Academic literature on the topic 'Inchoative verb'
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Journal articles on the topic "Inchoative verb"
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Li, Wenchao. "Causative/Inchoative Verb Alternation in Altaic Languages: Turkish, Turkmen, Nanai and Mongolian." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 5 (2020): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n5p399.
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The purpose of the study is two-fold. First, a statistical analysis of the morphology of causative/inchoative verb alternation is carried out in Japanese and in 13 Altaic languages, i.e., Turkish, Turkmen, Nanai, Khakas, Udihe, Uzbek, Sakha, Manchu, Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Kazakh, Ewen, and Azerbaijani. The findings reveal that causative/inchoative verb alternation (a) can be realised via the insertion of an infix (‘-uul-’, ‘-e-’, ‘-g-’, etc.); (b) can be inchoative root-based, with transitive verbs derived via attaching a suffix to the inchoative verb roots (‘-dur-’, ‘-t-’, ‘-ir-’, ‘-dyr-’, ‘-wəən-’, ‘-buwəən-’, ‘-r-’, ‘-wənə-’, ‘-nar-’, ‘-ier-’, ‘-er-’, ‘-bu-’, ‘-ʊkan-’); (c) can be causative verb-based, with inchoative verbs being derived via attaching a suffix to the causative verb roots (‘-p-’, ‘-n-’, ‘-ul-’, ‘-il-’); and (d) can be realised via consonant alternation (‘-r-’ (transitive) / ‘-n-’ (intransitive); ‘-t-’ (transitive) / ‘-n-’ (intransitive)). This study further attempts to pin down the affiliation of these languages with the Japanese language. It compares the morphological findings with Japanese bound morphemes in causative/inchoative verb alternation and then delves into the phonological issues, i.e., consonant alternation and vowel harmony. A proposal is put forward: phonologically and morphologically, Japanese has a good deal of resemblance to the 13 Altaic languages.
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Gurevich, D. L. "Correlation of grammatical and semantic parameters in portuguese change-of-state verbs." Philology at MGIMO 7, no. 2 (2021): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-2-26-38-52.
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Verbs denoting change of state are a semantic-syntactic universal as they share common patterns in languages of different types. One of such patterns is their ability to take part in causative-inchoative alternation when one and the same situation codified by certain language units can be seen both from the viewpoint of the actor vs recipient (transitive model) and from the viewpoint of the recipient only, provided that the recipient is the only agent in the verb’s structure (inchoative model), unlike in passive constructions. In causative-inchoative alternation situations these verbs choose one of the three alternation types: a) suppletive (matar – morrer), b) anticausative, when the inchoative meaning is codified morphologically with the help of the pronominal particle se (espantar – espantar-se) and c) labile, when the inchoative meaning is optionally marked by se without any change in grammaticality or semantics. The present paper argues that the choice of pronominal or non-pronominal form of the verb in the inchoative meaning with an inanimate subject (A janela (se) quebrou) depends on the parameter of animate / inanimate subject in the corresponding transitive construction and, to a certain extent, on the graduality inherent to the verb’s semantics (the acceptability of quantification). It is also shown that Brasilian Portuguese reveals the tendency to realize the labile type of alternation when the subject of the inchoative verb is inanimate; in Old Portuguese, on the contrary, the anticausative type (marked by se) was more frequent.
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Almahameed, Yazan Shaker, Mohammad Mansour Al-Aajalein, and Khawlah Mohammad Ahmad. "Causative-inchoative Alternation in the Language of Jordanian EFL Learners." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 6 (2018): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.6p.176.
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Causative-inchoative construction is a pair of verbs discussing the same notion, which is a state of change with a different form for each verb. It has been noted that causative-inchoative alternation constitutes a learnability problem for Arab EFL learners and very few studies addressed this language form among Arab learners and more specifically Jordanian learners of English. The present study is an attempt to measure the perception and production of English causative-inchoative alternations by learners whose native language is Arabic. In collecting the required data for the study, grammaticality judgement and correction task was used. A total of 24 Jordanian English majors partook in the study. Having analyzed the data statistically, the study results depicted that comprehending and producing causative and inchoative constructions by Jordanian English majors is not an easy task. It was also found that causative structures are more readily to acquire than their inchoative counterparts. More precisely, it could be argued that Jordanian learners of English acquire the causative form earlier than the inchoative form. Finally, the results revealed that language transfer is the driving force of acquiring causative-inchoative structures, where a great deal of errors can be traced back to Arabic. The study arrived at the conclusion that the participants have a weak competence of causative-inchoative forms which is best exhibited in their responses to the items of grammaticality judgement task. This conclusion could be attributed to the fact that Arabic and English vary greatly with respect to encoding causative-inchoative forms.
