Relevant bibliographies by topics / Including strategies and methods

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Including strategies and methods'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Including strategies and methods"

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Knudsen, Holger. "Building a Foreign Law Collection: Methods and strategies." Legal Information Management 1, no. 3 (2001): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669600000530.

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My Institute is part of, and funded by, the Max Planck Society, which roughly corresponds to an Academy of Science in other countries. The Society runs 80 research institutes today, out of which 12 conduct research in the humanities, including six institutes that deal with legal questions on a superior level, including mine. The different institutes are located in different parts of the country, and this very much corresponds to the federalist foundations of the German state.
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Musgrove, Kristine Anita. "Practical approaches to including popular music in the secondary ensemble." Journal of Popular Music Education 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jpme_00008_1.

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This article offers guidelines to secondary music ensemble directors who are interested in incorporating informal approaches common to popular music making within their ensemble. The approaches provided utilize listening, improvisation, arranging, composition and collaboration in order to incorporate popular music learning. The examples discussed are specific strategies and methods which can be used by secondary music ensemble directors as entry points into popular music making activities. Strategies and methods presented place focus on approaching popular music making from the students’ musical interest and experiences promoting student-led learning.
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DHILLON, B. S. "MEDICAL EQUIPMENT RELIABILITY: A REVIEW, ANALYSIS METHODS AND IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 18, no. 04 (August 2011): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539311004317.

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This paper presents facts and figures, directly or indirectly, related to medical equipment reliability and reviews various important aspects, directly or indirectly, concerned with medical equipment reliability including classifications of medical devices/equipment, human error in medical equipment, useful guidelines for reliability and other professionals to improve medical equipment reliability, and medical equipment maintenance. A number of methods considered useful for performing medical equipment reliability analysis are also presented. Useful sources and organizations for obtaining medical equipment failure-related data are listed.
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Karbalaie Niya, Mohammad Hadi, Naeimeh Roshan-zamir, and Elham Mortazavi. "DNA Methylation Tools and Strategies: Methods in a Review." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology 4, no. 3 (September 8, 2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcb.2019.4.3.51-57.

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DNA methylation is known as an important epigenetic change in plants and vertebrates genome. In this process, the methyl group transferred by DNA methyl transferase enzymes to cytosine at carbon residue 5 often in the CpG dinucleotide context. DNA methylation plays an important role in the natural development of the organism, genome stability maintenance and processes such as genomic imprinting and chromosome X inactivation in mammals. In addition, changes in DNA methylation pattern have seen in many diseases, including cancer. Analysis of DNA methylation has been useful for rapid disease diagnosis and progression. In recent decades, a revolution has taken place in the methods of DNA methylation analysis, and it is possible to study the pattern of gene methylation at a widespread, short and high resolution level. These methods can be divided into three general categories: (1) cut-based methods by methylation-sensitive enzymes; (2) sodium bisulfide based methods; (3) antibody based methods. Since the existence of different methods makes it difficult to select the appropriate approach, in this review, a number of common methods for examining the methylation pattern with the advantages and disadvantages will be discussed.
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Liu, Jing Zheng, Ling Ling Li, Zhi Gang Li, and Ming Hui Wang. "Study on Knowledge Expression Methods and Reasoning Strategies in Intelligent CAD System." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.321.

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As the core of intelligent computer aided design (ICAD), the expert system with the purpose of product design automation and intelligence has been developed rapidly. Knowledge expression, management, utilization, and access method has always been the core of artificial intelligence and expert system technology , Substantial literature both at home and abroad involved in the content and achieved certain results in the area of design. In the aspect of knowledge expression and management, including: the knowledge expression based on gene model[3], the knowledge expression based on design pattern[4], the knowledge expression based on Petri net, mixed knowledge expression, and so on. In the aspect of system reasoning, including: fuzzy reasoning[5,6], ccase-based reasoning[7], integration reasoning, and so on. This paper mainly introduces some technologies and methods about electrical products at ICAD system with the above-mentioned two aspects. As a sub-system of ICAD system, the expert system for electrical apparatus designing was studied in the artificial intelligent technologies, including the way to build a large knowledge database managed by multi level frames and expressed by various knowledge expression methods, and the reasoning strategy suitable for the structure of knowledge database and integrated rule-based reasoning (RBR) with case-based reasoning (CBR) together. Based on these technologies, two-level expert system controlled by meta reasoning machine was built so that the reasoning efficiency was boosted very strongly.
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Carrier, Sarah J. "Implementing and Integrating Effective Teaching Strategies Including Features of Lesson Study in an Elementary Science Methods Course." Teacher Educator 46, no. 2 (April 4, 2011): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2011.552666.

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Day, George, and Liam Fahey. "Valuing Market Strategies." Journal of Marketing 52, no. 3 (July 1988): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200305.

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The search for shareholder value is changing the way marketing decisions are made. No longer will traditional payback or short-run ROI criteria be sufficient to evaluate investment proposals. Value-based planning methods incorporate the factors used by shareholders, including the cash flow and risk consequences of decisions. This broader perspective also shifts the focus from selecting discrete projects to funding strategies. If marketers are to influence the strategy dialogue persuasively within these new groundrules, they first must understand how and why this new yardstick is being used. They must also be sensitive to the susceptibility of these methods to distorted inputs and the dangers in applying them to new ventures. The risk of misleading signals is high. There is still no substitute for insightful thinking about the fundamentals of competitive advantage, which is where economic value is created.
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Thomas, M., and B. J. Hunt. "Pharmacological methods of thromboprophylaxis." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 21, no. 1_suppl (June 2006): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/026835506778243059.

