Academic literature on the topic 'Income – Kenya – Econometric models'
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Journal articles on the topic "Income – Kenya – Econometric models"
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Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu, Emmanuel Ackom, Festus Victor Bekun, and Phebe Asantewaa Owusu. "Energy–Climate–Economy–Population Nexus: An Empirical Analysis in Kenya, Senegal, and Eswatini." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (2020): 6202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156202.
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Motivated by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its impact by 2030, this study examines the relationship between energy consumption (SDG 7), climate (SDG 13), economic growth and population in Kenya, Senegal and Eswatini. We employ a Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS) machine learning technique and econometric methods such as Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) regression, the Mean-Group (MG) and Pooled Mean-Group (PMG) estimation models. The econometric techniques confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis between income level and CO2 emissions while the machine learning method confirms the scale effect hypothesis. We find that while CO2 emissions, population and income level spur energy demand and utilization, economic development is driven by energy use and population dynamics. This demonstrates that income, population growth, energy and CO2 emissions are inseparable, but require a collective participative decision in the achievement of the SDGs.
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Giti, Daniel Mutegi, Owiti A. K'Akumu, and Edwin Oyaro Ondieki. "Enhanced role of private sector through public private partnerships in low income urban housing in Kenya." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 25, no. 2 (2020): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-07-2019-0057.
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Purpose Low income urban housing in Kenya is underdeveloped as a result of uninnovative financing, hence the many slums and informal settlements in the country, hence the need for enhanced participation of the private sector through application of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), which has been cited as one of the possible solutions. The purpose of this study was to investigate and make predictions of the need for enhanced role of private sector in developing low income urban housing in Kenya through PPPs. Design/methodology/approach Delphi method of research was used to forecast the enhanced role of private sector through PPPs in the development of low income urban housing in Kenya. Three rounds Delphi iterations using three panels of housing financiers (30 in number), housing developers (28 in number) and housing practitioners (30 in number) were used. Data was collected through questionnaires throughout the three rounds, where the first round was exploratory in nature, the second round built on answers from round one, while round three was based on answers from round two, after which the mean and standard deviation values were calculated to show the level of consensus. Findings Results showed that PPPs is one of the plausible ways through which low income urban housing in Kenya can be developed to address its shortage. Private sector in PPP transaction brings innovative technology, finance and efficiency, while government brings its assets such as land and other regulations long term contracts. Research limitations/implications The research was focussed on the Nairobi city county area in analysing the need for enhanced role of the private parties. It focussed on a panel of Housing practitioners-officers in the State Department for housing and Nairobi city county; housing financiers and housing developers, without interviewing the beneficiaries of the method. Practical implications It was, therefore, found out that PPPs models are applicable in developing low income urban housing because the country has the enabling environment for its effective application going forward. The implication of this study is that low income urban housing can be developed through the model. Social implications The slums and informal settlements will have adequate, affordable and quality housing being introduced within their neighbourhoods, which reduces political and societal animosities. Originality/value This research has benefited from published literature on PPPs and original research on PPPs.
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Omondi, Samuel Onyango. "Small-scale poultry enterprises in Kenyan medium-sized cities." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 3 (2019): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-06-2018-0067.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the profitability of urban chicken production in the medium-sized cities of Kisumu and Thika, Kenya. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in 2016 from a sample of 157 indigenous chicken producers in the two cities. Descriptive analyses were used to characterize indigenous chicken production, marketing and profitability. In addition, multivariate regression models were estimated to determine factors influencing profitability of the enterprise. Findings Urban indigenous chicken production mainly serves a dual role of food provision and income generation. The enterprise is profitable, generating an average gross margin of Ksh. 756/bird. The multivariate regression models show that access to high-value markets, household income level and the type of production system used significantly affect profitability of indigenous chicken farming. However, poultry diseases and high input costs especially feed are the major constraints to poultry farming. Research limitations/implications This study has used cross-sectional data that provides information for only one point in time. Future research should be able to capture the seasonality of indigenous chicken production. Social implications This study has shown that indigenous chicken production in urban areas is a viable and profitable enterprise, which could provide an avenue for employment and income generation. Originality/value Studies assessing profitability of urban agricultural enterprises are scant. Thus, this study provides insights on the profitability of a common urban agriculture enterprise.
