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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Income, latin america'
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Nova, German Enrique. "INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND POVERTY IN LATIN AMERICA." Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181771.
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Amarante, Veronica. "Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Latin America." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506832.
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The relationship between income inequality and economic growth has generated a strong controversy both on theoretical and empirical grounds. This research reviews the theoretical literature on the links between inequality and growth, and summarizes the existing empirical evidence. It also provides new evidence for the world and, specifically, for Latin American countries. This evidence is based on macro data and a on the use of variety of econometric techniques. One of the links stressed by the economic literature, related to fertility behavior, is analyzed in depth. The study of fertility and its relation with inequality and economic growth is undertaken both at the aggregate level, based on macro data for Latin American countries, and at a country level. Country level analysis is based on micro data for a middle income country of the region, Uruguay, and is undertaken using micro simulation techniques.
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Villagra, Cayamana Renée Antonieta, and del Pino Fernando Enrique Zuzunaga. "Trends in corporative income taxation in Latin America." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116131.
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The main objective of this study is to expose the corporative income taxation granted by the legislations of different Latin American countries, trying to identify and analyze trends that emerge from such treatment. This paper does not intend to make a critical or comprehensive analysis of the corporative income taxation. This paper identifies the most important issues of the resident’s income taxation, deductible expenses, non-resident taxation and withholdings, and the anti-avoidance measures introduced by the domestic legislation of Latin American countries in order to avoid the base erosion.El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es exponer el tratamiento del impuesto a la renta corporativo que otorgan las diferentes legislaciones de los países de Latinoamérica, procurando identificar y analizar las tendencias que de dicho tratamiento surgen; sin pretender hacer un análisis crítico ni exhaustivo de las mismas. Se identifican los aspectos más importantes del impuesto a la renta de los residentes, los gastos deducibles, los aspectos vinculados a la tributación de los no residentes, así como las medidas defensivas introducidas por las legislaciones domésticas que los Estados se han visto en la necesidad de implementar unilateralmente a fin de evitar laerosión de la base.
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Mangal, Kunal. "Public Perceptions of Income Inequality in Latin America." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/244451.
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This thesis explores the ways in which public opinion on income inequality is shaped in Latin America. The central argument is that the key to understanding public discontent lies in shifting attention from "differences in income" to "differences in ability to achieve things one has reason to value because of one's position in the income distribution." That is, two countries that appear the same in the former dimension may look entirely different in the latter - and I provide examples from Latin America to illustrate. I maintain that Latin Americans believe the inequality in their countries is too high not just because of the shape of the income distribution, but also because factors besides income - such as the provision of public goods, the strength of institutions, and cultural norms - exacerbate the impact that those income gaps have in people’s lives. Lastly, I explore the factors that may be most responsible for driving the changes in public perception of inequality in Argentina over time. The evidence hints at the possibility that Argentines may be confusing poverty with inequality.
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Egger-Bovet, Nicholas. "IMF Conditionality, Fiscal Policy, and Income Inequality in Latin America." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/254.
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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the leading international economic crisis manager, but the effects of its loans and conditionality reach far beyond overarching macroeconomic indicators. This paper will examine the consequences of IMF fiscal policy conditions on income inequality and poverty by examining cases in Latin America, and specifically Mexico during the 1980s. The role that internal politics within borrowing countries plays is also closely examined. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for the IMF to ensure the most equitable and effective means of overcoming balance of payments crises.
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Antoine, Gabriel, and William Möllestam. "Microfinance Effect on Income Inequality in Latin America : A cross-country panel data study on the effects of microfinance on the income inequality in Latin America." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96669.
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This paper examines if increased microfinance intensity reduces the income inequality in 11 Latin American countries from 2005 to 2015. Gini coefficient was used as a measure of income inequality, while microfinance intensity was derived by dividing the number of active borrowers by the country's population. A panel data was constructed with 384 microfinance institutes present in the countries studied. To examine the relationship, a pooled OLS and a country clustered fixed-effects model was conducted using the specific-to-general method. Both methods showed a significant negative relationship between the Gini coefficient and microfinance intensity. However, it was a relatively small impact at -0.004% for every percent increase in microfinance, which confirms our hypothesis that a higher MFI participation leads to a decrease in income inequality. These results are in line with previous studies conducted, although, to our knowledge, this is the first macroeconomic framework study conducted on multiple Latin American countries at once.
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Alban, Conto Maria-Carolina. "Private Income Transfers and Development : three Applied Essays on Latin America." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH006/document.