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The burden of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients is significant and often underestimated. In this article the rationale for thromboprophylaxis is reviewed and rates of VTE in different patient populations considered. The options for pharmacological methods of prophylaxis are outlined and the evidence for their use in specific patient groups is reviewed. Thromboprophylaxis is effective but currently underused. Strategies are being developed to remedy this situation including the development of national guidelines and intervention by the Department of Health.
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He, Jun. "Suitable Methods of Waste Separation." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2975.

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In recent year suitable management (including collection, separate ways etc.) and innovative treatment methods of waste and alternative strategies for power plant to produce electricity and heat are focused either by experts or common peoples. It refers not only to ecologic but also to economic interests. Because many suitable treatment methods of waste are decided by the types of them, so that the waste management including separation is very relevant. For realizing of more suitable separate and treatment ways which support a waste disposal with reduced pollution of environment, to set some easy deliver rules of garbage for common people is as important as to choose a proper way to treat them by the knowledge of experts.
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Bouazzaoui, Abdellatif, Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif, Faisal A. Al-Allaf, Neda M. Bogari, Saied Al-Dehlawi, and Sameer H. Qari. "Strategies for Vaccination: Conventional Vaccine Approaches Versus New-Generation Strategies in Combination with Adjuvants." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020140.

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The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has raised significant economic, social, and psychological concerns. The rapid spread of the virus, coupled with the absence of vaccines and antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2, has galvanized a major global endeavor to develop effective vaccines. Within a matter of just a few months of the initial outbreak, research teams worldwide, adopting a range of different strategies, embarked on a quest to develop effective vaccine that could be effectively used to suppress this virulent pathogen. In this review, we describe conventional approaches to vaccine development, including strategies employing proteins, peptides, and attenuated or inactivated pathogens in combination with adjuvants (including genetic adjuvants). We also present details of the novel strategies that were adopted by different research groups to successfully transfer recombinantly expressed antigens while using viral vectors (adenoviral and retroviral) and non-viral delivery systems, and how recently developed methods have been applied in order to produce vaccines that are based on mRNA, self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), and trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA). Moreover, we discuss the methods that are being used to enhance mRNA stability and protein production, the advantages and disadvantages of different methods, and the challenges that are encountered during the development of effective vaccines.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Including strategies and methods"

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Shneerson, Catherine L. "Self-management strategies of cancer survivors : who does what and why? : a mixed methods study." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5715/.

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This thesis examined self-management (SM) strategies of cancer survivors from pre-diagnosis, through treatment and into survivorship. A healthcare definition of SM as a lifestyle modifying behaviour potentially impacting on cancer survivors’ health, wellbeing and quality of life (QoL) was given. Due to a lack of existing literature, a systematic review and meta-analyses investigating whether complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) improves cancer survivors’ QoL was undertaken, finding moderate to poor quality evidence of this. A mixed methods study explored SM patterns over time. The questionnaire study examined the prevalence and distribution of SM patterns, finding SM uptake was highest in survivorship. Subgroup analyses found SM uptake was highest in breast cancer and chemotherapy respondents, whilst correlation analysis revealed significant associations between SM uptake and both QoL and internal health locus of control (HLC), but none between SM uptake and work ability. The interview study explored how and why cancer survivors made decisions about incorporating SM practices into their daily lives. The concept of normality in survivorship emerged, with cancer survivors assembling a new health-related normality to adapt to their new lives post-cancer. A theoretical framework proposed that cancer survivors use SM as a supportive mechanism to attain their new health-related normality.
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Hjelm, Rebecka, and Jakob Arkegård. "''Här pratas alla språk, är här alla språk lika viktiga'' : Strategier för inkludering av flerspråkiga elever i svenskundervisnigen." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91228.

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Syftet med den här studien är att synliggöra goda exempel på hur flerspråkiga elever integreras i svenskundervisningen och analysera hur grundskolelärare i årskurserna 1–6 gynnar dessa elevers kunskaps- och identitetsutveckling i svenskämnet. För att kunna samla in relevant data om olika strategier och metoder för att gynna flerspråkiga elever har vi genomfört fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra grundskollärare som alla har undervisat i svenska som andraspråk. Metoden består av kategorisering av intervjusvaren utifrån begreppen multimodala verktyg, studietekniker och transspråkande liksom begreppet modersmål och dess vikt för att förstå svenska som andraspråk. Studiens teoretiska ram grundar sig i det sociokulturella perspektivet och vikten av stöttning i undervisningen. För att analysera våra intervjuer och den insamlade empirin har vi utgått från ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv för att skapa en djupare förståelse för intervjusvaren. Genom att analysera de fyra lärarnas svar kan vi konstatera att alla lärarna har strategier som de anser vara fungerande för att stötta den flerspråkiga eleven. Alla fyra lärarna arbetar mycket med olika multimodala verktyg. Tre av de fyra lärarna anser att modersmålet har en stor vikt för utveckling av elevens inlärning. Två av dem arbetar mycket med transspråkande i klassrummet. Utifrån resultatet har vi dragit slutsatsen att alla dessa strategier hänger ihop och främjar språkutvecklingen, som är en viktig del av människans utveckling utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Dessa olika metoder hjälper eleven att utvecklas såväl kunskapsmässigt som identitetsstärkande.
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Hallman, Linnea. "Including You -Strategies for Including Students with Dyslexia in Regular English Classroom Practice." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-94381.

