Journal articles: 'Income, latin america'

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Lima, Valéria Ferreira Santos de Almada, Carola Carbajal Arregui, Carlos Nelson dos Reis, and Jorge Tripiana. "CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO SOCIOECONÔMICA E POLÍTICA DO SURGIMENTO E DESENVOVIMENTO DOS PTRCs NA AMÉRICA LATINA E CARIBE." Revista Políticas Públicas 18 (August 5, 2014): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v18nep291-297.

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Este trabalho resulta de um Estudo Exploratório acerca dos Programas de Transferência de Renda Condicionada (PTRCs) em desenvolvimento na região da América Latina e Caribe. Objetiva contextualizar a emergênciae o desenvolvimento dos PTRCs na região em foco, abordando, para tanto, os fatores de ordem econômica, social e político-ideológica que determinaram a inclusão de tais programas nos Sistemas de Proteção Social da grande maioria dos países latino-americanos a partir dos anos 1990.Palavras-chave: Contextualização, Programas de Transferência de Renda Condicionada, América Latina e Caribe.SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PTRCs IN LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEANAbstract: This work is a result of an Exploratory Study about the Programs of Conditioned Income Transfer in course in Latin America and Caribbean. The main target is contextualize the emergence and development of the PTRCs on the focus region, addressing economic, social and ideological-political issues which were fundamental to include those programs onthe Social Protection Systems on the vast majority of countries of Latin America since the 1990s.Keywords: Contextualization, Program of Conditioned Income Transfer, Latin America and Caribbean.

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Rossignolo, Dario. "El Impuesto sobre la Renta Personal y los altos ingresos en América Latina." Revista Hacienda Pública Espñola 214, no. 4 (September 2015): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.15.3.5.

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MYRZHYKBAYEVA, Ainur, Gulnur RAIKHANOVA, Serikzhan BAIBOSSYNOV, Azamat ZHANSEITOV, and Argyn TUKEYEV. "THE TRENDS AND THE REASONS BEHIND SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED INEQUALITY: THE CASE OF BRAZIL." Public Administration and Civil Service, no. 2-77 (June 29, 2021): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2021-315.

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This article combines individual data from household surveys in the Latin American countries to obtain a regional income and analyse its distribution and recent changes. It concentrates upon whether distributive changes in the countries over the past decade have improved income distribution between individuals or widened gaps. The region’s indicators of global inequality declined considerably during 1997-2014. This decline in global inequality is explained essentially by the reduction of inequality within Latin American countries, especially in Brazil. The incomes of the inhabitants of Latin America are now more equal in relative terms than a decade ago, although differences in the countries’ average incomes have increased.

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Fields, Gary S., Robert Duval-Hernandez, Samuel Freije, and María Laura Sánchez Puerta. "Intragenerational Income Mobility in Latin America." Economía 7, no. 2 (2007): 101–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eco.2007.0018.

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Rojas-Suarez, José, Niza Suarez, and Oier Ateka-Barrutia. "Developing obstetric medicine training in Latin America." Obstetric Medicine 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753495x16684708.

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Maternal mortality is an important indicator of health in populations around the world. The distribution of maternal mortality ratio globally shows that middle- and low-income countries have ∼99% of the mortality burden. Most countries of Latin America are considered to be middle- or low-income countries, as well as areas of major inequities among the different social classes. Medical problems in pregnancy remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this region. Previous data indicate the need for a call to action for adequate diagnosis and care of medical diseases in obstetric care. The impact of nonobstetric and medical pathologies on maternal mortality in Latin America is largely unknown. In Latin America, two educational initiatives have been proposed to improve skills in maternity care. The Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO®) was first started to address obstetric emergencies, and subsequently adapted for low-middle-income country settings as the Global ALSO®. In parallel, the Latin American obstetric anesthesia community has progressively focused on improvement of several intrapartum/intraoperative issues, which has secondarily taken them to embrace the obstetric medicine area on interest and join the former initiatives. In the present review, we summarize the available data regarding medical morbidity and mortality in pregnancy in Latin America, as well as the challenges, achievements, issues, initiatives, and future directions encouraging maternal health educators, health care trainers, and physicians in middle- and low-income countries, such as many Latin American ones, to improve and/or change attitudes, if needed, on current clinical practice.

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Przeworski, Adam. "The Mechanics of Regime Instability in Latin America." Journal of Politics in Latin America 1, no. 1 (April 2009): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x0900100102.

