Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Incentives to innovation'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-158).
This thesis consists of three independent essays that examine the role of incentives for innovation in organizations. Chapter 2 studies the provision of incentives when workers explore new work methods in parallel. In such a setting under-exploration may result as workers attempt to free-ride on the new ideas of co-workers. Optimal incentives for routine activities take the form of standard pay-for-performance where only individual success determines compensation while optimal incentives for parallel innovation tolerates early failure and provides workers with long-term group incentives for joint success. Using data from a controlled laboratory experiment I show that this link between incentives and innovation is causal. Innovation success and performance is highest under a group incentive scheme that rewards long-term joint success. In Chapter 3 which is co-authored with Gustavo Manso, I provide evidence that the combination of tolerance for early failure and reward for long-term success is effective in motivating innovation. Subjects under such an incentive scheme explore more, get closer to discovering the optimal business strategy, and produce higher average revenues than subjects under fixed-wage and standard pay-for-performance incentive schemes. I also show that the threat of termination can undermine incentives for innovation, while golden parachutes can alleviate these innovation-reducing effects. Finally, in Chapter 4, I investigate the choice of organizations to conduct interim performance evaluations.
(cont.) When ability does not influence workers marginal benefit of effort, the choice between giving workers feedback or not depends on the shape of the cost of effort function. However, when effort and ability are complementary, feedback policies have several competing effects. They inform workers about their relative position in the tournament as well as their relative productivity. In addition, performance appraisals create signal-jamming incentives to exert effort prior to performance evaluation.
by Florian Peter Ederer.
Ph.D.

This thesis explores both theoretically and empirically how firms design employees’ compensation contracts to motivate them to work and to adapt to external changes under an informed principal framework. The first chapter analyzes how a principal, privately informed about the changing market condition, structures the agent’s incentive contract to inform and motivate her to adapt. The results show that a failure to overturn employees’ belief about the changing market condition could lead to insufficient adaptation. Further, a more pressing market condition induces earlier adaptation and greater information revelation. Finally, the compensation structure underpinning insufficient adaptation imposes a legacy problem due to excessive use of long-term incentives, which restrains the reconfiguration of the contract in place. Based on the first chapter, the second chapter aims to explain asymmetric contractual adjustment of CEO compensation, only upward but not downward. I argue that a principal, privately informed about the firm’s changing productive efficiency, uses contracts to provide the agent with not only working incentives but also information about her productivity. The principal commits to a back-loaded compensation plan with an increasing salary or with an increasing short-term performance pay. Such rigid contracts achieve greater efficiency by inducing more efforts from the agent through profit sharing. The third chapter, co-authored with Peggy Huang and Moqi Xu, finds CEO contracts explicitly account for subjective reviews in a new dataset of CEO contracts and stated reasons for compensation changes. Our results suggest that firms prefer to keep early R&D successes from the public and thus raise salaries for early R&D success not yet realized in performance measures. Consistent with this explanation, standalone salary increases predict better long-run portfolio and stock returns, but only following positive subjective evaluations and in firms with high R&D investment.

The digital reality is within this current moment debated and something that affects people. Upcoming years in real estate in general, it will be crucial of developments within the industry concerning digital solutions. The processes, business and approaches that have affected an industry for a very long time are changing in its foundations. Owning a property or managing an object in the coming years in an increasingly digitized world will bring new types of demands on organizations that intend to participate in the development. For a long time, digitization has existed as a concept seeming exciting and interesting. Smart devices have taken a larger part of time through telephones, televisions and likewise. Banking processes have evolved through phones and other digital tools to provide new variations of banking services. Airports have developed digital check-in services, which mean that you are actually virtually on the plane before you arrive at the airport. The development of these banking and tourism services changes the market and companies have been able to take part of the market by providing new solutions.  In development and innovation, there is a term used repeatedly, the idea of a “disruptive innovation”. More explicitly, a new innovation that destroys the previously functioning market. As a concrete example, the previously well-functioning camera - today largely exchanged for the digital camera. Or the previously mentioned development of banks and flight processes. It has previously been functioning markets, however, these new processes and innovations have eliminated earlier working solutions by performing better.   The study investigates possibilities closer if there are potential "disruptive innovations" in facility management and digital key control. The thesis has been focusing on the consequences of digital keys by using a model to analyse the impact on work in a future process. The physical key is one of the most ancient innovations that have been refined and developed over the centuries. With the new digital reality, it may be possible to find a new process that create better functions.
Kommande år i fastighetsförvaltning i allmänhet kommer det att vara avgörande för utvecklingen inom industrin med digitala lösningar. De processer, affärer och tillvägagångssätt som har påverkat en bransch under en mycket lång tid är på väg att förändras i grunden. Äga en fastighet eller förvalta ett objekt de närmaste åren i en alltmer digitaliserad värld kommer att medföra nya typer av krav på organisationer som avser att delta i utvecklingen och vara aktuell på marknaden. Under lång tid har digitalisering funnits som ett koncept som synes spännande och intressant. Smarta enheter har tagit en större del av tiden via telefoner, tv-apparater och liknande. Bankprocesser har utvecklats genom telefoner och andra digitala verktyg för att ge nya variationer av banktjänster. Flygplatser har utvecklat digitala incheckningstjänster, vilket innebär att du faktiskt är på planet innan du kommer till flygplatsen. Utvecklingen av dessa bank- och turismtjänster förändrar marknaden och företagen har kunnat ta del av marknaden genom att erbjuda nya lösningar. Inom utveckling och innovation finns det ett begrepp vilket används återkommande, en idé om en ”disruptive innovation”. Mer explicit, att en ny innovation förstör den tidigare fungerande marknaden, där det konkreta exemplet är den tidigare väl fungerande kameran vilken idag i stor omfattning är utbytt till den digitala kameran. Eller den tidigare nämnda utvecklingen av bank och flygprocesser. Det har tidigare varit fungerande marknader, dock har nya processer och innovationer slagit ut tidigare fungerande lösningar.  I det här arbetet har möjligheterna undersökts närmre ifall det går att finna potentiella ”disruptive innovations” inom fastighetsförvaltning. Den fysiska nyckeln är en utav de mest antika innovationerna som genom årtusenden och århundranden har förfinats och utvecklats. Med den nya digitala verkligheten kan det vara möjligt att finna en ny process vilken fungerar på ett bättre sätt.

This thesis examines some characteristics of the interaction between innovation activity of firms, in particular R&D, and economic system. The first main chapter analyses a mechanism of interaction between R&D and market structure, in a horizontally differentiated market where firms invest to increase differentiation among varieties. R&D activity declines over time; prices, output and short-run profits of firms producing the differentiated product move towards the higher steadystate values, production of the non-differentiated good falls. The increasing specialization improves the overall utility of consumers. The comparison with the socially optimal solution shows that firms underinvest in R&D. The second main chapter evaluates the effectiveness of the incentives to development of innovations provided by the Italian Ministry for Economic Development through the Fund for Technological Innovation. We analyse the subsidies to firms supplied by the general and the special sections of this Fund, using a difference-in-differences framework and a regression discontinuity one. We find no hints of effect on investments, dimension, labour productivity, labour costs, financial structure and profitability. For the general section, the effect on assets is positive, suggesting that firms used the subsidy to finance current expenditures. The third main chapter examines the relationship between R&D and market value of firms. We find high heterogeneity in the coefficients of different US manufacturing sectors between 1975 and 1995; sometimes the effects of current R&D on market value are very small or negative. We develop a model with uncertain R&D, where we decompose market value in two components, due to the already concretized assets and to work-in-progress R&D. Risk aversion may cause different evaluations of these components: when investors are risk-averse and managers maximize the long-run firm value, the risk associated with work-in-progress R&D reduces the short-run firm value even if its expected long-run value grows.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-53).
Firms in the hard disk drive industry are continually engaging in R & D and improving the quality of their products. We explore various determinants of the product innovation incentives for firms concerned with both their static and expected future profitability. We estimate the observed innovation outcomes as a function of market condition variables which have significant impact on innovation decisions. In addition, we estimate logit utilities that describe the marginal willingness to pay for quality improvements. One aspect of utility is that the willingness to pay for faster access time to data may be initially low but increases over time. The firms' decisions to introduce faster access time are partly motivated by dynamic considerations.
by Xiaohua Sherry Wu.
S.M.

O Brasil esta em defasagem tecnológica na corrida pela inovação, principalmente se comparado às economias mais desenvolvidas. O incentivo fiscal à inovação, introduzido pela Lei do Bem – Lei 11.196/05, é uma das principais políticas públicas voltadas a P,D&I. Junto a um conjunto de incentivos diretos e indiretos às empresas nacionais, intensificados a partir de 2004, o incentivo fiscal visa desonerar os gastos das organizações com as atividades de P&D, fomentando a inovação para que o país seja mais competitividade pelo incremento de valor dos produtos desenvolvidos em seu território. O Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação é responsável pelo acompanhamento do gozo do incentivo, tendo às empresas beneficiárias a obrigação de prestar informações anualmente. O MCTI publica informações como valores de dispêndios com P&D e os valores de renúncia fiscal concedido pela Lei, que somou 1,4 bilhão de reais em 2011 para 767 empresas beneficiárias. No entanto, não existem informações sobre a melhoria do desempenho inovativo destas organizações. Neste sentido, esta dissertação buscou avaliar o impacto dos incentivos fiscais à inovação sobre o desempenho inovativo das empresas beneficiárias. Para isso foi utilizado método survey com envio de questionários a cada empresa que esteve presente em todos os anos nas listas de beneficiárias da Lei. As questões buscavam avaliar a percepção do entrevistado sobre diferentes indicadores de P,D&I, identificados na revisão bibliográfica e agrupados em três blocos de indicadores (tradicionais, de valor e de processo). A pesquisa também identificou as características das empresas beneficiárias e a percepção de importância para os principais incentivos da Lei, sendo confirmado o perfil de grandes e tradicionais empresas como as principais usuárias dos incentivos. A pouca amplitude dos incentivos é creditada a exigência da empresa ser optante do Lucro Real e pela dificuldade de interpretação da Lei, potencializada por divergências dos principais órgãos de governo responsáveis pelo acompanhamento e fiscalização. No entanto, as analises convergem para uma percepção da existência de impacto positivo do incentivo sobre o aumento de investimentos e estrutura para P&D, do número de novos e melhorados produtos e seu grau de ineditismo. Este aumento se deve ao mais importante incentivo da Lei do Bem identificado, a desoneração dos valores de dispêndio em P&D. Com base nas correlações de dados o presentes no trabalho se identificou que a percepção de aumento de receita e lucratividade esta relacionada à adição de investimentos em P&D que resultam no desenvolvimento de maior número de produtos novos e melhorados e de seu grau de ineditismo, validando o efeito additionality da Lei e consequente geração de valor nas empresas com base em inovação. O trabalho também identificou o aprimoramento dos processos organizacionais para inovação, como a estruturação de setores de P&D e a melhor comunicação entre as diferentes áreas envolvidas nos projetos, que estão relacionadas a operação e controle exigidos para o gozo do incentivo. O trabalho alerta para a necessidade de atenção do governo aos processos de registro de patente e colaboração entre empresas e universidades, pouco intensificadas pela Lei em virtude de problemas históricos para estes indicadores. Assim, este estudo avança no conhecimento da política de incentivo fiscal à inovação, seus diferentes impactos para as empresas beneficiárias e contribui para a discussão e melhoria das políticas públicas à inovação no Brasil.
Brazil has a technological deficit regarding innovation race, especially when compared to more developed economies. The tax incentive for innovation, introduced by Lei do Bem - Law 11,196/05, is one of the major public policies concerning R, D & I. With a range of direct and indirect incentives to domestic companies, intensified after 2004, the tax incentives aim to relieve the expenses of the organizations with R & D, encouraging innovation for the country to be more competitive by increasing the value of products developed in their territory. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation is in charge for monitoring the incentive, having the benefiting companies the obligation to provide information annually. The MCTI publishes information as values of expenditures on R&D and the values of tax waiver granted by the Law, which amounted to 1.4 billion reais in 2011 to 767 beneficiary companies. However, no information on improving the innovative performance of such organizations is given. In this sense, the following research aimed to assess the impact of tax incentives for innovation on the innovative performance of recipient firms. Survey method has been applied with sending questionnaires to every company that was present in all the years in the lists of beneficiaries of the Law. The issues aimed to assess the interviewees' perception of different indicators of R, D & I, identified in the literature review and grouped into three blocks of indicators (traditional, value, and process). The survey also identified the characteristics of the recipient firms and the perception of importance to the main incentives of Law, and confirmed the profile of large and traditional companies as the main users of the incentives. The low amplitude of incentives is credited to company requirement be opting of taxable income and the difficulty of interpreting the law, enhanced by differences of the principal organs of government responsible for monitoring and supervision. However, the analysis converge to a perception that there is a positive impact on encouraging increased investment and R&D structure, number of new and improved products and their degree of uniqueness. This increase is due to the most important incentive of the Lei do Bem identified the exemption values for expenditure on R&D. Based on data correlations in the present research, it was identified that the perception of increased revenue and profitability is related to the addition of investments in R&D resulting in the development of a greater number of new and improved products and their degree of originality, validating the effect additionality of the Law, consequently adding value to companies based on innovation. The study also identified the improvement of organizational processes for innovation, such as the structuring of R&D sectors and better communication between the different departments involved in the projects, which are related to operation and control required for the enjoyment of encouragement. The work points to the need of government attention to patent registration processes and collaboration between companies and universities, some intensified by law because of historical problems for these indicators. Thus, this study advances on the knowledge of the policy tax incentives for innovation, their different impacts on the beneficiaries and contributes to the discussion and improvement of public policies for innovation in Brazil.

