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1
Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu, Emmanuel Ackom, Festus Victor Bekun, and Phebe Asantewaa Owusu. "Energy–Climate–Economy–Population Nexus: An Empirical Analysis in Kenya, Senegal, and Eswatini." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (2020): 6202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156202.
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Motivated by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its impact by 2030, this study examines the relationship between energy consumption (SDG 7), climate (SDG 13), economic growth and population in Kenya, Senegal and Eswatini. We employ a Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS) machine learning technique and econometric methods such as Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) regression, the Mean-Group (MG) and Pooled Mean-Group (PMG) estimation models. The econometric techniques confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis between income level and CO2 emissions while the machine learning method confirms the scale effect hypothesis. We find that while CO2 emissions, population and income level spur energy demand and utilization, economic development is driven by energy use and population dynamics. This demonstrates that income, population growth, energy and CO2 emissions are inseparable, but require a collective participative decision in the achievement of the SDGs.
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Giti, Daniel Mutegi, Owiti A. K'Akumu, and Edwin Oyaro Ondieki. "Enhanced role of private sector through public private partnerships in low income urban housing in Kenya." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 25, no. 2 (2020): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-07-2019-0057.
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Purpose Low income urban housing in Kenya is underdeveloped as a result of uninnovative financing, hence the many slums and informal settlements in the country, hence the need for enhanced participation of the private sector through application of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), which has been cited as one of the possible solutions. The purpose of this study was to investigate and make predictions of the need for enhanced role of private sector in developing low income urban housing in Kenya through PPPs. Design/methodology/approach Delphi method of research was used to forecast the enhanced role of private sector through PPPs in the development of low income urban housing in Kenya. Three rounds Delphi iterations using three panels of housing financiers (30 in number), housing developers (28 in number) and housing practitioners (30 in number) were used. Data was collected through questionnaires throughout the three rounds, where the first round was exploratory in nature, the second round built on answers from round one, while round three was based on answers from round two, after which the mean and standard deviation values were calculated to show the level of consensus. Findings Results showed that PPPs is one of the plausible ways through which low income urban housing in Kenya can be developed to address its shortage. Private sector in PPP transaction brings innovative technology, finance and efficiency, while government brings its assets such as land and other regulations long term contracts. Research limitations/implications The research was focussed on the Nairobi city county area in analysing the need for enhanced role of the private parties. It focussed on a panel of Housing practitioners-officers in the State Department for housing and Nairobi city county; housing financiers and housing developers, without interviewing the beneficiaries of the method. Practical implications It was, therefore, found out that PPPs models are applicable in developing low income urban housing because the country has the enabling environment for its effective application going forward. The implication of this study is that low income urban housing can be developed through the model. Social implications The slums and informal settlements will have adequate, affordable and quality housing being introduced within their neighbourhoods, which reduces political and societal animosities. Originality/value This research has benefited from published literature on PPPs and original research on PPPs.
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Omondi, Samuel Onyango. "Small-scale poultry enterprises in Kenyan medium-sized cities." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 3 (2019): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-06-2018-0067.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the profitability of urban chicken production in the medium-sized cities of Kisumu and Thika, Kenya. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in 2016 from a sample of 157 indigenous chicken producers in the two cities. Descriptive analyses were used to characterize indigenous chicken production, marketing and profitability. In addition, multivariate regression models were estimated to determine factors influencing profitability of the enterprise. Findings Urban indigenous chicken production mainly serves a dual role of food provision and income generation. The enterprise is profitable, generating an average gross margin of Ksh. 756/bird. The multivariate regression models show that access to high-value markets, household income level and the type of production system used significantly affect profitability of indigenous chicken farming. However, poultry diseases and high input costs especially feed are the major constraints to poultry farming. Research limitations/implications This study has used cross-sectional data that provides information for only one point in time. Future research should be able to capture the seasonality of indigenous chicken production. Social implications This study has shown that indigenous chicken production in urban areas is a viable and profitable enterprise, which could provide an avenue for employment and income generation. Originality/value Studies assessing profitability of urban agricultural enterprises are scant. Thus, this study provides insights on the profitability of a common urban agriculture enterprise.
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Haining, Robert. "Income Diffusion and Spatial Econometric Models." Geographical Analysis 19, no. 1 (2010): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1987.tb00113.x.
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Kimani, Diana N., Mercy G. Mugo, and Urbanus M. Kioko. "An Econometric Analysis Of Health Care Utilization In Kenya." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 16 (2016): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n16p443.
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Background: Increasing access to health care has been a policy concern for many governments, Kenya included. The Kenyan government introduced and implemented a number of initiatives in a bid to address the healthcare utilization challenge. These initiatives include 10/20 policy, exemptions for user fees for some specific health services (treatment of children less than five years, maternity services in dispensaries and health centers, Tuberculosis treatment in public health facilities), and increase in the number of health facilities and health workforce. These initiatives notwithstanding, healthcare utilization in Kenya remains a challenge. The Kenya Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey of 2007 found that 17 percent of those who needed health care services could not access the services from both government and private health facilities largely due to financial constraints. This paper employed econometric analysis to examine what could be constraining health care utilization in Kenya despite all the efforts employed. Methods: Using the 2007 Kenya Household Health Expenditures and Utilization Survey (KHHEUS) data (n = 8414), this paper investigates the factors that affect health care utilization in Kenya by estimating a count data negative binomial model. The model was also applied to public and private health facilities to better understand the specificities of poverty in these two facility types. Common estimation problems of endogeneity, heterogeneity, multicollinearity and heteroskedasticity are addressed. Findings: The econometric analysis reveals that out-of-pocket expenditures, waiting time, distance, household size, income, chronic illness area of residence and working status of the household head are significant factors affecting health care utilization in Kenya. While income and distance are significant factors affecting public health care utilization they are not significant in explaining healthcare utilization in private facilities. In addition, working status of the household head, insurance cover and education are significant in explaining private and not public health care utilization. A striking finding is the positive relationship between distance and health care utilization implying that people will travel long distances to obtain treatment. This is perhaps associated with expectations of higher quality of care at far away higher level facilities, especially in rural areas. Conclusion: The paper confirms the existing evidence of the negative effects of Out-of-Pocket (OOP) expenditures and other determinants of health care utilization. With a better understanding of why people use or do not use health services, health care organizations can seek to improve the quality of human life. The bypassing of health facilities for higher level far away facilities implies that it is not so much about availing health facilities, but the quality of the services offered in those facilities. The government should therefore assure quality to increase utilization of the lower level facilities, especially in the rural areas.
