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Academic literature on the topic 'Incapacitating Chemicals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Incapacitating Chemicals"

1

Mathews, Robert J. "Central Nervous System-acting chemicals and the Chemical Weapons Convention: A former Scientific Adviser’s perspective." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 10 (October 25, 2018): 1559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0502.

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AbstractThe term Incapacitating Chemical Agents (or Incapacitants) was chosen to describe different classes of chemical warfare agents that were being developed in the 1950s. This article considers some of the types of chemicals and their properties that have been discussed more recently under the terminology of Incapacitating Chemical Agents, including opioids of the fentanyl class, and how these psychochemicals are relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention. This article argues that the term Incapacitating Chemical Agents is inaccurate and misleading and will be a potential cause of confusion when Member States of the Chemical Weapons Convention are discussing the types of toxic chemicals which are permitted for use for various law enforcement purposes including domestic riot control. This article then argues that the term Central Nervous System-acting chemicals is a more accurate and appropriate description of psychochemicals such as the fentanyls, and use of this term will hopefully facilitate a more constructive discussion within the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). In other words, it is important to ‘get the science clearly understood first’, to enable a more constructive discussion by policy-makers, lawyers and military experts.

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2

Anderson, Peter D. "Emergency Management of Chemical Weapons Injuries." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 1 (November 11, 2011): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011420677.

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The potential for chemical weapons to be used in terrorism is a real possibility. Classes of chemical weapons include nerve agents, vesicants (blister agents), choking agents, incapacitating agents, riot control agents, blood agents, and toxic industrial chemicals. The nerve agents work by blocking the actions of acetylcholinesterase leading to a cholinergic syndrome. Nerve agents include sarin, tabun, VX, cyclosarin, and soman. The vesicants include sulfur mustard and lewisite. The vesicants produce blisters and also damage the upper airways. Choking agents include phosgene and chlorine gas. Choking agents cause pulmonary edema. Incapacitating agents include fentanyl and its derivatives and adamsite. Riot control agents include Mace and pepper spray. Blood agents include cyanide. The mechanism of toxicity for cyanide is blocking oxidative phosphorylation. Toxic industrial chemicals include agents such as formaldehyde, hydrofluoric acid, and ammonia.

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3

Martínková, Hana, and Michal Smetana. "Dynamics of norm contestation in the Chemical Weapons Convention: The case of ‘non-lethal agents’." Politics 40, no. 4 (February 7, 2020): 428–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263395720904605.

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In this article, we use an adapted version of Wayne Sandholtz’s cycle of normative change to examine the dynamics of contestation of norms against incapacitating chemical agents and riot control agents, often imprecisely grouped together under the term ‘non-lethal chemical weapons’. We draw on a concept-driven analysis of statements and in-depth interviews with individual stakeholders to track the gradual development of the issue towards norm change within the Chemical Weapons Convention. Our findings highlight several key factors conducive to normative change, particularly the role of the Dubrovka incident as the ‘deviant event’, discursive decoupling of the two classes of chemicals, and new framing and ‘rebranding’ of incapacitating chemical agents as ‘CNS-acting chemicals’. At the same time, we also examine factors that significantly slowed down attempts by norm entrepreneurs to attract attention to the issue, such as the saliency of the use of chemical weapons in Syria, which effectively sidelined the problem of ‘non-lethal’ agents in the overall debate.

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4

Středa, Ladislav, and Jiří Patočka. "Incapacitating chemicals - risk to the purpose and objectives of the Chemical Weapons Convention?" Kontakt 16, no. 1 (March 21, 2014): e57-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kontakt.2014.02.001.