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Rini, Elizabeth Ika Hesti Aprilia Nindia. "Verba Kompon Hajimeru, Dasu, Dan Kakeru Sebagai Penanda Aspek Inkoatif Bahasa Jepang." KIRYOKU 3, no. 2 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v3i2.64-70.
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(Title: Compound Verbs -Hajimeru, -Dasu, -Kakeru as An Inchoative Aspects Marker in Japanese Language) Compound verb -hajimeru, -dasu, and -kakeruare known as marker of inchoative aspects that express the beginning of a state. This study aims to describe the structure and meaning of the three compound verbs in order to be able to use the three markers of this aspect in the right situation. The method used in this research is descriptive method. As a result of the study it was found that the compound verb -hajimeru compound were used to express the beginning of an activity or event in general in Japanese; compound verb -dasu is used to express the beginning of an activity that occurs suddenly; while the compound verb -kakeru states that activity will begin in a moment, or states a moment after an activity begin .
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Rini, Elizabeth IHAN. "The Contrastive Analysis of Inchoative Aspect of Japanese and Indonesian Language." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207078.
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Compound verb –dasu in Japanese language, adverb mulai (start), and adverb baru (just) in Indonesian language are marks of inchoative aspect. This research aims to describe the difference and similarity of those three marks of inchoative aspect. The method applied in this research is intralingual padan method. As the result of the research, it is proven that compound verb –dasu and adverb baru are focusing on the beginning of an activity or alteration, meanwhile adverb mulai (start) is a sign of the beginning of an event with an exact finished oriented. Compound verb –dasu, adverb mulai (start), and adverb baru can be constructed as activity verb and punctual verb, both volitional and non volitional with animate and inanimate as the subject. Then, the differences are compound verb –dasu shows the beginning of an event that happens suddenly, meanwhile the adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) do not; beside, the adverb mulai (start) can be modified as stative verb, adjective and noun, meanwhile compund verb –dasu can not.
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Jerro, Kyle. "Change of state in Kinyarwanda: A study in root meaning." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4075.
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I investigate the paradigms of change of state verb roots in Kinyarwanda, comparing the simple state, inchoative, causative, and result state members of 81 root paradigms. I show that the morphological shape of the causative/inchoative members of the paradigm and whether there is a simple state term are both contingent upon root semantics. Certain change of state roots in Kinyarwanda lack simple state meanings and always give rise to change entailments; this correlates with the lack of the simple state in the paradigm. I further show that verb meaning also partially determines which of several derivational strategies are used by a given change of state paradigm.
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Fontenelle, Thierry. "Structural Regularities vs. Definition Patterns." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 113-114 (January 1, 1996): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.113-114.07fon.
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Abstract In a paper dealing with the computational analysis of dictionaries, Boguraev ("Building a Lexicon: The Contribution of Computers", in International Journal of Lexicography, 4:3, Autumn 1991) claims that exploiting definition patterns in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (PROCTER, 1978) to identify verbs participating in the causative/inchoative alternation misses a number of verb candidates. His contention is that this linguistic property of verbs is reflected in the structure of dictionary definitions and not in the language of definitions. However, the algorithm he suggests for extracting causative/inchoative verbs from LDOCE on the basis of purely structural regularities is not sufficiently selective insofar as it also identifies verbs which participate in other types of transitivity alternations, such as, for instance, the reciprocal alternation.
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Yiu, Carine Yuk-man. "The formation of the inchoative aspect marker heisoenglai in Cantonese." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 2, no. 2 (2008): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-90000043.