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Cuthbert, A. L., and C. M. Dufournaud. "An Econometric Analysis of Fuelwood Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 4 (1998): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300721.
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Four models are estimated to examine the consumption of fuelwood in selected countries of Sub-Saharan Africa from 1970 to 1990. Using a two-stage least squares estimation technique, we use the models to analyze the effects of income and price on fuelwood demand. Variables included in the models are income, price, and precipitation with a dummy variable based on level of development. The best model yields an income elasticity of 0.39 and a price elasticity of −0.28, indicating that fuelwood is a superior, normal good. Attending to the mounting concerns about fuelwood depletion in Sub-Saharan Africa, we feel the results provide insights for the formulation of effective energy policies. Specifically, policy measures that simultaneously address household income and fuel price are required. Increasing household income, directly with income supplements or indirectly with the provision of energy-efficient cookstoves, has the potential to decrease fuelwood consumption. Similarly, price reforms that force the price of energy to reflect its real economic cost encourage more efficient consumption.
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Islam, Tamanna, Ashfaque A. Mohib, and Shahnaz Zarin Haque. "Econometric Models for Forecasting Remittances of Bangladesh." Business and Management Studies 4, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v4i1.2860.
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At present, the remittance of Bangladesh (RB) is the largest source of foreign exchange earning of the country. The RB plays a critical role in alleviating the foreign-exchange constraint and supporting the balance of payments, enabling imports of capital goods and raw materials for industrial development. Remittance from overseas migrant workers certainly increases the income disparity between classes of the rural society. Therefore forecasting plays an important role to know the future situation of economic condition. This paper employed the prospective data on RB to derive a unique and suitable forecasting model. The data were collected from Bangladesh Bank (BB) during January, 1998 to December, 2003. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models were used to find out the best one. The findings indicated that the ARIMA (0,1,1) (0,2,1)12 and the GARCH (2,1) models were appropriate for our data and the GARCH (2,1) model appeared to be the best one between these.
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Turnbull, Geoffrey K. "Alternative Local Public Education Expenditure Functions: An Econometric Evaluation." Public Finance Quarterly 15, no. 1 (1987): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109114218701500103.
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This article presents a formal econometric evaluation of competing median voter public education demand specifications. The Cox specification test is used to determine the appropriate role for intergovernmental aid and the appropriate tax share definition in the empirical models. Tests of the aid specification yield support for the popular notion that allowing for different voter income and aid elasticities is superior to treating aid as a supplement to voter income. Tests of the tax share definition indicate that the partial tax exporting tax share is superior to the complete and zero exporting tax shares examined. The results also indicate that the present theoretical models need to be extended to provide a greater role for the mix of nonresidential property in determining community fiscal behavior.
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Gu, Huaying, and Chaoqun Han. "Analysis of China’s Pure Electric Vehicle Sales Based on Spatial Econometric Models." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 1 (2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n1p12.
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This paper empirically investigates the spatial dependence and serial correlation structures among different China’s brands of pure electric vehicle (EV) sales using spatial econometric models. Based on the newly proposed economic distance spatial weight matrix, the empirical results show that EV endurance mileage, power battery capacity, charging time, government subsidy, retail price, and each brand market share have important impacts on EV sales. The per capita disposable income of urban households, gasoline price, loan rate and the number of charging pile are statistically significant determinants of EV sales. In particular, the improvements of the number of charging pile and the rise of gasoline price can increase EV sales, while the rise of loan rate or tight monetary policy may increase the consumers’ cost of purchasing EVs and then decrease EV sales. Another interesting finding is that though the per capita disposable income of urban households increases the EV sales decreases. A plausible explanation would seem to be that the impact of the per capita disposable income of urban households on the EV sales is offset by the decline in government subsidies or the incomplete infrastructures such as the inconvenient of charging stations. Besides, the significantly positive spatial dependence and serial correlation exist among EV manufactures indicates that when developing EV sales strategies, EV manufacturers must consider not only the properties of the EVs they produce, but also the properties of similar types of EVs produced by other brands in the EV market.
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Kozinova, A. T. "An econometric analysis of retail turnover in Russia." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 6 (2020): 1133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.6.1133.
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Subject. The article deals with econometric analysis of retail turnover in Russia and its relationship with macroeconomic indicators, like real disposable household income, consumer prices, etc. Objectives. The purpose is to create effective models to analyze the retail turnover in Russia and its relationship with other macroeconomic indicators, taking into account the existence of periods of economic instability. Methods. I apply correlation and regression methods to analyze statistics. To quantify changes in the retail turnover of Russia during the periods of economic instability, I use dummy variables. Results. The Russia’s retail trade turnover index had a reverse and moderate relationship with the consumer price index, direct and strong relationship with the indices of real disposable household income and imports, direct relationship with the manufacturing index. I offer statistically significant regression models of Russia’s retail turnover with the said macroeconomic indicators. Conclusions. The main advantage of models of retail turnover that are built using a large number of observations is a greater number of simultaneously considered factors. The quantitative assessment of retail turnover elasticity by consumer prices confirms the need for inflation targeting by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The higher elasticity of retail turnover in manufacturing as compared with the imports denotes the importance of import substitution policy.
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Dorosz, Aleksandra, and Hanna Dudek. "SPOŻYCIE OWOCÓW W POLSCE – ANALIZA NA PODSTAWIE JEDNORÓWNANIOWYCH NIELINIOWYCH MODELI EKONOMETRYCZNYCH." Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych 21, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/mibe.2020.21.1.1.
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The article dealt with an assessment of the fit of typical non-linear demand models for fruit. The power function, the exponential function with the inverse and the Törnquist function for the basic goods were used in the econometric analysis. The models were estimated on the basis of income quintile groups’ data published by the Central Statistical Office. Based on the estimated model parameters, income elasticities of demand were calculated. It was found that the models described by the power function and the Törnquist function for basic goods were characterized by a better goodness of fit than the models using the exponential function with the inverse.
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Kim Yen, Wun, Ratneswary Rasiah, and Jason James Turner. "An Econometric Analysis of the Determinants of Fertility: International Evidence." Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship 3, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jibe.v3i1.14434.