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The paper is narrowly addressed to a single puzzle: How did it happen that countries that attempted to install democracy earlier enjoyed it less frequently? Regime dynamics are driven by two mechanisms: (1) Democracies become more durable as per capita income increases, and (2) Past experiences with democracy destabilize both democracies and autocracies. As a result, countries that experiment with democracy at lower income levels experience more regime instability. Moreover, until they reach some income threshold, at any time such countries are less likely to be democratic than countries that first enter democracy when they have higher incomes. Hence, paradoxically, the resistance of European monarchies against democracy resulted in democracies that were more stable than those following post-independence attempts in Latin America.

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Berry, Albert. "The Income Distribution Threat in Latin America." Latin American Research Review 32, no. 2 (1997): 3–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100037833.

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Most of the Latin American countries that have introduced market-friendly economic reforms during the course of the last two decades have also suffered serious increases in inequality. The systematic coincidence in timing of the two events suggests that the reforms have been one cause of the worsening distribution. The generalization that major increases in inequality have occurred in many Latin American countries over the last two decades is now widely accepted (Altimir 1994; Morley 1995). This article will add new information for a few countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador). Its main focus, however, is the possible causes of those increases, a complicated question because so many different currents have affected the region over this period—the economic crisis, the policy reforms, technological change, shifts in terms of trade, and still others. Samuel Morley (1995) and others have argued that much of the observed increase in inequality was related to the economic crises suffered by nearly every country in the region. This interpretation might suggest that the optimists who predicted positive distributional outcomes from the reforms (such as Krueger 1988) will eventually be vindicated, once the negative effects of the crises have played themselves out. Although I agree that this factor played a significant role, the fact that inequality appears to be significantly higher after the crisis than before (Altimir 1994) implies that other contributing factors were also at work. Of these, the reforms are suspect because of their content and implicated by the coincidences in timing with the increases.

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Baer, Werner, and William Maloney. "Neoliberalism and income distribution in Latin America." World Development 25, no. 3 (March 1997): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(96)00116-7.

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Bourguignon, François. "Appraising income inequality databases in Latin America." Journal of Economic Inequality 13, no. 4 (August 20, 2015): 557–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10888-015-9304-4.

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De Venanzi, Augusto. "Can Latin America learn from India’s efforts at fighting poverty? The case of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 36, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ics.2020.3.

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AbstractA decade of high economic growth (2003–2013) in Latin America accompanied with high social spending, produced a significant improvement in the living conditions of the region’s population. Household incomes grew, poverty and inequality rates fell, and job opportunities increased. However, beginning in 2013 the economic situation of Latin America experienced a downwards trend. The effects have been felt in reduced income due to the fewer labour opportunities afforded by a decrease in demand and investment, particularly in infrastructure. Moreover, investment in infrastructure has remained stagnant since the late 1990s. The present article is intended as a preliminary study regarding the feasibility of transferring the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act to the Latin American region. The paper contends that such a policy transfer could greatly improve the adverse employment conditions affecting large segments of the Latin American rural workforce and contribute to bridge the area’s rural-urban infrastructure gap.

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Holland, Alisha C. "Diminished Expectations." World Politics 70, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 555–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887118000096.

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In Latin America, the relationship between income and support for redistribution is weak and variable despite the region's extreme income inequality. This article shows that this condition is rooted in the truncated structure of many Latin American welfare states. Heavy spending on contributory social insurance for formal-sector workers, flat or regressive subsidies, and informal access barriers mean that social spending does far less for the poor in Latin America than it does in advanced industrial economies. Using public opinion data from across Latin America and original survey data from Colombia, the author demonstrates that income is less predictive of attitudes in the countries and social policy areas in which the poor gain less from social expenditures. Social policy exclusion leads the poor to doubt that they will benefit from redistribution, thereby dampening their support for it. The article reverses an assumption in political economy models that welfare exclusion unleashes demands for greater redistribution. Instead, truncation reinforces skepticism about social policy helping the poor. Welfare state reforms to promote social inclusion are essential to strengthen redistributive coalitions.

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Badaracco, Nicolás, Leonardo Gasparini, and Mariana Marchionni. "Distributive Implications of Fertility Changes in Latin America." International Journal of Population Research 2016 (June 30, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8717265.

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Fertility rates significantly fell over the last decades in Latin America. In order to assess the extent to which these changes contributed to the observed reduction in income poverty and inequality, we apply microeconometric decomposition to microdata from national household surveys from seven Latin American countries. We find that changes in fertility rates were associated with a nonnegligible reduction in inequality and poverty in the region. The main channel was straightforward: lower fertility implied smaller families and hence larger per capita incomes. Lower fertility also fostered labor force participation, especially among women, which contributed to the reduction of poverty and inequality in most countries, although the size of this effect was smaller.

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BAER, WERNER, and WILLIAM MALONEY. "Neoliberalismo e distribuição de renda na América Latina." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 17, no. 3 (September 1997): 358–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571997-0901.