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There are two aspect markers in Cantonese whose meaning and use are similar: heilai and heisoenglai. Their meaning and use are equivalent to qilai in Mandarin, indicating that an event or a state begins. When an object is involved, it splits the two aspect markers into two parts: hei-Object-lai and hei-Object-soenglai. Examining the Cantonese historical materials compiled in the 19th and the early 20th centuries, it is noted that heilai already existed in the 19th century materials while the first occurrence of heisoenglai is found in a text published in 1930s. This paper tries to explore the formation of the inchoative aspect marker heisoenglai from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The paper further suggests that heisoenglai is formed as a result of the grammaticalization of the directional form: Verb + hei + Object + soeng + lai, a form which arises by combining Verb + hei + Object and Verb + Object + soeng + lai.
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Mashaqba, Bassil, Anas Huneety, Wael Zuraiq, Moh’D Al-Omari, and Sabri Al-Shboul. "Labile anticausatives in Jordanian Arabic." Lingua Posnaniensis 62, no. 2 (2020): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2020-0009.
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Abstract This study examines the morpho-syntax of labile anticausative structures in Jordanian Arabic (JA). Although the transitive counterpart of anticausatives is marked via morphological affixes that reflect structural and lexical components in Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic, a number of verbs involving causative alternation exhibit identical forms in JA (e.g., ġala [+T] ‘to CAUSE boil something’ vs ġala [–T] ‘to BECOME boil’). Such variation poses challenges for mapping between verb morphology and its lexical semantics. To handle such variation, which is also observed cross-linguistically, we argue in favour of Schäfer (2008; 2012), Schäfer & Vivanco (2015), and Ramchand’s (2008) “causer-less” analysis over Koontz-Garboden’s (2009) “reflexive” analysis. This work further assumes the existence of a Voice phrase lacking a specifier (external argument) and assumes that Voice projection is headed by an implied Voice head (vcauser) that syntactically assigns the accusative case to its new subject and semantically encodes the internal argument and describes the resultant subevent of the verb. The work also provides an alternative solution for voice projection that lacks an explicit specifier bearing [+agent] or [+causer] feature specification. The work assumes the presence of an inchoative Voice head [vinch] introducing the Spec Voice Phrase, which encodes an inchoative resultant state of an event achieved over its theme. Contrary to Al-Qadi (2015), the present model assumes that such verbs constitute a middle position between transitive and intransitive verbs in JA but do not constitute a separate class of their own. Evidently, the correct characterization of the anticausative subclass distribution is that it surfaces wherever v is transitive as well as in intransitive volitional contexts (a non-natural class). More intriguingly, the presented material suggests that there is an ongoing process of diachronic change in spoken Arabic varieties (including JA) that amounts to the development and expansion of an inchoative class where no external or internal inchoative detransitivizing morphemes are involved. This topic, which incorporates an intriguing diachronic dimension in addition to the syntactic details, is missing from the generative literature on Arabic morpho-syntax and is potentially of sufficient interest to merit investigation.
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Kratochvíl, František, David Moeljadi, Benidiktus Delpada, Václav Kratochvíl, and Jiří Vomlel. "Aspectual pairing and aspectual classes in Abui." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 74, no. 3-4 (2021): 621–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2021-1046.
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Abstract This paper describes the aspectual classes in Abui, a Papuan language of the Timor-Alor-Pantar family. Abui innovated a system of aspectual stem pairing, realized by consonant mutation, vowel grading, and rime mutation. Although stem pairing is widespread (about 61% of the verbs alternate), about 38% of our 1,330 verb sample are unpaired and immutable. Abui verbal stems combine with aspectual affixes, adverbs and auxiliary verbs, whose distribution is used here together with the stem types to describe aspectual classes, which are understood as lexicalizations of transitional possibilities of lexical items (e.g. inchoative-stative vs. inchoative-gradual.inchoative-stative). The paper takes the bidimensional approach to aspect distinguishing between properties associated with the perfective-imperfective system and other aspectual marking (cf. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 2002. Recent activity in the theory of aspect: accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state? Linguistic Typology 6(2). 199–271). Combining the features of both types of aspectual marking, we construct in a bottom-up fashion the aspectual classes in Abui and also show that these may be further refined if contextual features such as valency or degree of change (affectedness) were included. A characteristic feature of the Abui system is the elaborate system of stative-inchoative verbs sensitive to scalar and change properties (e.g. instant vs. gradual). Abui telic verbs show sensitivity to the properties of the resulting state and are formally associated with stem alternation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inchoative verb"
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Al, Besht Maryam. "La construction inchoative en arabe : étude contrastive avec le français "commencer (à/par/de)" et "se mettre à"." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCC003.