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5

García-Peñarrubia, Pilar, Antonio J. Ruiz-Alcaraz, María Martínez-Esparza, Pilar Marín, and Francisco Machado-Linde. "Hypothetical roadmap towards endometriosis: prenatal endocrine-disrupting chemical pollutant exposure, anogenital distance, gut-genital microbiota and subclinical infections." Human Reproduction Update 26, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 214–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmz044.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a gynaecological hormone-dependent disorder that is defined by histological lesions generated by the growth of endometrial-like tissue out of the uterus cavity, most commonly engrafted within the peritoneal cavity, although these lesions can also be located in distant organs. Endometriosis affects ~10% of women of reproductive age, frequently producing severe and, sometimes, incapacitating symptoms, including chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, among others. Furthermore, endometriosis causes infertility in ~30% of affected women. Despite intense research on the mechanisms involved in the initial development and later progression of endometriosis, many questions remain unanswered and its aetiology remains unknown. Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role played by the relationship between the microbiome and mucosal immunology in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (HIV), infertility and several gynaecologic diseases. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In this review, we sought to respond to the main research question related to the aetiology of endometriosis. We provide a model pointing out several risk factors that could explain the development of endometriosis. The hypothesis arises from bringing together current findings from large distinct areas, linking high prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals with a short anogenital distance, female genital tract contamination with the faecal microbiota and the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. SEARCH METHODS We performed a search of the scientific literature published until 2019 in the PubMed database. The search strategy included the following keywords in various combinations: endometriosis, anogenital distance, chemical pollutants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the microbiome of the female reproductive tract, microbiota and genital tract, bacterial vaginosis, endometritis, oestrogens and microbiota and microbiota–immune system interactions. OUTCOMES On searching the corresponding bibliography, we found frequent associations between environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals and endometriosis risk. Likewise, recent evidence and hypotheses have suggested the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. Hence, we can envisage a direct relationship between higher prenatal exposure to oestrogens or estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds (phthalates, bisphenols, organochlorine pesticides and others) and a shorter anogenital distance, which could favour frequent postnatal episodes of faecal microbiota contamination of the vulva and vagina, producing cervicovaginal microbiota dysbiosis. This relationship would disrupt local antimicrobial defences, subverting the homeostasis state and inducing a subclinical inflammatory response that could evolve into a sustained immune dysregulation, closing the vicious cycle responsible for the development of endometriosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Determining the aetiology of endometriosis is a challenging issue. Posing a new hypothesis on this subject provides the initial tool necessary to design future experimental, clinical and epidemiological research that could allow for a better understanding of the origin of this disease. Furthermore, advances in the understanding of its aetiology would allow the identification of new therapeutics and preventive actions.

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6

Lee, Si Duk. "Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Noncriteria Pollutants." Toxicology and Industrial Health 6, no. 5 (October 1990): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379000600519.

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Noncriteria air pollutants are synonymous with hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), air toxics or toxic air pollutants (TAPs). The term noncriteria pollutants refers to all air pollutants except for the criteria pollutants (SOx, PM, NOx, CO, O3, and Pb). Air toxics are pervasive in our environment worldwide in varying degrees. Uses of these chemicals are varied and numerous; their emissions are ubiquitous, and they include organic compounds such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, dioxins, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, cadmium, and mercury. There are more than 70,000 chemicals that are in use commercially in the United States, and we know relatively little about their ambient concentrations, persistence, transport and transformation as well as their effects on health and the environment, many of which take decades to emerge. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, under the authority of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, is mandated to regulate any air pollutant which, in the Administrator's judgment, “causes, or contributes to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to result in an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness.” For such regulatory decision-making, EPA's Office of Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA) provides scientific assessment of health effects for potentially hazardous air pollutants. In accordance with risk assessment guidelines developed by OHEA over the years, Health Assessment Documents (HADs) containing risk assessment information were prepared and were subjected to critical review and careful revision to produce Final Draft HADs which serve as scientific databases for regulatory decision-making by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) in its risk management process. EPA developed databases such as the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) and the National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse (NATICH) and a technical assistance response system called the Air Risk Information Support Center (AIR RISC), in addition, to help in implementation of the National Air Toxics Program by state and local regulators.

