinzo, Maria D'Alva Gil. "The 1989 Presidential Election: Electoral Behaviour in a Brazilian City." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 2 (May 1993): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00004673.
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The two and a half years of the Collor de Mello government were marked by so many dramatic events that the significance of the election which made him the first directly elected President in 29 years was not accorded the attention it derserved. A succession of events made the 1989 election results lose much of their interest for debate and study: the drastic after the inauguration of his government; the marketing campaign every time Collor appeared in the media; and, above all, the serious accusations of corruption involving his wife, relatives, close friends and Collor himself leading to his impeachment in December 1992.
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Mustafa, Hanif Risa. "Pergolakan Agraria 1965-1966 di Banyuwangi." heritage 1, no. 1 (May 12, 2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/hrtg.v1i1.5.
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Abstract
Writing agrarian history often places the forced cultivation system in the colonial period as the main focus, while the issues of agrarian problems during the transition from the old order to the new order are slightly touched on. In Banyuwangi, the implementation of UUPA became a dispute between PKI and NU sympathizers. Disputes escalated after the September 30 Movement. This paper questions again what factors triggered the agitation in Banyuwangi, and whether the violence between groups in Banyuwangi that occurred was related to the agrarian Agitation of 1965-1966. The aim is to review the roots of agrarian problems that occur in Banyuwangi society. This paper uses the historical method. PKI with the combined strength of BTI and Pemuda Rakyat in Banyuwangi took unilateral action. This unilateral action caused criticism from the injured parties. As a result of the unilateral action there was a reverse flow from the group that defended its land. In politics in Banyuwangi the backflow was shown by the inauguration of the district head's inauguration. The backflow increasingly developed damage to several facilities belonging to PKI sympathizers. The peak of tension was marked by the incidents of Cemetuk and Karangasem. The unilateral action in Banyuwangi was rooted in a group of PKI sympathizers who were anxious that they had not immediately obtained the promised land from the UUPA, while the reverse flow was a form of resistance to unilateral action. Polarized societies against groups clashed with problems of agrarian conflict have triggered conflict.
Abstrak
Penulisan sejarah agraria kerap menempatkan sistem tanam paksa masa kolonial sebagai fokus utama, sedangkan isu-isu permasalahan agraria masa peralihan orde lama ke orde baru sedikit disinggung. Di Banyuwangi, implementasi Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA) menjadi perselisihan antar simpatisan PKI dan NU. Perselisihan makin meningkat setelah peristiwa Gerakan 30 September. Tulisan ini mempertanyakan kembali faktor apa yang menyulut pergolakan di Banyuwangi, dan apakah kekerasan antar kelompok di Banyuwangi yang terjadi berkaitan dengan pergolakan agraria tahun 1965-1966. Tujuannya untuk meninjau kembali akar permasalahan agraria yang berlangsung pada masyarakat Banyuwangi. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode sejarah namun mengingat penelitian ini bersifat kontemporer, maka sumber yang digunakan sumber tertulis serta tinjauan dari kajian yang sudah ada sebelumnya berupa literatur dan kajian akademis. PKI dengan kekuatan gabungan BTI (Barisan tani Indonesia) dan Pemuda Rakyat di Banyuwangi melakukan aksi sepihak. Aksi ini dianggap sebagai perjuangan hak atas tanah. Aksi sepihak ini menimbulkan kecaman dari pihak-pihak yang dirugikan. Akibat adanya aksi sepihak tersebut terjadilah arus balik dari kelompok yang mempertahankan tanahnya. Pada perpolitikan di Banyuwangi arus balik ditunjukkan dengan penggagalan pelantikan bupati, lantaran calon dianggap melindungi aksi sepihak. Arus balik semakin berkembang pengerusakan beberapa fasilitas milik simpatisan PKI. Puncak ketegangan ditandai dengan insiden Cemetuk dan Karangasem. Aksi sepihak di Banyuwangi berakar pada kelompok simpatisan PKI yang resah belum segera mendapatkan tanah yang dijanjikan dari program UUPA, sementara arus balik bentuk perlawanan terhadap aksi sepihak. Masyarakat yang terpolarisasi atas golongan dibenturkan dengan permasalahan konflik agraria telah memicu konflik.
Kata kunci: agraria, aksi sepihak, arus balik, pergolakan 1965-1966
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Fares, Samer. "The Legal Framework of Capital Movements and Current Payments in Palestine and its Compatibility with International Law." Arab Law Quarterly 23, no. 2 (2009): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302509x415657.
