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1
Mathews, Robert J. "Central Nervous System-acting chemicals and the Chemical Weapons Convention: A former Scientific Adviser’s perspective." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 10 (October 25, 2018): 1559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0502.
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AbstractThe term Incapacitating Chemical Agents (or Incapacitants) was chosen to describe different classes of chemical warfare agents that were being developed in the 1950s. This article considers some of the types of chemicals and their properties that have been discussed more recently under the terminology of Incapacitating Chemical Agents, including opioids of the fentanyl class, and how these psychochemicals are relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention. This article argues that the term Incapacitating Chemical Agents is inaccurate and misleading and will be a potential cause of confusion when Member States of the Chemical Weapons Convention are discussing the types of toxic chemicals which are permitted for use for various law enforcement purposes including domestic riot control. This article then argues that the term Central Nervous System-acting chemicals is a more accurate and appropriate description of psychochemicals such as the fentanyls, and use of this term will hopefully facilitate a more constructive discussion within the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). In other words, it is important to ‘get the science clearly understood first’, to enable a more constructive discussion by policy-makers, lawyers and military experts.
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Anderson, Peter D. "Emergency Management of Chemical Weapons Injuries." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 1 (November 11, 2011): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011420677.
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The potential for chemical weapons to be used in terrorism is a real possibility. Classes of chemical weapons include nerve agents, vesicants (blister agents), choking agents, incapacitating agents, riot control agents, blood agents, and toxic industrial chemicals. The nerve agents work by blocking the actions of acetylcholinesterase leading to a cholinergic syndrome. Nerve agents include sarin, tabun, VX, cyclosarin, and soman. The vesicants include sulfur mustard and lewisite. The vesicants produce blisters and also damage the upper airways. Choking agents include phosgene and chlorine gas. Choking agents cause pulmonary edema. Incapacitating agents include fentanyl and its derivatives and adamsite. Riot control agents include Mace and pepper spray. Blood agents include cyanide. The mechanism of toxicity for cyanide is blocking oxidative phosphorylation. Toxic industrial chemicals include agents such as formaldehyde, hydrofluoric acid, and ammonia.
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Martínková, Hana, and Michal Smetana. "Dynamics of norm contestation in the Chemical Weapons Convention: The case of ‘non-lethal agents’." Politics 40, no. 4 (February 7, 2020): 428–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263395720904605.
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In this article, we use an adapted version of Wayne Sandholtz’s cycle of normative change to examine the dynamics of contestation of norms against incapacitating chemical agents and riot control agents, often imprecisely grouped together under the term ‘non-lethal chemical weapons’. We draw on a concept-driven analysis of statements and in-depth interviews with individual stakeholders to track the gradual development of the issue towards norm change within the Chemical Weapons Convention. Our findings highlight several key factors conducive to normative change, particularly the role of the Dubrovka incident as the ‘deviant event’, discursive decoupling of the two classes of chemicals, and new framing and ‘rebranding’ of incapacitating chemical agents as ‘CNS-acting chemicals’. At the same time, we also examine factors that significantly slowed down attempts by norm entrepreneurs to attract attention to the issue, such as the saliency of the use of chemical weapons in Syria, which effectively sidelined the problem of ‘non-lethal’ agents in the overall debate.
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Středa, Ladislav, and Jiří Patočka. "Incapacitating chemicals - risk to the purpose and objectives of the Chemical Weapons Convention?" Kontakt 16, no. 1 (March 21, 2014): e57-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kontakt.2014.02.001.
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García-Peñarrubia, Pilar, Antonio J. Ruiz-Alcaraz, María Martínez-Esparza, Pilar Marín, and Francisco Machado-Linde. "Hypothetical roadmap towards endometriosis: prenatal endocrine-disrupting chemical pollutant exposure, anogenital distance, gut-genital microbiota and subclinical infections." Human Reproduction Update 26, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 214–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmz044.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a gynaecological hormone-dependent disorder that is defined by histological lesions generated by the growth of endometrial-like tissue out of the uterus cavity, most commonly engrafted within the peritoneal cavity, although these lesions can also be located in distant organs. Endometriosis affects ~10% of women of reproductive age, frequently producing severe and, sometimes, incapacitating symptoms, including chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, among others. Furthermore, endometriosis causes infertility in ~30% of affected women. Despite intense research on the mechanisms involved in the initial development and later progression of endometriosis, many questions remain unanswered and its aetiology remains unknown. Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role played by the relationship between the microbiome and mucosal immunology in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (HIV), infertility and several gynaecologic diseases. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In this review, we sought to respond to the main research question related to the aetiology of endometriosis. We provide a model pointing out several risk factors that could explain the development of endometriosis. The hypothesis arises from bringing together current findings from large distinct areas, linking high prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals with a short anogenital distance, female genital tract contamination with the faecal microbiota and the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. SEARCH METHODS We performed a search of the scientific literature published until 2019 in the PubMed database. The search strategy included the following keywords in various combinations: endometriosis, anogenital distance, chemical pollutants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the microbiome of the female reproductive tract, microbiota and genital tract, bacterial vaginosis, endometritis, oestrogens and microbiota and microbiota–immune system interactions. OUTCOMES On searching the corresponding bibliography, we found frequent associations between environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals and endometriosis risk. Likewise, recent evidence and hypotheses have suggested the active role of genital subclinical microbial infections in the development and clinical progression of endometriosis. Hence, we can envisage a direct relationship between higher prenatal exposure to oestrogens or estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds (phthalates, bisphenols, organochlorine pesticides and others) and a shorter anogenital distance, which could favour frequent postnatal episodes of faecal microbiota contamination of the vulva and vagina, producing cervicovaginal microbiota dysbiosis. This relationship would disrupt local antimicrobial defences, subverting the homeostasis state and inducing a subclinical inflammatory response that could evolve into a sustained immune dysregulation, closing the vicious cycle responsible for the development of endometriosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Determining the aetiology of endometriosis is a challenging issue. Posing a new hypothesis on this subject provides the initial tool necessary to design future experimental, clinical and epidemiological research that could allow for a better understanding of the origin of this disease. Furthermore, advances in the understanding of its aetiology would allow the identification of new therapeutics and preventive actions.