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Haining, Robert. "Income Diffusion and Spatial Econometric Models." Geographical Analysis 19, no. 1 (2010): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1987.tb00113.x.
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Kimani, Diana N., Mercy G. Mugo, and Urbanus M. Kioko. "An Econometric Analysis Of Health Care Utilization In Kenya." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 16 (2016): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n16p443.
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Background: Increasing access to health care has been a policy concern for many governments, Kenya included. The Kenyan government introduced and implemented a number of initiatives in a bid to address the healthcare utilization challenge. These initiatives include 10/20 policy, exemptions for user fees for some specific health services (treatment of children less than five years, maternity services in dispensaries and health centers, Tuberculosis treatment in public health facilities), and increase in the number of health facilities and health workforce. These initiatives notwithstanding, healthcare utilization in Kenya remains a challenge. The Kenya Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey of 2007 found that 17 percent of those who needed health care services could not access the services from both government and private health facilities largely due to financial constraints. This paper employed econometric analysis to examine what could be constraining health care utilization in Kenya despite all the efforts employed. Methods: Using the 2007 Kenya Household Health Expenditures and Utilization Survey (KHHEUS) data (n = 8414), this paper investigates the factors that affect health care utilization in Kenya by estimating a count data negative binomial model. The model was also applied to public and private health facilities to better understand the specificities of poverty in these two facility types. Common estimation problems of endogeneity, heterogeneity, multicollinearity and heteroskedasticity are addressed. Findings: The econometric analysis reveals that out-of-pocket expenditures, waiting time, distance, household size, income, chronic illness area of residence and working status of the household head are significant factors affecting health care utilization in Kenya. While income and distance are significant factors affecting public health care utilization they are not significant in explaining healthcare utilization in private facilities. In addition, working status of the household head, insurance cover and education are significant in explaining private and not public health care utilization. A striking finding is the positive relationship between distance and health care utilization implying that people will travel long distances to obtain treatment. This is perhaps associated with expectations of higher quality of care at far away higher level facilities, especially in rural areas. Conclusion: The paper confirms the existing evidence of the negative effects of Out-of-Pocket (OOP) expenditures and other determinants of health care utilization. With a better understanding of why people use or do not use health services, health care organizations can seek to improve the quality of human life. The bypassing of health facilities for higher level far away facilities implies that it is not so much about availing health facilities, but the quality of the services offered in those facilities. The government should therefore assure quality to increase utilization of the lower level facilities, especially in the rural areas.
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Cuthbert, A. L., and C. M. Dufournaud. "An Econometric Analysis of Fuelwood Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 4 (1998): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300721.
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Four models are estimated to examine the consumption of fuelwood in selected countries of Sub-Saharan Africa from 1970 to 1990. Using a two-stage least squares estimation technique, we use the models to analyze the effects of income and price on fuelwood demand. Variables included in the models are income, price, and precipitation with a dummy variable based on level of development. The best model yields an income elasticity of 0.39 and a price elasticity of −0.28, indicating that fuelwood is a superior, normal good. Attending to the mounting concerns about fuelwood depletion in Sub-Saharan Africa, we feel the results provide insights for the formulation of effective energy policies. Specifically, policy measures that simultaneously address household income and fuel price are required. Increasing household income, directly with income supplements or indirectly with the provision of energy-efficient cookstoves, has the potential to decrease fuelwood consumption. Similarly, price reforms that force the price of energy to reflect its real economic cost encourage more efficient consumption.
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Islam, Tamanna, Ashfaque A. Mohib, and Shahnaz Zarin Haque. "Econometric Models for Forecasting Remittances of Bangladesh." Business and Management Studies 4, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v4i1.2860.
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At present, the remittance of Bangladesh (RB) is the largest source of foreign exchange earning of the country. The RB plays a critical role in alleviating the foreign-exchange constraint and supporting the balance of payments, enabling imports of capital goods and raw materials for industrial development. Remittance from overseas migrant workers certainly increases the income disparity between classes of the rural society. Therefore forecasting plays an important role to know the future situation of economic condition. This paper employed the prospective data on RB to derive a unique and suitable forecasting model. The data were collected from Bangladesh Bank (BB) during January, 1998 to December, 2003. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models were used to find out the best one. The findings indicated that the ARIMA (0,1,1) (0,2,1)12 and the GARCH (2,1) models were appropriate for our data and the GARCH (2,1) model appeared to be the best one between these.