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Cette thèse en linguistique contrastive se propose d’étudier les spécificités syntactico-sémantiques des verbes inchoatifs en arabe et les comparer avec celles de commencer (à/par/de) et de se mettre à. Nous nous sommes appuyé sur un corpus de textes littéraires francophones et arabophones (Mahfouz, Pagnol et Camus). Notre corpus montre que les verbes inchoatifs peuvent apparaître dans des constructions simples suivantes : (sujet + verbe inchoatif + complément d’objet direct, complément d’objet indirect, adverbe ou sans complément), ainsi que dans des constructions composées (sujet + V1 inchoatif accompli + V2 inaccompli) en arabe, et (S + V1 conjugué + V2 infinitif) en français. Notre analyse s’inspire des cadres syntaxiques proposés par Peeters (1993). En effet, l’application de cette théorie et la variation syntaxique des éléments grammaticaux de la phrase arabe nous amènent, tout d’abord, à proposer différents cadres syntaxiques de certains verbes inchoatifs arabes relevés dans notre corpus en déterminant leurs spécificités syntaxiques et sémantiques. Concernant la forme simple des inchoatifs en arabe, بدأ (bada’a) est le verbe le plus fréquemment utilisé. Celui-ci est compatible avec certaines prépositions et accepte n’importe quel type du sujet et du complément. Par conséquent, il se distingue par six constructions grammaticales et quatre cadres syntaxiques. En revanche, les verbes هم (hamma), شرع (šara῾a) et أخذ (’aẖaḏa), dans leur emploi simple, chacun de ceux-ci ne se régit que par une préposition, de ce fait, leur construction simple ne se caractérise que par un cadre syntaxique. Par ailleurs, le verbe راح (rāḫa) se combine avec deux cadres syntaxiques. En ce qui concerne leur forme composée, notons que tous les verbes inchoatifs en arabe se partagent par une construction composée (S + V1 accompli + V2 inaccompli). Sémantiquement , la majorité de ces verbes se distingue par une valeur imperfective. Notons que le verbe بدأ (bada’a) véhicule une valeur déterminative ainsi que non déterminative. Par contre , le verbe شرع (šara῾a) se défini que par une valeur perfective , alors que هم (hamma) par une valeur semi-perfective. En conséquence, d’après les résultats de Peeters ainsi que les nôtres, nous constatons que, d’une part, le verbe بدأ (bada’a) et commencer (à/par/de) sont presque équivalents syntaxiquement et sémantiquement. D’autre part, les verbes هم (hamma) et se mettre à servent toujours à indiquer la rapidité et la soudaineté, mais l’action du premier est toujours semi-perfective. Nous pouvons dire qu’il existe toujours des points de divergence et convergence entre les verbes inchoatifs dans les deux langues (arabe et français). En fait, la relation entre les verbes arabes هم (hamma), راح (rāḫa), بات (bāta), مضى (maḍā), أصبح (aṣbaḫa), أقبل(aqbala), جعل(ǧaʿala), أخذ(aẖaḏa), أنشأ (’anša’a), قام (qāma), انطلق (’inṭalaqa), هب (habba) et se mettre à en français est le fait que leur emploi inchoatif est régi par une grammaticalisation. Enfin, d’après des productions écrites d’un échantillon d’apprenants libyens du FLE, nous avons tenté de dégager des pistes pédagogiques destinées à savoir l’origine des difficultés dans l’emploi des verbes commencer (à/par/de) et se mettre à<br>This thesis in contrast linguistics aims to study the syntactic-semantic specificities of inchoative verbs in Arabic and compare them with those of start to (commencer (à/par/de)) and to begin (se mettre à) in French. We relied on a corpus of French and Arabic literary texts from the following authors (Najube Mahfouz, Marcel Pagnol and Albert Camus). According to our corpus, inchoative verbs can appear in the following simple constructions : (subject + inchoative verb + direct object complement, indirect object complement, adverb or without complement), as well as in compound constructions (subject + V1 accomplished inchoative verb + V2 uncompleted) in Arabic, and (S + conjugated V1 + V2 infinitive) in French. Our analysis is based on the syntactic frameworks proposed by Peeters (1993). Indeed, the application of this theory and the syntactic variation of the grammatical elements of the Arabic sentence lead us, first, to propose different syntactic frameworks of certain inchoative Arabic verbs found in our corpus by determining their syntactic and semantic specificities. Concerning the simple form of