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RESUMO Este artigo analisa as principais medidas de política neoliberal instituídas na América Latina na última década e seu impacto sobre a equidade. Ele primeiro enfatiza a dificuldade de separar o impacto das medidas de liberalização dos ajustes fiscais necessários da década de 1980, e seus efeitos de transição versus longo prazo, e então coloca os movimentos observados na distribuição em um contexto global e histórico. A segunda parte coloca várias inovações dos regimes neoliberais em perspectiva histórica e argumenta que seu impacto geral provavelmente não será regressivo e que os regimes anteriores provavelmente não foram especialmente progressivos. A longo prazo, a evolução dos mercados de fatores provavelmente será de importância primordial - o lado da demanda, impulsionado pelo crescimento industrial reorientado e a crescente importância do setor de serviços, interagindo com a oferta relativa de mão de obra qualificada e não qualificada - provavelmente será de importância primordial na determinação da evolução da distribuição do rendimento.

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Zschock, Dieter K. "Medical Care Under Social Insurance in Latin America." Latin American Research Review 21, no. 1 (1986): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100021889.

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Social insurance entitlements represent one of the more controversial aspects of social sector development in Latin America. The most comprehensive critique of social security views the system's coverage and organization as a reflection of the region's social stratification (Mesa-Lago 1978). According to this view, power groups in public administration, private industry, and labor unions exercise control over the organization and financing of sickness, invalidity, and pension funds, and they seek to restrict benefits to their respective memberships. The noninsured lack market power and political organization because of their low levels of human resources development and lack of social cohesion. Mesa-Lago's critique may be more justified for the lower-income than for the higher-income countries in Latin America, however, at least regarding medical care, which is the system's largest single entitlement program in most Latin American countries.

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Silva, Maria Ozanira da Silva e. "PANORAMA GERAL DOS PROGRAMAS DE TRANSFERÊNCIA DE RENDA NA AMÉRICA LATINA E CARIBE." Revista Políticas Públicas 18 (August 5, 2014): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v18nep299-306.

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O artigo, referenciado em estudo exploratório, tem como objetivo contextualizar e traçar um panorama geral dos Programas de Transferência de Renda (PTRC) em implementação na América Latina e Caribe. Desenvolvendo uma problematização geral sobre esses programas, procura-se indicar traços fundamentais, destacando contribuições e fragilidades estruturais para o alcance do objetivo central que é o enfrentamento da pobreza e da extrema pobreza. Abusca de informações foi centrada nos sites dos programas e em alguns documentos, permitindo destacar a importância desses programas no campo da proteção social não contributiva no âmbito das políticas sociais no Continente.Palavras-chave: Pobreza, Programas de Transferência de Renda, América Latina e Caribe.OVERVIEW OF INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS IN LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEANAbstract: The article, based on a survey, has as objective to contextualize and to draft a general view about the Conditioned Income Transfer Programs (PTRC) in implementation in Latin America and Caribbean. In order to develop a general problematization about those programs, it was pointed out its main traces, highlighting its structural contribution andweakness to meet the central objective that is to fight poverty and extreme poverty. The search of information was in the sites and some documents, allowing stand out the importance of those programs in the field of the non contributive social protection in the ambit of the social policies in the Continent.Keywords: Poverty, Income Transfer Programs, Latin America and Caribbean.

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Goñi, Edwin, J. Humberto López, and Luis Servén. "Fiscal Redistribution and Income Inequality in Latin America." World Development 39, no. 9 (September 2011): 1558–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.025.

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Gasparini, Leonardo, Guillermo Cruces, and Leopoldo Tornarolli. "Recent Trends in Income Inequality in Latin America." Economía 11, no. 2 (2011): 147–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eco.2011.0002.

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King, Alan, and Carlyn Ramlogan-Dobson. "International income convergence: Is Latin America actually different?" Economic Modelling 49 (September 2015): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.04.008.

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de Boyrie, Maria E., and Mordechai Kreinin. "Regional Integration in Latin America." Global Economy Journal 16, no. 2 (May 11, 2016): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2015-0066.

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This paper assesses the welfare effects of integration in Latin America. It estimates trade creation and diversion of: 1) integration of the four Mercosur countries (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) and 2) amalgamation of Mercosur with the Andean group (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). The method used to proxy trade creation is the change in total imports of a country from before to after integration, while trade diversion is proxied by the change in the country’s external imports between the two periods. A “control country” approach is used to hold constant the effects on imports of factors other than integration, such as income and price changes. With some exceptions Latin American integration was found beneficial to welfare in that trade creation exceeded trade diversion.

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Weisbrot, Mark. "Changes in Latin America: Consequences for Human Development." International Journal of Health Services 37, no. 3 (July 2007): 477–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6354-0925-44w2-5g72.