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AbstractSince its inauguration in 1994, the Palestinian Authority (PA) has taken responsibility over Palestinian economy and finance. The PA lifted all restrictions on the movement of capital and current payments. Although this has moved Palestinian economy from a heavily controlled economy to a market-based style, the liberalization process was not built on sound legal bases and thus created a legal vacuum. The PA has been working ever since to confirm the Palestinian free-market economy with the introduction of a new well-developed legal system consistent with international standards and norms. Therefore, the objectives of this article are to analyze the Palestinian liberalization process and its compatibility with international law obligations.
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Sollors, Werner. "“Obligations to Negroes who would be kin if they were not Negro”." Daedalus 140, no. 1 (January 2011): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00066.
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The 1965/1966 Dcedalus issues on “The Negro American” reveal how America's racial future was imagined nearly a half-century ago, and at least one of the prophecies - voiced by sociologist Everett C. Hughes - found its fulfillment in an unexpected way at President Obama's inauguration in 2009. Short stories by Amina Gautier (“Been Meaning to Say” and “Pan is Dead”), Heidi Durrow's novel The Girl WhoFellfrom the Sky, plays by Thomas Bradshaw (Strom Thurmond Is Not a Racist and Cleansed), and poems by Terrance Hayes (“For Brothers and the Dragon” and “The Avocado”) suggest trends in recent works by African American authors who began their publishing careers in the twenty-first century.
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Gramit, David. "What Does a City Sound Like? The Musical Dynamics of a Colonial Settler City." Nineteenth-Century Music Review 11, no. 2 (December 2014): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147940981400038x.
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A study of public musical life in Edmonton, Alberta from the 1897 Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria through the beginning of World War I provides a case study in the development of new urban musical cultures during the settlement of western North America. The contrast between the Jubilee celebration and Alberta's inauguration as a province in 1905 reveals growing ambition to demonstrate a capacity for the serious music that could be viewed as a marker of civic achievement, and the absence in 1905 of First Nations dancers and drummers, who had taken part in the 1897 event, provides a reminder of the displacement of indigenous peoples that accompanied the immigration booms that characterized settler colonialism. Popular music too developed with the city; as an alternative to non-literate, rural practices like fiddling, it could represent another form of urban sophistication, but also provided an opportunity to import high culture's dismissal of the popular, yet another signifier of urban cultural practice.
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Schniewind, Aline, Markus Freitag, and Adrian Vatter. "Big Cabinets, Big Governments? Grand Coalitions and Public Policy in the German Laender." Journal of Public Policy 29, no. 3 (October 22, 2009): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x09990092.
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AbstractThe inauguration of Germany's grand coalition of Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) and the Social Democrats (SPD) raises questions about the public policy performance of a coalition of ideological opposite. This paper turns attention to influence of coalition governments on the size of government in the German Laender from 1992 to 2005. We investigate whether grand coalitions at the sub-national level in Germany systematically affect government spending for education (including cultural affairs) and internal security. The article argues that the effects of grand coalitions on the size of the public sector are moderated by partisan politics but sometimes in unexpected ways. For example, government spending in the field of education is reduced when leftist parties are powerful in the Laender.
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Martuccelli Casanova, Elio. "Estatuas móviles." Illapa Mana Tukukuq, no. 16 (December 28, 2019): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31381/illapa.v0i16.2589.
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ResumenEste artículo es una reflexión general sobre el significado del arte en la ciudad y, en particular, de lasesculturas públicas. Su objetivo es analizar puntualmente el caso de la estatua ecuestre en homenaje a Francisco Pizarro en la ciudad de Lima. Desde su inauguración en 1935 hasta la actualidad, el monumento se ha ubicado en tres lugares distintos. Las mudanzas han obedecido a distintas interpretaciones que el personaje ha tenido en el tiempo y a cambios en su significado.Palabras clave: Estatua ecuestre de Francisco Pizarro, Lima, arte, escultura, espacios públicos.
AbstractThis article is a general reflection on the meaning of art in the city and, in particular, of public sculptures.Its objective is to analyze the case of the equestrian statue in homage to Francisco Pizarro in the city of Lima. From its inauguration in 1935 to the present day, the monument has been located in three different places. The changes have obeyed to different interpretations that the character has had in the time and to changes in its meaning.Keywords: equestrian statue of Francisco Pizarro, Lima, art, sculpture, public spaces.
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Haryadi, Dwi. "REFORMULASI KEWENANGAN MPR PASCA AMANDEMEN UUD NRI 1945." PROGRESIF: Jurnal Hukum 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 2048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/progresif.v12i1.956.