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Pendant des décennies, les économistes se sont intéressés à étudier pourquoi et comment les agents s'entraident, en accordant une place particulière à l'analyse des transferts de revenus privés. Les applications récentes comprennent des sujets très divers tels que: l'analyse de l'accumulation du capital, la cohésion sociale etla solidarité, le marché de l'assurance et des taux d'intérêt, les stratégies de gestion des risques face aux chocs négatifset les politiques gouvernementales.La présente thèse analyse de quelles manières les décisions de transfert entre ménages, les envois de fonds internationauxet les transferts intra-ménages ont un impact sur cinq aspects fondamentaux du développement:(i) les interactions sociales, (ii) le travail de marché et domestique, (iii) les dépenses, (iv) la nutrition et (v) la santé.Trois questions de recherche sont traitées en utilisant des données provenant de la Colombie, de l'Équateur et du Pérou, ainsi que de multiples techniques économétriques. Premièrement, y a-t-il une relation entre les transferts entre ménages et la distance entre les donateurs et les récepteurs? Deuxièmement, faire des envois de fonds internationaux modifie-t-il de manière asymétrique l'offre de travail, en fonction des caractéristiques individuelles? Troisièmement, avoir recours des transferts intra-ménages influence-t-il les habitudes de dépenses, la nutrition et la santé au sein des ménages?Les résultats suggèrent que les transferts de revenus privés jouent un rôle clé de redistribution, en modifiant leniveau de vie et en améliorant le bien-être des individus. Dans des contextes de pauvreté, où les mécanismes d'apparentant à une sécurité sociale sont rares, où l'informalité est courante, où les institutions sont fragmentées et où le secteur public est faible, les transferts d'argent et en nature entre ménages constituent des stratégies essentielles de subsistance. Ainsi, améliorer notre compréhension de cette dimension des comportements sociaux est fondamentalFor decades, economists have been interested in studying why and how agents support eachothers, giving a special place to the analysis of private income transfers. Recent applicationsinclude very diverse topics such as: the analysis of capital accumulation, social cohesion andsolidarity, market insurance and interest rates, risk-coping strategies against negative shocksand government policies.The present dissertation analyzes how inter-household transfer decisions, international remittancesand intra-household transfers contribute to shape five fundamental aspects of development:(i) social interactions, (ii) market and household work, (iii) spending patterns, (iv)nutrition and (v) health.Three research questions are addressed using applied data from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru,and multiple econometric techniques. First, is there a relationship between inter-householdtransfer dynamics and distance between donors and receivers? Second, do remittances asymmetricallyshape labor supply responses depending on people’s characteristics? Third, dointra-household transfers influence spending patterns, nutrition and health outcomes?Results suggest that private income transfers play a key re-distributive role, shaping agents’living standards and improving individual and social well-being. In contexts of economic deprivation,where social safety nets are scarce, informality is at stake, institutions are highlyfragmented and the public sector is weak, money and in-kind help from other households orindividuals constitute crucial livelihood strategies to get through the economic world. Thus,enhancing our understanding of this dimension of social behaviors is a must
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Beal, Amanda L. Krieckhaus Jonathan Tabor. "The political foundations of welfare development regime type, domestic pressures, and social spending in Latin America /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7015.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 26, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Jonathan Krieckhaus. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Berni, Duilio de Avila. "Structural change and income distribution in the Brazilian economy : an input-output analysis of the 1970s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295970.
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Campbell, Aaron R. "Integrated Overview, Case-Studies and Analysis: Income Inequality in Latin America, Post-1980." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/89.
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This thesis provides an integrated overview on the historical and contemporary literature dedicated to the study of within-country income inequality in Latin America.
The central hypothesis of this report is that there are underlying factors that drive the persistent levels of high within-country inequality experienced by Latin American countries. We study two countries, Brazil and Bolivia, through the process of reform and growth, and note the effects on the labor markets.
Using all available statistics and the wealth of knowledge compiled since the early 1980s, this study identifies those trends, and the factors that cause them to reappear in numerous cases across South America. Focusing on periods of recession and post-stabilization growth in countries with rising or consistently unequal distributions of wealth, this report identifies viable trends in unemployment, linking them to external events and the social climate of Latin America. Employing case-study methodology (see Chapters 6 and 7) this thesis builds a framework with which to study national and regional inequality, then applies it to two cases: Brazil and Bolivia. This thesis’ main findings are that the political and economic reforms and restructurings during the crisis in the 1980s, and the post-1980 era of stabilization and growth, generally perpetuated or worsened the levels of income inequality for countries in Latin America. Further analysis concludes that unsustainable external debt, boom-and-bust cycles, more deeper-seated cultural factors cannot be overlooked. Low government spending on social and educational development is the unfortunate consequence of copious external debt and public interest payments in Latin America; instead of promoting long-term growth, Latin American regimes are instead forced to focus on high interest rates and protecting wildly volatile currencies. Ethnic composition, entrenched class-structure, and cultural norms each play significant roles in income disparity, the extent of which varies by case.
The limitations of this research are firstly, that regression analysis is inconclusive; no strong correlation between growth and inequality can be observed, even within the highly unequal region of Latin America.. Further, tax data, which provides the basis for measurements of income inequality, varies from country to country, making cross-country statistical meta-analysis difficult. Lastly, data was not collectible until the early 1980s, and has missing observations, further complicating the task of statistical analysis. Thus, this study bases its findings on empirical evidence, data, and basic economic theory, in explaining the factors and causes of inequality.
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López, Andrés Eugenio. "Government spending decisions, agricultural income, trade and the environment : Latin America (1985-2001)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611114.
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Espinosa, Sepúlveda Jorge. "Latin American income tax systems and current double taxation agreements." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115595.
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Tax systems in Latin America have played a very important role as the main, and in some cases the only, means of obtaining revenue to finance the major public expenditure that is necessary for the work of the states through time. Below is a short review of the main aspects of tax systems in the región, with emphasis on the impact of taxes on income in force in the majorLatin American countries, as well as a brief explanation of the network of agreements to avoid double taxation that are in force in each of them.Los sistemas tributarios en América Latina han jugado un rol muy importante como los principales, y en algunos casos los únicos, medios de obtención de ingresos públicos para financiar los ingentes gastos públicos necesarios para el quehacer de los estados a través de los tiempos. A continuación se presenta una pequeña reseña de los principales aspectos delos sistemas tributarios en la región, con énfasis en el impacto de los impuestos a la renta vigentes en los principales países de América Latina. Asimismo, se incluye una breve explicación de la red de convenios para evitar la doble imposición, vigentes en cada uno de dichos países.