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Lee, Si Duk. "Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Noncriteria Pollutants." Toxicology and Industrial Health 6, no. 5 (October 1990): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379000600519.
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Noncriteria air pollutants are synonymous with hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), air toxics or toxic air pollutants (TAPs). The term noncriteria pollutants refers to all air pollutants except for the criteria pollutants (SOx, PM, NOx, CO, O3, and Pb). Air toxics are pervasive in our environment worldwide in varying degrees. Uses of these chemicals are varied and numerous; their emissions are ubiquitous, and they include organic compounds such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, dioxins, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, cadmium, and mercury. There are more than 70,000 chemicals that are in use commercially in the United States, and we know relatively little about their ambient concentrations, persistence, transport and transformation as well as their effects on health and the environment, many of which take decades to emerge. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, under the authority of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, is mandated to regulate any air pollutant which, in the Administrator's judgment, “causes, or contributes to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to result in an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness.” For such regulatory decision-making, EPA's Office of Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA) provides scientific assessment of health effects for potentially hazardous air pollutants. In accordance with risk assessment guidelines developed by OHEA over the years, Health Assessment Documents (HADs) containing risk assessment information were prepared and were subjected to critical review and careful revision to produce Final Draft HADs which serve as scientific databases for regulatory decision-making by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) in its risk management process. EPA developed databases such as the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) and the National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse (NATICH) and a technical assistance response system called the Air Risk Information Support Center (AIR RISC), in addition, to help in implementation of the National Air Toxics Program by state and local regulators.
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Crowley, Michael, and Malcolm Dando. "The use of incapacitating chemical agent weapons in law enforcement." International Journal of Human Rights 19, no. 4 (May 19, 2015): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2015.1027064.
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Coupland, Robin M. "Incapacitating chemical weapons: a year after the Moscow theatre siege." Lancet 362, no. 9393 (October 2003): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14684-3.
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Stott, Noel. "Chemical control: Regulation of incapacitating chemical agent weapons, riot control agents and their means of delivery." African Security Review 25, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2016.1194034.
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Davison, Neil. "Chemical Control: Regulation of Incapacitating Chemical Agent Weapons, Riot Control Agents and their Means of DeliveryMichael Crowley *." International Review of the Red Cross 97, no. 899 (September 2015): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383116000187.
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Morikawa, T., T. Okada, M. Kajiwara, Y. Sato, and Y. Tsuda. "Toxicity of Gases from Full-Scale Room Fires Involving Fire Retardant Contents." Journal of Fire Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 1995): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419501300102.
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Fire experiments were conducted in a 2-story fire resistant house using one of the first floor rooms as the burn room with various fire retardant or non-fire retardant items. The toxicity of the fire effluents was determined both by chemical analysis and bioassay techniques. Plywood boards arranged as corner walls and crumpled newsprint in a corrugated cardboard box were used as fire initiators. HCN and CO were the two major toxicants. The HCl level was generally and unexpectedly low in terms of toxicity. There was no case where fires involving fire retardant materials were more dangerous in tox icity than those of non-fire retardant ones. Calculated incapacitation times were in roughly good agreement with the actual incapacitation times for rab bits when the toxicants were limited to HCN and CO.
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Alarcón, Alfredo, Lourdes Hidalgo, Rodrigo Arévalo, and Marite Diaz. "Labyrinthectomy and Vestibular Neurectomy for Intractable Vertiginous Symptoms." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 21, no. 02 (March 31, 2017): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1599242.
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Introduction Labyrinthectomy and vestibular neurectomy are considered the surgical procedures with the highest possibility of controlling medically untreatable incapacitating vertigo. Ironically, after 100 years of the introduction of both transmastoid labyrinthectomy and vestibular neurectomy, the choice of which procedure to use rests primarily on the evaluation of the hearing and of the surgical morbidity. Objective To review surgical labyrinthectomy and vestibular neurectomy for the treatment of incapacitating vestibular disorders. Data Sources PubMed, MD consult and Ovid-SP databases. Data Synthesis In this review we describe and compare surgical labyrinthectomy and vestibular neurectomy. A contrast between surgical and chemical labyrinthectomy is also examined. Proper candidate selection, success in vertigo control and complication rates are discussed on the basis of a literature review. Conclusions Vestibular nerve section and labyrinthectomy achieve high and comparable rates of vertigo control. Even though vestibular neurectomy is considered a hearing sparing surgery, since it is an intradural procedure, it carries a greater risk of complications than transmastoid labyrinthectomy. Furthermore, since many patients whose hearing is preserved with vestibular nerve section may ultimately lose that hearing, the long-term value of hearing preservation is not well established. Although the combination of both procedures, in the form of a translabyrinthine vestibular nerve section, is the most certain way to ablate vestibular function for patients with no useful hearing and disabling vertigo, some advocate for transmastoid labyrinthectomy alone, considering that avoiding opening the subarachnoid space minimizes the possible intracranial complications. Chemical labyrinthectomy may be considered a safer alternative, but the risks of hearing loss when hearing preservation is desired are also high.