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Turnbull, Geoffrey K. "Alternative Local Public Education Expenditure Functions: An Econometric Evaluation." Public Finance Quarterly 15, no. 1 (1987): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114218701500103.
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This article presents a formal econometric evaluation of competing median voter public education demand specifications. The Cox specification test is used to determine the appropriate role for intergovernmental aid and the appropriate tax share definition in the empirical models. Tests of the aid specification yield support for the popular notion that allowing for different voter income and aid elasticities is superior to treating aid as a supplement to voter income. Tests of the tax share definition indicate that the partial tax exporting tax share is superior to the complete and zero exporting tax shares examined. The results also indicate that the present theoretical models need to be extended to provide a greater role for the mix of nonresidential property in determining community fiscal behavior.
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Gu, Huaying, and Chaoqun Han. "Analysis of China’s Pure Electric Vehicle Sales Based on Spatial Econometric Models." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 1 (2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n1p12.
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This paper empirically investigates the spatial dependence and serial correlation structures among different China’s brands of pure electric vehicle (EV) sales using spatial econometric models. Based on the newly proposed economic distance spatial weight matrix, the empirical results show that EV endurance mileage, power battery capacity, charging time, government subsidy, retail price, and each brand market share have important impacts on EV sales. The per capita disposable income of urban households, gasoline price, loan rate and the number of charging pile are statistically significant determinants of EV sales. In particular, the improvements of the number of charging pile and the rise of gasoline price can increase EV sales, while the rise of loan rate or tight monetary policy may increase the consumers’ cost of purchasing EVs and then decrease EV sales. Another interesting finding is that though the per capita disposable income of urban households increases the EV sales decreases. A plausible explanation would seem to be that the impact of the per capita disposable income of urban households on the EV sales is offset by the decline in government subsidies or the incomplete infrastructures such as the inconvenient of charging stations. Besides, the significantly positive spatial dependence and serial correlation exist among EV manufactures indicates that when developing EV sales strategies, EV manufacturers must consider not only the properties of the EVs they produce, but also the properties of similar types of EVs produced by other brands in the EV market.
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Kozinova, A. T. "An econometric analysis of retail turnover in Russia." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 6 (2020): 1133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.6.1133.
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Subject. The article deals with econometric analysis of retail turnover in Russia and its relationship with macroeconomic indicators, like real disposable household income, consumer prices, etc. Objectives. The purpose is to create effective models to analyze the retail turnover in Russia and its relationship with other macroeconomic indicators, taking into account the existence of periods of economic instability. Methods. I apply correlation and regression methods to analyze statistics. To quantify changes in the retail turnover of Russia during the periods of economic instability, I use dummy variables. Results. The Russia’s retail trade turnover index had a reverse and moderate relationship with the consumer price index, direct and strong relationship with the indices of real disposable household income and imports, direct relationship with the manufacturing index. I offer statistically significant regression models of Russia’s retail turnover with the said macroeconomic indicators. Conclusions. The main advantage of models of retail turnover that are built using a large number of observations is a greater number of simultaneously considered factors. The quantitative assessment of retail turnover elasticity by consumer prices confirms the need for inflation targeting by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The higher elasticity of retail turnover in manufacturing as compared with the imports denotes the importance of import substitution policy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Income – Kenya – Econometric models"
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O'LEARY, CHRISTOPHER JOSEPH. "AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE BENEFIT ADEQUACY (RATIONING CONSTRAINTS, TOBIT MODELS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183901.
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Explicit parameterizations of labor supply are specified and estimated on a sample of single unattached individuals using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a generalized Tobit maximum likelihood method which is consistent under the assumption that employed hours are exogenous. Results of these estimations are then used to compute triangle approximation and direct closed form solutions for labor market constraint compensation. Underemployment compensation estimates are generated and compared to actual and hypothetical payments which would accrue under the UI systems of representative states. Certain compensation results for overemployment are also offered. Where they are directly comparable, results from Tobit estimation of the basic labor supply relations are found to strictly dominate ordinary least squares (OLS) results in terms of efficiency. While the OLS and Tobit parameter estimates differ dramatically in most cases, the latter are consistent with the bulk of recent empirical labor supply research. A corollary purpose of estimating the several labor supply specifications is the search for an appropriate structure of preferences to be used in modeling the labor-leisure choice problem. Direct likelihood ratio tests yielded no best form, but suggested that more flexible parameterizations are to be desired. Results on compensation amounts tend to support accepted standards of UI benefit adequacy. For all levels of unemployment the direct compensation results suggested that "one-half gross wage replacement" would slightly overcompensate individuals from a utility based perspective.