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Galindo, Luis Miguel, Joseluis Samaniego, Carbonell Jimy Ferrer, José Eduardo Alatorre, and Orlando Reyes. "Meta-Analysis of Income and Price Elasticities Energy Demand: Some Public Policy Implications for Latin America." Economía, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117330.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the variation in empirical estimates of the income and price elasticities of energy demand. The evidence presented, through a meta-analysis, allows identification of the weighted average of the income and price elasticities, shows that the estimates are very heterogeneous, that there is publication bias, and that factors such as region, energy sector, among others, affect its volatility. The evidence also indicates that income elasticity in Latin America is greater than in the OECD countries, and that the price elasticity of energy demand is lower in Latin America than in the OECD countries. Therefore, continued economic growth in Latin America will be accompanied by a growth in energy demand. Moreover, the establishment of a tax in Latin America, under the current elasticities, is less effective and will be insufficient to control the increase in energy consumption.El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la variación de las elasticidades ingreso y precio de la demanda de energía. La evidencia presentada, con un metaanálisis, permite identificar la media ponderada de estas elasticidades ingreso y precio, muestra que las estimaciones son muy heterogé- neas, que existe sesgo de publicación y que algunos factores como la región, el sector del consumo de energía, entre otros, inciden en su volatilidad. La evidencia también indica que la elasticidad ingreso en América Latina es mayor que aquella de los países de la OCDE y, simultáneamente, que la elasticidad precio de la demanda de energía es menor en América Latina que en los países de la OCDE. Así, un crecimiento económico continuo en América Latina vendrá acompañado de un crecimiento de la demanda de energía y que el establecimiento de un impuesto en América Latina, bajo las actuales elasticidades, es menos efectivo y en general sería insuficiente para controlar el aumento del consumo de energía.
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Figueroa, Adolfo. "Musgrove, Philip. Consumer Behavior in Latin America. Income and Spending of Families in Ten Andean Cities." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118045.
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Garza, Cantu Vidal. "The political economy of inequality : an assessment of the evolution of earnings inequality in Mexico and the Americas, 1968-2000 /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008333.
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Romano, Maria. "Conditional Cash Transfers and Their Effect on Poverty, Inequality, and School Enrollment: The Case of Mexico and Latin America." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1239.
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Over the past two decades, conditional cash transfer (CCT) has become one of the most widespread approaches to social development in Latin America. Spurred in large part by the evident and immediate success of Mexico’s CCT initiative, a multitude of countries began to invest heavily in this strategy hoping to reduce poverty and inequality in the short and long run. This paper examines the relationship between CCT program breadth and poverty, inequality, and secondary school enrollment over a thirteen year span in order to determine whether or not programs with the largest coverage were the most efficient. This question is of grave importance being that as many as eighteen countries are betting on CCT as a means in sustainably breaking poverty cycles. This thesis finds that conditional cash transfer has been exceptionally successful in diminishing extreme poverty in Latin America. Furthermore, although result are inconclusive in terms of moderate poverty, secondary school enrollment, and inequality a trend analysis of fluctuations in poverty and inequality from 1997 to 2010 shows promising results as all development indicators appear to be in decline.
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Packard, Truman G. "Reforming social insurance and the incentives to self insure : essays on coverage of old age income security systems in Latin America." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399416.
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Fairburn, James N. "Evaluation of soils, climate and land use information at three scales : the case of low income bean farming in Latin America." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333587.
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Krugman, Allison. "Addressing the Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights of Low-Income Women in Argentina." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1115.
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Though Argentine women have made marked advancements in terms of equality since the Latin American country’s return to democracy in the 1980s, they still face barriers to the full exercise of their sexual and reproductive rights in a number of arenas. For low-income women, the added dimension of poverty further erodes the ability to seek necessary services to maintain sexual and reproductive health. As a result, high rates of maternal mortality and adolescent pregnancy persist. Given the broad socioeconomic inequality among Argentine provinces, the policies created by Argentina’s government to address sexual and reproductive health lack widespread implementation and oversight. Furthermore, a strong opposition to these policies is in place, promoted by the heavy presence of the Catholic Church in Argentine institutions and society as well as deeply entrenched perceptions of motherhood. This study identifies the social, economic, legal, cultural, and political challenges that face the sexual and reproductive autonomy of Argentine women, evaluates the current policies in place to address them, and projects potential solutions for Argentina’s government, women’s movement, and NGOs.
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Rabelo, Ana Carolina D. "The Clean Development Mechanism and its Potential as a Development Tool: A Socio-Economic Study of Communities Hosting Projects in Brazil." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1113831347.
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Nino, Fernandez Camila. "Essais sur la taxation optimale et le risque du revenu : estimations pour l’Amérique Latine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1098.