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Petrali, J. P., M. Henein, A. H. Ali, P. S. Devamanoharan, T. A. Hamilton, and S. D. Varma. "Morphological Correlates of the Protection Afforded By Varma Mixture In Rat Cornea Exposed to Half Mustard (Cees)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019218.
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Whole body exposure to the chemical warfare agent, mustard gas, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, or its laboratory model compound, half mustard, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), induces cutaneous, respiratory and ocular impairments. Of these, ocular damage causes the most immediate incapacitation with initial symptoms evident within minutes. This incapacitation is a result of irritation and edema of eyelids, conjunctiva and especially cornea. Development of corneal epithelial lesions and edema leads to deterioration of corneal transmissive and refractive properties with untoward effects on visual acuity. Heretofore, there has been no specific pretreatment, or antidotal therapy for mustard gas-induced ocular impairment. In the present study, we describe morphological correlates of the apparent attenuation of such damage by a mixture compound developed by Varma et al. Varma mixture (VM) consists of compounds known to provide bio-energetic support, prevent oxidative stress, modulate membrane permeability and support tissue metabolism. The mustard agent used in this study was CEES.
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Gore, Ariel. "Broad Spectrum Treatment for Ocular Insult Induced by Organophosphate Chemical Warfare Agents." Toxicological Sciences 177, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa095.
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Abstract Warfare organophosphates nerve agents constitute one of the prime threats to mankind on the battlefield and in the scenario of civilian terror. Exposure to organophosphate (OP) nerve agents dose-dependently result in incapacitation. They affect multiple organs, but the eye is one of the first and most frequently affected. Ocular OP insult may result in long-term miosis, impaired visual function, and ocular pain thus inducing functional incapacitation. The currently recommended military medical doctrine of using 1% atropine eye drops is far from being the optimal treatment. Although effective in reducing ocular pain and the miotic response, this treatment induces long-term mydriasis and cycloplegia promoting photophobia and restricted accommodation, which may result in further impairment in visual function. An optimal treatment must ameliorate the long-term ocular insult enabling rapid return of normal visual function, while avoiding the induction of mydriasis and cycloplegia side effects, which could possibly worsen the visual performance. Optimal treatment should also keep effects of misuse to a minimum. Work done in recent years examined treatments with various anticholinergic drugs alone or used in combination with oxime treatments and may offer improved efficacy in ameliorating the ocular insult. This review is a summary of the applied research in animals and will discuss clinical implications and possible alterations in treatment protocols following OP exposure. Taken together the data points toward the use of topical low concentrations of potent anticholinergic ophthalmic drops such as atropine or homatropine, which rapidly ameliorate the long-term OP-induced ocular insult.
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Fidler, David P. "The meaning of Moscow: “Non-lethal” weapons and international law in the early 21st century." International Review of the Red Cross 87, no. 859 (September 2005): 525–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383100184371.
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AbstractAt the intersection of new weapon technologies and international humanitarian law, so-called “non-lethal” weapons have become an area of particular interest. This article analyses the relationship between “non-lethal” weapons and international law in the early 21st century by focusing on the most seminal incident to date in the short history of the “non-lethal” weapons debate, the use of an incapacitating chemical to end a terrorist attack on a Moscow theatre in October 2002. This tragic incident has shown that rapid technological change will continue to stress international law on the development and use of weaponry but in ways more politically charged, legally complicated and ethically challenging than the application of international humanitarian law in the past.
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Nixdorff, Kathryn, Tatiana Borisova, Serhiy Komisarenko, and Malcolm Dando. "Dual-use nano-neurotechnology." Politics and the Life Sciences 37, no. 2 (2018): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2018.15.
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The chemical and biological nonproliferation regime stands at a watershed moment, when failure seems a real possibility. After the unsuccessful outcome of the 2016 Eighth Review Conference, the future of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention is uncertain. As the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) approaches its Fourth Review Conference in 2018, it has almost completed removing the huge stocks of chemical weapons, but it now faces the difficult organizational task of moving its focus to preventing the reemergence of chemical weapons at a time when the international security situation appears to be increasingly more difficult and dangerous. In this article, we assess the current and near-term state (5–10 years) and impact of three related areas of science and technology that could be of dual-use concern: targeted delivery of agents to the central nervous system (CNS), particularly by means of nanotechnology; direct impact of nanomaterials on synaptic functions in the CNS; and neuronal circuits in the brain that might be targeted by those with hostile intent. We attempt to assess the implications of our findings, particularly for the consideration of the problem of state-level interest in so-called nonlethal incapacitating chemical agents for law enforcement at the CWC Review Conference in 2018, but also more generally for the longer-term future of the chemical and biological nonproliferation regime.
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Aas, Pål. "The Threat of Mid-Spectrum Chemical Warfare Agents." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001254.
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AbstractThere is a spectrum of several threat agents, ranging from nerve agents and mustard agents to natural substances, such as biotoxins and new, synthetic, bioactive molecules produced by the chemical industry, to the classical biological warfare agents. The new, emerging threat agents are biotoxins produced by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Examples of such biotoxins are botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, and ricin. Several bioactive molecules produced by the pharmaceutical industry can be even more toxic than are the classical chemical warfare agents. Such new agents, like the biotoxins and bioregulators, often are called mid-spectrum agents. The threat to humans from agents developed by modern chemical synthesis and by genetic engineering also must be considered, since such agents may be more toxic or more effective in causing death or incapacitation than classical warfare agents. By developing effective medical protection and treatment against the most likely chemical and mid-spectrum threat agents, the effects of such agents in a war scenario or following a terrorist attack can be reduced.