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This study aims to analyse the socio and macroeconomic determinants of fertility in 108 countries across the globe. Focusing on the variables of inflation, income, education level and urbanization, this study employs the cross-sectional econometrics technique of Ordinary Least Squares to analyse the causal relationship between these variables and fertility. The empirical results reveal a significant and negative relationship between income and fertility in the overall model of the 108 countries, as well as in the models involving developing countries, and countries in the African, American and Asian regions. Education was found to also have a significant and negative relationship with fertility in the overall model and the developing countries. Urbanisation, on the other hand, was found to have a significant and positive relationship with fertility in the overall model, developing countries and in countries in the African and Asian regions. Inflation was the only predictor found to be not significant in all the models. As far as the least developed countries, developed countries and the countries in the European region were concerned, none of the independent variables were significant predictors of fertility. The study concludes with an examination of policy implications of the findings
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Vasylieva, Natalia, and John R. Kruse. "Models on providing food security: case of Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 4 (2018): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.28.
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Providing food security is a top issue of agricultural economics in a global scale. Although Ukraine helps other countries become more food secure through its exports of wheat, corn, barley, and sunflower, low per capita income levels create challenges for Ukrainians to keep their diet nutrition balance in animal food basket. The research objective supposed applying mathematical apparatus to support solving this problem. The offered consumption optimization model has been developed to ensure inelastic customers’ food preferences by animal products subject to income and calories constraints. The proposed econometric models have been designed to project broiler, pork, eggs, milk, and beef productions. Complex implementation of the set mathematical models maintained the tool to analyze scenarios by expected export/import and demands for grain and oilseed crops used for feed in animal husbandry. The results of this research provide state authorities, livestock and poultry producers, Ukrainian consumers and other interested parties with management guidance focused on developing animal husbandry in the presence of income, as well as animal product price variability.
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Stern, David I., Reyer Gerlagh, and Paul J. Burke. "Modeling the emissions–income relationship using long-run growth rates." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 6 (2017): 699–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x17000109.
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AbstractThe authors adopt a new approach to modeling the relationship between emissions and income using long-run per capita growth rates. This approach allows them to test multiple hypotheses about the drivers of per capita emissions in a single framework and avoid several of the econometric issues that have plagued the environmental Kuznets curve literature. They estimate models for carbon and sulfur dioxide emissions. They can reject restricted models that omit either growth or beta convergence effects. Although the term representing the environmental Kuznets effect is statistically significant for per capita carbon and sulfur dioxide emissions, the estimated income per capita turning points are out of the sample for the full data set.
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Antonelli, Gilberto, Pinuccia P. Calia, and Giovanni Guidetti. "Institutions, Models of Capitalism and Inequality in Income Distribution: An Empirical Investigation." Socio-Economic Review 17, no. 3 (2017): 651–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx059.
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Abstract The article analyses the role of institutions in the determination of income inequality in a sample of OECD countries. Basing on the seminal approach by Amable, the article discusses the theoretical definition of model of capitalism. The basic idea is that each model of capitalism is defined by the cobweb of complementary relationships established among different institutions. Using a set of statistical indicators of the operation of institutions in two different years, 1995 and 2010, the empirical analysis points out five models of capitalism and exhibits how their composition has changed in this lapse of 15 years. In the following sections of the article, we investigate the role played by the model of capitalism in the determination of income distribution, measured through a standard Gini index. After controlling for a set of variables, the econometric evidence shows that different models of capitalism present significantly different levels of income inequality.
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Tendziagolskytė, Dalia, and Rimantas Rudzkis. "Econometric Modelling of Lithuanian Labour Market." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 53, no. 1 (2014): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2014.13893.
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Lithuanian labour market indicators, such as the total number of employees, the number of employees in the private and public sectors, the number of the unemployed, labour force, employment and unemployment rates, the relative number of employees, average monthly gross income are analysed in the paper. The experience of foreign countries and Lithuania in creating labour market models and econometric methodology has been examined. As a result, a new model of the Lithuanian labour market is produced, comprising five regressive equations, which are part of the recursive SVAR model, and four identities, which are part of balance equations. According to the logic of economic and other research, relevant connections in the economy have been specified, unknown parameters of equations have been estimated. Finally, forecasts of endogenous indicators for 2014 have been provided, and results have been compared with the projections of the main labour market indicators for 2014−2017, published by the Ministry of Finance. Calculations have been made using a statistical package Gretl.
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Басовский, Leonid Basovskiy, Басовская, and Elena Basovskaya. "The Influence of the Factors of Production on Labor Income in the Pre-crisis Economy of Russia." Economics 3, no. 3 (2015): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11576.
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The econometric models constructed in work have established the basic production factors determining the level of the labor income in the country. Capital-labor, human capital and new technologies in 2010-2013 explained 71.6% of the labor income in the country. The effect of changes in the level of human capital on labor income surpasses the impact of changes and the degree of capital-diffusion of new technologies. In the pre-crisis period, the influence of the main production factors on the income of the employed population of Russia has declined under the influence of pass laws that formed unfavorable for economic development institutional environment.
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Kasprzyk, Beata. "Application of econometric models to measure the satisfaction with wages and salaries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 63, no. 4 (2018): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0644.
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The article presents the results of the research attempting to make a statistical analysis of subjective perception of wages and salaries as the main component of household income, using a specific econometric modelling. It was examined whether certain socio-demographic determinants could be identified and, if so, to what extent they could influence the subjective sense of satisfaction with wage and salaries. The research was conducted on the basis of data collected using a survey method in 2015 for a random sample of households in Podkarpackie voivodship, where wages and salaries are among the lowest in the country. The binomial models used to explain the qualitative variable depending on the level of exogenous variables (qualitative and quantitative) were compared. Logit and probit regression models made it possible to determine the probability of success as a chance of a positive response, i.e. (in relation to the scope of the research) a state of satisfaction with obtained wages and salaries.
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Wale, Letenah Ejigu, and Daniel Makina. "Account ownership and use of financial services among individuals." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 8, no. 1 (2017): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2017-146.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of individual characteristics (such as sex, age, education and income) on the likelihood of account ownership and use in selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies. Account use is operationalized into two constructs namely the use of account to save and the frequency of account use. Design/methodology/approach Data from 18,000 individuals from 18 SSA economies are used for the analysis. These data are sourced from the World Bank’s Global Findex database. Simple probit and selection models are employed as econometric tools. Findings Account ownership and use is found to be higher among males, middle aged, high income and educated individuals. The marginal effect of income and education is most pronounced suggesting more policy attention is required in respect of the two factors. Practical implications Due to causality issues between financial inclusion and income, addressing the plight of the poor in financial inclusion projects will be a continuing challenge for policy makers. Originality/value It supplements the dearth of econometric studies conducted on the topic. Furthermore, regional specific factors affect the generality of results which calls for such type of studies.