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This article looks at Latin America's political shift over the last several years. The author argues that these changes have largely been misunderstood and underestimated in the United States for a number of reasons. First, Latin America's unprecedented growth failure over the past 25 years is a major cause of these political changes and has not been well-understood. Second, the collapse of the International Monetary Fund's influence in Latin America, and in middle-income countries, is an epoch-making change. Third, the availability of alternative sources of finance, especially from the reserves of the Venezuelan government, has become very important. Finally, the increasing assertion of national control over natural resources is an important part of the new relationship between Latin America and the United States. For these and other reasons, the relationship between Latin America and the United States has undergone a fundamental and possibly irreversible change, and one that opens the way to new and mostly more successful economic policies.

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Silva, Maria Ozanira da Silva e., and Mónica De Martino Bermúdez. "OS PROGRAMAS DE TRANSFERÊNCIA DE RENDA CONDICIONADA (PTRC) NA AMÉRICA LATINA: caracterizando, problematizando e construindo uma proposta de estudo comparado." Revista Políticas Públicas 18 (August 5, 2014): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v18nep307-311.

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O artigo, referenciado em levantamento bibliográfico e documental e em estudo exploratório sobre os Programas de Transferência de Renda Condicionada (PTRC), em implementação na América Latina e no Caribe, contextualiza e destaca a importância desses programas no campo da proteção social não contributiva. Apresenta proposta de um estudocomparado entre três programas, dos mais significativos no Continente. Indica elementos teórico-metodológicos para orientar e aprofundar o conhecimento da proteção social, considerando a prevalência dos PTRC no âmbito das políticas sociais na América Latina.Palavras-chave: Programas de Transferência de Renda Condicionada, estudo comparado, América Latina.CONDITIONED INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS (PTRC) IN LATIN AMERICA: featuring, questioning and constructing a proposal of comparative studyAbstract: The article is based on a bibliographic and documental research and on a survey about the Conditioned Income Transfer Programs (PTRC), in implementation in Latin America and Caribbean. It presents the context and highlights the importance of those programs in the field of the non contributive social protection. The article presents a researchproposal to develop a comparative study among three programs, the most important in the Continent. It also points out the theoretical and methodological aspects to guide and to deep the knowledge about social protection, considering the prevalence of the PTRC in the ambit of the social policies in Latin America.Keywords: Conditioned Income Transfer Programs, compared research, Latin America

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Garcia, Catherine, and Maria P. Aranda. "AGING IN LATIN AMERICA: A FOCUS ON MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S787—S788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2899.

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Abstract Population aging is occurring rapidly across Latin America, a region that includes some of the world’s most racially, ethnically, and culturally diverse populations. Aging in this region is occurring in a context of high levels of poverty and income inequality, which has implications for disease risk, cognitive health, and overall well-being. This symposium focuses on Mexico and Colombia, two of Latin America’s largest middle-income countries, which have recently undergone rapid epidemiological and demographic transitions. The papers in this symposium examine a variety of health dimensions among older Latinos that include physiological functioning, cognition, and psychological and physical well-being. García uses the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine biomarkers known to predict health risk among Mexican-origin populations: Mexico-born living in Mexico, Mexico-born living in the U.S., and U.S.-born Mexican-Americans. Saenz examines the importance of education on late-life cognitive ability among Mexicans using data from the MHAS Cognitive Aging Ancillary Study. Using data from the Colombian Survey of Health, Well-Being, and Aging (SABE-Colombia), Ailshire examines variation in biological risk across key subgroups of the population. Osuna uses data from the Colombian National Quality of Life Survey (ENCV) to determine if social and economic inequalities are reflected in unequal health and well-being among older adults. Results highlight which Latin American populations have increased risk for poorer health, which merit further research and policy attention. The findings highlight the importance of understanding health and well-being in the rapidly growing older adult populations of Latin America.

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Soto-Perez-de-Celis, Enrique, Yanin Chavarri-Guerra, Tania Pastrana, Rossana Ruiz-Mendoza, Alexandra Bukowski, and Paul E. Goss. "End-of-Life Care in Latin America." Journal of Global Oncology 3, no. 3 (June 2017): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.005579.

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Cancer has become a global pandemic with disproportionately higher mortality rates in low- and middle- income countries, where a large fraction of patients present in advanced stages and in need of end-of-life care. Globally, the number of adults needing end-of-life care is greater than 19 million, and up to 78% of these patients are living in low- and middle- income countries. In the Americas alone, more than one million people are in need of end-of-life care, placing an enormous burden on local health systems, which are often unprepared to meet the challenge presented by this complex patient population. In Latin America, cancer care is characterized by the presence of vast inequalities between and within countries, and the provision of end-of-life care is no exception. Disparities in access to advanced care planning, with a lack of provision of adequate palliative care and pain medication, are common in the region. These shortcomings are related in large part to inadequate or inappropriate legislation, lack of comprehensive national palliative care plans, insufficient infrastructure, lack of opportunities for clinical training, unreliable reporting of data, and cultural barriers. This report reviews the current status of end-of-life care in Latin America, focusing on identifying existing deficiencies and providing a framework for improvement.