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Dionizio, Aline Salgado, Cesar Augusto De Souza Valle, Rodrigo Cardoso Oliveira, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, Beatriz Antoniassi, and Flavia Godoy Iano. "Quality-Quantitative Identification of Dangerous Waste From FOB-Usp: Waste Management." Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia de Lins 28, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15600/2238-1236/fol.v28n1p15-25.
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Hazardous waste is defined by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (EPA) as any waste that because of its quantity, concentration, physical, chemical or infectious characteristics, may cause or significantly contribute to increased mortality, serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible diseases, or pose a present substantial or potential hazard to human health and the environment when improperly managed. Aiming to comply with the laws, the Bauru Dental School (FOB) in 2003, installed its first Laboratory of Chemical Waste (LRQ). However due to increased demand and new waste generated, there was the need to build a new laboratory. Therefore, this study conducted a qualitative and quantitative survey of hazardous waste generated in different sectors of the FOB, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRAC) and Prefecture of Campus, beyond its current mode of handling by responsible. This survey was conducted through a questionnaire. After analyzing the data, we saw that were generated 433 liters of waste in 2013, mainly: developer liquid, fixer liquid, alcohol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), xylene and formaldehyde. In addition, we found the key points for a better management of waste. This work was important to quantify and qualify the hazardous waste on the USP campus of Bauru. The implementation of a specialized laboratory in management and treatment of waste on campus, for the recovery of these, beyond to proper disposal, is important for both environment and people.
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Petrali, John P., Susan B. Oglesby, and Tracey A. Hamilton. "Mustard-gas skin lesion and bullous pemphigoid antigen." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100169006.
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Human dermal exposure to the chemical warfare agent, sulfur mustard gas (HD), results in the delayed formation of fluid filled bullae which are incapacitating, persistent and slow to heal. In animal investigations, the pathology is typically described as that occurring during a prevesication period and that of a vesication period. During the first 24 hours, the pathology involves the latent lethal targeting of epidermal basal cells, a disabling of hemidesmosomes (prevesication) and a progressive inflammatory edema of the lamina lucida all contributing to the formation of characteristic lucidolytic microvesicles persisting at the dermal epidermal junction (vesication). We are now investigating possible primary or secondary HD-induced effects on extracellular adherent structural proteins of the basement membrane microenvironment which may contribute to vesication or may influence the repair process. Proteins selected for immunochemical study were laminin, type IV collagen, bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPA), fibronectin and desmosomal protein.Effects on BPA were of special interest. Its epitopes, BPA1 and BPA2, have been anatomically localized to basal cell hemidesmosomes and lamina lucida, and its role as an autoimmune antigen in the etiology of clinical bullous diseases such as bullous pemphigoid is well documented.
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Patočka, Jiří, and Ladislav Středa. "Protein Biotoxins of Military Significance." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 49, no. 1 (2006): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2017.102.
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There is a spectrum of several threat agents, ranging from nerve agents and mustard agents to natural substances, such as biotoxins and new, synthetic, bioactive molecules produced by the chemical industry, to the classical biological warfare agents. The new, emerging threat agents are biotoxins produced by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Many types of organisms produce substances that are toxic to humans. Examples of such biotoxins are botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, and ricin. Several bioactive molecules produced by the pharmaceutical industry can be even more toxic than are the classical chemical warfare agents. Such new agents, like the biotoxins and bioregulators, often are called mid-spectrum agents. The threat to humans from agents developed by modern chemical synthesis and by genetic engineering also must be considered, since such agents may be more toxic or more effective in causing death or incapacitation than classical warfare agents. By developing effective medical protection and treatment against the most likely chemical and mid-spectrum threat agents, the effects of such agents in a war scenario or following a terrorist attack can be reduced. Toxin-mediated diseases have made humans ill for millennia. Unfortunately, the use of biological agents as weapons of terror has now been realized, and separating naturally occurring disease from bioterroristic events has become an important public health goal. The key to timely identification of such attacks relies on education of primary care physicians, first responders, and public health officials.
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Petrali, J. P., T. A. Hamilton, A. V. Finger, and E. J. Dick. "Acute Ocular Effects of Mustard Gas: Anatomic Pathology and Immunohistopathology of Exposed Cornea." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600007212.
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Sulfur mustard gas (HD), a synthetic vesicating agent used effectively as a major chemical warfare agent during World War 1, continues to be a modern day threat agent. Unfortunately there is no specific pretreatment or antidotal therapy for those who may become exposed. Whole body exposure results in cutaneous, respiratory and ocular effects. of these, eye impairment leads to the most immediate incapacitation. However HD-induced eye lesions remain to be fully characterized. In the present study we explore histological, ultrastructural and immunopathological effects of a vesicating dose of HD in rabbit cornea occurring during the first 24 hours following exposure.A 0.4μl drop of liquid HD was placed on the left cornea of anesthetized rabbits. The right cornea served as an unexposed control. Following exposure animals were returned to their cages and given appropriate care by an attending veterinarian. Eye injury was evaluated by clinical observations and given scores of severity from simple conjunctival redness to apparent corneal damage.
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Atti, Sukhshant, and Bonnie Arquilla. "International Humanitarian Law and Review of Recurrent Violations Including Chemical Weapons Use." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000827.
