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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Income equality

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Academic literature on the topic 'Income equality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Income equality"

1

Sharkansky, Ira. "Israeli Income Equality." Israel Studies 1, no. 1 (April 1996): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/isr.1996.1.1.306.

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Sharkansky, Ira. "Israeli Income Equality." Israel Studies 1, no. 1 (1996): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/is.2005.0042.

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Steiner, Hillel. "HOW EQUALITY MATTERS." Social Philosophy and Policy 19, no. 1 (January 2002): 342–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505250219114x.

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“Should differences in income and wealth matter?” is a paralyzingly big question. Does it refer to some differences? All differences? Daily differences, periodic ones, initial ones? Do they matter regardless of how income and wealth are acquired? Regardless of what can be done with them? Regardless, indeed, of what ‘mattering’ means?

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Campiglio, Luigi. "Income Distribution, Public Expenditure and Equality." Labour 4, no. 1 (March 1990): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1990.tb00007.x.

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Park, Ji-Won, and Chae Un Kim. "Getting to a feasible income equality." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0249204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249204.

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Income inequality is known to have negative impacts on an economic system, thus has been debated for a hundred years past or more. Numerous ideas have been proposed to quantify income inequality, and the Gini coefficient is a prevalent index. However, the concept of perfect equality in the Gini coefficient is rather idealistic and cannot provide realistic guidance on whether government interventions are needed to adjust income inequality. In this paper, we first propose the concept of a more realistic and ‘feasible’ income equality that maximizes total social welfare. Then we show that an optimal income distribution representing the feasible equality could be modeled using the sigmoid welfare function and the Boltzmann income distribution. Finally, we carry out an empirical analysis of four countries and demonstrate how optimal income distributions could be evaluated. Our results show that the feasible income equality could be used as a practical guideline for government policies and interventions.

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Kenworthy, Lane. "Is Equality Feasible?" Contexts 6, no. 3 (August 2007): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2007.6.3.28.

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Lara, Bernardo, and Kenneth A. Shores. "Identifying Preferences for Equal College Access, Income, and Income Equality." Education Finance and Policy 15, no. 2 (March 2020): 270–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00271.

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Revealed preferences for equal college access may be due to beliefs that equal access increases societal income or income equality. To isolate preferences for those goods, we implement an online discrete choice experiment using social statistics generated from true variation among commuting zones. We find that, ceteris paribus, the average income that individuals are willing to sacrifice is (1) $4,984 to increase higher education enrollment by 1 standard deviation (14 percent); (2) $1,168 to decrease rich/poor gaps in higher education enrollment by 1 standard deviation (8 percent); and (3) $2,900 to decrease the 90/10 income inequality ratio by 1 standard deviation (1.66). In addition, we find that political affiliation is an important moderator of preferences for equality. While both Democrats and Republicans are willing to trade over $4,000 to increase higher education enrollment by 1 standard deviation, Democrats are willing to sacrifice nearly three times more income to decrease either rich/poor gaps in higher education enrollment or the 90/10 income inequality ratio by 1 standard deviation.

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Rosen, Sumner M., Allison Quick, and Richard G. Wilkinson. "Income and Health: Towards Equality in Health." Journal of Public Health Policy 17, no. 1 (1996): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342665.

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Lim Young-Kyu. "An Analysis of the Income Disparity between Expectation Income and Reasonable Income for the Income Equality Evaluation." Tax Accounting Research ll, no. 42 (December 2014): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35349/tar.2014..42.003.

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Vedder, Richard. "TAXES, GROWTH, EQUITY, AND WELFARE." Social Philosophy and Policy 23, no. 2 (May 23, 2006): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505250606016x.

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The scholarly literature suggests high or increased tax burdens tend to reduce economic growth, lowering incomes. Some argue, however, that low taxes and high economic growth can have adverse income distribution consequences or can lead to utility-reducing under-consumption of needed public goods. Evidence is presented questioning those assertions. People seek happiness by moving, and tend to migrate to low tax areas. Moreover, there is little evidence that governmental expansion leads to truly greater equality. Appropriately measured, income equality is actually far greater than typically claimed. Moreover, income data suggest that the international equalization of incomes and global reduction of poverty largely reflect private sector activity, namely market forces working where the rule of law and strong protection of property rights prevails.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Income equality"

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Spandler, Jeremy. "Equality, equity and the best distribution of income." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388032.