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PRADOS DE LA ESCOSURA, LEANDRO. "Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America." Journal of Latin American Studies 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 279–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x09005574.

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AbstractIn this paper the economic performance of post-independence Latin America is assessed in comparative perspective. The release from the colonial fiscal burden was partly offset by higher costs of self-government, while the opening of independent Latin American countries to the international economy represented a handmaiden of growth. Regional disparities increased after independence, so generalisations about the region's long-run behaviour are not straightforward. However, on average, per capita income grew in Latin America, and although the region fell behind compared with the United States and Western Europe, it improved or maintained its position relative to the rest of the world. Thus the term ‘lost decades’ appears an unwarranted depiction of the period between 1820 and 1870.

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Basnet, Hem C., and Kamal P. Upadhyaya. "Do Remittances Attract Foreign Direct Investment? An Empirical Investigation." Global Economy Journal 14, no. 1 (February 22, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0052.

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Remittances are a major source of household income in many Asian, African, and Latin American countries. Households spend a significant portion of remittances on health and education. Given that human capital is one of the primary determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, this study develops a model in which remittances are one of several determinants of the observed variation in FDI. The model is estimated using data from a group of 35 middle-income countries from Latin America, Asia–Pacific, and Africa. The estimated results ascribe no significance to remittances in explaining cross-country variation in FDI. However, geographically-disaggregated estimated results do establish a positive effect for African countries, no significant effect for Latin American countries, and a negative effect for the Asia–Pacific region.

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Queiroz, Bernardo Lanza. "Public pensions, economic development, and the labor force participation of older adults in Latin America in 1990–2010." International Journal of Population Studies 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.2017.01.008.

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This paper investigates the coverage of public pension programs in Latin America and discusses the relation between economic development, the existence of public pension programs, and elderly labor force participation. The paper presents stylized facts about the labor force by age and the connection between economic development and labor supply using aggregated data from 23 Latin American countries. The second part of the paper uses regression models to investigate the effects of economic development and social security system on the labor force participation of the older adults in 23 Latin American countries over the period 1990–2010. The results show that in lower income Latin American countries, most men remained in the labor force until age 65 or beyond and that with economic development and related changes, the labor force participation of older men, even those aged 55–59, starts to decline. Overall, the paper provides some insight on the evolution of labor supply patterns in less developed economies with rising income, changes in population age structure, shifts in occupational composition, and development in public pension programs.

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Ocampo, José Antonio. "Income distribution, poverty and social expenditure in Latin America." CEPAL Review 1998, no. 65 (October 13, 1998): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/75ddfca5-en.

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Yi, Sang-Hyun. "Social Policy and Universal Basic Income in Latin America." Journal of International Area Studies 25, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18327/jias.2021.7.25.3.221.

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CIMOLI, MARIO, GABRIEL PORCILE, ANTONIO MARTINS NETO, and FERNANDO SOSSDORF. "Productivity, social expenditure and income distribution in Latin America." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 37, no. 4 (December 2017): 660–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572017v37n04a01.

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ABSTRACT This paper discusses the role of institutions and structural change in shaping income inequality. It is argued that while social expenditure and direct redistribution are crucial for improving income distribution, sustainable equality requires structural change. The relative importance of these variables in different countries is analyzed and a typology suggested. It is argued that the most equal countries in the world combine strong institutions in favor of redistribution and knowledge-intensive production structures that sustain growth and employment in the long run. Both institutions and the production structure in Latin America fail to foster equality and this explains its extremely high levels of inequality. The paper presents empirical evidence that supports this view, based on a sample of developed and developing countries for the period 1990-2010. Institutions for redistribution are captured through social expenditures as a percentage of GDP, while the role of structural change is captured by indicators of the technological intensity of production and the evolution of labor productivity. The technological intensity of the production structure is proxied through two indicators, the Economic Complexity Index and the ECLAC Index of Technological Intensity.

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Mikek, Peter. "Does Financial Development Improve Income Inequality in Latin America?" Advances in Economics and Business 8, no. 5 (September 2020): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/aeb.2020.080504.

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Gaviria, Alejandro. "Household Responses to Adverse Income Shocks in Latin America." Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad, no. 49 (March 2002): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.13043/dys.49.3.

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Altimir, Oscar. "INCOME DISTRIBUTION STATISTICS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THEIR RELIABILITY." Review of Income and Wealth 33, no. 2 (June 1987): 111–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1987.tb00667.x.