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Introduction:The basis of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is the Theory of Natural Law, which states that the laws of morality and the ability to use reason in the determination of inalienable human rights, are innate to humans, and cannot be taken away by any states or laws. IHL is an agreement among nation-states that applies to situations of conflict to protect civilians and guides conduct in time of war. IHL extends protection to civilian medical personnel. The recent escalation in chemical weapons use by states has violated IHL and the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) treaty, with little repercussion from the international community.Aim:We review the increase in chemical weapons use, international chemical weapon treaty violations, and violations of IHL against medical personnel.Methods:A review was conducted of existing medical and grey literature for sources discussing chemical agents, their history, and violations of laws prohibiting their production, stockpiling, or use. The following publications were reviewed: PubMed, EBSCHost, and Google Scholar.Results:The use of sarin, chlorine, and mustard gas against civilians has been confirmed multiple times in Syria by the United Nations since 2011. Physicians for Human Rights mapped 537 attacks, both violent and chemical, against 348 different medical facilities in Syria from March 2011 to July 2018. Since March 2011, at least 847 civilian medical personnel have reportedly been killed. Many were killed by government forces as part of a war strategy creating further incapacitation. Most recently, Medecins Sans Frontiers concluded its Yemen mission due to repeated attacks, including two in one week in October 2018.Discussion:There must be recognition and emphasis on the health severity of such attacks and the violations of IHL and the CWC. Physicians must use their unique positions for advocacy and call for action in upholding international treaties.
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Lindsay, CD, and P. Rice. "Assessment of the biochemical effects of percutaneous exposure of sulphur mustard in an in vitro human skin system." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 3 (March 1996): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500309.
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1 Sulphur mustard (HD) is a potent chemical warfare agent which causes incapacitating blisters on human skin. There is no specific pretreatment nor therapy against this agent and the mechanism of dermo-epidermal cleavage is unclear. The aim of this study was to use a human skin explant system to determine the consequences of percuta neous exposure to HD. 2 Increased activities of serine proteases associated with blistering disorders in humans were detected from human skin explants after exposure to HD. The most consistent response and the highest protease activities measured were found for trypsin. This class of enzyme is therefore implicated in the dermo-epidermal separation which is associated with blistering in humans following exposure to HD. 3 An inflammatory response was observed in the skin explants exposed to HD. At low doses of HD it was characterised by the presence of neutrophils in the papillary dermis, culminating in the infiltration of the epidermis by these inflammatory cells at higher concen trations of HD. A variety of other histopathological changes in the explants was found such as focal dermo- epidermal separation, nuclear pyknosis and perinuclear vacuolation. 4 The study indicates that full thickness human skin explants can be used to investigate various aspects of the possible pathogenesis of HD-induced skin damage, in cluding the associated inflammatory response.
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Najeeb, Jawayria, Ghazia Ahmad, Saima Nazir, Khalida Naseem, and Ayesha Kanwal. "Correction to: Critical analysis of various supporting mediums employed for the incapacitation of silver nanomaterial for aniline and phenolic pollutants: A review." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 38, no. 8 (August 2021): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0878-1.
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Ravishankar, Monica, D. Vijay Rao, and C. R. S. Kumar. "A Game Theoretic Software Test-bed for Cyber Security Analysis of Critical Infrastructure." Defence Science Journal 68, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.68.11402.
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<p class="p1">National critical infrastructures are vital to the functioning of modern societies and economies. The dependence on these infrastructures is so succinct that their incapacitation or destruction has a debilitating and cascading effect on national security. Critical infrastructure sectors ranging from financial services to power and transportation to communications and health care, all depend on massive information communication technology networks. Cyberspace is composed of numerous interconnected computers, servers and databases that hold critical data and allow critical infrastructures to function. Securing critical data in a cyberspace that holds against growing and evolving cyber threats is an important focus area for most countries across the world. A novel approach is proposed to assess the vulnerabilities of own networks against adversarial attackers, where the adversary’s perception of strengths and vulnerabilities are modelled using game theoretic techniques. The proposed game theoretic framework models the uncertainties of information with the players (attackers and defenders) in terms of their information sets and their behaviour is modelled and assessed using a probability and belief function framework. The attack-defence scenarios are exercised on a virtual cyber warfare test-bed to assess and evaluate vulnerability of cyber systems. Optimal strategies for attack and defence are computed for the players which are validated using simulation experiments on the cyber war-games testbed, the results of which are used for security analyses.</p>
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Wright, Steve. "Chemical control – regulation of incapacitating chemical agent weapons, riot control agents and their means of delivery." Medicine, Conflict and Survival, May 10, 2016, 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2016.1171024.
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Bonds, Eric. "Hegemony and Humanitarian Norms: The U.S. Legitimation of Toxic Violence." Journal of World-Systems Research, March 26, 2013, 82–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2013.521.
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Despite widespread beliefs that the United States has not used chemical weapons since the distant past of World War I, this study suggests a more complicated history by examining U.S. use of herbicides and incapacitating gases in the Vietnam War and its use of herbicides in the "War on Drugs." This article places such use of toxic violence within a context of U.S. hegemony, by which U.S. officials have used contested forms of violence to secure geopolitical goals, but have also been pressured to comply with humanitarian norms or-when there is a gap between norms and state policy-to do legitimating work in order to maintain domestic and international consent. Based on case study analysis of archival and secondary sources, this article identifies three main techniques U.S. officials use to legitimate contested forms of violence. These techniques are defensive categorization, humanitizing discourse, and surrogacy.