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People’s consultative assembly (MPR) from the beginning is formed as an institution with consensus principle, a principle of people’s consultative through consultative agency. The position and the authority of consultative agency started to change significantly after the amandements of 1945’s constitution. Even some opined that people’s consultative assembly is no longer required. There are several important issues that will be discuss as the main topic in this paper. First, development planning vs broad outlines of the nations direction (GBHN). Second, the authority of people’s consultative assembly to set the regulating provisions. Third, the authority of people’s consultative assembly to provide a constitutional interpretation. Fourth, this assembly reviewed it’s own provisions. Fifth, this assembly issued a decree inaugurating of president and vice president. These fifth reformulation issues are crucial among the dynamics of our state administration system and our current conditions, also in order to strengthen the functions of the people’s consultative assembly as a center for people's representation.
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Barr, W. "The Soviet career of the schooner Polar Bear, 1925-28." Polar Record 24, no. 148 (January 1988): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400022312.
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AbstractThe schooner Polar Bear is best known for whaling and trading voyages in the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort seas 1911–15, and as one of the vessels of Stefansson's Canadian Arctic Expedition 1915–18. This article summarizes her later career. In 1920 she ran aground in the Kolyma Delta and was abandoned. Refloated by a Soviet captain and crew in 1925 she was used to haul much-needed supplies from a cache near Chaunskaya Guba to Nizhnekolymsk. Renamed Polyarnaya Zvezda, in 1926 she made the first coastwise voyage of modern times from the Kolyma to the Lena, inaugurating a regular sea link with the Lena basin. In 1927 she carried building materials for a scientific station from Tiksi at the mouth of the Lena to Mys Shalaurova on Ostrov Bol'shoy Lyakhovskiy. After wintering at Yakutsk, in summer 1928 she towed a barge laden with supplies for the station down river to Tiksi and carried supplies and personnel to the station to Mys Shalaurova. The station is still in operation, an integral component of the network of support facilities which enables the Northern Sea Route to function. In 1929 the schooner was reported unfit for further duties; her subsequent fate is unknown.
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Jones, W. Vernon. "The US Long Duration Balloon Facility at McMurdo Station." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S288 (August 2012): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312016833.
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AbstractA sea change in scientific ballooning occurred with the inauguration of 8–20-day flights around Antarctica in the early 1990's. The attainment of 28–31-day flights and 35–42-day flights, respectively, in two and three circumnavigations of the continent has greatly increased the expectations of scientific users. There is a scientific need for the capability to provide similar-duration flights for investigations that cannot be done in the Polar Regions. A new super-pressure balloon is currently under development for future flights of 60–100 days at any latitude. This first new balloon in more than half a century would meet this need and allow the focus to change from increasing the durations of flights over and around Antarctica to ultra-long-duration flights from Antarctica.
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Corcuff, Philippe, and Max Sanier. "Politique Publique et Action Stratégique en Contexte de Décentralisation: Aperçus d'un processus décisionnel “après la bataille“." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 55, no. 4 (August 2000): 845–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.2000.279884.
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RésuméCet article réexamine la place de l'analyse stratégique dans les études de décision publique prenant appui sur les récits rétrospectifs d'acteurs concernés. II est centré plus particulièrement sur les événements ayant conduit à 1'inauguration d'une gare TGV sur le site de l'aéroport de Lyon-Satolas en juin 1994, dans un contexte marqué par la décentralisation. II permet alors d'entamer un dialogue entre, d'une part, la sociologie et la science politique et, d'autre part, l'histoire. Ce faisant, il rencontre en chemin les ressources que Le Prince de Machiavel est susceptible de fournir aux sciences sociales d'aujourd'hui, à travers le filtre des travaux initiés par Luc Boltanski et Laurent Thevénot. Au bout du compte, il débouche sur une proposition de réaména-gement des rapports entre sociologie et politique s'efforçant d'éviter la voie de l'enchantement comme celle du désenchantement.
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Parry, Geraint. "The Interweaving of Foreign and Domestic Policy‐Making." Government and Opposition 28, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1993.tb01274.x.
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These Words Spoken By President Clinton At His Inauguration on 20 January 1993 can usefully serve as a leitmotif for the present issue of the journal Government and Opposition. The issue is itself the outcome of a conference organized by the journal and the Department of Government of the University of Manchester. The theme was the ‘Influences of Domestic and International Factors on Processes of Policy-Making’. However, this title does not quite catch the interactive quality of the phenomenon which the group was seeking to examine. Increasingly, it has been contended, policies at the domestic level whether in what we once called the first, second or third worlds are being profoundly influenced by international or ‘global’ considerations. But it is also the case that international agreements are being accommodated to the sensitivities of the domestic politics of the partners.