inchoative verbs in Arabic, بدأ (bada'a) is the most frequently used verb. It is compatible with certain prepositions and accepts any type of subject and complement. As a result, it is distinguished by six grammatical constructions and four syntactic frames. On the other hand, the verbs هم (hamma), شرع (šara῾a) and أخذ ('aẖaḏa), in their simple use, each of them is governed only by a preposition, therefore, their simple construction is mainly characterized by a syntactic framework. In addition, the verb راح (rāḫa) is combined with two syntactic frames. Regarding their compound form, it should be noted that all inchoative verbs in Arabic are shared by a compound construction (S + V1 completed + V2 uncompleted). Semantically, most of these verbs are characterized by an imperfective value. It should be noted that the verb بدأ (bada'a) conveys a determinative as well as a non-determinative value. On the other hand, the verb شرع (šara῾a) is defined only by a perfective value, whereas هم (hamma) by a semi-perfective value. Therefore, from the results of Peeters as well as ours, we find that, on the one hand, the verb بدأ (bada'a) and commencer (à/par/de) are almost syntactically and semantically equivalent. On the other hand, the verbs هم (hamma) and se mettre à always serve to indicate speed and suddenness, but the action of the former is always semi-perfective. We can say that there are always points of divergence and convergence between inchoative verbs in both languages (Arabic and French). In fact, the relation between arabic verbs هم (hamma), راح (rāḫa), بات (bāta), مضى (maḍā), أصبح (aṣbaḫa), أقبل (aqbala), جعل (ǧa'ala), أخذ (aẖaḏa), أنشأ ('anša'a), قام (qāma), انطلق ('inṭalaqa), هب (habba) and se mettre à in French is the fact that their inchoative use is governed by a grammaticalization.Finally, based on the written productions of FLE Libyan learners, we have tried to identify pedagogical approaches in order to identify the origin of the difficulties in the use of verbs, commencer (à/par/de) et se mettre à
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Castro, Nilsson Manú. "Att få se, få höra och få veta : Perifrastiska uttryck av inkoativitet och futurum i skriven svenska." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170261.
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Denna studie undersöker samspelet mellan de semantiska kategorierna inkoativitet, futurum och modalitet i få/får/fick/fått + perceptionsverbskonstruktioner i skriven svenska , samt om det går att systematiskt skilja mellan dessa kategorier i form av frekvens och kontext. Enligt Åke Viberg framstår få som rätt språkspecifikt i sitt polysema omfång jämfört med andra europeiska språk, såsom engelska, finska, tyska och franska (Viberg 2009: 105, 119, 2012: 1413). Vidare påstår han att perceptionsverben se, höra och veta i samband med få som hjälpverb (få + perceptionsverb) uttrycker inkoativitet och även att den inkoativa betydelsen är semantiskt nära besläktad med futurum (Viberg 2002: 123, 2012: 1444). Inkoativitet innebär ett predikats uttryck för övergång (Bybee et al., 1994), ofta utan någon som helst hänvisning till vad som orsakar det övergående skedet (Viberg 2002: s.129). Studien är en korpusundersökning baserad på skönlitterära texter och pressmaterial från 70- till 90-talet, där 50 meningar per perceptionsverb analyseras utifrån de semantiska kategorier de anses uttrycka. Resultaten tyder på att det inte går att semantiskt kategorisera konstruktionerna få + perceptionsverb som en kategori för sig, som uttrycker inkoativitet och futurum. Konstruktionerna uppvisar en viss semantisk relation till futurum och inkoativa betydelser men är även i stor utsträckning kopplade till andra funktioner av få + verb i infinitiv, särskilt modalitet. Undersökningen tillför en ökad förståelse för få:s polysema grammatiska beteende samt bidrar till den allmänna förståelsen för tempus, aspekt och modalitet i svenska.