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Amarante, Verónica. "Income Inequality in Latin America: A Factor Component Analysis." Review of Income and Wealth 62, S1 (May 20, 2016): S4—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12236.

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Reimers, Fernando. "Educational opportunities for low-income families in Latin America." Prospects 29, no. 4 (December 1999): 535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02736903.

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Amarante, Verónica. "Income Inequality in Latin America: Data Challenges and Availability." Social Indicators Research 119, no. 3 (January 21, 2014): 1467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0564-8.

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Ramos, Joseph R. "Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: A Neostructural Perspective." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 38, no. 2-3 (1996): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166365.

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Two facts stand out from even the most cursory inspection of income distribution data in Latin America. First, income is highly concentrated, making the region one of the most unequal in the world. Second, despite the fact that the region has now reached an intermediate position among the world's nations in terms of per capita income (some US$2,000 per year on average), a level which, by historical standards, would presuppose a more equitable distribution of income, this has not happened. In fact, the distribution of income in Latin America has become, if anything, more highly skewed than ever. The question then is: why is this so? The explanation forms the heart of this paper. Precisely because neither of these statements would hold if the countries to which they apply were either “average” or “well-behaved,” the explanation thatfollows assumesa “neostructuralist perspective” (Lustig, 1991) — i.e., one that ascribes causality to a number of regional charactristics related to its history and the interaction among its factor, cultural, and institutional endowments.

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Arza, Camila. "Cash transfers for families and children in Argentina, Brazil and Chile: segmented expansion or universal benefits?" Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 34, no. 1 (February 2018): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1415218.

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AbstractOver the past two decades, most Latin American countries have developed cash transfer programmes for poor and low income families not covered by the social security system. These programmes now benefit about 127 million people throughout Latin America and in some countries they include more children than the family allowances of the social insurance system. How have these innovations changed the structure of child benefits in Latin America? This article discusses this issue by looking at the experiences of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. In these three countries, a wide-ranging programme of non-contributory cash transfers for low income families now operates alongside a pre-existing scheme of family allowances for formal sector workers. This has contributed to expand coverage of cash benefits for families and children, while at the same time keeping a segmented benefit structure. In contrast, a universal child benefit could overcome this segmentation and guarantee equal rights to all children.

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Bengoa, Marta, Blanca Sanchez-Robles, and Yochanan Shachmurove. "Do Trade and Investment Agreements Promote Foreign Direct Investment within Latin America? Evidence from a Structural Gravity Model." Mathematics 8, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8111882.

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Latin America has experienced a surge in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the last two decades, in parallel with the ratification of major regional trade agreements (RTAs) and bilateral investment treaties (BITs). This paper uses the latest developments in the structural gravity model theory to study if the co-existence of BITs and two major regional agreements, Mercosur and the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), exerts enhancing or overlapping effects on FDI for eleven countries in Latin America over the period 1995–2018. The study is novel as it accounts for variations in the degree of investment protection across BITs within Latin America by computing a quality index of BITs. It also explores the nature of interactions (enhancing/overlapping effects) between RTAs and BITs. The findings reveal that belonging to a well-established regional trade agreement, such as Mercosur, is significantly more effective than BITs in fostering intra-regional FDI. Phasing-in effects are large and significant and there is evidence of enhancing effects. Results within the bloc are heterogeneous: BITs exert a positive, but small effect, for middle income countries. However, BITs are not effective in attracting FDI in the case of middle to low income countries, unless these countries ratify BITs with a high degree of investment protection.

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Liebermann, Erica J., Nancy VanDevanter, Marilyn J. Hammer, and Mei R. Fu. "Social and Cultural Barriers to Women’s Participation in Pap Smear Screening Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Latin American and Caribbean Countries: An Integrative Review." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 29, no. 6 (January 24, 2018): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659618755424.

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Purpose: Pap smear screening programs have been ineffective in reducing cervical cancer mortality in most Latin American and Caribbean countries, in part due to low screening rates. The purpose of this review was to analyze recent studies to identify demographic, social, and cultural factors influencing women’s participation in Pap screening programs in Latin America and the Caribbean. Design/Method: For this integrative review, cervical cancer screening in Latin America and the Caribbean was searched using PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases. Findings/Results: Demographic barriers to screening were socioeconomic status, education, race/ethnicity, and geography. Social barriers included lack of uniformity in screening guidelines, lack of knowledge regarding cervical cancer, and lack of preventive culture. Cultural barriers were fear/embarrassment and gender roles. Conclusions: There are multilevel barriers to Pap smear utilization among women in Latin America and the Caribbean. Implications for Practice: Findings highlight a need for health system engagement, promotion of preventive care, and community-generated educational programs and solutions.