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Cette thèse est une étude appliquée de la taxation optimale et du risque du revenu en amérique latine, en particulier pour l'argentine, le chili, la colombie et le mexique. En faisant face a des niveaux élevés d'inégalité de revenu, l'impôt sur le revenu est pour l'amérique latine un outil essentiel de redistribution qui jusqu'à présent, n'a pas été pleinement exploité. L'un des objectifs de cette thèse est de voir jusqu'où ces pays sont à leur niveau optimal de taxation afin d'explorer la capacité d'amélioration que ce type de charge peut avoir dans chacun des pays de l'étude. Le risque du revenu est une autre caractéristique importante des économies en développement tels que celles trouvées en amérique latine. Etant donné leur vulnérabilité aux chocs macroéconomiques externes, ces économies ont tendance à être particulièrement volatiles. Dans ces conditions, les individus en amérique latine sont sujets à des revenus plus risques que les individus qui vivent des pays développés. La présence du risque a un effet sur comment les agents répondent aux changements divers de l'économie. C'est pourquoi, l'etude des niveaux de risque et en particulier comment les revenus plus risqués affectent la taxation optimale, est l'un des piliers de cette thèse. Le risque du revenu peut être décomposé en deux éléments, permanents ou transitoires. La dernière partie de cette thèse est consacrée à évaluer dans quelle mesure le risque de revenu présente dans chaque pays est causée par un composant permanente ou une composante temporelleThis thesis is an applied study of optimal taxation and income risk in latin america, in particular for argentina, chile, colombia and mexico. Having to deal with high levels of income inequality, income taxation is for latin america a key tool of redistribution that until now has not been fully exploited. One of the aims of this thesis is to see how far are these countries from their optimal level of taxation, in order to explore the capacity of improvement that this type of tax may have in each one of the countries in the study. Income risk is another important characteristic of developing economies such as those found in latin america. Given their vulnerability to outside macroeconomic shocks, these economies tend to be particularly volatile. under these conditions, individuals in latin america are prone to riskier incomes than the individuals living in developed countries. The presence of risk has an effect on how the agents respond to divers changes in the economy. That is why, studying the levels of risk, and in particular how the riskier incomes affect optimal taxation, is one of the pillars of this thesis. Income risk may be decomposed into two components, permanent or transitory. The last part of this thesis is devoted to estimate how much of the income risk present in each country is caused by a permanent or a temporal component. Given the lack of panel data for latin american countries, these estimations were performed introducing pseudo-panel techniques into traditional panel data methodologies. Comparisons between pseudo-panel results and panel data results were made when the data was available
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McInvale, Kathleen. "Exploring the Nutrition and Physical Activity Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Low-Income Parents of Peruvian Preschool Children." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3218.
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Obesity and related chronic diseases are emerging public health issues among children in Peru, where more than 13 percent of children five years and younger are overweight or obese. Although parents have been identified as one of the most important determinants of healthy weight in young children, there are no known studies that have explored the perceptions of Peruvian parents regarding obesity prevention. This study assessed the nutrition and physical activity knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of Peruvian parents, and sought to determine if there is a relationship between their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. The cross-sectional survey study sampled 204 parents of three and four-year-old children attending five preschools in a resource-poor Southern Lima setting. The Pen-3 cultural model guided the assessment of parental characteristics using the BAQ-HH survey across three domains; knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding diet and physical activity. Additional data was abstracted from school records to assess children’s BMI and compare parental perceptions of child’s weight with child’s measured weight status. Parent respondents were predominantly female (86%) between 20 and 39 years old (85.1%). Less than one third (30.5%) were receiving information about nutrition or physical activity. Data was available for 147 children of the participants, 53.7 % were female with a mean age of 49.4 months and a mean BMI of 16.7. Nearly half the children (41.3%) exceeded healthy weight. Parents demonstrated healthy knowledge and behaviors, but unhealthy attitudes. Parental knowledge and attitudes were predictive of behaviors (F(2,166)=5.826, p=0.004, R2=0.066). The majority (56.6%) of Peruvian parents accurately perceived their child’s weight status but 9.6% of parents of overweight and obese children were able to do so. Understanding the nutrition and physical activity knowledge and perceptions of Peruvian preschooler parents can advance local and national health ministry and public health obesity prevention initiatives for young children.
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Krozer, Alice. "Inequality in perspective : rethinking inequality measurement, minimum wages and elites in Mexico." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290078.
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The role of inequality in development has been the subject of long-standing debates in academic and policy circles. Notwithstanding disagreements about exactly how the two are linked, conventional wisdom agrees that inequality is an objective 'fact' that can be measured free from ideological considerations. New data detect trends towards higher inequality, weaker economic positions for those at the bottom, and a concentration of wealth at the very top of the distribution in most regions. Inequality studies as currently practiced are ill-equipped to accommodate the empirical changes and the resulting theoretical implications. Putting an end to over half a century of mainstream consensus assuming that inequality would automatically recede with developmental progress, the discipline needs rethinking. My thesis proposes a new research agenda for studying inequality that is not only able to integrate these empirical developments, but which also challenges what has been taken for granted: that inequality just is, independently of context, time and observer. Instead, it proposes that along with its objective existence, inequality is a relational phenomenon subjectively experienced relative to a particular context. In five interconnected Sections, my dissertation challenges conventional views of how inequality looks, how it is seen, and what can be done about it, especially in developing countries. The study focuses on the ways in which inequality is perceived, and how it is perpetuated. After an introduction to the subject in Section I, Section II investigates how inadequate measurement perpetuates inequality, proposing a new indicator that shows that inequality is largely defined in the extreme ends of the income distribution. Section III examines the reproduction of inequality at the bottom, contrasting minimum wage policies over recent decades in Mexico with those of other countries in Latin America. In light of a political economy resistant to change, Section IV scrutinizes Mexican elites, exploring how inequality is perceived from the very top of the income distribution, how this affects policy-making and, subsequently, measured inequality levels. Section V concludes by outlining the theoretical and practical implications of my findings.