The objective of this thesis is to empirically assess how the tax incentives of Law 11,196/05 have affected the landscape of private industrial innovation in Brazil. The main point is to verify to what extent this tax relief has contributed to the fostering of innovation in the country. To achieve this broad objective, three specific research questions were devised as axes of investigation, and they are addressed in each of the stand-alone papers that comprise this thesis. I begin by assessing whether the incentives have impacted the volume of innovation investment of beneficiary firms. This first analysis also considers the effect of the policy on innovation outputs and firms\' performance. The second research question considers the behavioral additionality, estimating changes caused by the incentives on the composition of the bundle of innovation investments and on the type of innovation pursued by firms. The third investigation assesses whether the reduction of the tax burden has attracted international innovation investment by diverting it from alternative destinations, thus testing the \'footloose R&D\' argument for the Brazilian case. The first two papers use microdata on Brazilian firms from the Industrial Innovation Survey (PINTEC) and other sources, and the impact is estimated through propensity score matching with difference-in-differences. The third study relies on aggregate country data, mainly on activities of foreign affiliates of U.S. multinationals and international patent applications; and panel data estimators are applied to measure and test the correlation of the Brazilian policy with international innovation investment directed to other countries. The main findings of the thesis are: (a) the average impact of the policy on R&D expenditures in 2011 was around five hundred thousand Brazilian reais, or 6.8% of the mean R&D spending of beneficiary firms, which is less than the average benefit per firm in the same year, suggesting some level of crowding-out in the short-run; (b) incentives also positively affected the size of R&D personnel (average effect represents 16% of the average size of R&D staff); (c) the policy raised the chances of firms to innovate between 2009 and 2011 by 16%; (d) incentives positively impacted company\'s growth around 5% of the mean number of employees of incentivized enterprises in 2011; (e) R&D intensity of the bulk of innovative activities increased 9.5% because of the incentives; (f) part of the R&D increase was counterbalanced by a reduction effect on spending with acquisition of external knowledge and introduction of innovations in the market; (g) beneficiary firms hired more researchers with undergraduate degrees only as an effect of the policy (18.5% of the average number of their research personnel with such educational level); and (h) in the case of multinational groups, the increase in innovation investment does not seem to have been caused by the diversion of investment from other countries. The empirical investigations present clear evidence of the three dimensions of policy impact: input, output and behavioral additionality. A number of implications are drawn from the studies for the improvement of the policy design.
O objetivo desta tese é avaliar empiricamente os impactos dos incentivos fiscais da Lei 11.196/05 na inovação industrial brasileira. O ponto central é identificar em que medida essa redução tributária vem contribuindo para impulsionar a inovação no país. Para atingir esse objetivo, três perguntas de pesquisa foram concebidas como eixos de investigação, cada uma sendo abordada em um dos ensaios que compõem esta tese. A primeira questão é se os incentivos fiscais elevaram o volume de investimentos das empresas beneficiárias em inovação. Essa primeira análise também considera o efeito da política sobre os resultados desses investimentos e desempenho das firmas. A segunda parte pergunta de pesquisa considera os efeitos da política sobre o comportamento das empresas, estimando as mudanças ocasionadas na composição dos investimentos e no tipo de inovação perseguido pelas firmas. O terceiro ponto de estudo é se a redução da carga tributária atraiu investimentos internacionais em inovação em detrimento de outros países, testando o argumento de \'footloose R&D\' para o caso brasileiro. Nos dois primeiros trabalhos são utilizados microdados de empresas brasileiras constantes da Pesquisa de Inovação Industrial (PINTEC) e outras fontes, sendo aplicado o escore de propensão com diferenças-em-diferenças para estimar o impacto. O terceiro estudo baseia-se em dados agregados de países, essencialmente sobre atividades de filiais estrangeiras de multinacionais norte-americanas e pedidos internacionais de patentes, sendo aplicados estimadores de painel para mensurar e testar a correlação da política fiscal brasileira com o investimento internacional em inovação direcionado para outros países. As principais conclusões da tese são: (a) o impacto médio da política nos gastos em P&D em 2011 foi de aproximadamente quinhentos mil reais, ou 6,8% da média dos investimentos em P&D das firmas beneficiárias; esse valor é inferior ao benefício médio por firma no mesmo ano, o que sugere algum nível de crowding-out da política no curto prazo; (b) os incentivos também afetaram positivamente o tamanho das equipes de pesquisa (efeito médio representa 16% do tamanho médio das equipes de P&D); (c) a política elevou as chances das firmas inovarem no período de 2009 a 2011 em 16%; (d) os incentivos impactaram positivamente o crescimento das firmas em cerca de 5% da força de trabalho das firmas beneficiárias em 2011; (e) a intensidade de P&D no conjunto de atividades inovativas cresceu 9,5% devido à política; (f) parte do incremento em P&D foi contrabalanceada por um redução nos gastos com aquisição de conhecimento externo e introdução de inovações no mercado; (g) empresas beneficiárias elevaram a contratação de pesquisadores com diploma de graduação (18.5% do número médio de pesquisadores com esse nível educacional nas firmas beneficiárias em 2011); e (h) no caso de grupos multinacionais, o aumento nos investimentos em inovação não parece ter sido causado pela realocação de investimentos de outros países. As análises empíricas apresentam evidência das três dimensões de impacto da política fiscal: insumos, resultados e comportamental. Diversas lições são extraídas dos estudos para o aprimoramento do desenho da política.

Knowledge of what action that is needed to drive innovation at a desired speed is in demand in civil engineering and its related maintenance. 1. What measures to stimulate innovation have been tested? 2. How much innovation has been achieved by contracting? 3. How much innovation was achieved by performance-based specifications? 4. How can cost models contribute to innovation? Methods include qualitative and quantitative methods that have been timed and mixed to optimize their merits. Sweden, France, USA and Canada have used as research ground. Technology transfer, multi-criteria evaluation, variant bidding, idea mailbox, weatherregulated payment, contests and earmarked funds for innovative projects were some of the method beside and within contracting and performance-based specifications that have been tested. Contracting as such has cut costs in Sweden but not in North America. Neither Sweden nor North America has noticed any increase of innovation, rather the contrary. The savings have primarily been achieved by cuts on staff and by using standardized, less expensive and less advanced machinery. Contracted highway maintenance provinces in Canada and Sweden on average had about 50 % higher costs than inhouse provinces and Washington State. The difference is reduced to 26 %, when corrected by weather and the higher traffic in the contracted provinces. Prestige, politics and competitivity made it difficult to extract economic data from private contractors, and even from the public owners and may explain the contradictory results in previous studies. The internally driven innovation appears small and incentives to innovation weak in inhouse systems, but contrary to expectation even less in contracted systems. Performance-based specifications (PBS), such as Design-Build (DB), have reduced delivery times and kept the budget better than traditional contracts, but quality, lifecycle cost and technical progress was rarely analyzed and even less confirmed in the literature, why a multiple case study was carried out. The result was that three out of four PBS cases delivered lower quality in the long run or showed higher costs already on the opening day, when compared to a traditional contract alternative. Cost models contribute to innovation by making regions with different conditions comparable and provide tools for rational planning and decision making. One model for how highway maintenance costs depend on snow, bridges and traffic and one model for how bridge maintenance costs depend on size and age were elaborated. Models included in contracts, e.g. to allow a contractor to reduce the weather risk, appear to have contributed to a more successful contracting rollout in Sweden than in Canada. France provides experience of how inhouse innovation contests and industry-own patent-like routines can promote innovation. After the first two years with an incentive contract, Banverket received 10 % better quality measured as train delay and 20 % better quality measured as the number of technical errors at no cost. A lesson learnt is that the success of performance-based specifications depends on how well the owner can describe and define the contracts, how compliance is measured and how deviations are handled, i.e. how the contractor is penalized for non-fulfillment or awarded for excess delivery
QC 20100819

This thesis reports on a research project investigating the application of game theory to incentives for innovation in modern business. The overall aim of this study is to build a conceptual framework, from the strategic management perspective, for the application of incentives for innovation in order to respond to signals that there is a need to innovate. Game theory is applied as a framework for the analysis of interactions between companies and identification of how the incentives for innovation arise. The research questions of this study are: What signals the need for innovation? How do the incentives for innovation arise? What are the potential problems of changing the game through innovation? The inductive research approach is employed for the study. Starting from case studies (n=6), an initial insight for the direction of the study was provided, from which the base of semi-structured interviews (n=12) was established. The semi-structured interview further investigated and explored the issues discovered in the case study, and the results were validated by a questionnaire survey (n=119). The original contributions to knowledge are: the signals pointing to the need for innovation are identified; the situations where the incentives for innovation can arise are investigated. Barriers and difficulties that a company may encounter while trying to innovate are discussed, and cooperation in innovation is suggested as a way to remove the barriers and restore the incentive for innovation. A predictive model based on the conceptual framework built from this study is recommended for further research.

This study investigates the impact of tax incentives on the firms’ innovative activity and economic growth by using sample of 28 OECD countries. The study using panel data analysis and applies fixed effect OLS models. The results of the econometric investigation indicate that tax incentives have significant and positive effect on the R&D expenditure. Regression analysis also shows a positive significant impact of R&D tax incentives in combination with direct funding for business R&D. The paper finds no evidence of significant relationship between tax incentives and economic growth. The research also finds a positive significant impact of direct R&D support, R&D expenditure and tax incentives on registered patents. We suggest to apply public support policy including both types of support since previous studies showed that tax incentives and direct funding are not perfect substitutes.

This thesis explores the causal relationships between tax incentives, research and development (R&D) and productivity. Using R&D survey data from the United Kingdom (UK) Office for National Statistics and administrative data on corporation tax returns from HM Revenue and Customs, I first conduct empirical analyses of tax incentive policies for R&D, and then estimate the elasticity of output with respect to firms' own R&D efforts as well as external R&D performed by neighboring firms in technology and product space. In the first two chapters which focus on tax incentive policies and their evaluation, I am able to identify the policy effect of interest by exploiting two significant reforms in the UK in 2002 and 2008. I find that tax incentives had a positive and significant stimulating effect on businesses' R&D spending. I argue that the availability of a quasi-experimental set up helps in better identifying the policy impact. The production function estimation exercise in the third chapter shows that double counting of R&D human resources and materials in the production function causes the elasticity of output with respect to the firms' own R&D to be substantially underestimated. I also find that the R&D done in multi-unit enterprise groups is productive for the production facilities which themselves do not perform R&D. The Jaffe (1986) and Bloom et al. (2013) measures of external R&D, which account for closeness of firms in technology and product space can be constructed and included in the production function in the spirit of Griliches (1979). I find that the point estimate for the elasticity of output with respect to firms' own R&D is around 3 percent and statistically significant. Evidence is mixed regarding the productivity effects of R&D carried out by competitors in the product market or neighboring firms in technology space. The detailed data sets used in this study offer valuable resources for empirical work on R&D and productivity.