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Vashi, Vidyut H. "The effect of price, advertising, and income on consumer demand : an almost ideal demand system investigation /." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-165751/.
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Adam, Christopher S. "The demand for money, asset substitution and the inflation tax in a liberalizing economy : an econometric analysis for Kenya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:037dcc1e-edff-4096-89cb-6d24a70742d8.
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This thesis develops empirical econometric models of the private sector aggregate demand for real and financial assets in Kenya over the period 1973 to 1990. Single-equation error-correction models of the demand for money are estimated using systems cointegration methods developed by Johansen (1988). The models are found to be statistically stable functions throughout the period, and are capable of encompassing existing studies. Across a range of monetary aggregates, including a Divisia index aggregate for broad money, the models describe demand for money functions in which inflation and illegal foreign currency substitution are significant determinants of money holdings, and where the private sector adjusts rapidly to deviations from its stable longrun equilibrium real money demand. The demand for money is then integrated within a neo-classical model of asset demands, which examines the behaviour of the aggregate private sector asset portfolio in response to changes in relative prices between assets and to external shocks to the economy, principally the 1976-77 coffee boom. A variant of the Almost Ideal Demand System model developed by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980) is estimated for a class of six assets: base money, banking system deposits, government securities, tradable capital, nontradable capital and inventories. The asset substitution model, which also takes an errorcorrection form, and which allows for credit rationing, generates results which are consistent with the earlier demand for money models, where private agents are also denied access to foreign-denominated assets. Using this model, the maintenance of policies of financial repression are shown to cause the private sector to offset inflationary shocks through the accumulation of real assets, principally in the form of non-tradable capital in the construction and property sectors. The evidence from the two models is used to analyze the fiscal effects of the inflation tax and financial repression measures. Policies of financial liberalization are shown to reduce the revenue maximizing rate of inflation (estimated to be 14% per annum) and the implicit tax on domestic holders of government liabilities. This dampens asset substitution in response to inflationary shocks and offsets the adverse effects of "construction-boom" investment on non-tradable capital prices.
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Mnjama, Gladys Susan. "Exchange rate pass-through to domestic prices in Kenya." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002709.
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In 1993, Kenya liberalised its trade policy and allowed the Kenyan Shillings to freely float. This openness has left Kenya's domestic prices vulnerable to the effects of exchange rate fluctuations. One of the objectives of the Central Bank of Kenya is to maintain inflation levels at sustainable levels. Thus it has become necessary to determine the influence that exchange rate changes have on domestic prices given that one of the major determinants of inflation is exchange rate movements. For this reason, this thesis examines the magnitude and speed of exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to domestic prices in Kenya. In addition, it takes into account the direction and size of changes in the exchange rates to determine whether the exchange rate fluctuations are symmetric or asymmetric. The thesis uses quarterly data ranging from 1993:Ql - 2008:Q4 as it takes into account the period when the process of liberalization occurred. The empirical estimation was done in two stages. The first stage was estimated using the Johansen (1991) and (1995) co integration techniques and a vector error correction model (VECM). The second stage entailed estimating the impulse response and variance decomposition functions as well as conducting block exogeneity Wald tests. In determining the asymmetric aspect of the analysis, the study followed Pollard and Coughlin (2004) and Webber (2000) frameworks in analysing asymmetry with respect to appreciation and depreciation and large and small changes in the exchange rate to import prices. The results obtained showed that ERPT to Kenya is incomplete but relatively low at about 36 percent in the long run. In terms of asymmetry, the results showed that ERPT is found to be higher in periods of appreciation than depreciation. This is in support of market share and binding quantity constraints theory. In relation to size changes, the results show that size changes have no significant impact on ERPT in Kenya.