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Short, Myriah J. "Equality of Opportunity: Equal Access to Higher Education." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1229624814.

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Meyer, Gregory Scott. "High-tech economic development, demographic change and income equality in Indianapolis." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Bird, Philippa. "Social gradients in child health and development in relation to income inequality : who benefits from greater income equality?" Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5121/.

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There is considerable evidence that health and development are better, on average, in countries with greater income equality. However, much of the research has focussed on average health and wellbeing; it is less clear how this benefit is distributed across society – do people from advantaged and disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds benefit equally? Further, there has been little research on the relationship between income inequality and child health. This thesis aimed to explore how the social gradient in child health and development varies in relation to income inequality in high income countries. I used two approaches to answer the question: Does everyone do better in more equal countries? I conducted a critical review of previous literature comparing social gradients in health and wellbeing. I also conducted original analysis using a comparative cohort study. I compared social gradients in health and development among children aged 4-6, using 7 cohort studies from 6 countries (US, UK, Australia, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden). I reviewed approaches to comparing data between studies and across countries, and harmonised the samples and variables to facilitate comparisons. The studies in the critical review varied considerably, but there was substantial evidence that health and wellbeing are better for everyone in more equal countries (with the most disadvantaged benefitting the most). In the comparative cohort analysis, there was some evidence that social gradients are steeper in more equal countries (inequalities are greater), and some evidence that everyone does better. However, there were many inconsistencies and comparisons were challenging due to measurement differences between the cohorts. The observation that social gradients are shallower in some countries than others shows that such inequalities can be prevented. There is growing evidence that people from all social backgrounds would benefit if countries had greater income equality.

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Garza, Cantu Vidal. "The political economy of inequality : an assessment of the evolution of earnings inequality in Mexico and the Americas, 1968-2000 /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008333.

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Voitchovsky, Sarah. "Inequality and growth." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670079.

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Jesmin, Syeda Sarah Cready Cynthia M. "Income inequality and racial/ethnic infant mortality in the United States." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9770.

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Win, Khin Maung. "The Effects of Attitudes towards Income Equality, Ethnic Diversity and Democratic Political System." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/924.

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There are few works that explores the relationship between the attitude towards income equality and levels of democracy in the previous literature. However, there is an abundance of literature on democracy and its determinants. In this paper, I analyze why levels of democracy differ among countries. I assume that positive attitudes or feelings toward income equality, ethnic diversity and democratic political systems are essential to the promotion of democracy. I hypothesize that such positive attitudes to all of these promote democracy, all other things being equal. First, income equality is crucial as to development of democracy. I argue that positive attitudes towards income equality advances democracy by means of reducing negative consequences of income inequality and by means of creating positive circumstances for promotion of democracy because it is less likely for being income equality to advance democracy without positive attitude towards income equality. Second, support for ethnic diversity is also important to the promotion of democracy. I argue that ethnic diversity is not a block or barrier to democracy. Actually, ethnic diversity can be a fertile soil for democracy if the positive attitude towards it is practiced because proper or positive attitudes towards ethnic diversity leads to a change from the negative perception of ethic diversity to the positive perception of it. Such positive perception of ethnic diversity welcomes and nurtures it to be an essential part of making democracy rich. Thus, I hypothesize that positive feeling about ethnic diversity can also promote democracy. Third, the democratic political system itself is essential to advancement of democracy in all countries because it establishes minimal democratic framework and procedures that are important to further improvement of democracy. I argue that such democratic political system and its positive consequences require the positive attitude towards it in advance. Thus, I hypothesize that the positive attitude towards the democratic political system also promotes democracy. The support for my study comes from the existing cross-national datasets. The data for the dependent variable that is the level of democracy is from Polity IV (Polity IV Annual Time-Series 1800-2010). The data for the independent variables are from the World Values Survey 1981-2008. It is cross-country and cross-sectional analysis. The findings show that only one factor that is the positive attitude towards income equality has the positive and significant effect on the promotion of democracy while the other two do not show a statistical significant effects on the level of democracy.

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Kwong, Sunny Kai-Sun. "Price-sensitive inequality measurement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25807.