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Stanislava, Grosová, Masár Michal, Kutnohorská Olga, and Kubeš Vladimír. "The demand for beer in Czech Republic: inderstanding longrun on- and off-trade price elasticities." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 35, No. 2 (2017): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/365/2016-cjfs.
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We provided estimates of price, cross-price, and income elasticities for on- and off-trade beer consumption using econometric models on time series data from 1994 to 2014. The empirical results indicate that the most important determinants of on-trade demand are the price of off-trade beer, the price of substitutes and past consumption, while the income elasticity was not found to be important. The most important determinants of off-trade beer demand were the price of on-trade beer and the price of substitutes.
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Kravtsov, Mihail, Aleksandra Gladkaya та Tat’iana Dehtyar. "Прогнозирование основных параметров социально-экономического развития Республики Беларусь на основе динамической межотраслевой модели". Belarusian Economic Journal 2/2020, № 2 (91) - 2020 (26 червня 2020): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46782/1818-4510-2020-2-4-24.
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The article provides the extended version of input-output balance and econometric model for predicting key macro-indicators of the Belarusian economy, which has been developed by the Economy Research Institute (the ERI) of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus. Special attention has been given to such indicators as compensation of employees, gross operating surplus and gross mixed income, and other net taxes on production. All econometric models for predicting input-output coefficients, gross output by aggregates and the key elements of final use at the republican level have been overestimated and some models have been improved. Based on statistical information of the Republic of Belarus 2017–2018 predictive calculations have been performed, which have the acceptable forecast accuracy and indicate the possibility of using the proposed models in the development of forecasts and programs for the country’s socio-economic development.
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Ferto, Imre, and Aldona Stalgienė. "EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES ON INCOME RISK IN LITHUANIAN DAIRY FARMS." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 38, no. 4 (2016): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2016.27.
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The aim of the paper is to investigate the effects of agricultural subsidies on income variability of Lithuanian dairy farms. In addition, the observed heterogeneity in income risks across farms and time is explained in terms of farm characteristics. It was employed balanced farm-level panel data of the Lithuanian farm accountancy network (FADN) was used to construct coefficients of variation of five-year gross farm revenues over the period 2010 to 2014. Various econometric models are applied to measure the effect of off-farm income, total subsidies, farm size, and financial immobility on the variability of gross farm incomes. Estimations suggest that agricultural subsidies, liquidity have positive impact on income risk. The age of farmers negatively influences the income risk. There is non-linear relationship between farm size and income risk.
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Leitão, Nuno Carlos. "Testing the Role of Trade on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portugal." Economies 9, no. 1 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9010022.
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This article considers the relationship between trade intensity, energy consumption, income per capita, and carbon dioxide emissions from 1970–2016 for the Portuguese economy. Considering the arguments of monopolistic competition, the article tests the hypotheses of trade and energy consumption on climate change. We use the autoregressive distributed lag-ARDL model, quantile regression, and cointegration models such as fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), canonical cointegration regression, and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) as an econometric strategy. The econometric results have support with the literature review. The variables used in this research are integrated with the first differences, as indicated by the unit root test. The empirical study proves that trade intensity contributes to environmental improvements. However, energy consumption presents a positive impact on CO2 emissions. The econometric results also demonstrated that a sustainable environmental system exists in the long run.
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Горидько, Нина, Nina Goridko, Татьяна Соломина, and Tatyana Solomina. "ECONOMETRIC MODELLING OF THE PASSENGER THROUGHPUT OF RUSSIAN CIVIL AVIATION." Russian Journal of Management 4, no. 1 (2016): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17903.
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The article is devoted to dynamics analysis and regression
 modelling of the civil aviation passenger throughput. There has
 been analyzed a relation between the passenger throughput and
 two independent variables: average income per capita and cost of
 economy class cabin flight per 1000 km. The authors drew substantial
 conclusions on the character of the relation between the dependent
 and explanatory variables, dynamics of air-passenger operations
 as well as the factors affecting the passenger throughput
 value. Based on constructed regression models a short-term forecast
 of explanatory variables and passenger throughput value has
 been made.
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Mansourkiaee, Eshagh, and Hussein Moghaddam. "Econometric Analysis of Residential Sector Gas Demand Elasticities in Gas Exporting Countries." Energy and Environment Research 11, no. 2 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/eer.v11n2p1.
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This paper examines how residential sector gas demand in gas exporting countries response to changes by taking into consideration the economic variables. For this purpose, the short and long-run price and income elasticities of residential sector gas demand in the GECF countries for 2000 and 2019 are measured. Using Cobb-Douglas functional form, this paper applies the bounds testing approach to co-integrate within the framework of ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag). Findings of this research show that there is a significant long-run relationship in nine GECF countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Malaysia, Norway, Peru, Russia, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela, that use gas as a source of energy in their residential sector. On average, long-rung income elasticity for underlying countries is 2.65, while long-run price elasticity is negative and calculated at 0.79. This shows that in considered gas exporting countries, residential sector gas demand is very sensitive to income policies, while the price policies impact on demand is more limited. Furthermore, short-run income and price elasticities are estimated at 6.99 and -0.02 (near zero) respectively, which implies that natural gas is very inelastic to price, as a result,price policies are unable to make significant changes in demand over the short-term. Meanwhile, as expected short-run price elasticity is lower than long-run elasticities, indicating that gas exporting countries are more responsive to price in the long-term than in the short-term. Finally, it was found that most of the preferred models have empirical constancy over the sample period. 
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Tingum, Ernest Ngeh, and Ademola Kuponiyi. "The Determinants of Rural Household Food Consumption Expenditure in Lesotho: Impact of Off-farm Income." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 11, no. 1(S) (2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v11i1(s).3074.
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Most smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan African need to diversify into nonfarm/off-farm income generating activities in order to ensure household food security through optimum consumption expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of off-farm income on rural household food consumption expenditure in Lesotho, using secondary data from a comprehensive and representative Household Budget Survey of 2017. The survey design for data collection adopted a two stage stratified sampling procedure. The analysis used two econometric models. The OLS regressions were employed to identify important determinants of household food consumption expenditure and Instrumental Variable (IV) approach was employed to account for endogeneity issues. The results revealed a consistent positive and significant effect of off-farm income on household food consumption expenditure across all models. Household size, transfers and remittances were found to increase household food consumption expenditure significantly and positively. Government is advised to encourage and improve conditions under which rural smallholder farmers could participate in off-farm income generating activities.