With its size, large number of actors, and its impact on everyday life, the construction sector plays an important role in every nation’s economy and in the improvement of the built environment. The recognition of this fact by the sector, in combination with the reputation for being conservative, problematic, having low productivity growth, and low pressure for change leads to a focus on different strategies that can be used to improve of the sector. Suggestions to improve the productivity in sector have been many during the years. One example is enhanced procurement contracts that encourage long-term orientations to improve the performance outcome and increase innovations. This thesis consists of five studies with specific objectives. The overall objective is, however, to increase the understanding of how to enhance the conditions to improve the construction sector. This is a response to the concerns that the actors on the market have difficulties carrying out necessary measures to make improvements in the construction sector. Procurement contracts were studied in two ways; bundled procurement contracts with service as a key to create incentives for innovations (Paper II) and the difficulty in evaluating the effects of different procurement contracts because of unclear concepts (Paper I). Innovations were also studied in two ways: the importance for creating incentives for “good” innovations and how to open up for more transparency with respect to innovation (Paper III), and the direct and indirect effects a specific innovation have in the design choices of construction in profit-maximising firms (Paper IV). Policies are based on data and misleading data can lead to mistaken recommendations. Indications of measurement errors in the calculations of productivity have been reported which leads to an interest to increase the reliability of productivity calculations (Paper V). The first paper has the focus to make the evaluation process easier, for the scholar, the actors on the market as well as for governmental institutions which formulate policies, by trying to make the relation between different contract types clearer with a new framework for structuring procurement contracts. The second papers are showing that bundling construction with service will not automatically increase profit for firms in the sector, rather that it might be an alternative way to transfer the risk in construction projects. Moral Hazard problems can also reduce the potential positive effects. Paper III wants to shift the focus from the quantity of innovations to how incentives can nourish “good” innovation and suggests a new classification system for technical innovations. The objective is to achieve increased transparency and reduced information asymmetry in the construction sector. Paper IV takes it starting point in an indicated shift in developers’ planning and construction practices for laundry facilities in owner-occupied multi-family buildings. The mapping of the shift shows that a change in regulations can have an effect on how we build, and that developers are using spaces in innovative ways, which in turn can have unforeseen external effects. The finding indicates that even though the number of appliances has increased since the 1990s, the energy consumption has not necessarily increased during the usage phase, depending on the energy performance of the appliances and on user behaviour. Paper V highlights the effects of including more rigorously and detailed gathered indicators of characteristics in the calculations of productivity development figures in the sector. By including more cost-driving characteristics, it should be easier to distinguish pure price changes from price changes related to increase in quality.  It is, important to bear in mind that there are several projects yearly that are delivered on time, within budget, with good quality and where innovations have been used. Seen against the background of this thesis, it can indeed be stated that improvements are needed if we intend to create an innovative friendly work environment that will contribute to productivity growth. However, the contribution here is also a warning that the evaluation tools that are used to describe the sector might not measure what we intend to measure.
Byggsektorn är stor och består av många olika aktörer. Den påverkar alla i samhället på ett eller annat sätt och spelar en viktig roll i varje land ekonomi och hur den byggda miljön utvecklas. I kombination med att byggsektorn tampas med ryktet om att vara konservativ, har kvalitetsproblem, dålig produktivitetsutveckling och låg förändringsgrad har lett till diskussioner om många åtgärder för att förbättra sektorn. En utgångspunkt för åtgärderna har varit att uppmuntra till långsiktighet i projekten så att incitament skapas för att förbättra kvalitén i sektorn och en miljö som främjar innovationer. Den här avhandlingen består av fem studier som var och en adresserar en specifik forskningsfråga relaterad till upphandling, innovation eller produktivitet. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen har varit att öka förståelsen för förutsättningarna att komma till rätta med problemen i byggsektorn. Upphandling undersöktes på två sätt; entreprenadkontrakt med helhetsåtagande med service som en viktig komponent för att skapa incitament för innovationer (Artikel II) och svårigheterna i att utvärdera effekterna av olika entreprenadkontrakt på grund av oklara begrepp (Artikel I). Innovation studerades också på två sätt: vikten av att skapa transperens och incitament för “bra” innovationer (Artikel III), och den direkta och indirekta effekten av en innovation i design av vinstmaximerande byggbolag (Artikel IV). En policy kan baseras på data men om uppgifterna den baseras på är bristfälliga, kan det leda till felaktiga rekommendationer. Mätfel kopplade till beräkningar av produktiviteten i byggsektorn har rapporterats, vilket har lett till ett intresse att öka tillförlitligheten i dessa beräkningar (Artikel V). Den första artikeln syftar till att göra utvärderingen av entreprenadkontrakt enklare för forskare, branschen samt statliga institutioner som formulerar rekommendationer, genom att strukturera entreprenadformerna utifrån olika steg i beslutsprocessen och om hur risker fördelas för att tydliggöra relationen mellan dem. Den andra artikeln visar att entreprenadkontrakt med helhetsåtagande inklusive service inte automatiskt ökar vinsten för företag inom sektorn, snarare att det kan vara ett alternativt sätt att överföra risken i byggprojekt. Moral Hazard problem kan minska potentiella positiva effekter. Artikel III flyttar fokus från mängden innovationer till hur incitament kan ge näring "bra" innovation och diskuterar ett nytt system för klassificering av tekniska innovationer. Målet är att uppnå ökad tydlighet och minskad informationsasymmetri i byggsektorn. Artikel IV tar sin utgångspunkt i en förändring i plan- och byggmetoder för tvättstuga i bostadsrättshus. Kartläggningen visar att en förändring av regle kan ha en effekt på hur vi bygger, och att utvecklare använder ytor på ett innovativt sätt, vilket i sin tur kan ha oförutsedda externa effekter. Artikeln visar att trots att antalet apparater har ökat sedan 1990-talet, har energiförbrukningen inte nödvändigtvis ökat under användningsfasen, beroende på apparaternas energiprestanda och på användarnas beteende. Artikel V belyser effekterna av mer noggranna och detaljerat insamlade kvalitetsegenskaper från nyproduktion när produktivitetet i byggsektorn ska beräknas. Genom att inkludera mer kostnadsdrivande egenskaper borde det vara lättare att skilja rena prisförändringar från prisförändringar relaterade till ökad kvalitet. Det är viktigt att komma ihåg att det årligen finns många byggprojekt som levereras i tid, inom budget, med god kvalitet och där innovationer har använts. Sett mot bakgrund av denna avhandling, kan det sägas att förbättringar behövs om vi har för avsikt att skapa en innovativ arbetsmiljö som bidrar till ökad produktivitet. Dock är bidraget här också en varning om att de utvärderingsverktyg som används för att fånga utvecklingen kanske inte mäter vad vi har för avsikt att mäta.

A mineração brasileira, assim como todo o setor da industria de transformação, tem perdido competitividade ao longo do tempo, além disso o Brasil necessita tornar suas operações mais sustentáveis e agregar valor a sua produção industrial. A mineração é um setor onde esta questão se torna mais crítica, pois além de poder gerar forte impacto ambiental, a produção é fortemente baseada em commodities, com baixo valor agregado. Um dos caminhos para superar os obstáculos ao crescimento sustentável da mineração no Brasil é o desenvolvimento de projetos minerais inovadores. As condições estabelecidas pelo governo brasileiro para incentivo à inovação são muito abrangentes, práticas e atrativas; os recursos para financiamento são abundantes e os mecanismos para operacionalização extremamente profissionais. No entanto, na maioria das empresas brasileiras estão presentes a aversão ao risco, a falta das práticas de planejamento e de gestão de projetos e a visão de curto prazo focada na atuação corretiva, fatores que não favorecem o ambiente inovador nas empresas. Ou seja, o grande desafio para a mudança da mineração brasileira, tornando-a mais sustentável e competitiva, está na forma de pensar dos seus lideres; pois as condições existentes para desenvolvimento tecnológico estão disponíveis, mas as empresas necessitam aprender a utilizá-las. Este é um trabalho de pesquisa aplicada, que apresenta uma proposta de metodologia para desenvolvimento de projetos minerais sustentáveis, que foi utilizada por algumas empresas e obteve resultados muito positivos; com isto, é possível estabelecer um caminho que favoreça a mudança da cultura predominante, facilitando o desenvolvimento de inovações na mineração e contribuindo para o seu ganho de competitividade e sustentabilidade. A aplicação da metodologia proposta foi aplicada em um caso hipotético de mineração de ferro e os resultados foram muito positivos, demonstrando que o projeto inovador e sustentável seria muito mais competitivo que um tradicional, principalmente, em momentos de mercado em baixa.
The Brazilian mining as well as the entire industrial sector has lost competitiveness over time, furthermore Brazil needs to make its operations more sustainable and add value to its industrial production. Mining is an industry where this issue becomes more critical, besides generating significant environmental impacts, production is heavily based on commodities with low value aggregate. One pathway to overcome obstacles for a sustainable growth of mining in Brazil is the development of technological innovation projects. The established conditions by the Brazilian government for encouraging technological innovation are very comprehensive, practical and attractive; plentiful resources for funding and mechanisms for extremely professional operation. However, in most Brazilian companies risk aversion is present, lack of management practices and a short-termism for corrective actions, and are the factors that do not support an improved environment for innovation in companies. The biggest challenge for changing the Brazilian mining, making it more sustainable and competitive, is the leadership mind; because there are available conditions for technological development but companies need to learn how to use it. This work is an applied research, which proposes a methodology for managing innovation for Brazilian mining has been used by some companies and obtained very positive results; with this, it is possible to establish a path for changing the current companies culture, facilitating the development of innovations in mining and contributing to its competitiveness and sustainability. The proposed methodology was applied in a hypothetical case in an iron mining and the results were very positive, it showed that sustainable and innovator project would be more competitive than a traditional one even in times when market goes depressed.

Drugs for treating rare diseases had been neglected by the pharmaceutical industry for a long time, due to the complex and costly drug R&D process as well as a small unprofitable market. Since its introduction in 1983, the Orphan Drug Act (ODA) has sought to prompt the innovation of drugs for minority diseases by reducing the regulatory and economic barriers. The incentives of the ODA have been effected through market protection, tax credit, fee waiver and grants to increase the accessibility of orphan products for the public. The number of orphan drugs available in the market has risen sharply from just ten in the decade before 1983 to over 400 since 1983. This increase implies a substantial improvement of the healthcare of patients suffering rare diseases and a success of the orphan drug legislation with the aim to motivate the development and manufacture of products that have low commercial potentials. Although it is evident that the ODA has successfully stimulated drug companies to develop numerous orphan products, treatments are very expensive. The sales of blockbuster orphan drugs have provided drug companies with unusually highprofit margins and limited patient access to treatments. The dilemma presented by the ODA reflects many of the issues currently faced by policymakers. In this thesis, we have analyzed the long-term evolution of the biopharmaceutical industry. In particular, we have examined drug discovery in the period of random screening, rational design and network collaboration, and explored the influence of the ODA. We have taken the theory of the sectoral system of innovation, and combined it with the complex adaptive model of innovation, and found that the complex version of that theory is capable of explaining the comprehensive drug innovation system. A Multi-agent Based Model has been introduced to identify and analyze the dynamics of bio-pharmaceutical innovation. The model has explored the roles of the main players in the sector and the influence of their relationships embedded in the process of orphan drug innovation. Through this model, we have investigated the mechanisms of how the incentives stimulate orphan drug innovation during the period from 1983- 2012. Moreover, the model has been applied to solve the dilemma of the ODA through analyzing how to achieve the best trade-off between orphan drug developments. Drawing upon the results of the simulation, we provide a sound basis for adjusting the ODA incentives to strikes an appropriate balance between stimulating orphan drug innovation and providing benefits to society, propose some resolutions to the ODA, while also to motivate orphan drug development in a financial way. The Advice for other countries planning to enact the orphan drug legislation and directions for further research suggested by this model have been put forward.

Abstract In many extant analyses of the impact of non-reciprocal system of trade preferences it is typical to focus on the details of market access value of tariff concessions as explanation for why export of beneficiaries’ products may or may not respond to incentives. Very often the role that supply-related factors can and do play in the process is relegated to the background. This paper argues that the social absorption capability of a beneficiary’s economy as expressed in her incumbent National System of Innovation is a crucial determinant of export performance response. The experience of sub-Sahara African countries under the US African Growth and Opportunity Act apparel trade incentive is used as a classical illustration of this proposition. It is shown that the comparative efficiency of Lesotho, despite emerging from a relatively weak performance potential background, in recording the highest level of export success among beneficiaries of the scheme is a function of the relative efficiency of her system of innovation in garment.

This dissertation examines Utah resident views of incentives and disincentives for use of OpenCourseWare (OCW) and how they fit into the theoretical framework of perceived innovation attributes established by Rogers. Rogers identified five categories of perceived innovation attributes, which include relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. A survey instrument was developed using attributes that emerged from a Delphi technique with input from experts in the OCW field. The survey instrument was sent to 753 (n = 753) random individuals between 18 and 64 years of age throughout Utah based on information obtained from Alseco Data Group, LLC. Results indicated that the greatest incentives for OCW use were (a) no cost for materials (M = 4.59, SD = .68), (b) having resources available at any time (M = 4.35, SD = .89), (c) pursuing in depth a topic that interests me (M = 4.24, SD = 0.93), (d) learning for personal knowledge or enjoyment (M = 4.22, SD = .93), and (e) materials in an OCW were fairly easy to access and find (M = 4.12, SD = .98). Results indicated that the greatest disincentives for OCW use were (a) there was no certificate or degree awarded (M = 3.28, SD = 1.54), (b) it did not cover my topic of interest in the depth I desired (M = 3.17, SD = 1.31), (c) lack of professional support provided by subject tutors or experts (M = 3.14, SD = 1.25), (d) lack of guidance provided by support specialists (M = 3.09, SD = 1.26), and (e) feeling the material was overwhelming (M = 3.06, SD = 1.31).