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Halam, Khanyiswa. "Exploring the role of education, income and standard of living in determining food security amongst Mhlontlo Local Municipality citizens in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4802.
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The aim of this study was to explore the relationship that exists between education, income, standard of living and food security amongst Mhlontlo local municipality citizens. For this purpose, data was collected from citizens of the Mhlontlo municipality in the Eastern Cape. A sample of 101municipality citizens was drawn from the population. Results of the study indicated that the study variables are significantly negatively correlated with one another. The findings of this study are helpful in providing support to policy makers and social security agencies to have a better understanding of food security and indicate one important avenue to reduce food insecurity in Mhlontlo municipality and the Eastern Cape at large.
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Walker, Sébastien. "Essays in development macroeconomics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.712398.
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Oliveira, Régis Borges de 1984. "Análise do impacto do salário mínimo sobre a distribuição de renda na agricultura brasileira : recortes segundo a posição na ocupação." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286441.
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Orientador: Rodolfo Hoffmann<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T21:36:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Oliveira_RegisBorgesde_D.pdf: 3846657 bytes, checksum: 6669c57606c98d3daae27bdc6afbce44 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: Este trabalho analisa o impacto do salário mínimo sobre a distribuição dos rendimentos no setor agrícola brasileiro entre os anos de 1995 e 2012. Mais precisamente, estuda o efeito do salário mínimo na determinação do rendimento de diferentes categorias de trabalhadores agrícolas, quais sejam: empregados permanentes com ou sem carteira, empregados temporários com ou sem carteira e trabalhadores por conta-própria. Nos últimos 18 anos, o salário mínimo real apresentou crescimento sistemático com efeitos importantes sobre os rendimentos no mercado de trabalho. Paralelamente, observou-se, no Brasil, um movimento sem precedentes, que combinou o crescimento econômico com a redução da desigualdade, tanto quando se analisam os rendimentos do trabalho como o rendimento domiciliar per capita. Evidências empíricas mostraram que o SM foi um dos fatores que contribuiu para a redução da desigualdade, porém seu efeito é distinto quando são considerados as categorias de empregados agrícolas. Utilizando estatísticas descritivas e dois métodos não-paramétricos (densidades de kernel e regressões quantílicas) aplicados aos dados da PNAD/IBGE, o trabalho mostra que para os empregados sem carteira no setor agrícola o SM tem impacto concentrador, na medida em que afeta com mais intensidade os rendimentos localizados na parte superior da distribuição. Chama-se a atenção para a necessidade de aumento da formalização das relações de trabalho no setor, garantindo que os trabalhadores mais pobres sejam beneficiados pelos aumentos reais do salário mínimo<br>Abstract: This study aims to analyze the impact of the minimum wage on the wage distribution in the Brazilian¿s agricultural sector over the period 1992-2012. More precisely, we study the effect of the minimum wage policy in determining the wage of different categories of agricultural workers, as follows: permanents employees with or without register, temporaries employees with or without register and self-employed workers. Over the past 18 years the real value of the minimum wage has been increased systematically with important effects in the labor market. At the same time, the Brazilian economy has experienced an unprecedented tendency, which combined economic growth with reduced inequality when analyzing both the labor income and the per capita household income. Empirical evidences have showed that the minimum wage was one of the factors that contributed to the fall on inequality, but its effect is different when considering the agricultural employees' categories. Using descriptive statistics and two non-parametric methods (kernel density functions and quantile regressions) applied to the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD/IBGE) data, this work shows that for unregistered workers in the agricultural sector the real minimum wage growth has increased inequality, as far as it affects more intensely the upper tail of the wage distribution. We highlight the necessity of increasing the formalization among agricultural employees, ensuring that the poorest workers also be benefited by the real minimum wage increase<br>Doutorado<br>Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente<br>Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico
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Bouton, Laurent. "Essays in game theory applied to political and market institutions." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210325.