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Evans, Graham. "South Africa in Remission: the Foreign Policy of an Altered State." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 2 (June 1996): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00055324.
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This article examines the extent to which the foreign policy of South Africa has altered since the inauguration of the Government of National Unity (GNU), following the historic, non-racial multi-party elections in May 1994. Has the African National Congress (ANC)-led regime succeeded in its stated aims of ‘normalising’ relations with the outside world while simultaneously forsaking traditional assumptions and perspectives about the national interest, and how best to define, defend, and promote it? Or has the understandable preoccupation with, and demands of, internal reconstruction led to a situation where foreign policy is ‘on hold’, in the sense that little attention has so far been directed at substantive questions concerning the norms, values, and conventions implicit in the strategic culture and policy inclinations of the ‘ancien régime’? In other words, what are the elements of continuity and change?
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Saint, Andrew. "The LCC Centenary History Project: an Experiment in Collaborative History." Urban History 13 (May 1986): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800008014.
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In September 1985 full-time work began, under the auspices of the Institute of Historical Research, on writing a co-operative, up-to-date volume on the history of the London County Council to appear in its centenary year, 1989. The inauguration of this ambitious project occurred-fitly in some ways, in others ominously-at just the time that the Greater London Council was about to disappear and with it a 100-year-old assumption that ‘unitary metropolitan government’ is inevitable and natural. Nobody thinks that the problems of London government are going to go away after GLC abolition, and the most exciting thing that might come out of a reinterpretation of the LCC's history is that it could inform future debate about what metropolitan government has been and can be, and what it has done and can do for Londoners. That is certainly our intention.
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van den Heever, Gerhard. "Naming the Moment." Religion & Theology 23, no. 3-4 (2016): 237–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15743012-02303009.
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This essay introduces and frames a collection of essays speaking into a particularly burning and troubling period in South African history. The slow economic decline over a period of roughly ten years have now accelerated into a two year-long running student protest over high costs of university education. The protesters themselves, and commentary on the protest movement, link the protests to the failure of the promises of the 1994 compromise that saw the inauguration of the new South Africa. At the same time, the protests also pick up on another exclusion, i.e., the vestiges of colonial knowledge regimes and cultural alienation. In the essays here, issues are address that speak into this situation from various perspectives, namely, the agency of African in defining their own history, the authority and sovereignty to interpret the context, and the role of religion in education to construct social identity.
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Katz, Shaul. "Berlin Roots – Zionist Incarnation: The Ethos of Pure Mathematics and the Beginnings of the Einstein Institute of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem." Science in Context 17, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 199–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889704000092.
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Officially inaugurated in 1925, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem was designed to serve the academic needs of the Jewish people and the Zionist enterprise in British Mandatory Palestine, as well as to help fulfill the economic and social requirements of the Middle East. It is intriguing that a university with such practical goals should have as one of its central pillars an institute for pure mathematics that purposely dismissed any of the varied fields of applied mathematics. This paper tells of the preparations for the inauguration of the Hebrew University during the years 1920–1925 and analyzes the founding phase of the Einstein Institute of Mathematics that was established there during the years 1924–1928. Special emphasis is given to the first terms in which this Institute operated, starting from the winter of 1927 with the activities of the director and one of the founders, the German mathematician Edmund Landau, and onward from 1928 when his successors, particularly Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel and Mihály-Michael Fekete, continued Landau's heritage of pure mathematics. The paper shows why and how the Institute succeeded in rejecting applied mathematics from its court and also explores the controversial issue of center and periphery in the development of science, a topic that is briefly analyzed in the concluding section.
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Teixeira, Manoel Jacobsen, Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo, Mario Augusto Taricco, José Píndaro P. Plese, Camila Flores, Saulo A. Teixeira, and José Luzio. "The history of neurosurgery at the University of Sao Paulo." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 3 (March 2014): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20130245.
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The history of neurosurgery at University of São Paulo comes from 1918, since its origins under the Department of Neurology from Chair of Psychiatric Clinic and Nervous Diseases. Professor Enjolras Vampré was the great inspiration for such medical specialty in the State of Sao Paulo. In 1929, the first neurosurgical procedures were performed in the recently (at time) organized Section of Neurosurgery. The official inauguration of the Division of Functional Neurosurgery occurred at June 1977, with the presence of worldwide well-known neuroscientists. The division suffered a deep streamlining under the leadership of Professor Raul Marino Jr., between the decades of 1990 and 2000. At this time, it was structured with the sections of neurological surgery, functional neurosurgery and neurosurgical emergency. Since 2008, Professor Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira is the Chairman of the Division and has provided the Division with the best available technological resources, performing more than 3,000 surgeries a year and training professionals who will, certainly, be some of the future leaders of brazilian neurosurgery.