The purpose of this explanatory thesis is to study how leadership relates to innovation performance. The research findings aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of this relationship, and what actions management can take, in order to increase innovation performance. The thesis creates a model for the leadership stimulus influencing innovation performance. A survey was designed, based on the model, to assess the attitudes towards the studied parameters followed by the conclusive data processing, empirical findings, analysis, and conclusions. The stimulus used in the study was Visionary Leadership, Learning Organisation, Incentives and Resources spent on innovation.The originality and value that this paper adds, is to analyse the joint effects of different leadership dimensions with regards to innovation performance in one single study, and also make a compound correlation of these dimensions. The study validated the positive relationship between the compound leadership dimensions and innovation performance. Furthermore, the study shows that the strongest direct correlation was between visionary leadership and innovation performance as well as between learning organization and innovation performance. However, the research could not establish any clear relation either between incentives and innovation performance, nor resources spent on innovation, and innovation performance.

A inovação tecnológica tem sido considerada um fator essencial e decisivo para a boa performance de uma economia e, portanto, foco de profundos debates e estudos ao longo das últimas décadas. No contexto brasileiro, a matéria é relativamente recente quando comparadas com países estrangeiros. Por outro lado, a dinâmica presenciada traz a oportunidade de participar ativamente deste processo de consolidação dos mecanismos de inovação, especialmente aqueles que tratam da interação entre Universidade e Empresa. Neste sentido, desponta-se o questionamento sobre qual o papel dos ambientes especializados como os Parques Tecnológicos dentro do Sistema Nacional de Inovação Brasileiro? Como contribuição prática, a partir da experiência do autor, apresenta-se a proposição de um modelo para criação de um ambiente no qual empresas privadas possam desenvolver programas de inovação colaborativa. Como forma de aplicação prática, tal modelo proposto está sendo utilizado como base na construção do Núcleo Parque Tecnológico da Universidade de São Paulo e encontra-se em estágio avançado de negociações de parcerias e investimentos público-privado. Como contribuição acadêmica, o autor busca identificar e analisar os diversos conceitos sobre ambientes de inovação e mecanismos de incentivo à inovação, especialmente aqueles que dizem respeito ao seu financiamento a fim de amparar a proposição do modelo.
Technological innovation has been considered an essential and decisive factor for the good performance of an economy and, therefore, the focus of deep debates and studies over the last decades. In the Brazilian context, the matter is relatively recent when compared with foreign countries. On the other hand, the dynamics witnessed the opportunity to participate actively in this process of consolidation of innovation mechanisms, especially those that deal with the interaction between University and Company. In this sense, the question arises as to the role of specialized environments such as Technology Parks within the Brazilian National Innovation System? As a practical contribution, based on the author\'s experience, a proposal is presented for a model for creating an environment in which private companies can develop collaborative innovation programs. As a practical application, such a proposed model is being used as a basis for the construction of the Technological Park Nucleus of the University of São Paulo and is at an advanced stage of negotiations of public-private partnerships and investments. As an academic contribution, the author seeks to identify and analyze the various concepts about innovation environments and mechanisms to encourage innovation, especially those that concern their financing in order to support the proposition of the model.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar a utilização da Lei n 11.195/05, a Lei do Bem, por micro e pequenas empresas de base tecnológica - EBTs incubadas localizadas no polo tecnológico de Santa Rita do Sapucaí (MG), considerando para isto a interação da hélice tríplice, ou seja, a interação entre universidade-empresa-governo. Com intuito específico, objetiva identificar os principais motivos para a utilização da Lei do Bem, assim como dos motivos determinantes para a utilização ou não dos benefícios fiscais por ela proporcionados. A referida Lei proporciona benefícios fiscais voltados para a inovação e desenvolvimento de tecnologia, incluindo vantagens para a contratação de pesquisadores e na aquisição de equipamentos e maquinário para essas finalidades, entre outros. A pesquisa foi realizada pelo intermédio de uma estudo de campo na cidade de Santa Rita do Sapucaí (MG), que possibilitou a coleta dos dados mediante entrevistas estruturadas de maneira semiaberta com os empresários e órgão e instituições de apoio da região, possibilitando assim uma maior liberdade aos entrevistados para responderem dentro do roteiro estabelecido. O roteiro abrangia, de forma resumida, perguntas referentes à inovação, estrutura da região e do conhecimento e utilização da Lei do Bem. A análise dos dados coletados nas entrevistas constatou que o Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) em que as empresas se encontram possui estrutura para a inovação e o desenvolvimento de tecnologia, entretanto, a interação entre os atores da hélice tríplice apresentou restrições em relação à utilização de financiamentos, fomentos e da utilização dos benefícios fiscais, em específico na dificuldade da utilização da Lei do Bem pelas empresas da região. Constatou-se nas as empresas pesquisadas, dificuldade para utilização de fomentos específicos para a inovação. Os fatores determinantes da dificuldade do uso da Lei do Bem apontados pela pesquisa foram o desconhecimento da Lei pelos empresários, falta de informação sobre a Lei e, o regime tributário escolhido. Esse estudo pode contribuir para aumentar o alcance da Lei do Bem às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (MPEs), e pela análise da citada Lei ao longo dos seus oito anos de vigência, sendo sete deles já reportados pelo Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), que resultou em uma lista com 1456 empresas que já se utilizaram dos benefícios proporcionados pela Lei do Bem de 2006 a 2012.
This research aims to analyze the use of Law No. 11.195/05, the Goodwill Law, for micro and small enterprises incubated technological base located in the technology hub of Santa Rita do Sapucaí (MG), considering that for the interaction of the triple helix, in other words, the interaction between university-industry-government. With specific, objective order to identify the main reasons for the use of the Goodwill Law, as well as determining reasons for using or not the tax benefits provided by. This law provides tax benefits directed towards innovation and technology development, including benefits for hiring researchers and the purchase of equipment and machinery for these purposes, and other incentives that will discourse in this research. The survey was conducted by means of a field study in the city of Santa Rita do Sapucaí (MG), which enabled the collection of data through structured interviews with semi-open way entrepreneurs and supporting organ and institutions in the region, thus enabling greater liberty to the respondents to respond within the established script. The script included, briefly , questions relating to innovation , structure of the region and knowledge and use of the Good Law Analysis of the data collected in the interviews found that the Local Productive Arrangement (APL) in which companies are own structure for innovation and technology development , however, the interaction between the actors of the triple helix introduced restrictions on the use of funds , encouragements and utilization of tax benefits , in particular the difficulty of using the Law of Good by companies in the region. It was found in the surveyed companies, difficulty using specific encouragements to innovation. The determinants of the difficulty of using the Goodwill Law found in the survey were the lack of Law by entrepreneurs, lack of information about the law and the tax regime chosen. This study may contribute to increase the reach of the Goodwill Law for Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE), and the examination of the said Act throughout its eight-year term , seven of them already reported by the Ministry of Science , Technology and Innovation (MCTI) , which resulted in a list of 1456 companies who have already used the benefits provided by the Good Law from 2006 to 2012.

Dans une économie mondialisée sur un secteur très concurrentiel, ce travail de recherche articulé en cinq parties propose d’étudier de nouveaux schémas de concurrence entre médicaments princeps et génériques au sein de l’Union Européenne, en intégrant les articulations entre régulation publique et incitations à innover. Dans une première partie introductive, les spécificités réglementaires très évolutives des marchés pharmaceutiques sont présentées ainsi que leurs conséquences induites sur les systèmes de prix et l'innovation.La deuxième partie, vise à analyser dans un premier temps l'approche adoptée par la Commission Européenne et les autorités de concurrence des divers Etats membres quant à la définition du marché pertinent de produits sur ces marchés. Plus particulièrement, dans un second temps, une étude empirique des schémas de substitution existants est développée à partir des décisions prises par la Commission Européenne de 1989 à 2011 en matière de fusions dans le secteur concerné. Cet examen des différents critères retenus pour définir la taille du marché pertinent souligne la tendance lourde à définir des marchés pertinents de produits toujours plus étroits, atteignant même le niveau moléculaire.Dans la troisième partie, l’analyse du système de prix de référence mis en place dans de nombreux Etats membres sur ces marchés concurrentiels, montre,en prenant en compte les avantages informatifs des princeps, dans quelle mesure la mise en place d'un tel système, peut favoriser l’innovation.Sous la quatrième partie, la modélisation de l'impact des nouveaux modèles d'accords de partage de risques se propose d’étudier comment de tels accords peuvent résoudre les problématiques d'aléa moral et de sélection adverse sur ces marchés, en incitant les entreprises à investir dans leur produit et à renforcer la qualité des biens fournis.Enfin, la partie cinq conclut le travail en mettant en perspective les résultats obtenus et en analysant les conséquences sous-jacentes pour les politiques publiques
The aim of this thesis is to examine the competition patterns that exist between originators and generics by focusing on the articulations between regulation and incentives to innovate. Once the characteristics of regulation in pharmaceutical markets is reviewed in the first chapter and an analysis of some current challenges related to cost-containment measures and innovation issues is performed, then in the second chapter, an empirical study is performed to investigate substitution patterns. Based on the EC´s merger decisions in the pharmaceutical sector from 1989 to 2011, this study stresses the key criteria to define the scope of the relevant product market based on substitution patterns and shows the trend towards a narrower market in time. Chapters three and four aim to analyse in depth two widespread measures, the internal reference pricing system in off-patent markets, and risk-sharing schemes in patent-protected markets. By taking into account informational advantages of originators over generics, the third chapter shows the extent to which the implementation of a reference price for off-patent markets can contribute in promoting innovation. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the modeling of risk-sharing schemes explains how such schemes can help in solving moral hazard and adverse selection issues by continuously giving pharmaceutical companies incentives to innovate and supplying medicinal products of a higher quality

There are a series of state and federal incentives in California to encourage the installation of distributed generation (DG) renewable energy, largely photovoltaic (PV). This thesis explores the policies behind the incentives, namely the Federal Investment Tax Credit, California Solar Initiative, and Net Energy Metering requirements. Discussion is informed by environmental policy tools, as well as business models that have acted to increase accessibility to these investment-intensive projects. Underlying this analysis is the theme of a shifting energy paradigm, with distributed generation spreading political, economic, and electric power.

The purpose of study is to research the development of electric vehicle technology in the United States. This study describes the United States public policies towards electric vehicle technology and system of innovation approaches. The government roles with the help of national system of innovation have been also covered in this study. The point of departure was the study of available literature and U.S energy policy acts which illustrates that the break-through in electric vehicles still not only depended on better battery technology and infrastructure for charging stations but also on social, economic and political factors. The important actors involved in the process are both at local and international level are private firms, governmental departments, research and development (R&D) institutes, nongovernment organizations (NGO’s) and environmental organizations etc. The arguments which are put forward in the background of development of such technologies are to reduce dependence on foreign oil and to reduce emissions of harmful gasses.

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Esta dissertação objetiva identificar quais são os benefícios colaterais resultantes da Lei do Bem na atividade inovativa percebidos por empresas selecionadas no RS no período de 2006 a 2012. A Lei 11.196 de 21 de novembro de 2005, ou Lei do Bem, é um mecanismo que busca promover a atividade inovativa nas empresas através da concessão de incentivos fiscais, que são considerados como benefícios fiscais. O Rio Grande do Sul ocupa o segundo lugar no país na utilização desses incentivos fiscais, como informa o Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI) no período de 2006 a 2012 no Relatório de Utilização dos Incentivos Fiscais da Lei do Bem (RAUIF). Esse mostrou-se o motivo inicial que fez com que empresas gaúchas fossem pesquisadas. Para isso foi necessário, à luz da Teoria Evolucionária, buscar referências em autores da linha neo-schumpeteriana e também outros estudiosos. Como temas de relevância para responder à problemática foram buscados aqueles relacionados à inovação e incentivos fiscais à inovação. Quanto à inovação, além da conceituação específica, consideraram-se os motivos para inovar, como inovar através do uso do conhecimento, habilidades e aprendizado e os riscos inerentes ao processo inovativo. No que tange aos incentivos fiscais à inovação, buscou-se avaliar o cenário internacional e as políticas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação (CT&I) para tornar mais adequada a análise quanto ao tema central. Optou-se pela realização de uma pesquisa de campo com o uso de estudo de casos múltiplos. Foram feitas entrevistas com roteiro pré-definido em seis empresas que possuem suas sedes no RS. Os respondentes estavam diretamente envolvidos com a pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) e inovação, fazendo parte do setor contábil/financeiro, planejamento e engenharia. O estudo identificou quatro benefícios colaterais além daqueles presumíveis em um incentivo fiscal: Adoção de controles, confiança derivada das rotinas, organização facilitadora e experiência reconhecida dos profissionais envolvidos nos projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento para inovação. Assim, respondendo à pergunta apresentada no título desse trabalho: ‘Lei do Bem: É possível ir além dos benefícios fiscais?’, responde-se: sim. E, ao longo da dissertação esses benefícios serão identificados.
This dissertation aims to identify what are the side benefits of the Lei do Bem in innovative activity perceived by companies selected in the RS from 2006 to 2012. Law 11.196 of november 21, 2005, or the Lei do Bem, is a mechanism that seeks promote innovative activity in companies by granting tax incentives, which are considered as tax benefits. The Rio Grande do Sul ranks second in the country in the use of these tax incentives, as reported by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) in the 2006-2012 period in the Usage Report of Tax Incentives of the Good Law (RAUIF). This proved to be the initial reason that made local companies were surveyed. This required, in the light of Evolutionary Theory, check references on authors of neo-Schumpeterian line and also other scholars. How important issues to address the problem were sought those related to innovation and tax incentives for innovation. As for innovation, beyond the specific concept, they considered the reasons to innovate, how to innovate through the use of knowledge, skills and learning and the risks inherent in the innovation process. With regard to tax incentives for innovation, we sought to assess the international scene and science, technology and innovation (ST & I) policies to make it suitable for analysis as the central theme. It was decided to carry out a field survey using multiple case study. Interviews were conducted with pre-defined script in six companies that have their headquarters in RS. Respondents were directly involved with the research and development (R & D) and innovation as part of the accounting / finance, planning and engineering. The study identified four side benefits beyond those alleged in a tax break: Adoption of controls, confidence derived from routines , facilitating organization and recognized expertise of professionals involved in research and development projects for innovation. Thus, answering the question posed in the title of this work: ' Lei do Bem: Is it possible to go beyond the tax relief', he replied: yes. And along this dissertation these benefits will be identified.