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This study aims to investigate what strategies teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) apply in their teaching in order to include students with dyslexia in the regular classroom practice, with regard for the effects that the learning disorder has on English acquisition and the possibility to successfully learn the language. The purpose is to research how the participating teachers view inclusion, what strategies they apply in their own teaching to provide it, and how familiar they are with theoretical approaches regarding inclusion for students with dyslexia, in order to provide better insight into which strategies that are used and teachers’ preparedness to accommodate to the educational needs of today’s diverse student body.The study is based on a questionnaire where ten teachers of English in Upper secondary school answered questions regarding their view on inclusion, what strategies they use to include dyslexic learners in their classroom practice, how familiar they are with theoretical approaches in the field, and their perceived confidence in teaching students with dyslexia and the level of support provided by the school. The theoretical approaches used in this study are combined strategy instruction, multi-sensory approach, and meta-cognitive approach, resting on the premise of an inclusive teaching method.Results show that the participating teachers are accustomed to teaching students with dyslexia, and that a majority feel confident in their practice. Furthermore, teachers have a good insight into what difficulties dyslexia can pose for the students. The strategies most used among teachers to include these students are auditory aid alongside written text, digital tools, cognitive strategies such as predicting, summarizing and discussing, visual aid through pictures and colour-coding, focus on comprehension rather than spelling, larger print in texts, and building confidence among the dyslexic students. Regarding usage of theoretical approaches, visual displays, predicting, and summarizing were most used. Regarding familiarity and use of combined strategy instruction, multi-sensory approach, and meta-cognitive approach, the majority of the teachers did not explicitly state that they use these strategies, but their accounts given on strategies used suggests that they are familiar with the methods but that the terminology might differ. Moreover, while the participating teachers stated that they feel comfortable in teaching students with dyslexia, reports of constricting factors such as time, group size and lack of equipment makes it difficult to accommodate the needs of a diverse learner group.The results from the study are discussed in light of the theoretical background. Based on this, and the answers provided by the participating teachers, it can be affirmed that a more extensive use of strategies such as movie maker journaling, multi-sensory approach and meta-cognitive strategies could improve the learning of English among students with dyslexia. However, governing factors on an institutional level have to be considered in order to increase teachers’ ability to accommodate to the needs of these students.
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Dean, Andrew. "'Intelligent' strips for tagging articles including their dispensing methods." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340474.

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Hernández, Victor L. (Victor Leonel Hernández Porras) 1977. "Including native methods in static analysis of Java programs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86464.

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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-63).
by Victor L. Hernandez.
M.Eng.
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Beltran, Gutierrez Javier, and Song Yujiao. "Methods for Verification of Post-Impact Control including Driver Interaction." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-78765.

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This thesis project focuses on the verification method of a safety function called PICthat stands for Post-Impact Control which controls the vehicle motion of passengercars after being exposed to external disturbances produced by a 1st impact, aiming atavoiding or mitigating secondary events.The main objective was to select a promising method, among several candidates, todevelop further for testing the function and the interaction with the driver. To do thisis was first necessary to map the real destabilized states of motion that are targeted bythe function. These states are referred as Post-Impact problem space and are acombination of variables that describes the host vehicles motion at the instant thedestabilizing force has ceased. Knowing which states are requested by the solutioncandidates, it is possible to grade the rig candidates based on the capability ofcovering the problem space. Then, simulating the proposed rig solutions withMatlab/Simulink models to investigate which candidate fulfils best the problem space.The result of the simulations and other criteria is that a moving base simulator(Simulator SIM4) is most fitted to research verification. The second mostadvantageous solution is the rig alternative called Built-in Actuators.
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Song, Jong Sup. "Methods and strategies for evangelism." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2000. http://www.tren.com.

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Ellis, Matthew Shawn. "Methods for including multiphysics feedback in Monte Carlo reactor physics calculations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112381.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2017.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 314-321).
The ability to model and simulate nuclear reactors during steady state and transient conditions is important for designing efficient and safe nuclear power systems. The accurate simulation of a nuclear reactor is particularly challenging because the multiple physical processes within the reactor are tightly coupled, which requires that the numerical methods used to resolve each physical process can accurately and efficiently transfer and utilize data from other applications. Monte Carlo methods are desirable for solving the neutron transport equation required in reactor analysis because of the inherent accuracy of the method, but the Computational Solid Geometry (CSG) representation of the physical geometry makes it difficult to accurately and efficiently perform multiphysics reactor analyses with other applications that utilize finite element or finite volume representations. To address this limitation, a multiphysics coupling framework that minimizes the need for spatial discretization in the Monte Carlo geometry is presented in this thesis. The coupling framework uses Functional Expansion Tallies to transfer multiphysics information from the Monte Carlo application to other multiphysics tools. Additionally, the coupling framework uses a modified method for transporting neutrons through spatially continuous total macroscopic cross section distributions in order to incorporate continuous multiphysics feedback fields such as fuel temperature and coolant density into the Monte Carlo simulation. It has been shown that separable Zernike and Legendre Function Expansion Tallies can effectively reconstruct a continuous distribution of fission power density. Additionally, using a prototypical three-dimensional Light Water Reactor pin cell, the method used to transport neutrons through a continuously varying fuel temperature and coolant density distribution was shown to be 1.7 times faster than a comparable discretized simulation with volume-averaged properties, while still providing a high level of accuracy. Finally, in order to make the overall multiphysics coupling scheme useful for reactor analyses, a novel spatially continuous depletion methodology was developed and investigated. With the spatially continuous depletion methodology, number densities can be represented as a linear combination of polynomials, and those polynomial representations can be integrated through time to predict reactor operation. The spatially continuous depletion methodology was able to accurately predict the eigenvalue and number density distributions in a two-dimensional LWR pin cell depletion containing Gd-157 from a 2 weight percent GdO2 and seven other nuclides in the depletion matrix. Analyses of the spatially continuous depletion methodology showed that significant reductions in the number of tallied values could be achieved if polynomial representations were optimized for each nuclide reaction rate. From the depletion simulations in this thesis, a 23% reduction in the required number of reaction rate tallies compared to a lower-fidelity, 10 radial ring pin discretization was shown to be achievable with nuclide polynomial optimization. In addition to showing potential for reductions in tally memory and computational requirements, the spatially continuous depletion simulation was shown to be equal in computational performance to a discrete simulation with 10 radial rings and 8 azimuthal cuts, while providing a much higher level of spatial fidelity in number density concentrations.
by Matthew Shawn Ellis.
Ph. D.
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Sweetenham, Claire Sue. "Raman spectroscopy methods for investigating supported lipid bilayers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12154/.