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Mutta, Doris, Larwanou Mahamane, Chemuku Wekesa, Godwin Kowero, and Anders Roos. "Sustainable Business Models for Informal Charcoal Producers in Kenya." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (2021): 3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063475.
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The sustainable business model (SBM) concept requires enterprises to integrate sustainability aspects in their planning and operations. Although 60% of the global working population make their living in the informal sector mostly in low-and middle income countries, the potential for SBMs has rarely been analyzed for this category. This study explores the SBMs of informal charcoal-producing enterprises in coastal Kenya. It describes key business-model components: value proposition, value creation and delivery, and economic value capture. Impact and dependency on sustainability-related indicators were also studied. Data were obtained through individual interviews, focus-group discussions, and workshops for charcoal producers and other relevant stakeholders. Findings demonstrated that charcoal enterprises, despite their informal status, adopt elaborate business models. The incomes positively affect several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by reducing, if not eradicating, poverty and supporting basic livelihood needs. Examples of negative impacts on some SDG include the activity’s contribution to forest degradation. Feedback impacts, where SDG status influence the informal enterprises’ opportunities were also identified. The SBM model contributes to the development of a balanced sustainability transition of the charcoal sector. We suggest further analyses of the role of informal enterprises in the bioenergy sector for sustainable development and how their SBMs could be improved.
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Feng, Yan, Anita Charlesworth, Grace Marsden, Adam Roberts, and Jon Sussex. "What Determines the Health Care Expenditure of High Income Countries? A Dynamic Estimation." Applied Economics and Finance 4, no. 6 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v4i6.2586.
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Constraining the rise in costs continues to be a major focus of health care policy in high income countries. It is important for governments to understand what is driving the rise in health care expenditure and what the impact will be over the coming years. This paper aims to provide an alternative econometric model to ascertain the determinants of health expenditure. Data from the OECD and IMS data bases for 18 OECD countries between 1988 and 2012 is collected. The analysis is at the year and country level. This study applies three methods: (1) panel data models with country fixed effects; (2) a first difference model; (3) a Vector Error Correction Model to account for the long run and short run effects as well as the endogeneity of the explanatory variables. The empirical results suggest that the use of different econometric specifications has a significant impact on both establishing the determinants of health expenditure and their magnitudes. Based on results from the Vector Error Correction Model, the GDP is considered as the only driver for country level health care expenditure growth. A 1% increase in the GDP is associated with a 1.1% increase in the health care expenditure.
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Nakazi, Florence, Immaculate Babirye, Eliud Birachi, and Michael Adrogu Ugen. "Exploring retailer marketing strategies for value added bean products in Kenya." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 5 (2019): 675–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0073.
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Unlike many other Sub-Saharan African countries, for many years Kenya had comparative advantages in the manufacturing of processed bean products. However, for new competitors intending to join the bean processing industry, little is known about marketing strategies for value added bean products. Using data from 90 retailers in the Nairobi and Kiambu counties in Kenya, a two-step econometric procedure-multivariate probit and Poisson regression models were applied to analyse retailers’ marketing strategy decisions. Findings show that information sources, cost of marketing, supply modalities, price of products, and quantities handled significantly influenced retailers’ marketing strategy choice. Surveyed retailers applied varying marketing strategies to market value added bean products. There is need for prospective retailers to choose an appropriate mix of strategies to penetrate the dynamic market with a number of value added bean products, and promote local consumption of value added bean products.
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Davis, Elise Catherine, Ashley Evans, Caroline Uptmore, et al. "Proposed business and franchising models for primary care in Kenya." European Journal of Training and Development 42, no. 1/2 (2018): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-06-2016-0043.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present proposed solutions and interventions to some of the major barriers to providing adequate access to healthcare in Kenya. Specific business models are proposed to improve access to quality healthcare in low- and middle-income countries. Finally, strategies are developed for the retail clinic concept (RCC). Design/methodology/approach Google Scholar, PubMed and EBSCOhost were among the databases used to collect articles relevant to the purpose in Kenya. Various governmental and news articles were collected from Google searches. Relevant business models from other sectors were considered for potential application to healthcare and the retail clinic concept. Findings After a review of current methodologies and approaches to business and franchising models in various settings, the most relevant models are proposed as solutions to improving quality healthcare in Kenya through the RCC. For example, authors reviewed physician recruitment strategies, insurance plans and community engagement. The paper is informed by existing literature and reports as well as key informants. Research limitations/implications This paper lacks primary data collection within Kenya and is limited to a brief scoping review of literature. The findings provide effective strategies for various business and franchising models in healthcare. Originality/value The assembling of relevant information specific to Kenya and potential business models provides effective means of improving health delivery through business and franchising, focusing on innovative approaches and models that have proven effective in other settings.
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Guedes, Gilvan, Rodrigo Raad, and Lucélia Raad. "Welfare Consequences of Persistent Climate Prediction Errors on Insurance Markets against Natural Hazards." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 49, no. 2 (2019): 235–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-41614922grl.
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Abstract This paper studies the welfare consequences of the friction between two groups, those with and those without rational expectations, in an incomplete insurance market. We validate this friction empirically and test the existence of additional heterogeneity in the probability of belonging to the group which makes persistent mistakes on the anticipation of climate events using econometric models. The econometric models further suggest that the probability of belonging to this group varies significantly by sociodemographic attributes of respondents and by the geophysical attributes of their places of residence. Based on this evidence, we develop a two-period model of private insurance under uncertainty with endogenous prices. By including a central planner providing a technology for access to accurate information, our example illustrates that public intervention (via taxation) would only be feasible if public expenditure in the provision of this technology did not exceed 9.188% of the aggregate income earned by agents with inaccurate expectations.
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Sadiku, Luljeta, Merale Fetahi-Vehapi, and Murat Sadiku. "EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF INCOME TAX ON ECONOMIC GROWTH OF WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 1 (2018): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2801129s.
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The existing theoretical literature advocates that tax policy plays a vital role on the economic development, principally policy that include a reduction in the rate of taxation is a dominant incentive of economic growth. In this regard, almost all Western Balkan countries cut the income tax and move to a flat tax rate in order to stimulate the employment and investment which in turn will spur the economic growth. Thus, the purpose of this research paper is to empirically examine how changes of income tax affect the economic growth of Western Balkan countries. For analysing this issue, panel econometric models are employed using yearly data for the time period 2005-2016. The estimation results reveal that the personal income tax has positive and significant impact on growth. While corporate tax has negative impact on growth in almost all models, but the coefficient is statistically insignificant. This implies that the current corporate tax rates couldn’t endow with sustainable economic growth in the sample countries.