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Driusso, Marcelo. "Estudo comparado entre os programas de transferência condicionada de renda no Brasil e México." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/84/84131/tde-31082012-115307/.
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A dissertação Estudo comparado entre os Programas de Transferência Condicionada de Renda no Brasil e no México tem como objetivo aprofundar o estudo dos dois principais programas desse tipo nos países citados a fim de identificar suas virtudes e limitações. Considerando que na América Latina os desafios para redução da pobreza e da desigualdade de renda continuam sendo enormes, com necessidade de ampla discussão entre sociedade civil e governos para superação dessas barreiras, os estudos desses programas na região têm o potencial de aprofundar o debate para aprimorá-los. As estimativas mais recentes sobre os níveis de pobreza e indigência para os países da América Latina continuam sendo alarmantes, apesar de haver constatações de melhoras significativas nos últimos anos. Dados publicados pela Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe da ONU (CEPAL) referentes a 2007 apontam que 184 milhões de pessoas da região, o que corresponde 34,1% da população, estão em situação de pobreza. Desde o final da década dos noventa, governos de países latino-americanos têm implantado Programas de Transferência Condicionada de Renda focados nas famílias pobres, com a justificativa de aliviar a pobreza no curto prazo por meio das transferências de renda e de combater a sua transmissão entre as gerações por meio de exigência de contrapartidas. Esta dissertação tem como foco principal o Programa Bolsa Família no Brasil e o PROGRESA/Oportunidades no México, os quais são os dois maiores programas desse tipo no mundo, buscando avaliar seus efeitos positivos e também suas limitações.The dissertation A Comparative Study of the Conditioned Income Transfer Programs in Brazil and Mexico aims to carry out a profound study of the two main income transfer programs in the mentioned countries in order to identify its benefits and limitations. Considering that in Latin America the challenges to reduce poverty and inequality are still enormous, presenting the necessity of an ample discussion between the civil society and governments to overcome them, the study of such regional programs have the potential to deepen the debate in order to improve such programs. The most recent estimates on the levels of poverty and indigence in Latin America are still very alarming, although there has been some significant improvement in the past years. Data from 2007 published by CEPAL (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) point that 184 million people in the region are dwelling within poverty levels. Since the end of the 1990s, the Latin American governments have been implementing Conditioned Income Transfer Programs focused on poor families, in order to alleviate poverty in the short term through income transfers and fight against its dissemination throughout generations by demanding the fulfillment of certain conditions. This dissertation has focused on the Bolsa Família Program in Brazil and PROGRESA/Oportunidades in Mexico, which are the two most significant programs of such kind in the world, aiming to evaluate their positive effects as well as their limitations.
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Suarez, Daniella Alessandra. "Selling Downtown Miami as the Epicenter of the Americas: Including Latin Americans and Excluding Low-Income Locals?" Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/47.
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Miami is no longer just known as the playground for Latin America's wealthy, rather, it has become increasingly identified as the business, commercial and cultural center of South Florida and the Americas. This increasing importance and global scope has led to the idea of making Miami into a "new" world city a development priority. The city's geographical proximity to Latin America and the Caribbean makes it an ideal city within the United States to form transnational ties and to attract more business from the region and hopefully the rest of the world. How does the idea of being a "world city" affect the types of projects that have taken place or will be taking place in recent years? Does this idea cater only to Latin American elites and the global sphere while ignoring the needs of local residents in adjacent areas? Megaprojects such as Museum Park and the Miami World Center are set to solidify MiamiÕs position as a global node and a greater regional hub. These projects will be built in the two areas of Downtown that do not enjoy the same cosmopolitan lifestyle as the Central Business District and the Brickell areas, in hopes of creating a different identity or a brand for these generally lower-income areas. Adjacent Overtown does not receive this kind of attention. This paper will examine how Downtown Miami is aiming at "world city" status, attempting to attract foreign capital--both economic and social--while neglecting to place a greater importance on homegrown talent and low-income locals living in neighborhoods adjacent to "developing" areas.
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GOMES, Thiago Geovane Pereira. "Os efeitos da desigualdade de renda sobre o crescimento econômico dos países da América Latina no período de 1970 a 2010." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17784.
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A discussão sobre os efeitos e os mecanismos/canais da desigualdade de renda sobre o crescimento econômico ganhou maior notoriedade a partir da década de 1990 com a adoção de modelos de crescimento endógeno. A principal preocupação encontra-se em responder o porquê alguns países crescem mais do que outros e o papel do capital humano ao longo desse processo. Um caso de estudo do binômio desigualdade-crescimento interessante de ser tratado é o da América Latina logo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Portanto, essa pesquisa tem o propósito de investigar os efeitos da desigualdade de renda sobre o crescimento econômico de países selecionados da América Latina entre 1970 e 2010. É exibido um modelo teórico com uma trajetória de ajustamento não-monotônica da produção que conduz à um modelo linear que representa a relação desigualdade-crescimento. A estratégia empírica é dividida em duas partes: a) uso dos estimadores de efeitos fixos e aleatórios; b) aplicação de um modelo dinâmico auto regressivo de defasagem distribuída para um painel cointegrado. Os resultados encontrados inferem uma relação negativa e estatisticamente significativa entre a desigualdade e o crescimento para os países da América Latina. Estes resultados corroboram com a regularidade empírica, onde afirma-se que, a desigualdade de renda apresenta efeitos negativos sobre o crescimento econômico dos países em desenvolvimento.