Non-compete covenants are clauses in employment contracts that forbid employees from competing with their former employers during a given time period. Recent literature has identified non-compete covenants as a new type of entry barrier to entrepreneurship within high-tech industries, impeding regional innovation, growth and employment. In Europe, the legal regime is highly heterogeneous, suggesting that certain regions might gain a competitive advantage in innovation. This study uses Fixed Effects regression and Poisson Fixed Effects regression models to investigate the ways in which non-compete covenants effect how venture capital investments stimulate regional innovation and entrepreneurship. The data set was constructed using data from The European Patent Office, the Eurostat, the World Bank and the OECD Economic Outlook. Ius Laboris overview was used to assess the enforceability of non-compete covenants in sample countries. The results show that increased supply of venture capital increases innovative activity in all regions. Relative to countries that enforce non-compete covenants, countries that restrict the use of these contracts experience higher rates of patenting activity. The level of enforceability was not found to have significant effects on new firm formation. The results suggest that financial intermediates and the legal regime have an important role in promoting regional innovation.

The purpose of this study is to explore if monetary reward negatively affects people’s willingness to participate in crowdsourcing projects and to see how the relationship between monetary rewards and the framing of the crowdsourcing problem affects participation in crowdsourcing contests. A two-phase data collection method is used to answer these questions; a survey to identify the people who had participated in crowdsourcing projects and a focus group with the suitable candidates to discuss the research questions further. According to our findings, framing a crowdsourcing project as a good cause is not a strong enough motivation to convince people to participate in a challenge. People usually look for a benefit (financial or personal) in a challenge when deciding to participate. On the other hand, offering a reward for a crowdsourcing contest that is held for a good cause increases people’s willingness to participate. Potential participants react differently to a reward that is larger than usual. While more experienced participants feel extra motivated by large rewards, those who have less experience in crowdsourcing projects are more likely to see the large reward as a threat, decreasing their chances of winning, thus, reducing their willingness to participate in those challenges.

Innovation incentives are imperfectly provided in market settings: When deciding on their innovation activity, firms tend to focus on the maximization of their private benefits, poorly internalizing social benefits. This thesis analyzes how policy intervention could be designed in order to align private and social incentives.

In the three papers of this thesis, I will consider three environments where firms' choices in a laissez-faire situation may be socially inefficient. The inefficiencies arise because of learning externalities, free riding when the innovation decision is made by a group of participants, or because firms are not willing to invest in a new activity that has a higher social than private value.

In the first thesis paper, I deal with the strategies of firms in innovative consumer product markets characterized by demand uncertainty. I analyze the timing and location decision of firms in that context.

In the second thesis paper, I consider the investment incentives of financial market infrastructures (FMIs). FMIs comprise the set of institutions that allow financial market participants to engage with each other. I assess the innovation incentives for different forms of ownership (user-owned versus third-party owned) and identify infrastructure service provision equilibria.

In the third thesis paper, I address the question of how a government should allocate a subsidy budget over time in order to maximize the innovation activity in an industry.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis introduces dynamic considerations and shows that knowledge spillovers (hereafter, spillovers) can also enhance the private returns to innovation (thus, reduce private obsolescence), should they feed back into the dynamic research of the original inventor. However, spillovers will always reduce private returns (thus, intensify private obsolescence) if the original inventor does not technologically benefit from the advancements other inventors build into its spilled knowledge. The contribution of this thesis broadens the concept of private returns to innovation, by distinguishing between static and dynamic returns. Static returns are defined as the stream of profits directly associated with a single invention, whereas dynamic returns also consider the expected stream of profits the firm can receive from the subsequent developments of its knowledge. We develop a conceptual framework as well as an empirical methodology that allow us to identify unique patterns of knowledge diffusion, which are defined as lines of research (they are empirically identified as unique sequences of patent citations). We classify the lines of research as two types, based on the feedback they yield to their inventors. A line of research is defined as Internalized, if knowledge returns to the boundaries of its inventor, after having been advanced by other firms, whereas a line of research is defined as Externalized, if knowledge does not return to the boundaries of its inventor, after having been advanced by other firms. We find a substantial firm-level variation in the ability to reabsorb spilled knowledge, even within four-digit industries. This variation translates to differential private returns to innovation, where firms that enjoy a more Internalized and less Externalized pattern of diffusion capture higher private returns, as indicated by the effect of their R&D on their market value. Moreover, we estimate a R&D equation and find preliminary evidence suggesting that firms adjust their R&D expenditures according to their ability to reabsorb their spilled knowledge. Firms that enjoy a more Internalized and less Externalized pattern of diffusion on average invest more in R&D. We show that firms are able to internalise dynamically some of their knowledge that spills to other firms. To the extent that such internalisation occurs, the underinvestment problem in R&D will be mitigated.

La rémunération des dirigeants est au centre des débats sur la gouvernance d’entreprise. La présente recherche a ouvert deux volets empiriques distincts pour nourrir ce débat. Dans le premier volet d’études empiriques, nous avons examiné la possibilité que les dirigeants profitent de leur pouvoir sur le conseil d’administration pour extraire des rentes économiques sous la forme d’actions gratuites et de stock-options. Puis, nous avons testé l’impact des incitations financières détenues par le dirigeant sur la performance de l’entreprise. Sur la base d’un échantillon de 510 entreprises-années extraites du SBF 120, nos résultats rejettent l’hypothèse d’extraction de rentes. Ensuite, nos résultats suggèrent que les dirigeants détiennent, en moyenne, le niveau optimal d’incitations financières permettant de maximiser la performance. Dans notre second volet d’études empiriques, nous avons souhaité évaluer le bien-fondé de la pratique de gestion consistant à intégrer des mesures d’innovation dans les contrats de rémunération. Sur la base d’un échantillon d’entreprises de haute et de basse technologie du S&P500, nos résultats semblent confirmer le bien-fondé de cette politique de rémunération. En effet, nous avons observé que la proportion d’entreprises dont les bonus des dirigeants intègrent une mesure de l’innovation est plus forte pour les entreprises des secteurs de haute technologie par rapport aux entreprises de basse technologie. Ensuite, nos résultats suggèrent que les entreprises de haute technologie qui intègrent des mesures d’innovation dans le bonus des dirigeants sont plus performantes que celles qui n’y ont pas recours
CEO compensation is at the core of the debates on corporate governance. This research has opened two different areas of empirical inquiry to enrich this debate. In our first area of inquiry, we investigate the possibility for CEOs to take advantage of their power on the board to extract economic rents in the form of restricted shares and stock-options. Then, we test the impact of CEO equity incentives on firm performance. On the basis of a sample of 510 SBF120 firm-year, our results reject the rent extraction hypothesis. Then, our results suggest that CEO hold, on average, the optimal level of equity incentives enabling the maximization of performance. In our second area of empirical inquiry, we examine the performance consequences that follow the use of innovation measures in CEO bonus contracts. The results, drawn from a sample of S&P500 high technology firms and low technology firms, support the relevance of this compensation policy. Indeed, we observe that the proportion of firms which CEO bonuses have integrated an innovation measure is higher for high technology firms compared with low technology firms. Moreover, we find that high technology firms whose CEO bonus incorporates R&D measures perform better than firms which rely on other types of financial and non financial measures in defining the CEO bonus

O presente trabalho trata dos incentivos fiscais à inovação tecnológica nas esferas federal e estadual apresentando um estudo de caso de uma grande empresa gaúcha na fruição do incentivo federal.São apresentados os principais conceitos pertinentes à legislação que regulamenta os incentivos, bem como os requisitos necessários para as empresas usufruírem dos benefícios fiscais em um ambiente tributário complexo e restritivo, como é o caso do ambiente tributário brasileiro. Nessa linha, são apresentados os principais aspectos referentes a planejamento tributário, os conceitos de evasão e elisão fiscal, aliados à utilização de incentivos fiscais emanados pelo poder público com a intenção de tornar o país competitivo internacionalmente e tecnologicamente desenvolvido. No estudo de caso, são apresentados os principais aspectos do projeto executado por empresa de capital aberto do setor automotivo gaúcho e os procedimentos realizados do ponto de vista fiscal, contábil e de controle interno de projetos e atividades de pesquisa. São apresentados os benefícios efetivos fiscais e financeiros da utilização de referidos incentivos, de modo a demonstrar de forma técnica e formal a importância da correta utilização das benesses concedidas pelo Governo e da relevância de profissionais preparados e antenados à evolução da legislação.
Present work deals with the tax incentives the technological innovation in the spheres federal and local presenting a study of case of a great company of the enjoyment of the federal incentive.The main pertinent concepts are presented the legislation that regulates the incentives, as well as the requirements necessary to companies use the tax benefits in a complex and restrictive tax environment, as the Brazilian tax environment. In this line, the main referring aspects are presented the tax planning, the concepts of evasion and fiscal elimination, allies the use of tax incentives gave by the public power with the intention to become the competitive country internationally and technologically developed. In the case study, the main aspects of the project executed for a registered company of the sector and the carried through procedures of the tax, accountable point of view and internal control of projects and activities of research are presented. The tax and financial effective benefits of the use are presented for related incentives, in order to demonstrate of form technique and deed of division the importance of the correct use of benefits gave by the Government and of the relevance of prepared professionals to the evolution of the legislation.

Thesis (S.M. in System Design and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-57).
Technological innovation is driven by incentives. However, our understanding of how incentives actually work "on the ground" to change the level of activity of innovators or to shape the direction of their innovation is relatively limited. This thesis contributes to this understanding by focusing on innovation prizes (as applied to the energy industry). It aims to examine how prizes provide a useful but also a limiting incentive for companies in a particular arena of R&D. Specifically, the thesis involves a survey of the teams that dropped out from a highly publicized prize competition to learn about their motivations and perspectives about the competition. How companies/teams understand and evaluate the technologies that they promote involves as much understanding of the technologies as of the economic models of incentives. This thesis uses a survey based methodology to explore the impact of a particular incentive structure - prizes - on a group of teams who initially participated in the prizes and then later decided to drop out. By selecting the drop out group we were able to explore the details of the prize as an innovation mechanism in more detail. The survey results reveal that the dropped out teams believed the prize to be an opportunity to raise money for their projects. Their inability to raise enough funds and eventual dropping out did not decrease their excitement about prizes as an ideal incentive to bring about radical change even though, the dropped out teams judged the specific prize competition as less than ideal. As a consequence, the thesis concludes that the prize incentive has a close relationship with and hence extends the financial infrastructure of a society.
by Bharat Bhushan.
S.M.in System Design and Management

This thesis addresses important operational aspects relating to fundamental components of any successfully executed NPD strategy: the processes, incentives and structure of decision rights that should be implemented given the objectives and capabilities of the firm. The first chapter outlines when a firm might prefer to compensate members of a NPD project team either, as individuals (e.g. based on their functional contribution to overall value) or as a team (e.g. based on the overall profit generated). We find that neither team nor individual based compensation is preferred for all types of projects. Specifically, when there is higher uncertainty, the firm can benefit by employing team-based compensation. We discuss the implications of our findings towards the firm's ability to pursue different types of projects. In Chapter 3, we look at the strategic resource allocation processes that are employed by firms in order to decide whether NPD initiatives get funded or not. We find that there is not a "one size fits all" resource allocation process that all firms should employ. Furthermore,we extend this finding by further by providing a rationale explaining why even a single firm could benefit by employing multiple processes internal to the firm. Finally, in Chapter 4, we empirically explore how key managerial levers of the firm (i.e. incentives, tolerance for failure, and project management structure) affect an individual's propensity to invest in a project. Our analysis brings forth several under-explored and novel aspects. We examine how multiple managerial levers work in concert with one another (revealing interactions that, to our knowledge, have not been exposed). We also recognize an important aspect of most (if not all) NPD contexts: the probability of success is strongly tied to the level of resources that are invested.