<br>This paper studies the interplay between inchoative, future and modal meanings in constructions containing the verb of possession få (in all of its four conjugations) + verbs of perception in written Swedish, and seeks to find out if it is possible to systematically differentiate these categories from each other in terms of frequency and context. According to Åke Viberg, the Swedish verb of possession få appears to be quite language specific with its polysemic characteristics compared to other European languages, such as English, Finnish, German and French (Viberg 2009: s.105, 119, 2012: s.1413). Viberg also suggests that få in combination with either of the three verbs of perception se ‘see’, höra ‘hear’, veta ‘know’ expresses inchoative sense, to which he further states the future sense is closely related to (Viberg 2002: 123, 2012: 1444). The inchoative sense is when a predicate expresses transition (Bybee et al., 1994), often with a lack of explicit reference to the cause of the transition (Viberg 2002: s.129). The study is a corpus investigation, which includes a selection of fiction and newspaper material ranging from the 1970s to the 1990s. 50 sentences per perception verb are analysed based on the semantic categories that they are considered being an expression of. The results show that the få + perception verb constructions are not semantically classifiable as a category which expresses the inchoative and future sense. Apart from displaying some connection with the inchoative and future meanings, these constructions appear to be well integrated with other functions expressed by få + infinitive verbs, primarily modality. In addition to provide an increased understanding of the polysemic grammatical behaviour of få as an auxiliary verb, this investigation also contributes to the overall knowledge of tense, aspect and modality in Swedish.
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Hsiu-Shih, Chen, and 陳秀詩. "Acquisition of Novel Causative and Inchoative Verb Alternation in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56871660010576193291.
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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>語言學研究所<br>94<br>This thesis aims to investigate children acquisition of novel causative and inchoative verb alternation in Mandarin Chinese. Two types of experiments were conducted: Elicited Production Task and Judgment Task. Through the experiments, we could understand the children how to express novel causative and inchoative verb alternation, how old the children could acquire causative verbs, what different expressions of novel causative and inchoative verb are in among three groups, the queries we asked whether affect children’s responses in lexical causative verbs or not and whether physical contact is a key point to affect the children’s response.
The main finding were: (1) the 2;8- year-old children could use novel causative and inchoative verb alternation. (2) the children (from 2;8 to 4;7) were productive in novel causative and inchoative verbs alternation. (3) the 4;7-year-old children uttered periphrastic causative verbs more than the two younger groups. (4) physical contact was a crucial point for children in responses of lexical causative verbs. When the theme was directly manipulated the children used more lexical causative verbs. Besides, when the theme was indirectly manipulated the children produced a partly separate sentence of causatives and a partly truncated causative sentences. (5) the queries we asked effected the children’s response in lexical causative verbs.
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MOCHIZUKI, Keiko, and 望月圭子. "Causative and Inchoative Alternation:Comparative Studies on Verbs in Chinese and Japanese." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/959uw2.
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博士<br>國立清華大學<br>語言學研究所<br>93<br>The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the universal semantic factors, as well as the language specific properties, which operate behind verbs to initiate or block causative/inchoative alternations in Chinese and Japanese, within the framework of lexical semantics and cognitive grammar.
The dissertation has verified the following:
1. Universally, the necessary condition for causative/inchoative alternation is a compound event structure consisting of a ‘causal event’ (superevent) and a ‘resultative event’ (subevent).
2. The universal semantic feature initiating ‘detransitivization’ is a kind of ‘internal force’ by which the internal argument of Theme can change the state by itself.
3. In Chinese, the ‘resultative compound verb’ plays an important role in causative/inchoative alternation, while in Japanese there is a rich and complicated system of suffixes by which transitive/intransitive verbs can be distinguished.