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My thesis contains essays on voting theory, market structures and fiscal federalism: (i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation, (ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser, (iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics, and (iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance.<p><p>(i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation (joint with Micael Castanheira)<p>In elections, majority divisions pave the way to focal manipulations and coordination failures, which can lead to the victory of the wrong candidate. This paper shows how this flaw can be addressed if voter preferences over candidates are sensitive to information. We consider two potential sources of divisions: majority voters may have similar preferences but opposite information about the candidates, or opposite preferences. We show that when information is the source of majority divisions, Approval Voting features a unique equilibrium with full information and coordination equivalence. That is, it produces the same outcome as if both information and coordination problems could be resolved. Other electoral systems, such as Plurality and Two-Round elections, do not satisfy this equivalence. The second source of division is opposite preferences. Whenever the fraction of voters with such preferences is not too large, Approval Voting still satisfies full information and coordination equivalence.<p><p>(ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser<p>A crucial component of Runoff electoral systems is the threshold fraction of votes above which a candidate wins outright in the first round. I analyze the influence of this threshold on the voting equilibria in three-candidate Runoff elections. I demonstrate the existence of an Ortega Effect which may unduly favor dominated candidates and thus lead to the election of the Condorcet Loser in equilibrium. The reason is that, contrarily to commonly held beliefs, lowering the threshold for first-round victory may actually induce voters to express their preferences excessively. I also extend Duverger's Law to Runoff elections with any threshold below, equal or above 50%. Therefore, Runoff elections are plagued with inferior equilibria that induce either too high or too low expression of preferences.<p><p>(iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics<p>Information on product quality is crucial for buyers to make sound choices. For "experience products", this information is not available at the time of the purchase: it is only acquired through consumption. For much experience products, there exist institutions that provide buyers with information about quality. It is commonly believed that such institutions help consumers to make better choices and are thus welfare improving.<p>The quality of various experience products depends on the characteristics of buyers. For instance, conversely to the quality of cars, business school quality depends on buyers (i.e. students) characteristics. Indeed, one of the main inputs of a business school is enrolled students. The choice of buyers for such products has then some features of a coordination problem: ceteris paribus, a buyer prefers to buy a product consumed by buyers with "good" characteristics. This coordination dimension leads to inefficiencies when buyers coordinate on products of lower "intrinsic" quality. When the quality of products depends on buyer characteristics, information about product quality can reinforce such a coordination problem. Indeed, even though information of high quality need not mean high intrinsic quality, rational buyers pay attention to this information because they prefer high quality products, no matter the reason of the high quality. Information about product quality may then induce buyers to coordinate on products of low intrinsic quality.<p>In this paper, I show that, for experience products which quality depends on the characteristics of buyers, more information is not necessarily better. More precisely, I prove that more information about product quality may lead to a Pareto deterioration, i.e. all buyers may be worse off due.<p><p>(iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance (joint with Marjorie Gassner and Vincenzo Verardi)<p>From the literature on decentralization, it appears that the fiscal vertical imbalance (i.e. the dependence of subnational governments on national government revenues to support their expenditures) is somehow inherent to multi-level governments. Using a stylized model we show that this leads to a reduction of the extent of redistributive fiscal policies if the maximal size of government has been reached. To test for this empirically, we use some high quality data from the LIS dataset on individual incomes. The results are highly significant and point in the direction of our theoretical predictions.<p><br>Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Omolo, Miriam. "The impact of trade policy reforms on households : a welfare analysis for Kenya." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8769.
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Trade liberalization in Kenya started in the early 1980s with the structural adjustment
programmes, and continued under the multilateral framework of the WTO. During the same
period, the incidence of poverty and level of inequality also worsened. The government’s focus on
trade negotiations has been to ensure that there is policy space for the daily running of the economy
even though welfare impacts are also important. Non-state actors have argued that trade
liberalization has negatively affected the poor; particularly the farmers, since they cannot compete
with the developed countries whose farmers enjoy significant government support through subsidies,
making their products much cheaper in the world market. Government officials, on the other hand,
contend that trade liberalization is good as it brings in competition and transfer of technology which
is good for an economy. It is important to examine how trade liberalization has affected
household’s welfare in Kenya, given that this kind of analysis has not been conducted in Kenya.
This study is unique because it does not assume the existence of a trade liberalization–
poverty relationship, unlike most studies. It uses a multi-method approach to first test the
hypothesis that there is no statistically significant relationship between trade liberalization and
poverty, it further tests for multiplier effects of trade liberalization on poverty determinants. Trade
Liberalization and poverty is found to have a stochastic relationship, furthermore investments and
capital stock were found to significantly affect poverty determinants in the stochastic model. Due to
unavailability of household welfare measure data in time series, a CGE model was used to
establish the dynamics of trade liberalization on poverty at a point in time using the 2003 Social
Accounting Matrix Data for Kenya. Overall, trade liberalization accompanied by FDI had the
greatest impact on household welfare.