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Басовская and Elena Basovskaya. "Impact of Production Factors on Labour Income in Modern Russia." Economics 4, no. 1 (2016): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17718.
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The paper builds econometric models that allow us to evaluate the influence
 of the main productionfactors, defining the level of labour income in the country.
 Capital/labour ratio, human capital and new technology explain over 70%
 of earned income. The effect of changes in the level of human capital on labor
 income surpasses the effect of changes in capital/labour ratio.The impact
 of capital/labour ratio has been steadily declining, whereas the influence of human
 capital and new technologies has been increasing. These arenew factors, the
 most important ones for the development of post-industrial economy. The growth
 of their influence shows that the economic system of the country adapts to the
 prevailing institutional conditionsunfavorable for Russia’s industrial economy.
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Tran, Dan N., Imran Manji, Benson Njuguna, et al. "Solving the problem of access to cardiovascular medicines: revolving fund pharmacy models in rural western Kenya." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 11 (2020): e003116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003116.
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Availability of medicines for treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is low in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC). Supply chain models to improve the availability of quality CVD medicines in LMIC communities are urgently required. Our team established contextualised revolving fund pharmacies (RFPs) in rural western Kenya, whereby an initial stock of essential medicines was obtained through donations or purchase and then sold at a small mark-up price sufficient to replenish drug stock and ensure sustainability. In response to different contexts and levels of the public health system in Kenya (eg, primary versus tertiary), we developed and implemented three contextualised models of RFPs over the past decade, creating a network of 72 RFPs across western Kenya, that supplied 22 categories of CVD medicines and increased availability of essential CVD medications from <30% to 90% or higher. In one representative year, we were able to successfully supply 5 793 981 units of CVD and diabetes medicines to patients in western Kenya. The estimated programme running cost was US$6.5–25 per patient, serving as a useful benchmark for public governments to invest in medication supply chain systems in LMICs going forward. One important lesson that we have learnt from implementing three different RFP models over the past 10 years has been that each model has its own advantages and disadvantages, and we must continue to stay nimble and modify as needed to determine the optimal supply chain model while ensuring consistent access to essential CVD medications for patients living in these settings.
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Margaryan, Atom, Haroutyun Terzyan, and Emil Grigoryan. "Telecommunications sector of Armenia and Baltic countries: the impact of foreign direct investment attraction." Economic Annals-ХХI 185, no. 9-10 (2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v185-10.
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We examine the institutional and investment developments in the telecommunications sector of Armenia in the last two decades and compare them with those of the Baltic countries, namely, Latvia and Lithuania. In particular, directions of foreign investments made in the sector and the impacts on economic and technological systems of Armenia and the chosen Baltic countries have been thoroughly analyzed. During the analysis, an economic model has been used to assess the impact of foreign direct investments on the income (revenues) of the telecommunications sector of the countries under investigation. Econometric analysis made it possible to consider the above-mentioned links in more depth and in detail. First, a correlation analysis has been carried out which has proved the validity of the hypotheses that there is a strong connection between FDI and the revenue of the telecommunications sector in Armenia and Latvia in the considered time period of 2009-2019. The causal roots of the relationships between the two variables have been studied. After processing the statistical data and refining the model specifications, an econometric model for Armenia has been proposed with the help of which the key relationships have been clarified. The evaluated model, which satisfies the basic quality of econometric models, helped to draw important conclusions on the depth and nature of the impact of foreign direct investment volume on the income of the telecommunications sector in Armenia. The model clearly shows the unstable influence of foreign direct investments on income, which confirms the riskiness of the Armenian economy as a whole, since the country has been in an economic blockade and in a state of war with a neighbouring state for more than 20 years.
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Blázquez-Fernández, Carla, David Cantarero-Prieto, and Marta Pascual-Sáez. "Experiencia comparada europea y el reto de la descentralización sanitaria." Studies of Applied Economics 32, no. 2 (2020): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v32i2.3234.
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This paper analyzes the main characteristics of European health care decentralization models with special attention to the determinants of health outcomes and expenditures and proposes using panel data models, and data from OECD Health Data, an econometric model explaining their behaviour and evolution. The results show that income is the most important factor in explaining the volume of health expenditure both statically and dynamically, while other factors of demand and supply and the degree of decentralization or type of health system, despite also influence are less important. Instead, in health outcomes fiscal decentralization has a more mixed against other factors.
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Akram, Naeem. "Determinants of Domestic Violence in Pakistan: A Qualitative and Econometric Analysis." Partner Abuse 12, no. 3 (2021): 265–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/pa-d-20-00006.
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Domestic violence exists in every country, irrespective of the culture, ethnicity, age, income, and education of the women. World Health Organization has estimated that approximately 35% of women worldwide had experienced sexual or physical violence. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of different socioeconomic indicators on the prevalence of domestic violence. In this regard, data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 has been used and logit models have been estimated. It has been found that women married below the age of 18; living in rural areas; have more children; whose mothers experienced violence; feared their husbands; with little or no autonomy in decision-making; had a bank account; married outside of the family; and had not inherited any land or property were significantly more vulnerable victims of domestic violence. It has been found that women's education, education of her husband, and exposure to media by creating awareness may protect women from domestic violence. Furthermore, working women are more likely to face domestic violence, but women who have started working before marriage are significantly less vulnerable victims of domestic violence. However, the age of women herself, the age of husband, age of household head and wealth of household, living in the nucleus or joint family, receiving any support from Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) have no significant role in determining the domestic violence in Pakistan.
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Folfas, Paweł. "Income Absolute Beta-Convergence of NUTS 3 Level Regions in New EU Member States before and During a Crisis." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 16, no. 2 (2016): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foli-2016-0031.
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Abstract This paper is aimed at answering the question of whether absolute income (GDP per capita) beta-convergence exists in the case of regions in new EU Member States before the period of 2000–2008 and during the 2008–2011 crisis. The sample consists of 211 regions (NUTS 3-level) of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia. The research is based on econometric models, namely on the spatial lagged model (SLM), the spatial error model (SEM) and the Durbin spatial model which contrary to the ordinary least squares the (OLS) model include possible spatial dependencies. The SLM and SEM models as well as the Durbin spatial model detect the absolute income beta-convergence on the level of about 1% during the years 2000–2008. Additionally, models do not confirm the existence of absolute income beta-convergence during the crisis of 2008–2011. SLM models (which offer the most reliable findings) find a spatial correlation (measured by the rho-parameter) at a level of 0.75 during 2000–2008 and 0.35 during 2008–2011. Thus, absolute income beta-convergence in the case of NUTS 3 regions in 10 new EU Member States existed only in the pre-crisis period and this period is characterized by much stronger spatial dependencies than the period of 2008–2011.