4. ‘Agency’ is the strongest semantic factor blocking ‘detransitivization’. However, Chinese has some strategies to trigger ‘detransitivization’, including syntactic suppression of the Agent by adding resultative states or telic phase markers like ‘-hao/-wan/-guang/diao’ to transitive verbs, and by incorporating the existential construction of ‘Locative Vt-zhe Theme’. Japanese also has strategies of converting transitive verbs to ‘decausativized’ intransitive verbs by the suffix ‘-ar-’ or by the auxiliary verb ‘-(te)-aru-’.
5. From the viewpoint of cognitive grammar, both Chinese and Japanese have many grammatical strategies for ‘foregrounding’ resultative states and ‘backgrounding’ the Agent, but none of them is as comprehensive or systematic as passivization in English. This difference supports the claim that both Chinese and Japanese are ‘Patient-oriented’ languages (see also Tai(1984,2002) Kageyama(1996)), while English is an ‘Agent-oriented’ language.
6. Although both languages have resultative compound verbs, they behave differently in causative/inchoative alternation. Since Chinese has neither nominative/accusative case markers nor morphological distinction between transitive/intransitive verbs, ‘decausativization’ is quite flexible in the language. This could be related to the typological classification that Chinese is a ‘topic-oriented language’. On the other hand, since Japanese has both case markers and morphological suffixes to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones, ‘decausativization’ for compound verbs is more restricted.
Books on the topic "Inchoative verb"
Book chapters on the topic "Inchoative verb"
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Haspelmath, Martin. "More on the typology of inchoative/causative verb alternations." In Studies in Language Companion Series. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.23.05has.
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Zoričić, Nika. "Prodolžat’/prodolžit’: una strana coppia." In Le lingue slave tra struttura e uso. Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-328-5.18.
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The aim of the present article is to investigate the aspectual status of the Russian verbs prodolzhat’ and prodolzhit’. It is shown that the form prodolzhal is very frequently used in the past tense as a perfective verb with inchoative value in sequences of single events. Furthermore, the diachronic analysis of the examples reveals that, in the past tense, the form prodolzhit’ until the 1990s was much less commonly used than the form prodolzhat’. Taking into account these results, in the article is hypothesized that the form prodolzhat’ in the past tense may be considered a biaspectual verb.
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Kim, Yoon-shin, and Chungmin Lee. "Generative Lexicon Approach to Derived Inchoative Verbs in Korean." In Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory. Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5189-7_10.
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Budassi, Marco, Eleonora Litta, and Marco Passarotti. "What’s beyond ‘inchoatives’? Derivation types on the basis of -sc- verbs." In Words and Sounds, edited by Nigel Holmes, Marijke Ottink, Josine Schrickx, and Maria Selig. De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110647587-016.
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Iordăchioaia, Gianina. "Categorization and nominalization in zero nominals." In Nominalization. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865544.003.0010.
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In ‘Categorization and nominalization in zero-derived nouns’ Iordăchioaia discusses a type of nominalization generally neglected in the generative literature after Chomsky (1970), namely zero-derived nouns (ZNs). While overtly suffixed nominals are taken to systematically nominalize verbal constructions with argument structure, ZNs are considered to represent quite lexicalized uses corresponding to Grimshaw’s (1990) result or simple event nominals. In current syntactic models of word formation like DM or XSM, the implication is that ZNs are simple categorizations of roots as nouns in specific syntactic contexts and cannot instantiate real nominalizations of verbal structure. One important argument that Borer (2013) brings in support of this hypothesis is the alleged inability of ZNs to realize verbal argument structure. Iordăchioaia shows that, depending on the ontological type of the root that the base verb is built on, ZNs may in fact realize argument structure and receive compositional deverbal readings of the kind that nominalizations with overt suffixes resent. Building on Beavers and Koontz-Garboden’s (2020) distinction between property concept and result roots, she argues that ZNs corresponding to verbs built on the two types of root exhibit a contrast in their potential to realize argument structure. She then compares ZNs derived from change of state verbs (which are built on result roots) with ZNs derived from psych verbs (which are built on property concept roots) and shows by means of corpus data that the former often instantiate inchoative or causative change of state readings with which they realize argument structure. By contrast, the apparent semantic arguments of psych ZNs are not structural, as they involve idiosyncratic prepositional realizations, similarly to underived psych nouns. <269>
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Ponti, Edoardo Maria, Elisabetta Jezek, and Bernardo Magnini. "Grounding the Lexical Sets of Causative-Inchoative Verbs with Word Embedding." In Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2016. Accademia University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.aaccademia.1833.