The discussion about the effects and the mechanisms / channels of income inequality on economic growth gained greater notoriety from the 1990s with the adoption of endogenous growth models. The main concern is to answer why some countries grow more than others and the role of human capital throughout this process. A case study of interesting inequality-growth binomial to be treated is in Latin America after World War II. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effects of income inequality on economic growth of selected Latin American countries between 1970 and 2010 a theoretical model with a non-monotonic adjustment path of production leading to a model appears linear representing inequality-growth relationship. The empirical strategy is divided into two parts: a) use of estimators of fixed and random effects; b) application of a dynamic model autoregressive lag distributed to co-integrate a panel. The results infer a negative and statistically significant relationship between inequality and growth for the countries of Latin America. These results corroborate the empirical regularity, which indicates that income inequality has a negative effect on the economic growth of developing countries.
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Albertini, Velmarie L. "Matrifocality and child shifting among the low income earners in Jamaica." FIU Digital Commons, 1999. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1189.
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Jamaican family structures have long felt the impact of unstable internal economic conditions and high volume of labor demands originating from England, Canada, the United States, and other larger societies. In response to the economic conditions and labor demands, increasing numbers of Jamaican women have migrated away from home, both within Jamaica and to other countries. Subsequently, many Jamaicans' households are restructured using a method called child shifting. This refers to "the relocation of children between households." Using three major theoretical paradigms: cultural diffusion, social pathology, and structural functionalism, this study explores the literature of child shifting to understand how economic conditions influence matrifocal families and in particular their child rearing practices.
This study employs the structural functionalism paradigm's focus on "adaptive responses" to find plausible explanations for child shifting patterns. The primary premise of the "adaptive responses" approach is that economic marginality leads to certain adaptive responses in residential, kinship, and child rearing patterns.
This study finds certain adjustment problems associated with child shifting. These include shifted children developing feelings of abandonment, of anxiety, of loss, and having difficulty trusting after the shifting occurs. These costs may outweigh the benefits of child shifting.
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Burroughs, Tammy B. "Assimilation for Hispanics, Generational Standing, Education and Income: A Correlational Empirical Study." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5835.
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Latino immigrants who lack assimilation into U.S. society often experience discrimination and immigrant backlash. The purpose of this exploration was to better understand the historical lack of assimilation of Latino immigrants, so they may avoid discrimination and have more access to goods and services. Self-determinism helped explain why the Latino immigrant group has a problem assimilating due to exclusionary practices, while segmented assimilation offered explanations on why assimilation is difficult. In this study, assimilation was measured according to English mastery by Spanish speakers. The research question was focused on what extent the level of generational standing, education, and income relate to assimilation for Latinos in the United States. A correlational design with multiple regression analysis was used in this study to analyze the Latino National Survey of 2006 secondary data (N =8634). Results indicated that every variable was significant except grandparents born outside the United States. The implications for positive social change include providing research-based information that might assist policymakers to develop programs and laws that better assist the Hispanic ethnic group to assimilate into United States.
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Bretnall, Ann L. "Establishing a farmers market for a low-income Latino community." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001012.
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Salas, Rachel Gortarez. "White preservice teachers' perceptions about low-income Latino students identified as struggling readers /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Maruy, Camilo, Felipe Aroca, Eduardo Torretti, and Guillermo Villaseñor-Tadeo. "Tax issues regarding the Latin American Integrated Market: Scope and Proposals." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123345.
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In the present round table, tax specialists from Peru, Colombia, Chile and Mexico discuss about the tax reforms carried out and outstanding in their respective countries on the tax treatment of capital gain within the framework of the Latin American integrated Market.En la presente mesa redonda, destacados especialistas de Perú, Colombia, Chile y México comentan las reformas tributarias realizadas y pendientes por realizar en sus respectivos países en torno al tratamiento tributario de las ganancias de capital en el marco del Mercado integrado Latinoamericano (en adelante, “MILA”).
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Lee, Eun Lye. "The Effects of Cumulative Neighborhood Risk and Protective Factors on Substance Use Initiation among Low-income Latino and African American Adolescents." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1453386589.
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Tápanes, Vanessa. "Effects of Dual Language Learning on Early Language and Literacy Skills in Low Income Preschool Students." Scholar Commons, 2007. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3804.
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This paper presents a framework for literacy skill development relating to both monolingual and dual language learners. The purpose of this study was to identify the differences that may exist between monolingual and dual language learners' performance on literacy tasks, before having a significant amount of exposure to the preschool curriculum. The sample included 78 monolingual language learners and 44 dual language learners who were assessed using the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery-Revised (WLPB-R). The researcher used scoring methods that took into consideration split vocabulary in dual language learners where a conceptual scoring technique was used (Bedore, Pena, Garcia, & Cortez, 2005). The research design employed was casual comparative where the effects of dual language learning on letter knowledge, concepts of print, vocabulary, listening comprehension, and broad language development were investigated. Findings from two Multivariate Analysis of Variances indicated that there were significant differences between monolingual and dual language learners on early language and literacy skills. This study contributes to the literature regarding dual language development and the use of appropriate scoring methods. Particularly, the outcomes from this study provide guidance regarding best practices for assessment of dual language learners to identify learning and language difficulties.
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Kelly, Courtney Ryan. "Navegando La Frontera/Navigating The Border: Literacy Practices Among And Between Latina Immigrant And Urban, Low-Income Youth In The After-School Setting." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1205953865.
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Escudero, Vasconez Maria Veronica. "Design and Delivery of Effective Activation Measures : what Works and for Whom?" Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH122.