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This work is centred on the development of Raman spectroscopy methods for investigating supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). These nanoscale, biological structures have found wide application as models of cellular membranes in many areas of scientific research. They consist of phospholipid molecules that self-organise into bilayer structures containing phase-separated microdomains, which play an important role in many biological processes. SLBs are well-defined and stable under a variety of conditions, allowing characterisation with a broad range of physical methods. However, many of these techniques provide purely a visualisation of the surface or disturb the bilayer with labelling. Raman spectroscopy can offer a non-invasive chemical and structural analysis of SLBs and microdomains. A Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) system with integrated atomic force microscope (AFM) has been developed and characterised for studying SLBs. This experimental setup combines the benefits of Raman spectroscopy with the high spatial resolution of confocal microscopy. Furthermore, the incorporation of AFM makes it possible to directly correlate chemical information and spatial features. Experiments are carried out to determine the capabilities of this system for investigating SLBs. A variety of substrates are considered for this application and only prolonged expose to high laser powers is found to have any effect on the Raman spectrum of lipids. However, a single SLB cannot be detected with RMS, so focus turns to employing scatteringenhancing techniques. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates formed by nanosphere lithography (NSL) are developed to be used with the combined AFM-Raman system. Simultaneous topographical imaging and highsensitivity chemical mapping of molecular monolayers deposited across these substrates reveals the distribution and magnitude of electric field enhancement that they can provide. These measurements are supported by calculations and finite element method (FEM) simulations. Then similar experiments are performed on substrates covered with a bilayer of fatty acid molecules. Considering the close similarities between these molecules and phospholipids, this demonstrates the potential of combined AFM and SERS with NSL substrates for detecting SLBs and imaging the phase-separated microdomains they form. Finally, functionalised AFM probes are developed for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) using dielectrophoresis (DEP). This phenomenon is generated within a conductive AFM setup to guide nanoparticles towards an AFM probe to cluster and grow at its tip apex. This growth is monitored with force spectroscopy and a variety of imaging parameters. The probes are then analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to confirm the accumulation of nanoparticles on the tip both physically and chemically. The TERS activity of these functionalised probes is investigated with the combined AFM-Raman system, which demonstrates an enhancement of scattering when the tip apex of the probe and the laser are aligned.
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Whitman, Birgit. "Breast cancer : patient narratives and treatment methods." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2969/.

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This thesis concentrates on the treatment of women with breast cancer in the 19th and 20th century. It analyses written published patient narratives linking them with clinical developments. Medical history holds a rich source of information providing the view of the clinician. This includes case reports and case series from one surgeon or one hospital for the earlier period of the study and has progressed to the double blind randomised controlled trial that dominates comparative research today. There is an imbalance in the material available for the analysis of patients’ perceptions of their treatment. The patient view is not represented well in the history of medicine. This thesis attempts to provide a more complete assessment of the developments in breast cancer treatment by including the patient’s view. Three narratives provide an insight into the perception of women who were treated with breast cancer prior to the introduction of anaesthesia and infection control. The novelist, Fanny Burney (1752-1840), underwent a mastectomy in 1811. In a letter to her sister she wrote about her experience providing details of her diagnosis and treatment. In comparison, Emily Gosse (1806-1857) refused a mastectomy for her breast cancer and sought alternative treatment with caustics. Her husband, Phillip Gosse and friend, Anna Shipton, wrote narratives about Emily’s suffering. A third narrative provides the view of a woman with breast cancer who received no treatment and died of metastatic breast cancer; Zelie Martin died in 1877. These narratives were linked to a case report by Lorenz Heister (1683-1758). Heister described the procedure for amputation of the breast in detail. His method prevailed until new scientific developments in surgery such as anaesthesia and infection control improved the short-term survival of patients and enabled surgeons to operate sooner with a greater attention to detail.
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Books on the topic "Including strategies and methods"

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Bioconjugation protocols: Strategies and methods. Totowa: Humana Press, 2010.

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Transforming organizations: Strategies and methods. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009.

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Bioconjugation protocols: Strategies and methods. 2nd ed. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2011.

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Ross, Spark, and Donovan, Robert J., Ph. D., eds. Health promotion strategies and methods. 2nd ed. Sydney: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

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Vonderembse, Mark A. Operations management: Concepts, methods, and strategies. 3rd ed. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1996.

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Social history: Problems, strategies, and methods. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.

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V, Duda, Lauth Günther, and Jellins Jack, eds. Ultrasound mammography: Methods, results, diagnostic strategies. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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1948-, White Gregory P., ed. Operations management: Concepts, methods, and strategies. 2nd ed. St. Paul: West, 1991.

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Blattberg, Robert C. Sales promotion: Concepts, methods, and strategies. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1990.