Trade liberalization had a positive impact on household welfare since household incomes and
consumption increased. Micro simulations results, based on changes in consumption, also showed
that poverty incidence reduced for all households, even though the urban households experienced
higher decreases. The study found that there was little difference in protecting sensitive products and
not protecting them; secondly, trade liberalization accompanied by foreign direct investment had
greater impact on improving the household welfare. Consumption and incomes increased, resulting
in overall poverty reduction. The welfare of urban households was much higher than rural
households in terms of income and consumption increases. However, income inequality was much
higher in urban than rural areas.<br>Economics<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Economics)
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"Structural time series analysis of income convergence in 17 OECD countries." 2007. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893310.
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Ng, Shou Zhong.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-77).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>ABSTRACT --- p.ii<br>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv<br>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vii<br>LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii<br>Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1 --- MOTIVATIONS<br>Chapter 1.2 --- OBJECTIVES<br>Chapter 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.12<br>Chapter 3 --- DATA DESCRIPTION --- p.22<br>Chapter 4 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.25<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Cross-Section Dispersion of Per Capita Real Income<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Stochastic Convergence of the 17 OECD Countries<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Time-Varying Parameters Model on Convergence<br>Chapter 4.4 --- Unobserved Components Structural Time Series Models on Converging Economy<br>Chapter 5 --- ESTIMATION RESULTS --- p.40<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Cross-Section Dispersion of Per Capita Real Income<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Stochastic Convergence of the 17 OECD Countries<br>Chapter 5.3 --- Time-Varying Parameters Model on Convergence<br>Chapter 5.4 --- Unobserved Components Structural Time Series Models on Converging Economy<br>Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.64<br>APPENDICES --- p.67<br>BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.71<br>ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.78<br>TABLES --- p.87
Books on the topic "Income – Kenya – Econometric models"
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Jagdish, Handa, ed. Rational economics decisions and the current account in Kenya. Avebury, 1995.
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Ouma, Shem. Monetary policy reaction function for Kenya. Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, 2006.
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Rose, Ngugi, ed. Banking sector interest rate spread in Kenya. Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, 2000.
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Chu, Chin-yi. Two essays on stochastic income theory. Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 1985.
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Croushore, Dean D. Taxation as insurance against income uncertainty. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 1990.
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Hall, Robert Ernest. Nominal income targeting. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.
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Reto, Foellmi, and Zweimüller Josef, eds. Income distribution in macroeconomic models. Princeton University Press, 2006.
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Nafula, Nancy N. Transient and chronic poverty in Kenya: Correlates and trends. Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, 2008.
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Ndung'u, Njuguna. Inflation in Kenya: An empirical analysis. Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Income – Kenya – Econometric models"
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Sugiura, Ippei. "Distributed Control of Econometric Data Bases and Models." In National Income and Economic Progress. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19340-0_6.
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Geda, Alemayehu, Fredrik Huizinga, and Addis Yimer. "Exogenous Shocks and Macroeconomic Policy Analysis using Applied Macro-Econometric Models in Africa." In Economic Modeling, Analysis, and Policy for Sustainability. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0094-0.ch006.
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In this study we have developed a macro-econometric model for a typical supply constrained African economy. This is aimed at developing a theoretical and empirical template for such policy tools which are increasingly demanded in Africa. We have concretized it by building a macro-econometric model for Rwanda. The Rwanda macro-econometric model has 107 equations of which 72 are endogenous. In addition, a supplementary ARIMA based model with 33 equations for exogenous variable is built to make the model useful for forecasting. The fiscal, balance of payment and money supply block of the model is fairly disaggregated to offer an adequate picture of the macro economy. An econometric estimation of the core behavioral equations of the model using equilibrium [error]-correction approach is made with the database that stretches from 1960 to 2009. The model is similar to successful macro models in the region such as that of the KIPPRA-Treasury model of Kenya. It can also easily be further extended to the support budgeting, forecasting and macroeconomic policy analysis work at the relevant ministries in Africa such as the Ministry of Finance in Rwanda. We have managed to successfully solve the model from 1999 to 2009 and forecast major macro outcomes from 2010 to 2014. We have also used it to conduct a policy simulation exercise which is very important for policy makers such as those in Rwanda. We hope this model offers a theoretical and empirical framework for building macro model across Africa which is increasingly being demanded in many countries.