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Crowley, Michael, and Malcolm Dando. "The use of incapacitating chemical agent weapons in law enforcement." International Journal of Human Rights 19, no. 4 (May 19, 2015): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2015.1027064.

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8

Coupland, Robin M. "Incapacitating chemical weapons: a year after the Moscow theatre siege." Lancet 362, no. 9393 (October 2003): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14684-3.

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9

Stott, Noel. "Chemical control: Regulation of incapacitating chemical agent weapons, riot control agents and their means of delivery." African Security Review 25, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2016.1194034.

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Davison, Neil. "Chemical Control: Regulation of Incapacitating Chemical Agent Weapons, Riot Control Agents and their Means of DeliveryMichael Crowley *." International Review of the Red Cross 97, no. 899 (September 2015): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383116000187.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Incapacitating Chemicals"

1

Dando, Malcolm R. "The Danger to the Chemical Weapons Convention from Incapacitating Chemicals." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/875.

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2

Crowley, Michael J. A., and Malcolm R. Dando. "The use of incapacitating chemical agent weapons in law enforcement." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9079.

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No
This article explores the implications for human rights and human security arising from the development and use of weapons employing certain toxic chemicals, termed incapacitating chemical agents (ICAs), ostensibly intended for law enforcement operations. Publicly accessible information clearly indicates that China, Israel and the Russian Federation have acquired or developed ICA weapons, and that such weapons are either in the possession, or have been used by law enforcement or security services, of those countries since the coming into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1997. Although there is evidence of potentially applicable dual-use research in additional states, the full nature and purpose of such research, in certain states, is unclear as are the intended applications to which it will be put. Following a survey of state practice, existing obligations upon states derived from relevant international law are examined, specifically the CWC and applicable human rights instruments. Whilst existing international law certainly severely constrains and arguably prohibits the development, acquisition and use of such weapons for law enforcement, there are areas of contested interpretation, which need to be urgently addressed by the international community.

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Dando, Malcolm R. "The UK's Search for an Incapacitating ('Non-Lethal') Chemical Agent in the 1960s." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/709.

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Books on the topic "Incapacitating Chemicals"

1

Chemical Warfare: secrets almost forgotten: A personal story of medical testing of Army volunteers with incapacitating chemical agents during the Cold War (1955-1975). Santa Rosa, Calif: ChemBooks, 2006.

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2

M, Pearson Alan, Chevrier Marie Isabelle, and Wheelis Mark, eds. Incapacitating biochemical weapons: Promise or peril? Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007.

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3

Incapacitating biochemical weapons: Promise or peril? Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007.

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4

Incapacitating Biochemical Weapons: Promise or Peril? Lexington Books, 2007.

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5

Incapacitating biochemical weapons: Promise or peril? Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007.

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6

Marie, Chevrier. Incapacitating Biochemical Weapons: Promise or Peril? Lexington Books, 2007.

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7

Crowley, Michael. Chemical Control: Regulation of Incapacitating Chemical Agent Weapons, Riot Control Agents and their Means of Delivery. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

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8

William H, Boothby. 9 Poison, Poisoned Weapons, Asphyxiating Gases, Biological and Chemical Weapons. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 looks at a group of weapon technologies. The long-standing and customary prohibition of the use of poisons and of poisoned weapons is examined first. Then the discussion addresses efforts in 1899 to address the use of asphyxiating gases, pointing out that a prohibition on use was only achieved in 1925 with the adoption of the Geneva Protocol. While that protocol also addressed bacteriological methods of warfare, comprehensive arms control provision prohibiting all forms of biological weapon had to await the adoption in 1972 of the Biological Weapons Convention, whereas similar provision in relation to chemical weapons was not achieved until 1993. Both of these conventions are considered, and the status of the prohibition on use, and of related provisions, in both treaties is analysed. Novel technologies including incapacitating chemical agents, synthetic biology and the use of viruses are also considered.

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Book chapters on the topic "Incapacitating Chemicals"

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Crowley, Michael. "Incapacitating Chemical Agent Weapons." In Chemical Control, 9–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137467140_2.