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The existing inequality indexes in the economics literature (including the more sophisticated indexes of Muellbauer (1974) and Jorgenson-Slesnick (1984)), are found to be insensitive to relative price changes or are unjustifiable in terms of social evaluation ethics or both. The present research fills this gap in the literature by proposing a new index, named the Individual Equivalent Income (IEI) index. A household indirect utility function is hypothesized which incorporates certain attribute parameters in the form of equivalence scales. These attributes are demographic and environmental characteristics specific to a given household. This indirect utility function gives a number which represents the utility of each member of the household. A particular level of interpersonal comparison of utilities is assumed which gives rise to an exact individual utility indicator named equivalent income. A distribution of these equivalent incomes forms the basis of a price-sensitive relative inequality index. This index can be implemented in the Canadian context. Preferences are assumed to be nonhomothetic translog and demand data are derived from cross-section surveys and time-series aggregates. Based on demand data, the translog equivalent income function can be estimated and equivalent incomes imputed to all individuals in society. An Atkinson index of equivalent incomes is then computed to indicate the actual degree of inequality in Canada. The new IEI index is compared with other indexes based on a common data set. The main findings are: conventional indexes give bad estimates of the true extent of inequality and the IEI index, while providing a more accurate estimate, indicates distributive price impact in a predictable manner, i.e., food price inflation aggravates while transportation price inflation ameliorates the inequality problem.
Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
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Howes, Stephen R. "Income distribution : measurement, transition and analysis of urban China, 1981-1990." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2438/.

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Many aspects of economic analysis require judgements to be made about distributions. When agreement on a single criterion for judgement is not possible, it is necessary to examine whether one distribution is better than another from a number of perspectives. The problem of 'distributional dominance', which Part One addresses, is precisely this problem of ordering two distributions in relation to one or more objective functions, via use of a single 'dominance criterion'. Four themes are pursued. It is argued that welfare, poverty and inequality dominance criteria can be fruitfully analyzed within a single framework. The need to approach the problem of distributional dominance as a statistical one is stressed. Estimators and a method of inference are proposed and are themselves tested via a simulation study. The likely effect of aggregation on the attained ordering of distributions is assessed, also via a simulation study. A critical re-appraisal is presented of the most widely-used dominance criterion, second-order stochastic dominance, and alternative criteria are proposed. The usefulness of thinking of dominance criteria in terms of curves within bounds is emphasized. Part Two of the thesis is a study of the distribution of income in urban China in the eighties, using both aggregated, nationwide data and disaggregated data for two provinces. This study is both an application of the methods developed in Part One and a case-study of the dynamics of income distribution in a transitional economy. Evidence is found that cash-income inequality has grown over the decade, and this is linked to the reform process. However, inequality remains exceptionally low by international standards. Moreover, both the system of price subsidies and that of cash compensation introduced to replace the subsidies are shown to have exerted an equalizing influence on the urban distribution of income.

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Books on the topic "Income equality"

1

Mulé, Rosa. Does democracy promote equality?. Luxembourg: LIS, 1998.

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Osmani, Siddiqur Rahman. Is income equality good for growth? Jordanstown, Co. Antrim: School of Public Policy, Economics and Law, University of Ulster, 1995.

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Growing income inequalities: Economic analyses. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

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John, Healy, and Conference of Religious of Ireland. Justice Commission., eds. Pathways to a basic income. Dublin: Justice Commission, Conference of Religious of Ireland, 1997.

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A, Cowell Frank, ed. Economic inequality and income distribution. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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Jobs with equality. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Elsenhans, Hartmut. Equality and development. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Centre for Social Studies, 1992.

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Milanović, Branko. Explaining the increase in inequality during the transition. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group, 1998.

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Anselmann, Christina. Spitzeneinkommen und Ungleichheit: Die Entwicklung der personellen Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag, 2013.

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Franzini, M. Disuguaglianze inaccettabili: L'immobilità economica in Italia. Roma: GLF editori Laterza, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Income equality"

1

Heerink, Nico. "Income (in)equality." In Population Economics, 176–216. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78571-9_7.

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Tillmann, Georg. "Income Equality and Income Taxation." In Models and Measurement of Welfare and Inequality, 396–418. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79037-9_22.

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Wadley, David. "Employment, Income and (In)equality." In The Routledge Handbook of Australian Urban and Regional Planning, 21–32. New York: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315748054-3.

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Milanović, Branko. "Determinants of Cross-Country Income Inequality: An ‘Augmented’ Kuznets Hypothesis." In Equality, Participation, Transition, 48–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230523098_4.