Виконано в рамках науково-дослідної теми № 0117U003922 «Інноваційні драйвери національної економічної безпеки: структурне моделювання та прогнозування»
Розглянуто законодавство України у сфері інноваційної діяльності. Проаналізовано основні групи методів державного стимулювання. Досліджено зарубіжний досвід державного стимулювання інноваційної діяльності, а також систематизовано найбільш поширені інструменти державного стимулювання інноваційної діяльності за кордоном.
Рассмотрено законодательство Украины в сфере инновационной деятельности. Проанализированы основные группы методов государственного стимулирования. Исследован зарубежный опыт государственного стимулирования инновационной деятельности, а также систематизированы наиболее распространенные инструменты государственного стимулирования инновационной деятельности за рубежом.
The legislation of Ukraine in the field of innovation activity is considered. The main groups of methods of state stimulation are analyzed. The foreign experience of state stimulation of innovation activity was explored, and the most common instruments of state incentives for innovation abroad were systematized.

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A Lei Federal 11.196/2005, conhecida como lei do bem, alcança um volume considerável de incentivos fiscais aos gestores que queiram investir em inovação tecnológica. Apesar desses benefícios estarem disponíveis às empresas, a análise do Relatório de Utilização de Incentivos Fiscais do MCTI, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação de 2011, referente ao ano base de 2010, em comparação com 2009, denota que é crescente o número de organizações que são atraídas pelas isenções tributárias e aproveitamentos contábeis disponíveis, por volta de 38% (trinta e oito por cento), essa percentagem ainda é bastante acanhada em termos de Brasil, foram 875 (oitocentos e setenta e cinco) requerimentos encaminhados, com relevantes 236 (duzentos e trinta e seis) que não foram contemplados. O trabalho analisou as dificuldades e os ganhos de 10 (dez) empresas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, segunda região brasileira mais habilitada no Relatório do MCTI. Como metodologia foi utilizada o fenomenológico hermenêutico, com abordagem qualitativa e a coleta de dados, a partir de roteiro de entrevistas semiestruturadas em sintonia com a legislação nacional. Os resultados indicam que o governo deve melhorar a comunicação dos incentivos fiscais para projetos de inovação junto às empresas, pois existe grande dispersão na forma em que as empresas têm conhecimento sobre o acesso a Lei do Bem; existe grande número de profissionais de diferentes áreas que estão envolvidos, tanto no projeto quanto na interpretação da legislação. Sendo que as normas do programa geram dúvidas nas empresas, o que causa insegurança e faz com que abram mão de benefícios com receio dos projetos não serem aprovados e, consequentemente, glosados pela Receita Federal. Foi constatado também, que embora haja uma diminuição no ganho financeiro da operação com os projetos, pelo impacto das dificuldades legais, as empresas participantes têm outros projetos em andamento, por outras motivações. Por fim, através de exemplo prático se cotejam duas empresas: uma com incidência e outra sem incidência dos benefícios fiscais da Lei do Bem, visando facilitar a compreensão da instrumentalização do programa e dos resultados financeiros, em nível ótimo de aplicação.
Federal Law 11.196/2005, known as the “Good Law”, reaches a considerable amount of tax incentives to managers who want to invest in technological innovation. Despite these benefits are available to companies, the analysis of the 2011 Report on the Use of Fiscal Incentives MCTI, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation - for the base year 2010, compared with 2009 - denotes that a growing number of organizations who are attracted by tax breaks and the available financial advantages, around 38% (thirty-eight percent), this percentage is still quite shy in terms of Brazil. From the 875 (eight hundred and seventy-five) requests that were sent, 236 (two hundred and thirty-six) were not granted. The paper analyzes the difficulties and gains ten (10) companies in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's second most qualified region according to the Report of the MCTI. The methodology used was the phenomenological hermeneutic method, with a qualitative approach, and collecting data from semi-structured interviews in line with national legislation. The results are that the government should improve the communication of tax incentives for innovation projects with companies, because there is great variation in the way which companies get to know about the Good Law, there is a large number of different professionals involved both in the project and in the interpretation of legislation, and the program rules raise doubts in the companies, which causes insecurity and leads them to relinquish benefits due to the fear that projects will not be approved and consequent disallowance by the IRS. It was also evidenced that although there is a decrease in financial gain with the projects due to the impact of legal difficulties, participating companies have other ongoing projects, but for other reasons. Finally, through practical example, we compare two companies, one with and one without the tax benefits of the Good Law, in order to better understanding how to exploit the program as well its the financial results in an ideal level of application.

Background: This study describes the incentives and barriers of public procurement ofcellulose-based and locally produced textiles in the Swedish healthcaresector governed by the county councils and regions. The size of the publicprocurement market is substantial which makes it imperative to analyse theprocurement decisions taken by this large customer from asustainability perspective. To understand these decisions better the publicprocurement is also analysed from an organisational perspective discussingpressures from global, regional and local stakeholders and governingauthorities.Methods: Empirical and primary data was collected from three semi-structuredinterviews with procurement officers, strategic buyers and heads ofprocurement departments in three county councils and regions in Sweden.The qualitative data was supplemented with quantitative data from a surveytargeting the additional 18 county councils and regions in Sweden. All 21county councils and regions in Sweden participated in or responded to theinterview and survey study. Six (33 %) complete responses were submitted,while five (28 %) surveys were partially responded to. Seven (39 %) countycouncils and regions did not participate in the study. The quantitative surveydata was analysed through the Fisher’s exact test and a thematic analysis wasapplied jointly on the interview and survey data due to the identicalinterview and survey questions.Results: The four themes found in the empirical data were concluded to be thedecision-making in these procurement processes being affected by manystakeholders, a high trust on suppliers for information updates andsustainable responsibility, an existing knowledge gap on cellulose-based andlocally produced textiles and the challenges and opportunities surroundingthe regulation of sustainability in the contract terms in the publicprocurement of textiles. The procurement officials being in a leading or nonleadingposition did not show any statistically significant effect on theperception of the clarity in the relevant political directives and how thisinfluences the possibility to take sustainable action in the procurementprocess, nor on whether the short-term (lowest) price has a higher prioritythan the long-term (e.g. long-term societal and environmental costs) in theprocurement of textiles.Conclusion: The sustainable public procurement of textiles within the Swedish healthcaresector governed by the county councils and regions is characterized by ahigh level of organisational complexity including many global, regional andlocal stakeholders. The governing authorities as well as the procuringorganizations and suppliers show interest in implementing sustainableprocurement processes which is however aggravated by static contract terms,limited knowledge on novel textile materials and the perceived costs relatedto the procurement.

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Despite all the positive factors that technological innovation can provide companies, since the creation of Tax Incentives for Technology Innovation Act of 2005 until 2009, only 1432 (thousand four hundred and thirty-two) companies have been benefited with this incentive, a very low volume compared with the number of companies considered innovative. It is estimated that only 14.5% of all enterprises that perform activities of Research and Development - R & D in the country are enjoying the benefits of Lei do Bem. The aim of this study is to identify the most relevant factors that motivate and hinder companies to use the tax incentive for technological innovation. This study is classified according to type as exploratory and descriptive. Regarding the method, this research is classified as qualitative. The population was composed of eleven companies that operate in different economic segments and the sample was represented by two groups of companies: those who have invested in innovation and technology research and were benefited with tax incentives for technological innovation and those who invested in innovation and technology research, however, not used this tax incentive. Data were collected through interviews with executives of these companies and the results were analyzed using the technique of content analysis. The main results of the study found that Brazilian companies are investing in technological innovation: to get competitive advantage over their competitors, keep the products current and competitive in domestic and international markets, reduce the number of complaints from its customers, maintaining its position in market, reduce costs and survive in the competitive market. The main factors that may hinder or prevent the Brazilian companies to invest in technological innovation are related: the uncertainty regarding the economic outlook and global crises, budget available to invest in technological innovation, lack of legislation to protect companies that invested in technological innovation , lack of skilled labor; rigidity of the organizational structure of businesses, reduction in profitability due to investment in innovation or due to restrictions of the headquarters. The main factors that prevent companies from using the Tax Incentive Technological Innovation are: requirement for regular tax; obligation to determine the Income Tax and Social Contribution on Real Profit; need to implement controls for the control of spending on technological innovation, unawareness of the benefits of the Good Law, the lack of clarity in the definition of projects that can be included in the incentive and the requirement that investments in innovation are made in the country.
Desde a criação do Incentivo Fiscal da Inovação Tecnológica pela Lei do Bem, em 2005 até o ano de 2009, apenas 1432 empresas foram beneficiadas pelo referido incentivo, um volume muito baixo quando comparado com a quantidade de empresas consideradas inovadoras. Estima-se que apenas 14,5% do total das empresas que realizam atividades de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) no país estejam usufruindo dos benefícios da Lei do Bem. Este estudo objetivou identificar os fatores mais relevantes que motivam e dificultam as empresas a utilizarem o incentivo fiscal da inovação tecnológica, segundo a percepção dos gestores das empresas. Quanto ao tipo, este estudo é classificado como exploratório e descritivo. Quanto ao método, esta pesquisa é classificada como qualitativa. No córpus analisado, a população foi composta por 11 empresas que atuam em diversos segmentos e a amostra foi representada por dois grupos de empresas: aquelas que investiram em inovação e pesquisa tecnológica e que usufruíram do incentivo fiscal da inovação tecnológica e aquelas que investiram em inovação e pesquisa tecnológica, mas que não utilizaram o referido incentivo fiscal. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas realizadas com executivos dessas empresas e os resultados foram analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. A partir dos principais resultados do estudo, verifica-se que as empresas brasileiras investem em inovação tecnológica para: obter vantagens competitivas em relação a seus concorrentes, manter os produtos atualizados e competitivos no mercado nacional e internacional, reduzir o número de reclamações de seus clientes, manter sua posição no mercado, reduzir custos e sobreviver no mercado competitivo. Por outro lado, as empresas deixam de investir em inovação tecnológica devido: às incertezas quanto ao cenário econômico e às crises mundiais, ao orçamento disponível para investir em inovação tecnológica, à falta de uma legislação para proteção das empresas que investem em inovação tecnológica, à ausência de mão-de-obra especializada, à rigidez da estrutura organizacional das empresas, à redução da lucratividade em virtude dos investimentos em inovação e de burocracias e restrições de sua matriz. Os principais fatores que impedem as empresas de utilizar o Incentivo Fiscal da Inovação Tecnológica são: a exigência de regularidade fiscal, a obrigatoriedade de apurar o Imposto de Renda e a Contribuição Social sobre o Lucro Líquido com base no Lucro Real, a necessidade da implementação de controles para contenção dos gastos com inovação tecnológica, o desconhecimento dos benefícios da Lei do Bem, a falta de clareza na definição dos projetos que podem ser incluídos no incentivo e a exigência de que os investimentos em inovação sejam realizados no país.