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Miller, D. Gary. "The verbal system." In The Oxford Gothic Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813590.003.0005.
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Verbs in Gothic are thematic, athematic, or preterite present. Several classes, including modals, are discussed. Strong verbs have seven classes, weak verbs four. Inflectional categories are first, second, and third person, singular, dual (except in the third person), and plural number. Tenses are nonpast and past/preterite. There are two inflected moods, indicative and optative, and two voices (active, passive). The passive is synthetic in the nonpast indicative and optative. The past system features two periphrastic passives, one stative-eventive with wisan (be), the other inchoative and change of state with wairþan (become). Middle functions are mostly represented by simple reflexive structures and -nan verbs. Nonfinite categories include one voice-underspecified infinitive, a nonpast and past participle, and a present active imperative. The third person imperative is normally expressed by an optative.
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Gerber, David A. "4. Mass population movements and resettlement, 1820–1924." In American Immigration: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780197542422.003.0005.
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The examination of European immigration is centered on the crisis of peasant agriculture and the collapse of traditional rural society, beginning in western Europe in the eighteenth century and spreading eastward and southward by the late nineteenth century. Similar conditions are observed in Mexico, China, and Japan. Immigration is considered not from the standpoint of nations on the move, but of networks defined by family, kinship, friendship, and community, which give structure to migration and resettlement. International migration was facilitated by technological revolutions in postal and media communications, which spread information about travel and destinations, and transportation, which created safer, faster routinized oceanic passage. Seen from these perspectives, what appears to be the chaotic movement of inchoate masses takes on the form of a process guided by technology and linked personal experiences, while immigrants appear to be pragmatic conservatives guided by familiar relations and a willingness to test the continents in search of better lives.
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Rothblatt, Sheldon. "Brevity is the Soul of Wit or Something Else." In History of Universities. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865421.003.0006.
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This chapter looks at two works by accomplished and informed scholars. The first book, Universities and Colleges: A Very Short Introduction (2017), is by David Palfreyman and Paul Temple. The second, The Origins of Higher Learning, Knowledge Networks and the Early Development of Universities (2017), is by Roy Lowe and Yoshihito Yasuhara. The Origins of Higher Learning is an account of what may be termed a run-up to the institutionalization of higher learning that occurred in what Charles Homer Haskins called The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (1927), the century in which the university as yet inchoate, is to be found. Meanwhile, Palfreyman and Temple essentially concentrate on the transformation in mission, organisation, and ‘stakeholders’ in the nineteenth century to the present, with particular attention to the provision for ‘higher education’ or ‘tertiary education’ in the United Kingdom (mainly England) and the United States.
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Furlotte, Wes. "Conclusion: Freedom within Two Natures, or, the Nature–Spirit Dialectic in the Final System." In The Problem of Nature in Hegel's Final System. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474435536.003.0014.
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Concluding, the monograph attempts to address the major objections that might be raised against this rereading of Hegel’s final system. Specifically, it responds to the claim that such a reading conflates the inchoate activity of spirit in nature with nature itself and so proceeds by way of conflation. Resisting this criticism, the conclusion returns to crucial passages from Hegel’s writings on nature that explicitly characterize nature as impotent and radically external—two features antithetical to the concept of spirit. Consequently, the conclusion argues that there must be a reticent independence assigned to the domain of nature that is not the result of misreading Hegel’s mature philosophy. Instead, this reticence is the very expression of material nature and it functions as a problem for the project of spirit, a problem which permeates the entirety of Hegel’s final system, specifically his philosophy of the real (Realphilosophie). The conclusion then highlights three symptomatic expressions of nature’s paradoxical and problematic status. Subsequently, the conclusion also shows how spirit’s project of freedom persistently transgresses two distinct senses of nature.