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Clifton, Judith, Daniel Díaz-Fuentes, and Julio Revuelta. "Falling Inequality in Latin America: The Role of Fiscal Policy." Journal of Latin American Studies 52, no. 2 (May 2020): 317–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x20000334.

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AbstractLatin America is one of the world's only regions to have witnessed a fall in income inequality during the 2000s. This paper evaluates the role fiscal policy played in this change. Recent scholarship has examined this in individual countries; lacking is a regional perspective. We examine the effects of nine fiscal instruments on income inequality in 17 countries between 1990 and 2014. Fiscal policy had a positive – albeit small – effect in reducing income inequality, especially from 2003, working best at the urban level. Public spending on education, personal income taxes and social contributions were especially instrumental in reducing income inequality.

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Montecino, Juan Antonio. "Decreasing Inequality under Latin America's “Social Democratic” and “Populist” Governments: Is the Difference Real?" International Journal of Health Services 42, no. 2 (April 2012): 257–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.42.2.g.

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The article addresses the claim that the “left populist” governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela failed to effectively reduce inequality in the 2000s. The author examines the econometric evidence presented by McLeod and Lustig (2011) that the “social democratic” governments of Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay were more successful and shows that McLeod and Lustig's results are highly sensitive to their use of data from the Socioeconomic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (SEDLAC). Conducting the same analysis using inequality data from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) suggests the exactly opposite conclusion. The contrast between the results obtained using SEDLAC and ECLAC data suggests that the choice of inequality data source is not immaterial and that the difference is probably driven by how the two sources handle the underreporting of income in household surveys. The key difference between SEDLAC and ECLAC data is that the latter correct for the underreporting of income while the former do not. Absent reasonable criteria for choosing between the two datasets, the author suggests that any econometric results pertaining to Latin American income inequality should prove robust to both data sources.

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Leterme, Pascal, and L. Carmenza Muũoz. "Factors influencing pulse consumption in Latin America." British Journal of Nutrition 88, S3 (December 2002): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn/2002714.

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In Latin America, pulse consumption ranges from 1 kg/capita per year (Argentina) to 25 kg/capita per year (Nicaragua). Common beans account for 87% of the total. The differences between countries, regions or groups of population within the same country can be explained by the following factors: (1) beans are very nutritious; (2) beans and maize are traditional foods and the habit of consuming them is deeply rooted in many people and communities; (3) the rural population eats more pulses than the urban population, due to geographical constraints that limit exchanges and favour consumption of locally produced foods; (4) income level, beans are still the poor man's meat; and (5) other factors, such as consumers' taste, the constraints on cooking beans, etc. The evolution of the consumption level in the future will depend on the urbanization of the population, access to processed foods and income level. Health issues would be an argument for maintaining or increasing the current consumption level.

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Camacho-Leon, Genesis, Marco Faytong-Haro, Keila Carrera, Marlyn Molero, Franhe Melean, Yuliana Reyes, Hans Mautong, Ivonne De La Hoz, and Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda. "A Narrative Review of Telemedicine in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Healthcare 10, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081361.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic greatly impacted traditional health structures, posing new challenges in an unprecedented health crisis. Telemedicine services were implemented in countries with robust digital platforms to reduce hospital attendance while continuing to provide medical care. This study aims to determine how telemedicine services have been used as a tool to ensure the right to health in Latin America during the pandemic. Materials and methods: We conducted a narrative review in which words such as telemedicine, COVID-19, Latin America, access, and right to health, were searched on scientific medical datasets such as PubMed and SciELO. Additionally, we reviewed legislation in the Latin American health domain regarding the administration and transmission of digital data. Results and conclusions: Several countries have used telemedicine to reduce the saturation of healthcare systems and increase patient access. Issues such as broadband access for low-income populations and adequate legal regulations for transmitting and storing confidential data must be addressed to improve telemedicine use in Latin America.

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ARZA, CAMILA. "Pension Reform in Latin America: Distributional Principles, Inequalities and Alternative Policy Options." Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no. 1 (February 2008): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x07003616.

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AbstractDuring the 1990s a wave of major structural reforms that changed the distributional principles underpinning pension policies spread across Latin America. Outcomes were not always as expected. The implementation of new pension rules in the socio-economic, political and institutional context of Latin America has resulted in a number of inequalities which affect pension system performance and the gains that different income groups and generations may obtain. In order to overcome the distributional drawbacks of reform, Latin American governments may need to afford a new role to non-contributive pensions, as well as consider the application of specific regulatory adjustments to reduce the risks and inequalities involved in the private pillar. Cross-border policy learning may provide useful tools to achieve these aims.