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Hassanpour, Mehdi, Fateme Hajihassani, Mina Abdollahpourasl, Omid Cheraghi, Nasser Aghamohamadzade, Reza Rahbargazi, Mohammad Nouri, et al. "Pathophysiological effects of sulfur mustard on skin and its current treatments: possible application of phytochemicals." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23 (July 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200717150414.
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Background: Sulfur-(SM) and nitrogen (NM)-based mustards are mutagenic incapacitating compounds that are widely used in vesicating chemical warfare and cause toxicity in many organs especially skin. SM, as a potent vesicating agent, contributes to the destruction of skin in dermis and epidermis layers. The progression of lesion is dependent on the concentration of SM and duration of exposure. Body responses start with pruritus, erythema, edema and xerosis, which lead to the accumulation of immune cells in the target sites and recruitment of mast cells and paracrine-mediated activity. Quickly pro-inflammatory effectors are accumulated in the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands resulting in the destruction of basement membrane beneath epidermis. There is still no satisfactory countermeasure against SM-induced lesions in the clinical therapy and symptomatic or supportive treatments are routine management approaches. Objective: This review highlights recent progression of herbal medicines application in SM-induced injuries through illustrative examples also demonstrate their efficacies, properties and mechanism of actions as therapeutic agents. Conclusion: Phytochemicals and herbal extracts with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties have been recently shown to hold therapeutic promise against SM-induced cutaneous complications. The current review elaborates on the possible application of herbal medicines in the healing of SM-induced injuries.
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Najeeb, Jawayria, Ghazia Ahmad, Saima Nazir, Khalida Naseem, and Ayesha Kanwal. "Critical analysis of various supporting mediums employed for the incapacitation of silver nanomaterial for aniline and phenolic pollutants: A review." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, August 18, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0192-0.
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Barceló, Bernardino, Isabel Gomila, Ana de-Castro-Ríos, Jon Perez-Barcena, Carmen Jimenez, Elena Lendoiro, and Miguel Ángel Elorza. "Diminished Consciousness in a Woman Following an Unsuspected Scopolamine Overdose." Journal of Analytical Toxicology, October 7, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa135.
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Abstract Scopolamine is used clinically, but it is also used as a recreational drug and as an incapacitating drug, in sexual crimes and robberies. In this paper, the authors report the case of a woman with a diminished consciousness following an unsuspected overdose with scopolamine and review published articles on scopolamine poisoning that included concentrations in biological samples. Scopolamine was identified in the patient’s serum and urine samples collected 1 h post-admission to intensive care unit at concentrations of 8.4 ng/mL and 62,560 ng/mL (169,539 ng/mg creatinine), respectively. In non-fatal cases, the median [interquartile range] of serum scopolamine levels was 1.9 [2.1] ng/mL. The serum concentration found in our case would explain the abrupt clinical presentation suffered by the patient. Scopolamine in urine could be detected up to 48 h after admission. This report illustrates that broad toxicology screening, including scopolamine, should be considered when patients with diminished consciousness are attended after ruling out infection or cerebrovascular disease. This can play an important role in identifying this potentially life-threatening etiology.
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Valdez, Carlos A., Roald N. Leif, Saphon Hok, and Bradley R. Hart. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: methods for their direct detection and derivatization approaches for the analysis of their degradation products." Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 37, no. 1 (July 25, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revac-2017-0007.
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AbstractChemical warfare agents (CWAs) are unarguably one of the most feared toxic substances produced by mankind. Their inception in conventional warfare can be traced as far back as the Middle Ages but their full breakthrough as central players in bellic conflicts was not realized until World War I. Since then, more modern CWAs along with efficient methods for their manufacture have emerged and violently shaped the way modern warfare and diplomatic relations are conducted. Owing to their mass destruction ability, counter methods to mitigate their impact appeared almost immediately on par with their development. These efforts have focused on their efficient destruction, development of medical countermeasures and their detection by modern analytical chemistry methods. The following review seeks to provide the reader with a broad introduction on their direct detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the various sample derivatization methods available for the analysis of their degradation products. The review concentrates on three of the main CWA classes and includes the nerve agents, the blistering agents and lastly, the incapacitating agents. Each section begins with a brief introduction of the CWA along with discussions of reports dealing with their detection in the intact form by GC-MS. Furthermore, as products arising from their degradation carry as much importance as the agents themselves in the field of forensic analysis, the available derivatization methods of these species are presented for each CWA highlighting some examples from our lab in the Forensic Science Center at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
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Watts, Christena, and Teri L. Martin. "Etizolam Blood Concentrations in 191 Forensic Cases in Ontario Canada (2019-2020)." Journal of Analytical Toxicology, September 28, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkab106.
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Abstract Although not used clinically in North America, etizolam has been identified in forensic samples as an illicit, “designer” benzodiazepine. Having central nervous system (CNS) depressant effects, analysis for etizolam has probative value in both death investigations and in forensic cases where incapacitation or human psychomotor performance are relevant. This report examines toxicological findings and demographic data in a series of authentic forensic cases analyzed between November 2019 and December 2020 in which etizolam was quantified by LC-MS/MS analysis. Blood concentrations were determined in 191 individuals aged 1 to 75 years. In living individuals (i.e., impaired driving, sexual assaults), etizolam concentrations ranged from < 5 ng/mL to 767 ng/mL which overlapped with the range of < 5 ng/mL to 260 ng/mL reported in death investigations. In all but one case, other drugs were detected in combination with etizolam. Fentanyl was the most common co-occurring drug and was present in 164 cases (86%). Additional case details are provided for cases of forensic interest: two deaths involving children under three years of age, two deaths involving body-packing, and an individual arrested for drug-impaired driving with, to our knowledge, the highest reported etizolam concentration to date.