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Qiao, Fangbin, Scott Rozelle, Jikun Huang, Linxiu Zhang, and Renfu Luo. "Road Expansion and Off-Farm Work in Rural China." China Quarterly 218 (May 16, 2014): 428–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014000629.
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AbstractThis study estimates the impact of road expansion on off-farm activities in rural China. To achieve this goal, econometric models that capture the impact of road expansion on migration and local off-farm works are developed and estimated using individual data. Estimation results show that road expansion encourages farmers to participate in local off-farm work rather than migrate. In addition, road expansion also has a significant impact on the working time and income of local off-farm work.
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Tridico, Pasquale, and Walter Paternesi Meloni. "Economic growth, welfare models and inequality in the context of globalisation." Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 1 (2018): 118–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618758941.
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The recent economic crisis was a test case for many advanced countries to determine the capacity of their socio-economic model to cope with the challenges of globalisation and financial crash. From this perspective, the aim of this article is to explore whether the expansion of the welfare state should be seen as a barrier to economic growth and competitiveness, as ‘neoliberal’ economists often argue, or whether increasing public social provision might contribute to enhancing real income. After a comparative discussion of the evolution of different welfare models in developed countries, we advance our argument that public social spending is not a drain on competitiveness or an obstacle to economic efficiency. On the contrary, we explore the possibility that increasing welfare expenditure can stimulate economic growth along with lowering inequality, while the so-called ‘efficiency thesis’ (according to which globalisation needs to be accompanied by the retrenchment of welfare states in order to promote external competitiveness) produces worse economic performance and higher inequality. As a test of this hypothesis, we analyse empirical data on 34 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries from 1990 to 2013. We use econometric analysis to indicate that the so-called ‘compensation thesis’ (a process whereby globalisation is regulated through expansion of welfare states) may contribute to real income dynamics, while greater income inequality may inhibit per capita gross domestic product growth. JEL Codes: I380, P510, F600, G010
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Ahmed, Ather Maqsood, Muhammad Rafiq, and M. Shahid Iqbal. "Dynamic Properties of an Aggregate Econometric Model of Pakistan's Economy." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (1993): 1031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.1031-1041.
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The use of econometric models for policy planning and decision-making is wide-spread in many developed as well as developing countries. One of the most vexing problems of such an exercise is to construct a model that could adequately reproduce the dynamic behaviour of an economy. The recent experience in modelling has shown that policy objectives could be achieved only by recognising the complex relationship between real and monetary variables. Such an integrated framework .could be used not only to compute impact and dynamic multipliers and to determine the stability of the model, but also to evaluate the relative importance offiscal and monetary policies. In the present paper, this objective is achieved by constructing a linear yet dynamic macro-econometric model of Pakistan's economy.' This model although has a Keynesian structure, but it could easily and meaningfully be solved to determine the values of endogenous variables especially income in terms of pure exogenous variables. In order to establish the dynamic stability of the model, we seek to present the "necessary conditions" that will depend not only on the structure of the model, but also on the estimated paramters of structural equations. After establishing the stability of the model, the next step is policy evaluation. In this regard the impact and the dynamic multipliers will be computed. These multipliers will then be used to assess the relative importance of fiscal and monetary policy variables on income and other dependent variables such as consumption and investment. The time period under consideration ranges between 1959-60 and 1987-88 which includes dramatic events like two wars with India, nationalisation, the oil price hike, recession and floods.
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Úbeda, Miquel, M. Àngels Cabasés, Malena Sabaté, and Tanja Strecker. "The Deterioration of the Spanish Youth Labour Market (1985–2015): An Interdisciplinary Case Study." YOUNG 28, no. 5 (2020): 544–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1103308820914838.
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The Spanish labour market is notorious for its high unemployment rate and its exceptionally high youth unemployment rate, job insecurity, impermanence and underemployment. This article presents a systematic analysis of the Spanish labour market’s deterioration process, in particular focusing on the youth labour market. It combines historic reviews with statistical analyses of data from official sources, like the Continuous Sample of Working Lives (CSWL), through different econometric models. The procedure consists of three steps: (a) first, a historical estimation to facilitate the systematic selection of the statistics, in this case contracts taken from a large sample of the Spanish workforce over the period 1985–2015; (b) econometric modelling of relevant indicators, in this case the average annual income, daily working hours and average length of contract; and (c) an analysis of the identified trends and conjuncture regarding precarious work and gender inequality.
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Lansford, Jennifer E., Patrick S. Malone, Sombat Tapanya, et al. "Household income predicts trajectories of child internalizing and externalizing behavior in high-, middle-, and low-income countries." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 1 (2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025418783272.
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This study examined longitudinal links between household income and parents’ education and children’s trajectories of internalizing and externalizing behaviors from age 8 to 10 reported by mothers, fathers, and children. Longitudinal data from 1,190 families in 11 cultural groups in eight countries (Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and United States) were included. Multigroup structural equation models revealed that household income, but not maternal or paternal education, was related to trajectories of mother-, father-, and child-reported internalizing and externalizing problems in each of the 11 cultural groups. Our findings highlight that in low-, middle-, and high-income countries, socioeconomic risk is related to children’s internalizing and externalizing problems, extending the international focus beyond children’s physical health to their emotional and behavioral development.
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Basu, Sanjay, David Stuckler, Martin McKee, and Gauden Galea. "Nutritional determinants of worldwide diabetes: an econometric study of food markets and diabetes prevalence in 173 countries." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 1 (2012): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012002881.
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AbstractObjectiveAgeing and urbanization leading to sedentary lifestyles have been the major explanations proposed for a dramatic rise in diabetes worldwide and have been the variables used to predict future diabetes rates. However, a transition to Western diets has been suggested as an alternative driver. We sought to determine what socio-economic and dietary factors are the most significant population-level contributors to diabetes prevalence rates internationally.DesignMultivariate regression models were used to study how market sizes of major food products (sugars, cereals, vegetable oils, meats, total joules) corresponded to diabetes prevalence, incorporating lagged and cumulative effects. The underlying social determinants of food market sizes and diabetes prevalence rates were also studied, including ageing, income, urbanization, overweight prevalence and imports of foodstuffs.SettingData were obtained from 173 countries.SubjectsPopulation-based survey recipients were the basis for diabetes prevalence and food market data.ResultsWe found that increased income tends to increase overall food market size among low- and middle-income countries, but the level of food importation significantly shifts the content of markets such that a greater proportion of available joules is composed of sugar and related sweeteners. Sugar exposure statistically explained why urbanization and income have been correlated with diabetes rates.ConclusionsCurrent diabetes projection methods may estimate future diabetes rates poorly if they fail to incorporate the impact of nutritional factors. Imported sugars deserve further investigation as a potential population-level driver of global diabetes.