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Rustandi, Dudi. "Komunikasi Kepemimpinan Prabowo Subianto pada Fanpage Facebook." Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi 18, no. 1 (July 15, 2015): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20422/jpk.v18i1.18.
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Social media presence allows every person to communicate with the others. It was not deterred by the problems of space and time. So that every person can communicate with anyone, anywhere. No exception for (candidate) leaders. As a leader, Prabowo open channels of communication through the medium of Facebook and Twitter. The problem of this study is how communication is done by Prabowo. Using narrative analysis research methods, the author examines the text Prabowo statement (August 17, 2014) ahead of the Presidential inauguration period 2014-2019. From the conclusion, that the way of communicating Prabowo analyzed based on the statements in response to the political situation always adheres to the 1945 Constitution and the integrity of the nation. While in narrating a national event Prabowo also emphasizes how the interests of the nation must take precedence over the interests of individuals and groups. Thus, the disappointment that comes from an emotional situation becomes a meaningless group than in the interests of preserving the integrity of the nation.
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Petrović, Vladimir. "NEUSPEH ŽENEVSKIH PREGOVORA O PREKIDU RATA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI JANUARA 1993." Istorija 20. veka 39, no. 2/2021 (August 1, 2021): 435–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/ist20veka.2021.2.pet.435-460.
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The International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia was created in London in August of 1992 as an instrument for the negotiations conducted by the United Nations and the European Community, represented by Cyrus Vance and Lord David Owen. Until the end of the year, they developed a detailed proposal to settle the Bosnian conflict, known as the Vance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP). The VOPP was presented to the leaders of the warring factions in Geneva during the first session of talks in January of 1993. On the basis of archive material, judicial records, published documents, and memoirs of the participants, this article aims to reconstruct the dramatic negotiation process, which consisted of several rounds. An analysis of the declared Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian positions during the negotiations, as well as the interactions among the delegations and relations within them, reveals that all the parties were had been deeply engaged in double dealing. The Croatian side was seemingly ready to sign the VOPP but was undermining it by launching a conflict in the field at the same time. The Serbian side was escalating as well, the Bosnian Serb leaders were not ready to accept the plan, despite the suggestions they had received from Belgrade. Sarajevo was procrastinating, hoping for a direct US involvement in the crisis following the inauguration of the new Clinton Administration. That administration did undermine the plan, which damaged the credibility of the international negotiators. In such circumstances, the plan had slim chances of succeeding. Although a ceasefire would have shortened the Bosnian war by almost three years and cut human losses by at least half, the main negotiators found a compromise solution to be unacceptable. As they defined and propagated maximalist goals, acceptance of a compromise was both damaging their grip on power and defying their worldview.
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Lloyd, J. A. "Urban Archaeology in Cyrenaica 1969-1989: the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods." Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006610.
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During the past two decades all the major cities of Cyrenaica have seen new fieldwork, and much has been achieved. The Department of Antiquities has been active, particularly in the increasingly important area of rescue archaeology. Its resolute and skilful efforts have included very important work at Shahat (Cyrene) (Walker (in Walda and Walker), this volume) and at Benghazi (Berenice). At the latter city, one of the least known in Cyrenaica, the Department's excavations at Sidi Khrebish demonstrated the rich archaeological potential of the site and led to the large-scale campaigns of 1971-5, in which the Society for Libyan Studies was deeply involved.Generous support has also been extended to British teams at Euesperides (Berenice's predecessor), Driana (Hadrianopolis), Tocra (Tauchira) and Tolmeita (Ptolemais); to the Italian Mission, whose work at Cyrene has proceeded throughout the period; to the major American investigation of the extra-mural Demeter sanctuary at the same site; and to the French Mission, which has conducted annual campaigns at Susa (Apollonia) since 1976. There has also been productive research into the minor towns.Perhaps the outstanding feature of the period under review, however, has been publication. No less than thirteen major site reports (see bibliography under Apollonia, Berenice, Cirene, Cyrene and Tocra), several works of synthesis (Goodchild 1971; Huskinson 1975; Rosenbaum and Ward-Perkins 1980; Stucchi 1975), collected papers (Goodchild 1976) and a profusion of shorter studies in journals, conference proceedings (Barker, Lloyd and Reynolds 1985; Gadallah 1971; Stucchi and Luni 1987) and exhibition publications (Missione Italiana 1987) have appeared — a very rich harvest. Many of course, had their genesis in earlier research, particularly during the fecund years of Richard Goodchild's controllership. Amongst much else, this saw Boardman and Hayes' exemplary Tocra project, which in its use of quantification, scientific analysis and other techniques anticipated later British and American work; the University of Michigan's extensive research at Apollonia; and the inauguration of the Italian Mission, under S. Stucchi, to Cyrene (Stucchi 1967), whose work on the architectural development, art and anastylosis of the city continues to make an outstanding contribution to our appreciation of Libya's archaeology and cultural heritage.