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Houston, Jay. Ultimate elk hunting: Strategies, techniques & methods. Minneapolis, Minn: Creative Pub. International, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Including strategies and methods"

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Jerome, Neil Peter, Anna Caroli, and Alexandra Ljimani. "Renal Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) for Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): Basic Concepts." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 187–204. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_11.

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AbstractThe specialized function of the kidney is reflected in its unique structure, characterized by juxtaposition of disorganized and ordered elements, including renal glomerula, capillaries, and tubules. The key role of the kidney in blood filtration, and changes in filtration rate and blood flow associated with pathological conditions, make it possible to investigate kidney function using the motion of water molecules in renal tissue. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a versatile modality that sensitizes observable signal to water motion, and can inform on the complexity of the tissue microstructure. Several DWI acquisition strategies are available, as are different analysis strategies, and models that attempt to capture not only simple diffusion effects, but also perfusion, compartmentalization, and anisotropy. This chapter introduces the basic concepts of DWI alongside common acquisition schemes and models, and gives an overview of specific DWI applications for animal models of renal disease.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
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Wilcox, Rand R. "Alternate Strategies." In Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Methods, 229–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3522-2_12.

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Flippin, Michelle, Adam Moore, and Emily D. Clapham. "Including All Abilities." In Social Justice and Putting Theory Into Practice in Schools and Communities, 294–308. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9434-5.ch019.

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This chapter shares how educators can learn about inclusive pedagogies to support students of all abilities, as well as how various school, university, and community programs are working to include people with disabilities. The chapter offers resources for educators who are seeking knowledge about inclusive pedagogies, programs, and project ideas. The authors examine methods and strategies by which teachers and teacher candidates can commit to creating inclusive classrooms and communities rooted in social justice. Each of the initiatives, organizations, and resources described can aid educators in keeping social justice central to their work with the disability community and, in so doing, to all community members.
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Smith, Peter, John Fulton, Alastair Irons, and Gail Sanders. "The Role of the Professional Doctorate in Developing Professional Practice in STEM Subjects." In Innovative Professional Development Methods and Strategies for STEM Education, 1–16. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9471-2.ch001.

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This chapter presents a study into the impact of the professional doctorate as a learning opportunity for STEM professionals including engineers, pharmacists, nurses, STEM teachers, healthcare professionals, and computing professionals. The professional doctorate is a relatively new approach to doctoral study, which has much to offer to STEM. This form of doctoral study encourages the candidate to undertake project work which is based in, and contributes to, their professional practice. The candidates are experienced practitioners, who wish to raise their practice to doctoral level. This chapter presents a mixed methods study, which has collected and analyzed quantitative data obtained from a survey, qualitative data obtained from focus group sessions, and in-depth narrative accounts. Analysis of these data revealed a number of themes including the importance of trans-professional working, reflection, and development of “authentic” professional voice.
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"Governance Models and Methods." In Strategic Management of Business-Critical Information Assets, 106–17. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8410-0.ch007.

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This chapter presents a definition of governance and a discussion of the purpose of governance. Traditional governance models are described. The chapter explains the components of strategic governance models and methods, including the importance of linking governance to decision making. Finally, governance is considered in the context of the information management lifecycle.
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Quintana, A. J. "Ensuring Research Integrity." In Strategies and Tactics for Multidisciplinary Writing, 192–201. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4477-8.ch015.

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In the field of research, integrity and trust are two of the essential attributes of quality research. Any report of research misconduct creates a clear and present danger to the research field, academic institutions, and their faculty, residents, students, and staff. We can see the rise in research misconduct, most simply through the rising number of article retractions. Throughout this chapter, the authors go into the various methods with which researchers overtly fabricate, falsify, and plagiarize their research and the more covert methods of research misconduct, including reshaping data, withholding unfavorable analyses, and other situations that toe the line.
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Veeraganti, Suma Deepthi, and Ramchandra Nittala. "Operation of Microgrid and Control Strategies." In Handbook of Research on Smart Power System Operation and Control, 434–49. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8030-0.ch019.

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Microgrids are the most innovative area in the electric power industry today. A microgrid can operate in grid-connected or islanded mode. In islanded mode, microgrids can provide electricity to the rural areas with lower cost and minimum power losses. Several methods have been proposed in the literature for the successful operation of a microgrid. This chapter presents an overview of the major challenges and their possible solutions for planning, operation, and control of islanded operation of a microgrid. Microgrids are the most innovative area in the electric power industry today. Moreover, microgrids provide local voltage and frequency regulation support and improve reliability and power capacity of the grid. The most popular among the control strategies based on droop characteristics, in addition a central controller is described within a hierarchical control scheme to optimize the operation of the microgrid during interconnected operation. Microgrid control methods, including PQ control, droop control, voltage/frequency control, and current control methods are formulated.
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Oussaief, Olfa, Zeineb Jrad, Touhami Khorchani, and Halima El-Hatmi. "Strategies and Technologies for Camel Milk Preservation." In Handbook of Research on Health and Environmental Benefits of Camel Products, 41–53. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1604-1.ch003.

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This chapter aimed to report the strategies and technologies for camel milk preservation. Raw camel milk is easily spoiled owing to its nutrient content, which provides an ideal substrate for the development of microorganisms. Several traditional methods have been conducted in order to increase the shelf life of camel milk including fumigation of milk containers, simple evaporative cooling, chilling, freezing, pasteurization, and milk processing into many products like fermented camel milk, butter, and ghee. Modern technologies are used nowadays to preserve camel milk including freeze-drying, spray drying, high hydrostatic pressure, and sterilization. Besides, many value-added products are produced like yoghurt, cheese, ice cream, snacks, and camel milk protein hydrolysates, which are used in the field of functional food and nutraceuticals. The non-marketed camel milk is sold at a lower price or consumed at the household level in tea or after processing it into naturally fermented milk.
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O’Brien, Donal, and Laurence Shalloo. "Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production: modelling methods, methane emission factors and mitigation strategies." In Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production, 25–54. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0077.04.