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Les politiques actives du marché du travail (PAMT) sont considérées de plus en plus comme nécessaires pour renforcer le lien entre protection sociale et création de sources de revenu plus durables dans l’objectif d’améliorer la qualité de l’emploi mais aussi, de façon plus générale, les conditions de vie. En conséquence, ces mesures jouent un rôle essentiel aujourd’hui dans les programmes de politique publique de la plupart des économies avancées et voient leur importance augmenter fortement dans les pays émergents et dans les pays en développement, où elles ne sont pas encore aussi bien établies. Il reste toutefois encore beaucoup à apprendre sur l’impact de ces mesures, en particulier sur le rôle des caractéristiques de leur mise en œuvre. Cette thèse entend contribuer à ce débat en étudiant l’efficacité des PAMT et le rôle des systèmes de mise en œuvre pour ce qui est de leur impact à la fois dans les pays développés et dans les pays émergents et en développement.Le premier chapitre examine sous un angle macroéconomique l’efficacité des PAMT à améliorer les résultats sur le marché du travail au sein des pays de l’OCDE, en particulier pour les travailleurs peu qualifiés. Il est capital de saisir de façon empirique l’effet net global des PAMT sur l’ensemble du marché du travail, car ces politiques entraînent souvent des phénomènes de substitution, de déplacement et d’autres conséquences indirectes. Les deux chapitres suivants cherchent à déterminer si les PAMT doivent être encore étendues dans les pays émergents et en développement. Pour ce faire, les effets au niveau individuel de deux types de PAMT en Amérique latine sont étudiés, en s’appuyant sur la présence de règles d’attribution intéressantes et de données de qualité au niveau individuel. Ainsi, le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux conséquences à moyen et long terme d’un programme de workfare péruvien, l’une des mesures d’activation les moins étudiées, bien que fréquemment mise en œuvre dans la région, afin d’évaluer la durabilité de ses effets. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse à l’introduction d’un ensemble complet de PAMT en Argentine, dans le but d’aider les bénéficiaires éligibles d’un programme de transfert de fonds sous conditions à trouver des sources de revenus plus stables. Dans les deux cas, l’accent est mis sur les effets sur la qualité de l’emploi et sur la manière dont la mise en œuvre des mesures conditionne leur impact.Ces travaux montrent que les PAMT sont utiles mais à condition qu’elles s’accompagnent d’une conception et d’une mise en œuvre appropriées. Les résultats confirment l’importance de ces facteurs pour ce qui est de l’efficacité des mesures tant dans les pays de l’OCDE que dans ceux d’Amérique latine étudiés. L’ampleur des effets dépend du type de mesure étudiée et de la catégorie de bénéficiaires viséeToday, active labor market policies (ALMPs) are increasingly seen as a necessary tool to strengthen the link between social protection and the creation of more sustainable sources of income with a view to increasing work quality but also improving living conditions more broadly. As a result, the role of ALMPs in policy agendas remains high in most advanced economies and has increased dramatically in emerging and developing countries, where ALMPs are still less established. Despite this, there is still a lot to be learned regarding the impact of these policies, particularly with regards to the role of implementation characteristics. My dissertation aims to contribute to this debate by looking at the effectiveness of ALMPs and the role of delivery systems in shaping their impact in both, developed and emerging and developing countries.It starts by examining the effectiveness of ALMPs in OECD countries in improving labor market outcomes, especially for low-skilled individuals, from a macroeconomic perspective (Chapter 1). Capturing empirically the overall net effect of ALMPs on the wide labor market is of upmost importance, since the role of ALMPs frequently involves substitution, displacement and other indirect effects. Then, the following two chapters aim to assess whether ALMPs should be leveraged further in emerging and developing countries, by investigating the individual-level effects of two different types of ALMPs in Latin America, exploiting the availability of interesting assignment rules and good-quality individual-level data. Chapter 2 focuses on the medium- to long-term effects of a Peruvian workfare program, one of the least studied ALMPs in the region albeit commonly implemented, to assess the sustainability of these type of programs’ effects. Chapter 3 then looks at the provision of a comprehensive package of ALMPs in Argentina, implemented to support eligible beneficiaries of a conditional cash transfer program in finding more stable income opportunities. In both cases, the focus is placed on the effects on work quality and on the role of design and implementation in shaping the effects.My research suggests that ALMPs are relevant but mostly through appropriate design and implementation aspects. The results confirm the importance of these factors in ensuring effectiveness both in OECD and the Latin American countries assessed. The size of effects depends on the type of policy assessed and on the beneficiary group
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Bento, Marcelo Serejo. "Dutch Disease and Income Inequality in Latin America." Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/113504.
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Bento, Marcelo Serejo. "Dutch Disease and Income Inequality in Latin America." Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/113504.
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Molina, Ezequiel. "An imperfect representative democracy political income redistribution in Latin America." Tesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/3317.
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Although several papers in the political economy literature suggest a positive relationship between income inequality and redistribution, the data for Latin America does not support this claim. Countries with more income inequality also have less redistribution. This paper explores how the degree of imperfection in the political institutions influences equilibrium redistributive tax rates and income distributions.
A citizen-candidate model is developed (Osborne and Slivinski, 1996 and Besley and Coate, 1997) in which candidates face a cost for representing other citizens in politics. Political-economic equilibria for diferent degrees of imperfection of the political system are derived and compared. In particular, two distinct cases are found. Countries where the cost of entry to politics is low can have higher redis tribution and lower inequality if the median run as a candidate or ,when there is a two candidate equilibria, redistribution and inequality could go either way. On the other hand, countries where the cost of entry is high will not be able to translate the will of the people into political action and will end up with little redistribution and high levels of inequality.