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Kawanaka, Takeshi, and Yasushi Hazama. "Multidimensionality and Preferences for Income Equality." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 57–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0257-1_4.

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Birnbaum, Simon. "Equality of Status and Its Priority: A Rawlsian Case for Basic Income." In Basic Income Reconsidered, 41–63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137015426_2.

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Szirmai, A. "Explaining Variation in Attitudes toward Income Equality." In Social Justice in Human Relations, 229–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2629-6_12.

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Wei, Zhong. "Income Distribution: Towards Integration of Equality and Efficiency." In The Chinese Approach, 353–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1899-4_12.

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Campano, Fred, Alberto Costantiello, and Dominick Salvatore. "Perspectives for Growth and Income Equality in the European Monetary Union: 2012–2025." In Wealth, Income Inequalities, and Demography, 211–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05909-9_8.

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Salnikova, Daria, and Tatiana Karabchuk. "Gender Equality and Individualistic Values as Determinants of Employment and Income in Central Asian Countries." In Gendering Post-Soviet Space, 359–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9358-1_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Income equality"

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Xu, Yifan, and Pan Xu. "Trade the System Efficiency for the Income Equality of Drivers in Rideshare." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/580.

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Several scientific studies have reported the existence of the income gap among rideshare drivers based on demographic factors such as gender, age, race, etc. In this paper, we study the income inequality among rideshare drivers due to discriminative cancellations from riders, and the tradeoff between the income inequality (called fairness objective) with the system efficiency (called profit objective). We proposed an online bipartite-matching model where riders are assumed to arrive sequentially following a distribution known in advance. The highlight of our model is the concept of acceptance rate between any pair of driver-rider types, where types are defined based on demographic factors. Specially, we assume each rider can accept or cancel the driver assigned to her, each occurs with a certain probability which reflects the acceptance degree from the rider type towards the driver type. We construct a bi-objective linear program as a valid benchmark and propose two LP-based parameterized online algorithms. Rigorous online competitive ratio analysis is offered to demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of our online algorithms in balancing the two conflicting goals, promotions of fairness and profit. Experimental results on a real-world dataset are provided as well, which confirm our theoretical predictions.

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McGlohn, Emily, and Emily Roush-Elliott. "Equality of energy efficiency for low-income housing in the Mississippi Delta." In The 10th EAAE/ARCC International Conference. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315226255-61.

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Laurinavicius, Antanas, and Algimantas Laurinavicius. "Emigration: a Price of Inequality or a Breach of Social Contract?" In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.018.

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The society in our country has been struck by the emigration crisis of an unprecedented scope in Europe since World War II. Lithuania also stands out among the EU member states as a state with a particularly low level of trust, whereas the primary institutions of a democratic civil society, i.e. the Government, political parties, and the Parliament, are all at the bottom in the list of institutions ranked according to the level of trust. Although the growth of the average income and assets of the population was truly impressive over the past 20 years, this did not stop emigration neither slowed it down. This means that merely higher income is not enough for people; in fact, happiness is mostly correlated to equality of income (relative wealth) rather than to increase of income (absolute wealth). In the framework mentioned above the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the causes of emigration and suggests effective strategic decisions to stop the emigration using strategic thinking and strategic synthesis methods.

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Fırat, Emine, Emre Ürün, and Aytaç Aydın. "The Relationship of Development and Education: An Evaluation of Turkey’s Education Level by Human Development Index." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01411.

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The unfair distribution of income in underdeveloped countries causes the capital to be gathered in the hands of a certain party and thus preventing it from spreading to the society and although national income in these countries is high, the level of development being low creates problems. Education directly relates to issues related to the concept of development such as developing individuals’ social points of view, obtaining the individual’s skills and abilities, shaping the socio-cultural structure, environment, healthy life and guaranteeing rights and freedom. The fact that frontiers disappeared together with the globalizing world and sharing the incomes in international markets have brought about some problems. The emergence of human-centered approach in development in 1970 and after has been an important opportunity for all societies. Human development has led the way to investigate concepts such as poverty, income equality, health and education and to take action to remove the deficiencies in the aforementioned area. Education is inevitable for development. In this context, Turkey’s education level will be evaluated in terms of the relationship of human development and education for development. In this study the indicators of Human Development Index (HDI) prepared by UDP annually and Education Index (EI), the sub-index of HDI, for Turkey have been taken into consideration and it has been aimed to determine Turkey’s level of development in education. It was determined in the study that Turkey’s level of human development is not satisfactory and that indicators for education were low.