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Manji, Ambreena. "Land Reform in Kenya: The History of an Idea." Strathmore Law Journal 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v5i1.151.
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The great legal scholar Patrick McAuslan described the 1990s as inaugurating a new era of land law reform. Land law reform has taken place on a significant scale since 1990: a total of 32 new national land laws have been enacted since 1990 in nearly 60 per cent of African states. Land issues have been the cause of both simmering discontent and violent conflict throughout Kenya’s colonial and post-colonial history. They remain a ‘key fault line’ in modern Kenya. Historians of Kenya and commentators on its politics continue to find patrimonialism, ethnic favouritism and corruption at play, nowhere more so than in the politics of land. Kenya’s problems with land defy easy description: they remain complex and multi-faceted and include massive and worsening inequalities in access to land, a propensity to land grabbing and continuing conflicts over who is and who is not entitled to occupy land. Efforts to address these problems have since before independence been erratic at best.
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Blennow, Anna, and Frederick Whitling. "Italian dreams, Roman longings. Vilhelm Lundström and the first Swedish philological-archaeological course in Rome, 1909." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 4 (November 2011): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-04-07.
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In Sweden, the future of Classical Philology and the study of the ancient past remain uncertain a century after the first Swedish university course in Rome, led by Vilhelm Lundström, Professor of Latin at Gothenburg, and the simultaneous establishment of the study of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History in Swedish academia in 1909. The institutionalisation of the Swedish scholarly presence in Rome materialised with the establishment of the Swedish Institute in Rome (SIR) in 1925, and its inauguration the following year—partly as a result of Lundström’s pioneering initiative. The present article discusses the implications of Lundström’s course in Rome as well as in Sweden, and sheds light on his neohumanist vision of an integrated study of antiquity; with Classical Archaeology and Ancient History as integral elements of Classical Philology. This vision lay abandoned throughout the twentieth century, but deserves to be taken into account when discussing how philology relates to archaeology, or considering the study of antiquity and the classical tradition in a modern comprehensive context of humanities in academia.
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Weiss, Yfaat. "Ad Acta: Nachgelassenes in Jerusalem." Naharaim 13, no. 1-2 (December 18, 2019): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/naha-2019-0008.
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Abstract Auf dem 1913 in Wien stattfindenden Zionistischen Kongress wurde Chaim Weizmann beauftragt die auf Achad Ha’am zurückgehende Idee eines jüdisch-geistigen Zentrums durch die Gründung der Hebräischen Universität in Jerusalem zu realisieren. Die Vorstellung einer Universität des jüdischen Volkes blieb auch dann fester Bestandteil der zionistischen Vision, als mit der Balfour-Erklärung von 1917 die politische Begründung einer jüdischen Heimstätte in greifbare Nähe rückte. Beides fand 1925 auf dem Skopusberg bei der Inauguration der Universität in Anwesenheit des britischen Außenministers Arthur James Balfour seinen symbolischen Ausdruck. Mit der Flucht deutsch-jüdischer Gelehrter in den 1930er-Jahren und aufgrund der verzweifelten Versuche jüdischer Studierender, Mittel- und Osteuropa zu verlassen, änderten sich die Erwartungen an die Universität. Von nun an sollte sie zu einem „Nachtasyl“ werden. Bald darauf, ab Mitte der 1940er-Jahre, geriet sie zum Kampfschauplatz zwischen Juden und Arabern, um schließlich zur Universität des jüdischen Staates zu avancieren und als Ort der Gelehrsamkeit inmitten einer geteilten Stadt zu wirken. Der Aufsatz bietet einen Blick in das erst vor Kurzem konservierte Historische Archiv der Hebräischen Universität, um diese Entwicklungen zu erhellen.
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LADWIG, PATRICE. "Worshipping Relics and Animating Statues. Transformations of Buddhist statecraft in contemporary Laos." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 6 (July 17, 2014): 1875–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000486.