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It appears that countries with developed or developing economies have some kind of public policy for granting some kind of incentive to research and development of technological innovation. Incentives for research, development and innovation are generally divided into allowances and tax benefits. This division is regardless of the country's development level, it is more associated with the culture and historical uniqueness and not necessarily to economic power. Developed countries such as the United States, Canada, France and United Kingdom use the tax incentives model, but Germany encourages innovation through benefits, and all this is done based in laws. Brazil published its first legal regulations to encourage innovation in the 60s, when the legislation covered only the S&T activities (Science and Technology). There was a time when incentives did not improve and lasted until the mid-90s, a time when the country went through 21 years of military dictatorship, high inflation and very few financial resources available for investment. However, this scenario began to change in 1993 when it was published what is considered the first legislation on innovation in the country, Law No. 8,661 of June 2, 1993, starting then a time of reflection by the Brazilian authorities about the importance of innovation for the country s development, culminating in Law No. 11,196 of July 29, 2005, known as the Good Law, the most important legislation in Brazil on Research, Development and Innovation - R&D. Whereas the incentive rules to R&D in Brazil are still incipient, this work was intended to answer the following research question: the tax benefits introduced by public policies conducive to technological innovation, particularly the Good Law, are they properly contributing to stimulate technological innovation in Brazilian companies? Therefore, the research involved a short approach to the incentive practices of countries considered relevant in the global innovation scenario and assessed the main similarities and differences between the Brazilian practices and the international ones. The conclusion is that there are limitations on the Brazilian regulations for incentives in R&D, especially concerning the scope, since it does not allow incentives to reach small and medium businesses, delaying the emergence of cutting-edge technology in the country therefore less competitiveness of Brazilian products and services in the international market
Nota-se que países com economias desenvolvidas ou em desenvolvimento possuem algum tipo de política pública para concessão de algum tipo de incentivo à pesquisa e ao desenvolvimento de inovação tecnológica. Os incentivos à pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação geralmente são divididos em subvenções e benefícios tributários. Essa divisão independe do nível de desenvolvimento do país, estando mais associada à cultura e peculiaridades históricas e não necessariamente ao poder econômico. Países desenvolvidos como Estados Unidos, Canadá, França e Reino Unido utilizam o modelo dos incentivos fiscais, já a Alemanha incentiva a inovação por meio de subsídios e, tudo isso é feito com base em leis. O Brasil publicou as primeiras normas legais de incentivo à inovação na década de 60, quando a legislação cobria apenas as atividades de C&T (Ciência e Tecnologia). Houve um período sem evolução do incentivo que durou até meados da década de 90, período em que o país passou por 21 anos de ditadura militar, inflação alta e pouquíssimos recursos financeiros disponíveis para investimentos. Entretanto, esse cenário começou a mudar em 1993, quando foi publicada o que é considerada a primeira legislação sobre inovação no país, a Lei n.º 8.661 de 02 de junho de 1993, dando início então a um período de reflexão por parte das autoridades brasileiras sobre a importância da inovação para o desenvolvimento do país, culminando na Lei n.º 11.196 de 29 de julho de 2005, conhecida como a Lei do Bem, a mais importante legislação no Brasil sobre Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação P&D. Considerando que as normas de incentivo à P&D no Brasil ainda são incipientes, pretendeu-se com esse trabalho responder a seguinte questão da pesquisa: Os benefícios fiscais introduzidos pelas políticas públicas de incentivo à inovação tecnológica, em especial a Lei do Bem, estão contribuindo adequadamente para estimular a inovação tecnológica nas empresas brasileiras? Para tanto, a pesquisa envolveu, uma abordagem sucinta às práticas de incentivo de países considerados relevantes no cenário da inovação mundial e avaliou as principais semelhanças e diferenças da prática brasileira em relação às práticas internacionais. Conclui-se que há limitações nas normas brasileiras de incentivos em P&D, especialmente no que diz respeito ao alcance, já que não possibilita que os incentivos alcancem as pequenas empresas e médias empresas, ocasionando atraso no aparecimento de tecnologia de ponta no país e menos competitividade dos produtos e serviços brasileiros no mercado internacional

O objetivo fundamental deste trabalho é identificar os impactos dos incentivos fiscais federais concedidos pelo Governo brasileiro com a publicação da Lei do Bem, sobre os investimentos privados em P&D. A partir de estudo de campo realizado emgrandes empresas estabelecidas em habitats de inovação, especialmente em PqTgerido por universidade, foi analisado como a Lei do Bem auxilia a disseminação da cultura de inovação e aumenta a competitividade empresarial. Especificamente, o estudo tem o intuito de mostrar a importância da inclusão de forma mais abrangente dos gastos com infraestrutura de P&D, no rol das atividades passíveis de recebimento de incentivos fiscais por empresas localizadas em países notadamente carentes neste aspecto, tal qual o Brasil. Ademais, analisar comparativamente os mecanismos de incentivos fiscais utilizados por outros países com a intenção de propor adequações na estrutura da Lei do Bem que minimizem a sua não utilização em virtude da falta de clareza na sua aplicação e consequente adoção de postura conservadora pelas empresas. A metodologia consistiu de um estudo exploratório e qualitativo e revisão bibliográfica onde foram analisados os conceitos teóricos relacionados à inovação, sistemas nacionais, regionais e setoriais de inovação, hélice tríplice, habitats de inovação e políticas públicas, além da coleta de dados realizada por meio de consulta aos relatórios elaborados por entes governamentais, bem como por entrevistas realizadas junto às empresas que instalaram seus centros de P&D no PqT UFRJ, Consultorias especializadas e à ANPEI. Os resultados doestudoforam obtidos a partir da compilação dos dados destas entrevistas e relatórios. Além de outras conclusões, as informações permitiram afirmar que os incentivos fiscais, especialmente aqueles relacionados à redução do Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Jurídica, são importantes na medida em que permitem às grandes empresas, que já realizam atividades de P,D&I, a destinação de um montante maior a essas atividades. Apesar disso, essa política pública carece de aperfeiçoamento em função de haverrestado claro que a mesma não estimula todas as atividades de inovação, mas apenas aquelas relacionadas à P&D, além de não haver incentivos adequados ao crescimento de infraestrutura para inovação.
The primary goal of this paper is to identify the impacts of the federal tax incentives granted by the Brazilian government with the publication of the Goodwill Law, on private investment in R&D. Beginning withthe field study, conducted in large firms in innovation habitats, especially in a technology park managed by a university, it was analyzed how the GoodwillLaw helps spreading the innovation culture and increases business competitiveness. Specifically, the paper aims to show the importance of including in a more comprehensive way theR&D infrastructure expenses in the list ofeligible activities to receive tax incentives by companies particularly located in countries that lack these incentives, such as Brazil. Furthermore, compare the mechanisms of tax incentives used by other countries intending to propose adjustments in the Goodwill Lawstructure in order to minimize its non-use due tonon-understanding in its implementation and consequent adoption of a conservative posture by companies. The methodology consisted of an exploratory qualitative study and literature review which analyzed the theoretical concepts related toinnovation, national, regional and sectorial innovation systems, triple helix, innovation habitats and public policy concepts, in addition to data collected from government agencies reports, as well as interviews with the companies that set up their R&D centers in Rio de Janeiro Technology Park, specialized consulting firms and ANPEI. The study results were obtained from the compilation of these interviews and reports data. Among other conclusions, the information allowed to assert that tax incentives, especially those related to the reduction of Corporate Income Tax, are important insofar as they allow large companies that already carry out R,D&I activities, to allocate a greater amount on these activities. Nevertheless, this policy needs to be improved since it does not stimulate all innovation activities, but only those related to R&D, besides there are no appropriate incentives to promote the growth of innovationinfrastructure.

The author claims that, from a general perspective, the economic analysis of infonnation and its relation with law presents a strong inefficiency. The author develops a study ofthe economic incentives in general and the manner how prívate property is constituted as the principal but is not the only one of the economic incentives for the production of information and innovation. In strict sense, the author explores the ontology of property, showing that it does not allow the inclusion of immaterial and intangible goods since the modern fundamentals of such institution come form the appropriation and the homesteading rule, categories incompatible with the ontology of information. Into such argumentation, the author studies the economic incentive theories for information and innovation, initiating with the study of the characters of information and the fallacies that always had surrounded such good. The author concludes showing that intellectual property rights are not the product of an evolutionary process, but, on the contrary, they come from privileges conceded by the State, which its justification and fundament is invalid and equivocal due to the incompatibility of the property and the homesteading rule with the ontology of information.
El autor argumenta que, desde una perspectiva general, el análisis económico de la información y su relación con el derecho presenta una ineficiencia liminar. Para ello, desarrolla un estudio de los incentivos económicos en general y de la manera como la propiedad privada se constituye en el principal pero no el único de los incentivos económicos a la producción de información e innovación. En sentido estricto el autor hace una ontología de la propiedad, demostrando que ella no permite la inclusión de bienes inmateriales o intangibles en tanto que el fundamento moderno de tal institución proviene de la apropiación y la ocupación, categorías incompatibles con la naturaleza de la información. Dentro de tal argumentación, el autor se fundamenta en el espectro de los incentivos económicos para la producción de información e innovación, iniciando con un estudio de la naturaleza de la información y las falacias que siempre han rodeado a dicho bien. El autor concluye mostrando que los derechos de propiedad intelectual no son el producto de un proceso evolutivo de una institución como la propiedad, sino que, por el contrario, ellos proceden de privilegios concedidos por el Estado, cuya justificación y fundamento es inválido y equivoco debido a la incompatibilidad del ser de la propiedad y la ocupación con la ontología de la información

Mestrado em Economia e Gestão de Ciência e Tecnologia e Inovação
Spin-off creation became a popular mechanism of academic knowledge transfer in recent years. Considering this, in parallel with public and private incentives, universities began adopting internal knowledge transfer and spin-off support policies, but their characteristics and results are not well known, especially in the Portuguese case. Based on international evidence, we clarified the potential influence of university policies in the creation and initial development of spin-off companies and, based on this, we examined the intervention of two Portuguese universities in these processes. In general, both universities have structured knowledge transfer policies in recent years, although with different characteristics and forms of intervention. This action was accompanied by a growing utilization of university services and supports by spin-off firms. Nonetheless, despite the significant amount of resources universities have allocated to this domain, quite seldom there's a perfect match between the perceived needs of support to entrepreneurs and the support actually provided by the universities. Likewise, the research developed suggests some drawbacks in what concerns the dissemination of the university support services and actions within their target users. Last, but not the least, it seems that clearer university policies, a larger offer of support services and a good adaptation to regional context are associated to a more favourable environment to spin-off formation.
Spin-off creation became a popular mechanism of academic knowledge transfer in recent years. Considering this, in parallel with public and private incentives, universities began adopting internal knowledge transfer and spin-off support policies, but their characteristics and results are not well known, especially in the Portuguese case. Based on international evidence, we clarified the potential influence of university policies in the creation and initial development of spin-off companies and, based on this, we examined the intervention of two Portuguese universities in these processes. In general, both universities have structured knowledge transfer policies in recent years, although with different characteristics and forms of intervention. This action was accompanied by a growing utilization of university services and supports by spin-off firms. Nonetheless, despite the significant amount of resources universities have allocated to this domain, quite seldom there's a perfect match between the perceived needs of support to entrepreneurs and the support actually provided by the universities. Likewise, the research developed suggests some drawbacks in what concerns the dissemination of the university support services and actions within their target users. Last, but not the least, it seems that clearer university policies, a larger offer of support services and a good adaptation to regional context are associated to a more favourable environment to spin-off formation.

This doctoral thesis aims to demonstrate the importance of incentives to technology-based firms as a strategy to promote knowledge-based economic development (KBED). To remain competitive, technology-based firms must innovate and seek new markets; therefore, this study aims to propose an incentive model to technology-based firms as a strategy to promote knowledge-based urban development, according to framework described by Yigitcanlar (2011). This is an exploratory and descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Surveys were carried out with national trade associations that represented technology-based firms both in Brazil and Australia. After analysing the surveys, structured interviews were conducted with government representatives, trade associations and businessmen who had used financial support by the federal government. When comparing both countries, the study found the importance of direct incentives through tax incentives, for it is a less bureaucratic, quicker and more direct process for firms. We suggest to include the terms incentives in the framework of knowledge-based urban development, as one of the pillars that contribute to knowledge-based economic development.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares
A atividade de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação tem se mostrado indissociável da promoção ao desenvolvimento econômico das nações e da competitividade das empresas sobre suas concorrentes. É neste contexto que se inserem políticas públicas de inovação, dentre elas, os incentivos fiscais concedidos pelo poder público, cujo interesse se justifica pela influência da inovação no crescimento da economia. No ano em que a Lei 11.196 de 2005 (Lei do Bem) completa uma década de benefícios fiscais a empresas inovadoras, este trabalho busca inferir a efetividade deste instrumento sobre a rentabilidade de empresas de capital aberto incentivadas, de 2006 a 2012. A amostra é composta por 173 empresas de capital aberto, sendo elas participantes e não participantes da Lei do Bem, de 18 setores, constituindo 1.117 observações. Controlando por diversas características das empresas, buscou-se mensurar o efeito da Lei do Bem sobre o Return on Assets (ROA) das empresas. Tanto o método Pool de OLS quanto o método de Diferenças em Diferenças indicaram uma relação positiva e estatisticamente significativa (1%) entre a Lei do Bem e o ROA. Os resultados do método de Diferenças em Diferenças apontaram que participar da Lei do Bem tende a aumentar o ROA das empresas em 1,65 p.p. em média, sugerindo que este é um mecanismo governamental que provoca resultados positivos no desempenho econômico das empresas. Assim, o estudo contribui para apresentar qual foi a influência da Lei do Bem sobre o ROA das companhias de capital aberto desde a criação deste incentivo fiscal.
The Research, Development and Innovation activity has proven inseparable from the economic development of nations and the competitiveness of enterprises. In this context, innovation public policies are often implemented by governments, like tax incentives, whose interest is justified by the influence of innovation on economic growth indicators. In 2005, the Law 11.196 (Lei do Bem) completes a decade of tax benefits to innovative companies in Brazil. This study aims to answer whether this instrument actually affects the economic performance of companies, inferring whether the “Lei do Bem” affected the profitability of targeted publicly traded companies from 2006 to 2012. The sample consists of 173 listed companies, participants or non-participants of the Lei do Bem, from 18 sectors, resulting in 1.117 observations. Controlling for observables, the goal was to measure the impact of “Lei o Bem” over companies’ Return on Assets (ROA). Both the Pool of OLS method and the Differences in Differences method revealed that the “Lei do Bem” had a positive and statistically significant (1%) impact on companie´s ROA. Results indicate that benefits from the “Lei do Bem” are to increase the companies’ ROA by 1.65 p.p. on average, suggesting that this is a mechanism leading to positive results in the economic performance of companies. Thus, the study helps to portrait the influence of the tax incentives of Lei do Bem in the ROA of public companies.