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This chapter discusses the systems analysis and life cycle assessment modelling approaches and also looks at a range of model applications. These applications include use within the national inventories of various countries across species including discussions around the use of different emission factors. The chapter concludes with applications to quantify emissions at the farm level and a discussion around some of the mitigation strategies that have been modelled previously.
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Markle, Ross, and Samuel H. Rikoon. "Noncognitive Skills and Student Success." In Critical Assessment and Strategies for Increased Student Retention, 1–19. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2998-9.ch001.

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Noncognitive skills are a rather popular topic in higher education today. Factors such as “grit,” “character,” and “growth mindset” are an increasing part of many student success efforts. This chapter will discuss several issues related to noncognitive factors, seeking to bridge the gap from research to practice. First, we will review various ways in which the noncognitive space has been defined. Second, we will review research supporting the relevance of noncognitive variables in higher education, including their espoused importance, empirical relationships with student outcomes, and finally, evidence that such factors can serve a somewhat compensatory role for many students. Third, we will provide an overview of methods of assessing noncognitive tools, particularly within a context of student retention and success. Finally, we will review common practices to implementing noncognitive factors in student success strategies, including holistic placement, enhanced student advising, and other interventions focused directly on the development of noncognitive skills.
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Conference papers on the topic "Including strategies and methods"

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Balaras, Elias, and M. Vanella. "Adaptive Mesh Refinement Strategies for Immersed Boundary Methods." In 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-162.

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Herber, Daniel R., and Athul K. Sundarrajan. "On the Uses of Linear-Quadratic Methods in Solving Nonlinear Dynamic Optimization Problems With Direct Transcription." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23885.

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Abstract Solving nonlinear dynamic optimization (NLDO) and optimal control problems can be quite challenging, but the need for effective methods is ever increasing as more engineered systems become more dynamic and integrated. In this article, we will explore the various uses of linear-quadratic dynamic optimization (LQDO) in the direct transcription-based solution strategies for NLDO. Three general LQDO-based strategies are discussed, including direct incorporation, two-level optimization, and quasi-linearization. Connections are made between a variety of existing approaches, including sequential quadratic programming. The case studies are solved with the various methods using a publicly available, MATLAB-based tool. Results indicate that the LQDO-based strategies can improve existing solvers and be effective solution strategies. However, there are robustness issues and problem derivative requirements that must be considered.
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Shafie-Khah, Miadreza, Marta Ribeiro, Neda Hajibandeh, Gerardo J. Osorio, and Joao P. S. Catalao. "A Multi-Objective Method to Design Demand Response Strategies for Power Systems Including Wind Power Generation." In 2018 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/pscc.2018.8442739.

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Pandey, Vijitashwa, and Deborah Thurston. "Non-Dominated Strategies for Decision Based Design for Component Reuse." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35685.

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Component level reuse enables retention of value from products recovered at the end of their first lifecycle. Reuse strategies determined at the beginning of the lifecycle are aimed at maximizing this recovered value. Decision based design can be employed, but there are several difficulties in large scale implementation. First, computational complexities arise. Even with a product with a relatively small number of components, it becomes difficult to find the optimal component level decisions. Second, if there is more than one stakeholder involved, each interested in different attributes, the problem becomes even more difficult, due both to complexity and Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem. However, while the preferences of the stakeholders may not be known precisely, and aggregating those preferences poses difficulties, what is usually known is the partial ordering of alternatives. This paper presents a method for exploiting the features of a solution algorithm to address these difficulties in implementing decision based design. Heuristic methods including non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms (NSGA) can exploit this partial ordering and reject dominated alternatives, simplifying the problem. Including attributes of interest to various stakeholders ensures that the solutions found are practicable. One of the reasons product reuse has not achieved critical acceptance is because the three entities involved, the customers, the manufacturer and the government do not have a common ground. This results in inaccurate aggregating of attributes which the proposed method avoids. We illustrate our approach with a case study of component reuse of personal computers.
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Probst, Daniel M., Mandhapati Raju, Peter K. Senecal, Janardhan Kodavasal, Pinaki Pal, Sibendu Som, Ahmed A. Moiz, and Yuanjiang Pei. "Evaluating Optimization Strategies for Engine Simulations Using Machine Learning Emulators." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9726.

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This work evaluates different optimization algorithms for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of engine combustion. Due to the computational expense of CFD simulations, emulators built with machine learning algorithms were used as surrogates for the optimizers. Two types of emulators were used: a Gaussian Process (GP) and a weighted variety of machine learning methods called SuperLearner (SL). The emulators were trained using a dataset of 2048 CFD simulations that were run concurrently on a supercomputer. The Design of Experiments (DOE) for the CFD runs was obtained by perturbing nine input parameters using a Monte Carlo method. The CFD simulations were of a heavy duty engine running with a low octane gasoline-like fuel at a partially premixed compression ignition mode. Ten optimization algorithms were tested, including types typically used in research applications. Each optimizer was allowed 800 function evaluations and was randomly tested 100 times. The optimizers were evaluated for the median, minimum, and maximum merits obtained in the 100 attempts. Some optimizers required more sequential evaluations, thereby resulting in longer wall clock times to reach an optimum. The best performing optimization methods were particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution (DE), GENOUD (an evolutionary algorithm), and Micro-Genetic Algorithm (GA). These methods found a high median optimum as well as a reasonable minimum optimum of the 100 trials. Moreover, all of these methods were able to operate with less than 100 successive iterations, which reduced the wall clock time required in practice. Two methods were found to be effective but required a much larger number of successive iterations: the DIRECT and MALSCHAINS algorithms. A random search method that completed in a single iteration performed poorly in finding 1 Currently at Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas optimum designs, but was included to illustrate the limitation of highly concurrent search methods. The last three methods, Nelder-Mead, BOBYQA, and COBYLA, did not perform as well.
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Savery, Timothy. "NYC Transit Flood Resiliency: Case Studies of Recently Completed Mitigation Strategies." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2616.