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Karsak, E. Ertugrul, and Nazli Goker. "Common Weight DEA-Based Methodology for Ranking APEC Countries by Considering Sustainable Development Goals Including Decent Work, Income Inequalities, and Gender Equality." In 2019 3rd International Conference on Data Science and Business Analytics (ICDSBA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdsba48748.2019.00028.

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Kaplanhan, Fatih, and Cem Korkut. "Distribution of Tax Revenue of Central Government to Local Governments: Glocalization." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01127.

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Main questions of this study are “How much autonomy?” and “Has autonomy take to feudalism?” Although the resolution of issue according to effective, efficient, rational and fair principles about the income distribution between the central administration and the municipalities is a precondition of permanent and efficient services of local governments.This study aims to identify regional goverments tasks and improve services of central governments with taxes (VAT) distirbution method. We also aim to increase taxes that are collected from regional governments with the method of glocalization. In addition, if sharing criteria was different, it would how a change between the years 2003-2011 will be investigated. During the comprehensive analysis of these years with public revenues on the basis of VAT, local government’s expenditure, criteria/data to be applied in the share of public revenues to municipalities whether changing the method financing of municipalities can make local governments more efficient and productive will be explored. In a political structure that municipalities are financed from the center, it is very difficult to find an appropriate combination between equality and justice in the distribution of income. Local governments must have privileges which is proportionate with responsibilities on own mandates and source of income for producing to serve as an effective and efficient local services. The results show that if the central governments give budget to regional government according to taxes that are collected in this region, productivity of taxation increase and regional government can collect taxes easier.

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Bozkaya, Gülferah. "The Role of Social Protection Expenditure in the Fight against Poverty." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00990.

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The concept gradually accumulate wealth in the world and intensifies poverty and insecurity are increasing to the same extent. When we look at the past, present and edit the markets cannot self-cleaning, as they cannot, by themselves can be considered as social justice has been seen cannot produce. Social justice-seeking different genders, groups and generations ensures the promotion of equality between the values. The realization of social justice on a global scale before everything redistribution of income from the rich to the poor is mandatory. Redistributing income in various forms of social protection social justice, provide more in several sizes. Avoidance of poverty by helping individuals develop their individual autonomy, dignity, protects and supports integration with the community. Whatever the economic power and productivity of individuals worthy of human dignity to have a minimum standard of social life provides guaranteed by the state. Spread evenly across society for education and health facilities and offers high standards. Social protection expenditure used in the creation of the European Union using ESSPROS method a methodology that has been guiding international social protection expenditures to produce an international comparison also provides the opportunity to do. In the light of current international developments in the field of social policy, social protection expenditure in Turkey will be evaluated in a comparative perspective.

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Ballı, Esra, and Muammer Tekeoğlu. "Transition Process: Russia and Ukraine Case." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00663.

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This study analyses how real GDP growth, inflation, employment, foreign direct investment inflow and income equality for Russia and Ukraine changed during the process of economic transition from 1991 to 2011. Most opinions agree that initial conditions and economic situation of a country, natural resources, historical background and institutions affect the process of economic transition. We see that both Russia and Ukraine experienced a transitional recession in the early 1990s at the start of the transition and an increase in the inflation rate. The Gini indexes of Russia and Ukraine have increased dramatically. The unemployment also went up in both countries until 1999s and reached a peak 13% during the 1998 Russian crisis in Russia. The growth rates of both countries were below 1% until 1997-1998, although it started to increase, after 2000, it decreased sharply in 2008 because of the Global Economic Crisis experienced the same year.

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Taş, Seyhan, Mehmet Akif Kara, Sena Türkmen, and Enver Günay. "Changing Role of the State in Regional Economic Policies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00976.

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It is observed that regional economic policies, which are applied to reduce the regional imbalances and to improve the income and employment in underdeveloped regions, tend to change in time. This change in turn brings out the concept of regional competition. This change also reflects the state’s policy tools, while the concept of regional efficiency becomes to be determinative in state’s regional economic policies in addition to the concept of regional equality. In this context the public policies of regional level can be said as following: first to develop regional infrastructural investments, second; to support the small and medium sized firms and the clusters around them which can stimulate internal potential of the region, and to develop the technological and innovative frames of the firms. Similar changes occur in Turkey as well together with the European Union membership process, while the concept of regional competition begins to shape the regional economic policies with the legal and institutional arrangements. In this study, we tried to assess the changing role of the state, especially from the point of Turkey, in the regional development policies.