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Göertz, Giel P., Kristin L. McNally, Shelly J. Robertson, Sonja M. Best, Gorben P. Pijlman, and Jelke J. Fros. "The Methyltransferase-Like Domain of Chikungunya Virus nsP2 Inhibits the Interferon Response by Promoting the Nuclear Export of STAT1." Journal of Virology 92, no. 17 (June 20, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01008-18.
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ABSTRACTChikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that has evolved effective mechanisms to counteract the type I interferon (IFN) response. Upon recognition of the virus, cells secrete IFNs, which signal through transmembrane receptors (IFNAR) to phosphorylate STAT proteins (pSTAT). pSTAT dimers are transported into the nucleus by importin-α5 and activate the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), increasing cellular resistance to infection. Subsequently, STAT proteins are shuttled back into the cytoplasm by the exportin CRM1. CHIKV nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) reduces ISG expression by inhibiting general host cell transcription and by specifically reducing the levels of nuclear pSTAT1 via an unknown mechanism. To systematically examine where nsP2 acts within the JAK/STAT signaling cascade, we used two well-characterized mutants of nsP2, P718S and KR649AA. Both mutations abrogate nsP2's ability to shut off host transcription, but only the KR649AA mutant localizes exclusively to the cytoplasm and no longer specifically inhibits JAK/STAT signaling. These mutant nsP2 proteins did not differentially affect IFNAR expression levels or STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFNs. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that in the presence of nsP2, STAT1 still effectively bound importin-α5. Chemically blocking CRM1-mediated nuclear export in the presence of nsP2 additionally showed that nuclear translocation of STAT1 is not affected by nsP2. nsP2 putatively has five domains. Redirecting the nsP2 KR649AA mutant or just nsP2's C-terminal methyltransferase-like domain into the nucleus strongly reduced nuclear pSTAT in response to IFN stimulation. This demonstrates that the C-terminal domain of nuclear nsP2 specifically inhibits the IFN response by promoting the nuclear export of STAT1.IMPORTANCEChikungunya virus is an emerging pathogen associated with large outbreaks on the African, Asian, European, and both American continents. In most patients, infection results in high fever, rash, and incapacitating (chronic) arthralgia. CHIKV effectively inhibits the first line of defense, the innate immune response. As a result, stimulation of the innate immune response with interferons (IFNs) is ineffective as a treatment for CHIKV disease. The IFN response requires an intact downstream signaling cascade called the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which is effectively inhibited by CHIKV nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) via an unknown mechanism. The research described here specifies where in the JAK/STAT signaling cascade the IFN response is inhibited and which protein domain of nsP2 is responsible for IFN inhibition. The results illuminate new aspects of antiviral defense and CHIKV counterdefense strategies and will direct the search for novel antiviral compounds.
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Yong Yean-Sirn, Kenny. "Extra Corporeal Oxygenation & Ozonation, EBOO & AQUAPHERESIS method of Ozone Therapy, Clinical Application in Chronic Diseases." Journal of Ozone Therapy 2, no. 2 (March 4, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/jo3t.2.2.2018.11160.
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Introduction: The top 10 causes of death around the world are usually ranked with heart diseases, cancers, drugs/medication/iatrogenic chemicals, strokes etc. These are totally detectable, predictable, avoidable, preventable because it is classified as non-communicable diseases. Acute diseases are denoted by acute inflammation which has intensive cell-cell communications, resulting intensive repair rebuilding rehabilitation and it is life extending. Often it is self defensive and we over come it. The real culprit for chronic diseases is chronic inflammations, denoted by constant & silent, undetectable & insensible lost of cell-cell signaling, basement membrane disease, tight junction destructions, mitochondrial dysfunctions, mismatched metabolism, nutritional losses, mineral depletion, hormonal imbalances, opportunistic antigenicity wasting away the helpful immunity, leading to immune senescence & stem cell depletions eventually leading to chronic degeneration and devastating incapacitated regeneration ability. Often it is self destructive and we usually succumb to it. Mitochondrial decay & incapacitation of oxygenation and aerobic respiration failure leading to chronic anaerobic conditions breeding many chronic diseases Ozone therapy is one of the best method to reverse chronic diseases. Its hormetic response curve of 10 to 80 gamma units typically reveals the secret of ozone healing hormesis. The low dose concept is to be respected all time. And with in safety limits we can practice low & escalating dosage, with increasing in volume of blood exposure to ozone, to evolve from minor AHT to major AHT, all the way into continuous auto-hemotherapy via extra-corporeal blood circuits with the proper method. Its action on mitochondrial health and its regenerative power is well known and documented. METHOD: 1. Ozone properties & therapeutic applications & methods of extracorporeal circuits 2. EBOO / AQUAPHERESIS set up & therapy method 3. Safeties & precautions, limitations & patient selections 4. Selections of machines & GED gas exchange devices 5. Therapeutic steps for patient, and adjuvant photonic therapy 6. Post therapeutic monitoring & documentations 7. Clinical results of various cases treated with EBOO & AQUAPHERESIS RESULTS: Definition of extra corporeal circulations method would be discussed. Original EBOO therapy method and scientific studies would be reviewed. A modified economical method of EBOO would be illustrated. A further improvised AQUAPHERESIS method of continuous blood ozonation / oxygenations would be illustrated and discussed. To ensure safety and long term success, selection of machines, materials, circuits, disposables, disposal of dialysates & ozone residue, all the way to selections of dialyzer & GED gas exchange devices would be discussed. Dangers of wrong machines and wrong GED/Dialyzers with related precautions to be considered during EBOO & AQUAPHERESIS would be discussed. A few case study would be illustrated and discussed CONCLUSIONS: Ozone is a wonderful new well known medical drug. Its benefits is vast & economically easily available. Within the safety limits we can extend the ozonation & oxygenation of blood to a much longer, larger therapeutic window via the extra corporeal circuit method. Both EBOO & AQUAPHERESIS are additional interesting method to deliver ozone therapy to patient reaping also the benefits of plasma apheresis in AQUAPHERESIS method. With correct knowledge and higher standard of machines & disposables, these methods are safe and effective to be applied to patient and it deliver significant result clinically. Further studies are encouraged & worth explored.