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<p>MTA New York City Transit (NYCT) suffered significant damage from Hurricane Sandy in 2012, and hired Arup to design flood mitigation strategies for various system vulnerabilities.</p><p>Arup developed innovative permanent solutions to mitigate the various system vulnerabilities identified, including working with specialty fabricators to develop products for these specific purposes in order to provide the required protection of up to 14 feet of flood depth.</p><p>These efforts have resulted in innovate, new, purpose driven methods of flood mitigation that were not previously available on the market. These new systems result in dramatically reduced deployment time ahead of a storm event as well as a significant increase in the performance of the mitigation including reduced leakage rates.</p><p>This paper reviews various system vulnerabilities present in transit systems and presents case studies for the various mitigation strategies that were developed.</p>
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Morelle, Patrick, and Alain Remouchamps. "Comparison of Gradient and Non Gradient Based Methods for Crash Optimisation." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/dac-34045.

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The BOSS Quattro system (developed by Samtech s.a.) is an open architecture allowing to run various optimisation engines including gradient based methods (SQP, GCMMA, Conlin, MDAQ, ...), DOE and Response Surfaces, and Genetic Algorithms. This system has been used and various optimisation strategies compared for the resolution of non linear optimisation problems including crash worthiness and airbags opening simulation. Thanks to BOSS Quattro open architecture, using neutral or specific drivers so to read information from models, software like MADIMO, Pam Crash, LS-Dyna, but also NASTRAN, SAMCEF and Abaqus can been used in order to model the non linear behaviour of the optimised vehicles. One or several models were used and computation distributed by BOSS parallel architecture on network of workstations. Direct parallel mode can be used, or the tasks distributed on the network through a Task Manager like for example LSF. As a first example, the optimisation of a stiffened box is performed using one (dynamic) then two models (static but elasto-plastic/dynamic). The external software used are NASTRAN and ABAQUS. A second example deals with the optimisation of a Golf crash model using MADIMO to represent a sequence of events including opening of air bags. Mixed optimisation is performed using as design variables : the time to open a given airbag (continuous) or the type of wheel configuration (pure discrete variable). Constraints are related to safety of the passenger (sternum invasion, various criteria related to accelerations).
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Bauby, Catherine E., Vale´ry E. Just, and Caroline Garreau. "Asset Management Evaluation Methods: The EDF Perspective." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2155.

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The long term management of a production asset raises several major issues, among which rank the technical management of the plant, its economics and the fleet level perspective one has to adopt. Decision makers are therefore faced with the need to define long term policies (until the end of the life of the asset) which take into account multiple criteria including safety (which is paramount) and performance. In this paper we describe the French context where EDF (Electricite´ de France) is both Plant Owner and Operator of a fleet of 58 PWRs. We introduce a three-level methodology for asset management: the component / technical level (how to safely operate daily and invest for the future), the plant level (how to translate technical decisions into plant-wide consequences including economic performance) and the fleet level (how to manage a large number of similar assets). We then focus on the theoretical and practical links one can draw between the component level and the plant level. We describe several plant-wide indicators that are used to assess the value of the asset and we show how they can be inferred from the component-level technical and economic assessment (long-term equipment reliability, maintenance strategies, ...) by « rolling up » component level plans into a plant-wide decision process while taking into account the various sources of uncertainty associated with this assessment. We finally exemplify how this process could be applied to the life management of nuclear assets. To conclude, it appears asset management can be a major means for assessing and enhancing the long term value of a production unit while meeting everyday constraints.
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Shi, Yu, and Rolf D. Reitz. "Assessment of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms With Different Niching Strategies and Regression Methods for Engine Optimization and Design." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76015.

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In previous study [1] the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) [2] performed better than other popular Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA) in engine optimization that sought optimal combinations of the piston bowl geometry, spray targeting, and swirl ratio. NSGA II is further studied in this paper using different niching strategies that are applied to the objective-space and design-space, which diversify the optimal objectives and design parameters accordingly. Convergence and diversity metrics are defined to assess the performance of NSGA II using different niching strategies. It was found that use of the design niching achieved more diversified results with respect to design parameters, as expected. Regression was then conducted on the design datasets that were obtained from the optimizations with two niching strategies. Four regression methods, including K-nearest neighbors (KN), Kriging (KR), Neural Networks (NN), and Radial Basis Functions (RBF), were compared. The results showed that the dataset obtained from optimization with objective niching provided a more fitted learning space for the regression methods. The KN, KR, outperformed the other two methods with respect to the prediction accuracy. Furthermore, a log transformation to the objective-space improved the prediction accuracy for the KN, KR, and NN methods but not the RBF method. The results indicate that it is appropriate to use a regression tool to partly replace the actual CFD evaluation tool in engine optimization designs using the genetic algorithm. This hybrid mode saves computational resources (processors) without losing optimal accuracy. A Design of Experiment (DoE) method (the Optimal Latin Hypercube method) was also used to generate a dataset for the regression processes. However, the predicted results were much less reliable than results that were learned using the dynamically increasing datasets from the NSGA II generations. Applying the dynamical learning strategy during the optimization processes allows computationally expensive CFD evaluations to be partly replaced by evaluations using the regression techniques. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of applying the hybrid mode to engine optimization problems, and the conclusions can also extend to other optimization studies (numerical or experimental) that feature time-consuming evaluations and have highly non-linear objective-spaces.
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Herber, Daniel R., and James T. Allison. "Nested and Simultaneous Solution Strategies for General Combined Plant and Controller Design Problems." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67668.