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Tunçsiper, Bedriye, and Emine Fırat. "The Importance of R &D and Innovation in Development; The Case of South Korea." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01606.

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The concept of development has been interpreted by different economic opinions within historical process. This has prevented the description of development concept in a single theoretical perspective or as a definitive statement. Development, also being of a broad concept incorporating economic, social and cultural aspects here of, was evaluated very purely economic phenomenon until the 1970s. The development concept has been tried to measure with the national income per capita by many economists. After the 1970s, the level of development began to be considered with concept such as human capital, innovation, education, health and standard of living, overtly, equality and so on in addition to economic criteria and the concept is being assessed by human development level. There are many different ways for the development of a country. Recently, the urgency of research and development and innovation has been put forward and it appears that significance of the notions of learning, research, ingenuity and innovation has gone up for substantiation of the progress. In this study, South Korea's R & D and innovation doings are judged and the value of innovation and research and development activities for evolution are underlined. Hereby, R & D and innovation projections conduced to the advancement and refinement of South Korea, sorendering efficacious and satisfactory use of sources possible.

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Reports on the topic "Income equality"

1

Benabou, Roland, and Efe Ok. Mobility as Progressivity: Ranking Income Processes According to Equality of Opportunity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8431.

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Bloom, David E., Victoria Y. Fan, Vadim Kufenko, Osondu Ogbuoji, Klaus Prettner, and Gavin Yamey. Going beyond GDP with a parsimonious indicator: inequality-adjusted healthy lifetime income. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res1.1.

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Per capita GDP has limited use as a well-being indicator because it does notcapture many dimensions that imply a “good life”, such as health and equality ofopportunity. However, per capita GDP has the virtues of being easy to interpret andto calculate with manageable data requirements. Against this backdrop, there is aneed for a measure of well-being that preserves the advantages of per capita GDP,but also includes health and equality. We propose a new parsimonious indicatorto fill this gap, and calculate it for 149 countries. This new indicator could beparticularly useful in complementing standard well-being indicators during theCOVID-19 pandemic. This is because (i) COVID-19 predominantly affects olderadults beyond their prime working ages whose mortality and morbidity do notstrongly affect GDP, and (ii) COVID-19 is known to have large effects on inequalityin many countries.

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Rut Sigurjónsdóttir, Hjördís, Sandra Oliveira e Costa, and Åsa Ström Hildestrand. Who is left behind? The impact of place on the ability to follow Covid-19 restrictions. Nordregio, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2021:2.1403-2511.

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While the Nordic countries have long been champions of equality, the Covid-19 pandemic has put a new light on structural injustices inherent in our societies. In Copenhagen, Oslo, Helsinki, Stockholm, and Malmö, districts with a high share of residents with an immigrant background and a low socio-economic status stand out with high infection and mortality rates of Covid-19. The pandemic thus reveals and reminds us about the serious effects of segregation and unequal living conditions on citizens’ health status and ability to cope with and survive a pandemic. This Extended summary is based on a quantitative and qualitative study aiming to identify structural barriers impacting residents’ ability to follow Covid-19 recommendations and guidelines, especially in low-income areas in major Nordic cities. Learning about these barriers - and effective measures taken to mitigate them - will help Nordic authorities and communities be better prepared for future challenges and crises.

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Hayes, Anne M., and Jennae Bulat. Disabilities Inclusive Education Systems and Policies Guide for Low- and Middle-Income Countries. RTI Press, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0043.1707.

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Having a disability can be one of the most marginalizing factors in a child’s life. In education, finding ways to meet the learning needs of students with disabilities can be challenging, especially in schools, districts, regions, and countries with severely limited resources. Inclusive education—which fully engages all students, including students with disabilities or other learning challenges, in quality education—has proven particularly effective in helping all students learn, even while challenges to implementing inclusive education systems remain. This guide provides suggestions for developing inclusive education systems and policies, especially for low- and middle-income countries that are moving from a segregated system toward an inclusive system of education. We specifically address the needs of countries with limited resources for implementing inclusive education. However, our strategies and recommendations can be equally useful in other contexts where inclusive education practices have not yet been adopted.

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