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Onуshkiv, О. І., I. Р. Lech, and T. A. Hroshovyi. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICATION ASSORTMENT FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE TREATMENT PRESENTED AT UKRAINIAN AND POLISH PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETS." Фармацевтичний часопис, no. 4 (January 19, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/2312-0967.2015.4.5553.
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<p><strong>COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICATION ASSORTMENT FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE TREATMENT PRESENTED AT UKRAINIAN AND POLISH PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETS</strong></p><p><strong>О.І. </strong><strong>On</strong><strong>у</strong><strong>shkiv</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>I</strong><strong>.Р. </strong><strong>Lech</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>T</strong><strong>. </strong><strong>A</strong><strong>. </strong><strong>Hroshovyi</strong><strong> </strong></p><p>I.Ya.HorbachevskyTernopilStateMedicalUniversity</p><p><strong>Summary</strong>: It was made a comparative study of Ukrainian and Polish pharmaceutical markets of medications used for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Also it was analyzed the structure of the assortment of the researched group due to the manufacturing countries, dosage forms and composition of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their origin. The results of market research can determine the main ways of domestic assortment improvement of medications studied at the pharmaceutical and therapeutic group.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: medications for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine and Poland.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Introduction</strong>. Nowadays, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the biggest health problem. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world due to the medical, social and economic terms. Thus, according to the latest data of the World Health Organization, currently about 210 million people are suffering from COPD and more than 2.75 million people die of COPD each year. Late diagnosis and inappropriate treatment lead to incapacitation and early disability. After 10 years, every fourth ill patient with COPD becomes disabled.</p><p>In accordance with the mentioned above information, comparative marketing analysis of medication assortment for the treatment of COPD are currently important at the domestic pharmaceutical market and at the market of Poland as one of the most developed markets of the European Union to determine the feasibility of developing new medications and the possibility to take the particular market field.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion. </strong>During the study it was used general rules for secondary collecting market information, methods of mathematical statistics. The information technologies are used for processing the results of the research. The analysis of the range of medication was done according to the classification of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system using secondary information of electronic database of the State Registry of Medicines, Compendium, Pharmindex and data of information and analytical system «Baza leków DrWidget».<strong></strong></p><p>The objects of the study were medications of R03 group «Medications used for the obstructive respiratory diseases» (according to the ATC classification): adrenergic medications for inhalation use (group R03A), inhaled asthma agents (group R03B), adrenergic medications for regular use (group R03C), other medications for regular use of the obstructive respiratory diseases (group R03D). Market research of medications for the treatment of COPD was performed on various parameters, including the manufacturing countries, dosage form and content of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their origin.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong></p><p>1. It was studied the medication assortment for COPD treatment listed on the pharmaceutical markets inUkraineandPoland. As a result of studies, it was found that the products in both countries are generally represented by foreign manufacturers, particularly inUkraine, their market share is 78.57 %, while inPoland– 80 %.</p><p>2. The market analysis data indicates that among foreign manufacturers of medication for COPD treatment at Ukrainian pharmaceutical market leading positions are occupied by 4 countries: the Great Britain, Spain, Poland and India; at the Polish market, the following countries are the leaders of medication delivery: the Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland and Israel.</p><p>3. The comparison of assortment represented at the pharmaceutical market ofUkraineandPolandon the dosage form indicates that the largest share has aerosols (23.81 %) at Ukrainian market and chewable tablets (29.57 %) at Polish.</p><p>4. The medication assortment for COPD treatment is represented only with synthetic drugs at both pharmaceutical markets, while the main group inUkraineis a group of medications based on montelukast, theophylline, budesonide, fluticasone and inPoland– montelukast, salbutamol, budesonide.</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>1. Feshchenko Yu.I., Yashyna L.O., Potoczniak O.V. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and concomitant depression – an important medical and social problem // Ukrainian pulmonological journal. – 2013. – No.3. – P.56 – 58. – Access mode: http://www.ifp.kiev.ua/doc/journals/upj/13_dop/56.pdf<br /> 2. Tytova O.N. Clinical and pharmacoeconomic approaches for effective medical rehabilitation of patients disabled by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: abstract of the thesis of the Candidate of Medical Sciences / O.N. Tytova – St. Pitersberg, 2008. – 25 p.</p><p>3. State Registry of Medicines of Ukraine. – [electronic version].– Access mode: http://www.drlz.kiev.ua/<br /> 4. Pharmindex [ electronic version]. – Access mode: <a href="http://pharmindex.pl/">http://pharmindex.pl</a></p><p>5. Baza leków DrWidget [electronic version]. – Access mode: <a href="http://drwidget.pl/">http://drwidget.pl/</a></p><p>6. Compendium. – [electronic version].– Access mode: http://compendium.com.ua/</p>