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AbstractIn Laos—one of the few remaining ‘officially’ socialist countries—Buddhism was abolished as a state religion after the revolution in 1975. However, since the 1990s the communist government has been increasingly using its patronage of Buddhism to gain legitimacy. With reference to the divine sources of power in Theravāda Buddhism, this article explores the extent to which modern Lao state socialism is still imbued with pre-revolutionary patterns of Buddhist kingship and statecraft. The analysis will focus especially on ritual patronage of a Buddhist relic shrine and on the recent inauguration of statues of deceased kings in the Lao capital, Vientiane. With reference to the ritual animation of ‘opening the eyes’ of the statues, and with regard to theories exploring the agency of objects, I argue that the Lao palladium has to be understood as being made up of ‘living’ entities. Finally, the article explores to what extent the control, worship, and creation of statues and relics today are still essential for the legitimacy of rule in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
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Santika, I. Wayan Eka, and I. Gede Sujana. "MPR DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA (STUDI KOMPARATIF ANTARA SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PERUBAHAN UUD 1945)." VYAVAHARA DUTA 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/vd.v16i1.1940.
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<p><em>The purpose of this research was to determine the People's Consultative Assembly in the Indonesian constitutional system. This research was a type of library research which is descriptive analytic through a qualitative approach that is based on comparative studies. The results of this research indicated that there are fundamental differences between the People's Consultative Assembly before and after the amendment to the 1945 Constitution. The differences included (1) the change in the position of the People's Consultative Assembly from the highest state institution to a state institution that is equal to other state institutions, (2) changes in the membership structure of the People's Consultative Assembly from those previously consisted of House of Representatives, Group Envoys and Regional Representatives, then became members of the House of Representatives and Regional Representative Board members, (3) the policy to appoint People's Consultative Assembly members was replaced by an election system, (4) the People's Consultative Assembly no longer stipulates the Broad Outlines of the Nation's Direction along with filling the position of President through participation the people directly in the election, (5) limitation of the People's Consultative Assembly's authority in amending the 1945 Constitution, (6) the inauguration of the President and / or Vice President in normal and abnormal conditions, (8) the authority of the People's Consultative Assembly to dismiss the President and / or Vice President must be through a forum previlegiatum.</em></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>People's Consultative Assembly, State Administration, Amendment to the 1945 Constitution.</em></p>
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Long, Vicky. "‘Often there is a Good Deal to be Done, But Socially Rather Than Medically’: The Psychiatric Social Worker as Social Therapist, 1945–70." Medical History 55, no. 2 (April 2011): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300005779.
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Seeking to align psychiatric practice with general medicine following the inauguration of the National Health Service, psychiatric hospitals in post-war Britain deployed new treatments designed to induce somatic change, such as ECT, leucotomy and sedatives. Advocates of these treatments, often grouped together under the term ‘physical therapies’, expressed relief that the social problems encountered by patients could now be interpreted as symptomatic of underlying biological malfunction rather than as a cause of disorder that required treatment. Drawing on the British Journal of Psychiatric Social Work, this article analyses the critique articulated by psychiatric social workers based within hospitals who sought to facilitate the social reintegration of patients following treatment. It explores the development of ‘psychiatric social treatment’, an approach devised by psychiatric social workers to meet the needs of people with enduring mental health problems in hospital and community settings that sought to alleviate distress and improve social functioning by changing an individual’s social environment and interpersonal relationships. ‘Physical’ and ‘social’ models of psychiatric treatment, this article argues, contested not only the aetiology of mental illness but also the nature of care, treatment and cure.
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Polanía Beltrán, Fihiza. "El discurso reproducido en discursos de posesión presidencial sudamericanos." Revista de Investigación Lingüística 24 (February 18, 2022): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ril.458001.
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Based on the model of Koch and Oesterreicher (2007), which defends the thesis that oral and written language present particular characteristics that are not only limited to their form, this paper will analyze political discourse as a written corpus. The speeches of Alberto Fernández, Jeanine Añez, Sebastián Piñera, Iván Duque, Lenin Moreno, Martín Vizcarra and Nicolás Maduro are the speeches of interest. Thus, the objective of this paper is to analyze the use of the discourse reproduced in South American presidential inauguration addresses. In this sense, it will seek to understand the causes and motivations behind it as well as its use. Concepción Maldonado’s (1991) work on reproduced discourse is fundamental to this task. Basado en el modelo de Koch y Oesterreicher (2007), que defiende la tesis de que el lenguaje oral y el escrito presentan unas características particulares que no solamente se limitan a su forma, este trabajo analizará el discurso político como un corpus escrito. Siendo los discursos de Alberto Fernández, Jeanine Añez, Sebastián Piñera, Iván Duque, Lenin Moreno, Martín Vizcarra y Nicolás Maduro los discursos de interés. Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el uso del discurso reproducido en discursos de posesión presidencial sudamericanos. En este sentido, se buscará comprender las causas y las motivaciones detrás de ello así como su uso. El trabajo de Concepción Maldonado (1991) sobre el discurso reproducido es fundamental para esta tarea.