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Dunn, Sarah, John M. Quigley, and Larry A. Rosenthal. "The Effects of Prevailing Wage Requirements on the Cost of Low-Income Housing." ILR Review 59, no. 1 (2005): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390505900108.
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Recent California legislation extends the application of prevailing wage regulations to construction workers building subsidized low-income residential projects. Econometric evidence based on micro data covering 205 residential projects subsidized by the California Low Income Housing Tax Credit since 1996 and completed by mid-2002 demonstrates that construction costs increased substantially under prevailing wage requirements. Estimates of additional construction costs in the authors' most extensive models range from 9% to 37%. The analysis controls for variations in cost by geographical location and for differences in project characteristics, financing, and developer attributes. The authors estimate the effect of uniform imposition of these regulations on the number of new dwellings for low-income households produced under the tax credit program in California. Under reasonable assumptions, the mid-range estimate of the prospective decrease exceeds 3, 100 units per year.
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Sterlacchini, Alessandro, and Francesco Venturini. "Knowledge Capabilities and Regional Growth: an Econometric Analysis for European Developed Regions." SCIENZE REGIONALI, no. 2 (July 2009): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/scre2009-002003.
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- By means of different econometric techniques, this paper estimates the relationship between the knowledge capabilities (i.e. the extent of R&D activities and higher education) and the GDP per capita growth of European developed regions. Along with structural features and initial income levels, our estimations account for the presence of spatial dependence. We find that regional growth is positively affected by the intensity of R&D and the share of adults with tertiary education. These findings are robust to alternative estimation procedures, as they arise from both OLS regressions with country demeaned variables and ML estimations of different spatial models. Keywords: Regional growth, knowledge capabilities, spatial dependence.Keywords: Crescita economica regionale, disuguaglianze regionali, regioni italiane.Parole chiave: Crescita regionale, capacitŕ tecnologiche, dipendenza spaziale.JEL classification: R11, O33, C31
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Basovskiy, Leonid, and Elena Basovskaya. "The Elasticity of Labor Productivity by Factors of Production in Modern Russia." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 8, no. 4 (2020): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2020-22-25.
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The correlation between labor productivity and indicators reflecting the influence of socio-economic and innovative factors in the regions of Russia for 2015-2018 were evaluated. For each year, according to statistics from 82 regions of Russia, econometric models are constructed that allow obtaining elasticity coefficients of labor productivity by capital-labor ratio, foreign investment, average monthly wage, income inequality, producer price index of industrial goods, export share in gross regional product. The prospects of economic policy aimed at increasing labor productivity were estimated.
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Antunes, Aghane, Cynthia S. Simmons, and Joao Paulo Veiga. "Non-Timber Forest Products and the Cosmetic Industry: An Econometric Assessment of Contributions to Income in the Brazilian Amazon." Land 10, no. 6 (2021): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060588.
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This study explores Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) production and company–community partnerships with the multinational cosmetic industry. The objectives are to critically assess: (1) how income generated from market-oriented NTFPs extraction impacts small farmers’ livelihoods; and (2) whether membership in cooperatives linked to such partnerships is a factor in improved livelihood. Household-level data from 282 surveys conducted in remote communities in four municipalities in the Northeast region of the State of Pará provide empirical insight into NTFPs extraction and processing activities by smallholder farmers in the Brazilian Amazon. We employ a spatial econometric approach to assess if engagement in NTFPs extraction and membership in cooperatives result in statistically significant increases in the overall household income. A series of spatial regression models are used, including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Spatial Autoregressive Regression (SAR), Spatial Error Model (SEM), Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) and their corresponding alternative Bayesian models. Our study finds that NTFP extraction and membership in cooperatives tied to company–community partnerships are statistically significant and result in increases in total income at the household level. Findings also show that distance to transportation modes and markets are statistically significant with more distant households earning greater income. This finding presents challenges for the long-term sustainability of green alternatives to development that rely on remote, inaccessible environments for the commodities of interest. This is especially pronounced given the commitment of the Amazonian Nations, and the massive national and international investments, in the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA), which has as its goal the creation of a multimodal transportation hub to integrate the continent with global markets and make accessible far reaches of the Amazon.
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Ogachi, Daniel, Richard Ndege, Peter Gaturu, and Zeman Zoltan. "Corporate Bankruptcy Prediction Model, a Special Focus on Listed Companies in Kenya." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 3 (2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13030047.
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Predicting bankruptcy of companies has been a hot subject of focus for many economists. The rationale for developing and predicting the financial distress of a company is to develop a predictive model used to forecast the financial condition of a company by combining several econometric variables of interest to the researcher. The study sought to introduce deep learning models for corporate bankruptcy forecasting using textual disclosures. The study constructed a comprehensive study model for predicting bankruptcy based on listed companies in Kenya. The study population included all 64 listed companies in the Nairobi Securities Exchange for ten years. Logistic analysis was used in building a model for predicting the financial distress of a company. The findings revealed that asset turnover, total asset, and working capital ratio had positive coefficients. On the other hand, inventory turnover, debt-equity ratio, debtors turnover, debt ratio, and current ratio had negative coefficients. The study concluded that inventory turnover, asset turnover, debt-equity ratio, debtors turnover, total asset, debt ratio, current ratio, and working capital ratio were the most significant ratios for predicting bankruptcy.
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Lee, Joe-Ming. "Regional heterogeneity among non-operating earnings quality, stock returns, and firm value in biotech industry." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 1 (2019): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/24/2018-agricecon.
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This paper analyses regional heterogeneity under the discretionary measures of non-operating earnings quality and stock returns on firm value in Taiwan’s biotech industry during 2008–2015. An econometric framework based on panel smooth transition regression models is employed in a non-linear panel data model. The results show that biotech firms near the bottom threshold for operating income have low-quality non-operating earnings and those near the upper threshold demonstrate the opposite. Investors who exclusively focus on stock returns are thus likely to miss important information about the quality of earnings.