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Thuita, Gladys, and Matilda Ouma. "Inequality and Rural Poverty." In Emerging Economic Models for Global Sustainability and Social Development. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5787-6.ch005.
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The main purpose of this chapter was to establish the effect of innovative agricultural practices on reduction of inequality and rural poverty among sorghum farmers in Homabay County, Kenya. A multistage stratified sampling technique was used to randomly select 120 smallholder sorghum farmers. The study found that use of innovative agricultural practices has an impact on agricultural produce and, therefore, on reduction of inequality and rural poverty among farmers in Homabay County. The study thus concluded that sorghum farming has drastically reduced inequality and rural poverty in the county. The study recommends that the government should provide more support in the application of innovative agricultural practices to assist farmers have diversified portfolio of crops that generate more income to address the issue of inequality and rural poverty in Homabay County. Lastly, the research recommends further research in other innovative agricultural practices such as livestock rearing and maize growing to combat inequality and rural poverty in Homabay County.
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Tanzi, Vito. "The Theory versus the Reality of Fiscal Policy." In The Economics of Government. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866428.003.0007.
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This chapter describes the theory of fiscal policy when fiscal policy was assumed to promote the allocation of resources, stabilization of the economy, and the redistribution of income. The theory had several inputs but those from Nordic European countries were particularly important. The theory stated that there were various objectives to promote and various instruments that could be used to promote those objectives. It also established the system of equations that would relate instruments to objectives in econometric models that became popular in the 1960s. Using a concrete example from a specific country (Italy), the chapter describes how the theory can easily become unrealistic in at least some countries. Some of the main assumptions of the theory are seen to be unrealistic.
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O'Donoghue, Cathal. "Labour-Supply Behaviour." In Practical Microsimulation Modelling. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852872.003.0005.
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In the preceding chapters, the focus was on simulating policies that aim to reduce poverty, generate revenue, or redistribute resources. However, many public policies also try to incentivize behaviour, such as those to improve labour participation or supply, or to change behaviours in relation to savings or pollution. Social- and fiscal-policy instruments face a fundamental trade-off. An instrument that performs well from an income-maintenance perspective may have unintended behavioural consequences. This chapter considers the structure of instruments that have an explicit goal to improve behavioural response, particularly focusing on in-work benefits. The chapter also describes how to use a microsimulation mode to simulate the inputs required for the estimation of a behavioural-econometric model, and then estimates a revealed-preference-choice model. The chapter then describes a method often used in microsimulation models to calibrate choice models for simulation purposes. In terms of measurement issues related to the behavioural analysis, we describe the design and use of replacement rates. The chapter concludes by undertaking a simulation of the introduction of a change in in-work benefits.
Conference papers on the topic "Income – Kenya – Econometric models"
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Hacıoğlu Deniz, Müjgan, and Kutluk Kağan Sümer. "The Effects of Oil Price Volatility on Foreign Trade Revenue and National Income: A Comparative Analysis on Selected Eurasian Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01362.
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The aim of this study is to identify the effects of the volatility of oil prices and exchange rates on foreign trade revenue of a few selected Eurasian Economies. These countries are oil and natural gas exporting countries and getting most of their trade revenue from exporting these commodities. The effects of sharply falling oil prices since June 2014 and depreciating exchange rates on these countries’ external trade were analyzed by using alternative econometric models. The sample of this analysis covered the period from June 2014 when oil prices has started falling sharply – till June 2015 in which still world oil price is lower than the price of 140-150 dollars for per gallon in the previous years. Decreasing prices basically destabilize the revenues of these states since approximately two third (2/3) of their export revenue and substantial part of their budget revenue that comes from oil and natural gas. In Russian economy falling prices of oil depreciates both public revenue and economic activity. This means predominantly depending on one commodity for export and foreign trade makes these countries’ economies in dependence of that commodity’s price and makes these economies so vulnerable to global crisis and price volatilities. In order to avoid from this situation, these countries should divert their production and increase in variety for exporting goods.