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Haryanto, Tenang, Sri Hartini, Muhammad Toufik, and Krisnhoe Kartika. "Perubahan dan Implikasi Susunan Organisasi dan Kewenangan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Setelah Amandemen UUD 1945." Kosmik Hukum 22, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/kosmikhukum.v22i2.13260.
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The organizational structure of the MPR based on the amendments to the 1945 Constitution consists of members of the DPR and members of the DPD. Membership of the MPR is similar to the membership of Congress in the United States, which consists of the House of Representatives (lower house) and the Senate (high house). The authority of the MPR after the amendment of Article 3 of the Constitution of the MPR is no longer the highest state institution, but is a state institution whose position is equal to other state institutions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the changes in the organizational structure and authority of the People's Consultative Assembly after the amendment to the 1945 Constitution and what are the implications for changes in the organizational structure and authority of the MPR after the amendment. This research uses a statue approach. Data sourced from primary and secondary legal materials were analyzed using qualitative normative analysis methods. The results of the study found that after the amendment to the 1945 Constitution, the concept of the MPR as the holder of people's sovereignty was abolished. The MPR no longer holds the highest power in the state administration system in Indonesia. The implications of changes after the amendment to the Constitution, the role of the MPR is only limited to carrying out the task of socializing the results of the amendments to the 1945 Constitution and inaugurating the President and Vice President.Keywords: Organizational structure, Authority, MPR
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Cassata, Francesco. "Campo gamma. Energia nucleare, Guerra fredda e circolazione transnazionale dei saperi scientifici in Italia (1955-1960)." ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA, no. 294 (December 2020): 235–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ic294-oa2.
Full textAbstract:
L'articolo prende in esame il programma di mutagenesi in agricoltura, realizzato dal Comitato nazionale per le ricerche nucleari, a partire dal 1955, attraverso la costituzione di uno specifico sistema tecnologico e sperimentale: il cosiddetto "campo gamma", un campo circolare con al centro un radioisotopo di Cobalto-60. Emettendo raggi gamma, il Cobalto-60 produceva mutazioni genetiche nelle piante collocate in cerchi concentrici attorno alla sorgente. Il campo gamma venne inaugurato nel gennaio 1960 all'interno del Centro studi nucleari della Casaccia, grazie a una fonte radioattiva resa disponibile dal governo statunitense nell'ambito del programma Atoms for Peace. L'articolo analizza, in primo luogo, come la circolazione transnazionale del modello statunitense di mutation breeding sia stata fondamentale nel processo di istituzionalizzazione della genetica agraria in Italia; in secondo luogo, l'articolo dimostra come la costruzione di un immaginario sociotecnologico incentrato sul campo gamma sia stata parte integrante di tale processo di demarcazione scientifico-disciplinare.
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Doswald-Beck, Louise. "Segunda Mesa Redonda de expertos en armas láser (Ginebra, 9–11 de abril de 1991): Los trabajos de la Mesa Redonda." Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja 16, no. 106 (August 1991): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0250569x00000947.
Full textAbstract:
Este discurso fue pronunciado por el presidente del CICR en la inauguratión de la Segunda Mesa Redonda de expertos que deliberaron sobre el uso de las nuevas armas láser para causar ceguera permanente de soldados enemigos.La preocupación del CICR por este problema surgió cuando se enteró, por una serie de publicaciones técnicas y militares, de que se estaba trabajando en la productión de fusiles láser, tanto para vehículos como para uso manual, aparentemente con dos finalidades: destruir detectores en vehículos y dañar los ojos de los soldados enemigos. Varios Gobiernos manifestaron su inquietud al respecto en la Conferencia Internacional de la Cruz Roja celebrada en 1986 y el CICR decidió informarse más detalladamente sobre el particular.Así, convocó, en junio de 1989, una primera Mesa Redonda de expertos, en la que participaron técnicos y militares expertos en armas láser, oftalmólogos, psicólogos especializados en los efectos de la ceguera y especialistas en derecho internacional humanitario. En esa reunión se concluyó que el problema es suficientemente grave para merecer un estudio más pormenorizado.