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Alfaro, María Gabriela, and 艾莉亞. "Birth Rate, Income Inequality, and Economic Development in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: A Case of Honduras." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pqpwu4.
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碩士國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
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ABSTRACT While many studies of economic development examine the effects of demographic factors, few take into account under what conditions certain demographic factors will affect economic development. This thesis aims to fill the empirical gap by focusing on the interactive effect of crude birthrate and income inequality. I argue that the effect of birth rate on economic development is conditional on income inequality. Based on data for 33 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1960 to 2015, the statistical results demonstrate that a country with a higher birth rate tends to have a much lower level of economic development when that country suffers from serious income inequality. I also conduct a case study of Honduras to demonstrate the mechanism of my theory at the subnational level. The empirical analysis, based on both quantitative and qualitative data, largely support my hypothesis, suggesting that a department tends to be less developed when it has a high birthrate and a high level of income inequality.
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Spagnolo, Mecle Laura Tatiana 1977. "Economic inequality, policy and performance in the formal sectors of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile : evidence from regional and sectoral data, 1994 to 2007." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3563.
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This dissertation focuses on trends in pay inequality in the formal sectors of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile from the early 1990s into the latter part of the first decade of the new millennium. In-depth, single-country studies of inequality of each country of study seek to understand and explain the sources of movement in inequality in each country, relating changes in inequality to shifts in the relative roles of key economic sectors and geographic jurisdictions. In addition to these single-country studies of inequality, this dissertation develops a regional perspective on the dynamics of inequality by synthesizing findings from the three countries of study, identifying both commonalities and differences. This dissertation also evaluates the relationship between trends in inequality and the macroeconomic policies and factors that influence them. By eschewing the inequality of household incomes and focusing instead on measures of inequality in the underlying distribution of pay, this dissertation presents empirical evidence that fluctuations in countries' inequality levels are intrinsically related to macroeconomic factors. This dissertation applies Theil's T statistic, which belongs to the family of generalized entropy inequality measures, to develop new measures of economic inequality. The calculations presented in this dissertation are performed on data obtained from semi-aggregated datasets in which employment and average wage data organized by economic sectors and geographical jurisdictions, as derived from administrative records. Sectoral analysis shows that the changing levels of overall inequality are explained to a great extent by variations in the performance of a reduced number of "key" high-pay sectors, especially finance, extractive industry and civil service. In terms of the dynamics of geographic distribution, the role of these key sectors is observed in the driving role played by key geographic units: those composed of, or containing, the countries' main metropolitan centers, and those with high concentrations of economic activity in extractive industries.text
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Orozco, Ruiz Fernando. "Convergence hypothesis the Latin American experience /." Thesis, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33598987.html.
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Rosenfeld, Tomas Reis. "International Trade and Income Inequality: The Case of Latin American Countries." Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/120835.
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Rosenfeld, Tomas Reis. "International Trade and Income Inequality: The Case of Latin American Countries." Dissertação, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/120835.
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Prawiranata, Iwan R. "Sustainable microfinance in Indonesia : a sociocultural approach." Thesis, 2013. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/22309/.
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Microfinance programs were established in the Netherlands East Indies as a strategy
to alleviate poverty in pre-dominantly Moslem rural communities. When Indonesia
won its independence, these government-subsidized microfinance programs based
on the payment of interest were continued until 1983, when the Indonesian
government deregulated the banking system. Subsequently, microfinance programs
were developed on a commercial basis to become one of the largest microfinance
sectors in the world, but one that has not been focused on poverty alleviation.
This research has examined issues of sustainability of microfinance
institutions, poverty alleviation, sociocultural and religious values in three local
communities in West Java. It contends that sociocultural and religious factors
influence human behavior as well as the agency of borrowers and the microfinance
institutions. With respect to Sundanese cultural and Islamic values, the borrowers
and microfinance institutions, guided by their own interests, accommodate
complimentary and contradictory elements. In this accommodation, bank officials
play a critical role as arbiters and mediators. Local religious leaders, supporting the
economic interests of their community, have sanctioned the payment of interest on
microloans.
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Rooney, Gerard J. "Low-income, first-generation, African American and Latino students' perceptions of influencing factors on their successful path to enrollment in a four-year college." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1555885751&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2008.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 1, 2008) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Barba, William C. Includes bibliographical references.
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Patrick, Ertha Smith. "Considering the disparate impact of test-based retention policy on low-income, minority, and English language learner children in Texas." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-12-4674.
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This dissertation evaluates disparate impact of test-based retention (TBR) policy on historically disadvantaged student groups in the State of Texas, and determines school characteristics that statistically predict retention and may contribute to disparate impact. The research literature on TBR is limited, as most grade retention research precedes the increase in use of TBR policy across the United States.
Based on descriptive analysis, there were considerable increases in retention rates for low-income, African American, Latino, and English Language Learner (ELL) children compared to their less-disadvantaged counterparts, after TBR was implemented. Using multiple regression analysis, schools with higher percentages of low-income students, ELL students, beginning teachers, and higher percentages of low-income students in their school district were found to have higher retention rates while schools with higher percentages of White students, White teachers, and Latino teachers were found to have lower retention rates. Additionally, school retention rates were found to vary according to accountability rating.text