1. The context: The European patent system has been affected by substantial changes over the past three decades, which have raised vigorous debates at different levels. The main objective of the present dissertation is to contribute to these debates through an exploratory analysis of different changes in patenting practices – in particular the way applications are drafted and filed to patent offices –, their drivers, association with the value of patents, and potential impact on the patent system. The coming essays are therefore empirical in their essence, but are inspired by economic motivations and concerns. Their originality is threefold: it resides in the novelty of the main questions discussed, the comprehensive database specifically built to address them, and the range of statistical methods used for this purpose. The main argument throughout these pages is that patenting practices have significantly evolved in the past decades and that these developments have affected the patent system and could compromise its ability to fulfil its economic purpose. The economic objective of patents is to encourage innovation and its diffusion through the public disclosure of the inventions made. But their exploitation in the knowledge economy has assumed so many different forms that inventors have supposedly developed new patenting and filing strategies to deal with these market conditions or reap the maximum benefits from their patents. The present thesis aims at better understanding the dimensions, determinants, and some potential consequences of these developing practices.

2. The evolution: Chapter 2 presents a detailed descriptive analysis of the evolution in the size of patent applications filed to the European Patent Office (EPO). In this chapter, we propose two measures of patent voluminosity and identify the main patterns in their evolution. Based on a dataset with about 2 million documents filed at the EPO, the results show that the average voluminosity of patent applications – measured in terms of the number of pages and claims contained in each document – has doubled over the past 25 years. Nevertheless, this evolution varies widely across countries, technologies and filing procedures chosen by the applicant. This increasing voluminosity of filings has a strong impact on the workload of the EPO, which justifies the need for regulatory and policy actions.

3. The drivers: The evolution in patent voluminosity observed in chapter 2 calls for a multivariate analysis of its determinants. Chapter 3 therefore proposes and tests 4 different hypotheses that may contribute to explaining the observed inflation in size: the influence of national laws and practices and their diffusion to other countries with the progressive globalization of patenting procedures, the complexification of research activities and inventions, the emergence of new sectors with less established norms and vocabularies, and the construction of patent portfolios. The econometric results first reveal that the four hypotheses are significantly associated with longer documents and are therefore empirically supported. It appears however that the first hypothesis – the diffusion of national drafting practices through international patenting procedures – is the strongest contributor of all, resulting in a progressive harmonization of drafting styles toward American standards, which are longer by nature. The portfolio construction hypothesis seems a less important driver but nevertheless highlights substantial changes in patenting practices. These results raise two questions: Do these evolving patenting practices indicate more valuable patents? Do they induce any embarrassment for the patent system?

4. Measuring patent value: If the former of these two questions is to be addressed, measures are needed to identify higher value patents. Chapter 4 therefore proposes a review of the state of the art on patent value indicators and analyses several issues in their measurement and interpretation. Five classes of indicators proposed in the literature may be obtained directly from patent databases: the number of countries in which each patent is enforced, the number of years during which each patent has been renewed, the grant decision taken, the number of citations received from subsequent patents, and whether it has been opposed by a third party before the EPO. Because the former two measures are closely connected (the geographical scope of protection and length of maintenance can hardly be observed independently), they have been subjected to closer scrutiny in the first section of chapter 4, which shows that these two dimensions have experienced opposite evolutions. A composite measure – the Scope-Year Index – reveals that the overall trend is oriented downwards, which may suggest a substantial decline in the average value of patents. The second section of chapter 4 returns to the five initial classes of measures and underlines their main patterns. It appears that most of them witness the well-known properties of patent value: a severe skewness and large country and technology variations. A closer look at their relationships, however, reveals a high degree of orthogonality between them and opposite trends in their evolution, suggesting that they actually capture different dimensions of a patent’s value and therefore do not always pinpoint the same patents as being the most valuable. This result strongly discourages the reliance on one of the available indicators only and opens some avenue for the creation of one potential composite index of value based upon the five indicators to maximize the chances of capturing all potentially valuable patents in a large database. The proposed index reflects the intensity of the signal provided by all 5 constituting indicators on the potential value of each patent. Its declining trend reflects a rarefaction of this signal on average, leading to different plausible interpretations.

5. The links with patent value: Based upon the six indicators of value proposed in chapter 4 (the five classical ones plus the composite), the question of the association between filing strategies and the value of patents may be analysed. This question is empirically addressed in chapter 5, which focuses on all EPO patents filed between 1990 and 1995. The first section presents a comprehensive review of the existing evidence on the determinants of patent value. The numerous contributions in the field differ widely along three dimensions (the indicator of value chosen as dependent variable, the sampling methodology, and the set of variables tested as determinants), which have translated into many ambiguities across the literature. Section 2 proposes measures to identify different dimensions of filing strategies, which are essentially twofold: they relate to the routes followed by patent filings toward the EPO (PCT, accelerated processing), and to their form (excess claims, share of claims lost in examination), and construction (by assembly or disassembly, divisional). These measures are then included into an econometric model based upon the framework provided by the literature. The proposed model, which integrates the set of filing strategy variables along with some of the classical determinants, is regressed on the six available indicators separately over the full sample. In addition, the sensitivity of the available results to the indicator and the sampling methodology is assessed through 18 geographic and 14 industrial clustered regressions and about 30 regressions over random samples for each indicator. The estimates are then compared across countries, industries and indicators. These results first reveal that filing strategies are indicative of more valuable patents and provide the most stable determinants of all. And third, the results do confirm some classical determinants in their positive association with patent value, but highlight a high degree of sensitivity of most of them to the indicator or the sample chosen for the analysis, requiring much care in generalizing such empirical results.

6. The links with patent length: Chapter 6 focuses on one particular dimension of patent value: the length of patents. To do so, the censored nature of the dependent variable (the time elapsed between the filing of a patent application and its ultimate fall into the public domain) dictates the recourse to a survival time model as proposed by Cox (1972). The analysis is original in three main respects. First of all, despite the fact that renewal data have been exploited for about two decades to obtain estimates of patent value (Pakes and Schankerman, 1984), this chapter provides – to the best of our knowledge – the first comprehensive analysis of the determinants of patent length. Second, whereas most of the empirical literature in the field focuses on granted patents and investigates their maintenance, the analysis reported here includes all patent applications. This comprehensive approach is dictated by the provisional rights provided by pending applications to their holders and by the legal uncertainty these represent for competitors. And third, the model integrates a wide set of explanatory variables, starting with the filing strategy variables proposed in chapter 5. The main results are threefold: first, they clearly show that patent rights have significantly increased in length over the past decades despite a small apparent decline in the average grant rate, but largely due to the expansion of the examination process. Second, they indicate that most filing strategies induce considerable delays in the examination process, possibly to the benefit of the patentee, but most certainly to the expense of legal uncertainty on the markets. And third, they confirm that more valuable patents (more cited or covering a larger geographical scope) take more time to process, and live longer, whereas more complex applications are associated with longer decision lags, but also with lower grant and renewal rates.

7. Conclusions: The potential economic consequences and some policy implications of the findings from the dissertation are discussed in chapter 7. The evolution of patenting practices analysed in these works has some direct consequences for the stakeholders of the patent system. For the EPO, they generate a considerable increase in workload, resulting in growing backlogs and processing lags. For innovative firms, this phenomenon translates into an undesired increase in legal uncertainty, for it complicates the assessment of the limits to each party’s rights and hence of the freedom to operate on a market, which is precisely what the so-called ‘patent trolls’ and ‘submariners’ may be looking for. Although empirical evidence is lacking, some fear that this may result in underinvestment in research, development or commercialization activities (e.g. Hall and Harhoff, 2004). In addition, legal uncertainty is synonymous with an increased risk of litigation, which may hamper the development of SMEs and reduce the level of entrepreneurship. Finally, for society, we are left with a contrasted picture, which is hard to interpret. The European patent system wishes to maintain high quality standards to reduce business uncertainty around granted patents, but it is overloaded with the volume of applications filed, resulting in growing backglogs which translate into legal uncertainty surrounding pending applications. The filing strategies that contribute to this situation might reflect a legitimate need for more time and flexibility in filing more valuable patents, but they could also easily turn into real abuses of the system, allowing some patentees to obtain and artificially maintain provisional rights conferred by pending applications on inventions that might not meet the patentability requirements. Distinguishing between these two cases goes beyond the scope of the present dissertation, but should they be found abusive, they should be fought for they consume resources and generate uncertainty. And if legitimate, then they should be understood and the system adapted accordingly (e.g. by adjusting fees to discourage some strategies, raising the inventive step, fine-tuning the statutory term in certain technologies, providing more legal tools for patent examiners to reject unpatentable applications, etc.) so as to better serve the need of inventors for legal protection in a more efficient way, and to adapt the patent system to the challenges it is or will be facing.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os aspectos tributários do Programa de Incentivo à Inovação Tecnológica e Adensamento da Cadeia Produtiva – INOVAR-AUTO, sob o ponto de vista das empresas destinatárias dos incentivos, em especial, as fabricantes de veículos. O INOVAR-AUTO foi instituído em 2012 no âmbito do Plano Brasil Maior, conjunto de iniciativas de política industrial do governo brasileiro. Tem como metas o estímulo à inovação, o fortalecimento da cadeia de fornecedores e o aumento de eficiência energética e dos padrões de segurança dos veículos comercializados no país. Suas regras têm validade de 2013 a 2017 e seu mecanismo é a concessão de créditos e isenções tributárias aos fabricantes e importadores de veículos, que em contrapartida têm que assumir compromissos de execução no país de atividades fabris, patamares mínimos de dispêndios com pesquisa, desenvolvimento, engenharia e tecnologia, participação em programa de etiquetagem veicular e atingir metas de melhoria nos padrões de consumo e emissões dos veículos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o presente estudo é um trabalho exploratório sobre práticas jurídicas, que se utiliza primordialmente de fontes primárias. Examina as regras do INOVAR-AUTO para identificar as atividades necessárias para o cumprimento de seus requisitos e os principais riscos e obstáculos para as empresas participantes. A partir deste exame, o estudo trata em maior detalhe de dois temas: primeiro, a complexidade de operação do sistema desenvolvido pelo governo, em conjunto com o setor automotivo, para apuração do conteúdo nacional nos insumos, fator gerador dos créditos. Segundo, a formatação das metas de eficiência energética, os desafios para atingi-las e os riscos por eventual fracasso. O trabalho avalia as opções disponíveis para as empresas do setor, para concluir pela inviabilidade de não adesão ao INOVAR-AUTO. Também faz um balanço dos benefícios e problemas para as empresas, bem como descreve as bases da nova proposta de política para o setor, denominada Rota 2030 e que substituirá o INOVAR-AUTO a partir de 2018. São discutidos os fatores que podem influenciar o novo regime, tais como os resultados de solução de controvérsia na OMC e as novas tendências tecnológicas para veículos. A pesquisa busca antecipar possíveis impactos da Rota 2030 para as empresas automotivas.
The purpose of this work is to evaluate tax aspects of the Program of Incentives to the Technological Innovation and Enhancement of the Production Chain – INOVAR-AUTO from the point of view of the companies contemplated with such incentives, in special the vehicle manufacturers. INOVAR-AUTO was enacted in 2012 as part of a wider range of industrial policies named Greater Brazil Plan (‘Plano Brasil Maior’) implemented by the Brazilian government. This regime has as objectives to incentive innovation, to strenghten the supply chain and to increase the energy efficiency and safety standards of the vehicles marketed in the country. The incentives are valid from 2013 through 2017 and its mechanism is the grant of tax exemptions and credits to the manufacturers and importers of vehicles, which in exchange have to commit themselves to perform certain manufacturing actitivies in the country, to reach minimum thresholds of spending in research, development, engineering and technology, to adhere to a vehicle labeling program and to achieve improvements on the patterns of consumption and emissions of the vehicles. The methodology of this study is the exploratory work of legal practices, using mainly primary sources. The examination of the INOVA-AUTO rules leads to the identification of the activities necessary for the fulfillment of the program requirements and the main risks and obstacles for the participating companies. From this analysis, the research treats two matters in further detail: first, the complexity to operate the system developed to estimate the national content in the components and raw materials, from where the credits are generated. Second, the design of the energy efficiency targets, the challenges to meet them and the risks of a possible failure. The work evaluates the options available to the automotive companies and concludes for the unfeasibility of not adhering to INOVAR-AUTO. There is also a balance of benefits and burdens to the automotive companies, as well as a description of the drivers of a new policy proposed for the sector, named Route 2030 (‘Rota 2030’), which will replace INOVAR-AUTO from 2018 on. The text assess the factors that may influence the new rules, as the results of the dispute resolution panel at the WTO and the new technological trends for vehicles. This research seeks to anticipate possible impacts of Route 2030 to the automotive companies.