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In this article, general combined plant and controller design or co-design problems are examined. Previous work in co-design theory imposed restrictions on the type of problems that could be posed. This article lifts many of those restrictions. The problem formulations and optimality conditions for both the simultaneous and nested solution strategies are given. Due to a number of challenges associated with the optimality conditions, practical solution considerations are discussed with a focus the motivating reasons for using direct transcription in co-design. This article highlights some of the key concepts in general co-design including general coupling, the differences between the feasible regions for each strategy, general boundary conditions, inequality path constraints, system-level objectives, and the complexity of the closed-form solutions. Three co-design test problems are provided. A number of research directions are proposed to further co-design theory including tailored solution methods for reducing total computational expense, better comparisons between the two solution strategies, and more realistic test problems.
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Reports on the topic "Including strategies and methods"

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Fenstermacher, Laurie, Todd Leventhal, and Sarah Canna. Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods & Strategies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada552480.

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Zachry, Anne, J. Flick, and S. Lancaster. Tune Up Your Teaching Toolbox! University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/chp.ot.fp.2016.0001.

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Occupational therapy (OT) educators strive to prepare entry-level practitioners who have the expertise to meet the diverse health care needs of society. A variety of instructional methods are used in the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) MOT program, including traditional lecture-based instruction (LBI), problem-based learning (PBL), team-based learning (TBL), and game-based learning (GBL). Research suggests that active learning strategies develop the critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are necessary for effective clinical reasoning and decision-making abilities. PBL, TBL, GBL are being successfully implemented in the UTHSC MOT Program to enhance the learning process and improve student engagement.
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Hadden, C., H. Edenborn, T. Osborne, G. Holdsworth, and N. Revis. An assessment of PCB degradation by microogransims including methods for measuring mineralization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10188676.

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Ames, Forrest, and Jeffrey Bons. Cooling Strategies for Vane Leading Edges in a Syngas Environment Including Effects of Deposition and Turbulence. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1172298.

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Frazar, Sarah L., Carol A. Kessler, Sean J. Kreyling, Frederic A. Morris, Caroline E. Mathews, Mo Bissani, Eileen Vergino, et al. Nuclear Infrastructure Development: Strategies and Methods for Engaging Nuclear Energy Seeking States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/985588.

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Murad, M. Hassan, Stephanie M. Chang, Celia Fiordalisi, Jennifer S. Lin, Timothy J. Wilt, Amy Tsou, Brian Leas, et al. Improving the Utility of Evidence Synthesis for Decision Makers in the Face of Insufficient Evidence. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcwhitepaperimproving.

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Background: Healthcare decision makers strive to operate on the best available evidence. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) Program aims to support healthcare decision makers by producing evidence reviews that rate the strength of evidence. However, the evidence base is often sparse or heterogeneous, or otherwise results in a high degree of uncertainty and insufficient evidence ratings. Objective: To identify and suggest strategies to make insufficient ratings in systematic reviews more actionable. Methods: A workgroup comprising EPC Program members convened throughout 2020. We conducted interative discussions considering information from three data sources: a literature review for relevant publications and frameworks, a review of a convenience sample of past systematic reviews conducted by the EPCs, and an audit of methods used in past EPC technical briefs. Results: Several themes emerged across the literature review, review of systematic reviews, and review of technical brief methods. In the purposive sample of 43 systematic reviews, the use of the term “insufficient” covered both instances of no evidence and instances of evidence being present but insufficient to estimate an effect. The results of the literature review and review of the EPC Program systematic reviews illustrated the importance of clearly stating the reasons for insufficient evidence. Results of both the literature review and review of systematic reviews highlighted the factors decision makers consider when making decisions when evidence of benefits or harms is insufficient, such as costs, values, preferences, and equity. We identified five strategies for supplementing systematic review findings when evidence on benefit or harms is expected to be or found to be insufficient, including: reconsidering eligible study designs, summarizing indirect evidence, summarizing contextual and implementation evidence, modelling, and incorporating unpublished health system data. Conclusion: Throughout early scoping, protocol development, review conduct, and review presentation, authors should consider five possible strategies to supplement potential insufficient findings of benefit or harms. When there is no evidence available for a specific outcome, reviewers should use a statement such as “no studies” instead of “insufficient.” The main reasons for insufficient evidence rating should be explicitly described.
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Bollinger, Gerald, and Jon Fricker. Updated Methods for Traffic Impact Analysis, Including Evaluation of Innovative Intersection Designs: Volume I—Technical Report. Purdue University, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315336.

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Bollinger, Gerald, and Jon Fricker. Updated Methods for Traffic Impact Analysis, Including Evaluation of Innovative Intersection Designs: Volume II—Applicant’s Guide. Purdue University, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315337.

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Bollinger, Gerald, and Jon Fricker. Updated Methods for Traffic Impact Analysis, Including Evaluation of Innovative Intersection Designs: Volume III—Reviewer’s Guide. Purdue University, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315338.

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Emmerich, Steven J., Andrew K. Persily, W. Stuart Dols, and James W. Axley. Impact of natural ventilation strategies and design issues for California applications, including input to ASHRAE Standard 62 and California Title 24. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7062.

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