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Apella, Ignacio. "Demographic Dividends and Economic Growth in Latin America." Económica 67 (December 29, 2021): 020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/18521649e020.

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The objective of this paper is to analyze the possibility of a low and middle-income trap for the Latin American countries due to demographic changes. Based on the use of a panel data from 16 countries during the period from 1970 to 2014, it is identified that the growth of GDP per capita is related with the first demographic dividend. However, given the dynamics of the fertility rate, we identify a latent risk of low and middle-income trap equilibrium in the long term unless there is an increase in the saving rate, investment and, therefore, the long-term productivity.

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Umezurike, Ikenna Samuel, and Ibraheem Salisu Adam. "The Latin American and Nigerian Conditional Cash Transfer Experience: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i3.16142.

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Despite the recent economic growth in Nigeria, poverty remains a social problem. One of the strategies employed by the Nigerian government and some development partners towards solving this problem is the deployment of social protection instruments, such as Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs), which aim at stemming the tide of poverty and vulnerability. This study uses the secondary research method to examine the extent to which the Latin American CCT model influenced the design and operation of the Nigerian CCT programme. The policy diffusion model adopted for the study posits that the success of CCT programmes in Latin America has stimulated its extension to many developing countries outside the region. The findings from the review of selected literature explain the rationale for CCTs as short-term poverty reduction and long-term human capital development. Admittedly, a nexus exists between the Latin American and Nigerian strategies. Yet the study concludes that the Latin American model cannot adequately serve as a blueprint for the Nigeria strategy, given that underlying conditions in upper middle-income Latin American countries are clearly different from those present in low income or lower middle-income African countries like Nigeria. The study recommends urgent implementation of the National Social Protection Policy; a review of the current CCT programme in Nigeria every two years and extensive research into social protection strategies.

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Helwege, Ann. "Poverty in Latin America: Back to the Abyss?" Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 37, no. 3 (1995): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166334.

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During the early 1990s, many Latin American countries enjoyed exceptionally strong economic growth, which has been credited with making possible substantial reductions in their rates of poverty. However, the collapse of capital flows to Latin America that began in 1995 portends a decline in the region's economic growth. If these countries now register growth rates that are only modestly positive (on the order of 1-3%), the question then arises as to whether this progress in overcoming poverty is bound to stall.Despite new rhetoric to the contrary, Latin Americans have relied on growth almost exclusively as the way to overcome poverty. The distribution of income has changed very little over the past decade and, where change did occur, in many cases it has been for the worse.

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Stambler, Bruce, and Fernando Scazzuso. "Targeting stroke risk and improving outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation in Latin America." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 134, no. 6 (December 2016): 534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2015.0222110716.

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ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: To examine stroke risk factors, including atrial fibrillation, management and prevention, and stroke outcomes across Latin America. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review conducted at Piedmont Heart Institute, United States. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for stroke AND "Latin America" AND epidemiology (between January 2009 and March 2015). Further studies in the SciELO, World Health Organization and Pan-American Health Organization databases were used to address specific points. RESULTS: Countries categorized as low or middle-income nations by the World Bank, which includes most of Latin America, account for two-thirds of all strokes. Globally, fewer than half of patients (median treatment level: 43.9%) with atrial fibrillation receive adequate anticoagulation to reduce stroke risk, which correlates with data from Latin America, where 46% of outpatients did not receive guideline-compliant anticoagulation, ranging from 41.8% in Brazil to 54.8% in Colombia. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibrillation-related stroke carries a heavy burden. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anti-coagulants provide options for reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation-related stroke. However, cost-effectiveness comparisons with warfarin are warranted before observational health-economics study results can be applied clinically. Initiatives to remedy inequalities and improve access to care across Latin America should accompany risk factor modification and guideline-based prevention.

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Guillén R., Arturo. "Die Notwendigkeit einer alternativen Entwicklungsstrategie." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 36, no. 142 (March 1, 2006): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v36i142.573.

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Furtado was one of the most important economic thinkers of Latin America. Together with Raul Prebisch he was the founder of Latin American Structuralism in developmental theory. In this article, Furtados approach is discussed in view for an economic model alternative to the neoliberal one. Three main points are emphasized: income distribution and its implication for the development of capitalism, the tendency increasing external debts, and the role of monetary and currency politics.

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Reynolds, Lloyd G. "Some Sources of Income Inequality in Latín America." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 38, no. 2-3 (1996): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166359.

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AbstractThis paper considers the deep-seated roots of income inequality in the structure of Latin American economics. These include unequal distribution of land ownership, the “Kuznets effect” of rapid industrialization, regressive tax systems, and failure of governments to pursue aggressively income equalization policies. While examples are drawn from the experience of Brazil and Mexico, similar conclusions hold for other countries of the region.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Income, latin america'

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