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Crowley, Michael. "The Role of Civil Society in Combating the Misuse of Incapacitating Chemical Agents and Riot Control Agents." In Chemical Control, 229–62. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137467140_12.

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3

"Incapacitating Agents." In Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition, 379–402. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420003291.sec4.

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A. Katz, Sidney, and Harry Salem. "Incapacitating Agents and Technologies: A Review *." In Chemical Warfare Agents, 245–76. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781498769235-15.

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Sztajnkrycer, Matthew D. "Clinical Toxicology: Selected Drugs of Abuse and Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." In Mayo Clinic Critical and Neurocritical Care Board Review, edited by Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, James Y. Findlay, William D. Freeman, and Ayan Sen, 475–82. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190862923.003.0077.

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Approximately 10% of the US population 12 years or older uses illicit drugs. Although illicit drug use is typically considered a disease of the young, substance misuse is also a serious risk for older persons. Chemical and biological agents have been used in warfare for millennia. Chemical weapons are regulated under the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention. Classic chemical weapons include nerve agents, vesicants, blood agents (cellular asphyxiants [eg, cyanide]), choking agents (pulmonary toxicity [eg, phosgene and chlorine]), and incapacitating agents (nonlethal [eg, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate]). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies biological warfare agents into Category A, B, or C. Category A agents are of greatest concern.

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"‘Inappropriately Hilarious’: The UK and Incapacitating Chemical Agents." In Britain and Disarmament, 33–46. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315569987-11.

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"Future Incapacitating Chemical Agents: The Impact of Genomics." In The Future of Non-lethal Weapons, 173–87. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315040202-16.

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Sifferd, Katrina L. "Chemical Castration as Punishment." In Neurointerventions and the Law, 293–318. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651145.003.0013.

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This chapter explores whether chemical castration can be justified as a form of criminal punishment. The author argues that castration via the drug medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), or some similar drug, does not achieve the punishment aims of retribution, deterrence, or incapacitation, but might serve as punishment in the form of rehabilitative treatment. However, current U.S. chemical castration statutes are too broad to be justified as rehabilitative. The state is warranted in targeting psychological states in criminal defendants for rehabilitative treatment where such states (a) act as a primary cause of a criminal offender’s crime and (b) give rise to extraordinary worries that the offender will recidivate. Current statutes qualify criminal offenders for castration who do not have overwhelming sexual urges or other psychological states causally related to their crime that may be treated with MPA. Thus, even assuming the efficacy of MPA, such statutes are unjustifiable because they apply chemical castration to offenders for whom castration will have no rehabilitative effect.

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b, a. "State development of incapacitating chemical agent weapons: implications including potential terrorist misuse." In Routledge Handbook of Law and Terrorism, 1–2. Taylor & Francis, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203795835-33.

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Ribeiro, Daniela, Marisa Freitas, José Miguel P. Ferreira de Oliveira, M. Luisa Corvo, Félix Dias Carvalho, and Eduarda Fernandes. "Inflammatory Pathways and In Vivo Studies of Inflammatory Bowel Disease." In Diagnostic and Treatment Methods for Ulcerative Colitis and Colitis-Associated Cancer, 1–23. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3580-6.ch001.

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a physically incapacitating disorder that significantly disturbs patients' quality of life. IBD is classified into two main pathophysiological forms, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Literature studies indicate that chronic colitis may contribute to the development of up to 25% of all diagnosed colorectal tumors. The complexity and development of IBD onset is intermediated by a variety of inflammatory mediators and pathways that are intrinsically linked and are summarized in this chapter. This complexity resulted in the development of various in vivo models to surpass the enormous challenges in the finding of new drugs for IBD treatment. These models are mostly based on rodents and on three types of inflammatory activation: chemical induction, transfer of naïve CD4+ T cells, and generation of engineered mouse strains, with specific target gene manipulations. The most broadly described models in literature are here presented and discussed.

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