Journal articles: 'Incomes policy'

1

Kessler, Sid. "Incomes Policy." British Journal of Industrial Relations 32, no. 2 (1994): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.1994.tb01040.x.

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Peterson, Wallace C. "Incomes and Policy." Journal of Economic Issues 20, no. 4 (1986): 1151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1986.11504585.

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Sardoni, Claudio. "Incomes policy: Two approaches." European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention 8, no. 1 (2011): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2011.01.11.

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BROWN, WILLIAM. "INCOMES POLICY AND PAY DIFFERENTIALS." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 38, no. 1 (2009): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1976.mp38001003.x.

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CLOETE, J. J. "A Role for Incomes Policy." South African Journal of Economics 55, no. 3 (1987): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1987.tb00166.x.

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Evans, Robert. "Lessons from Japan’s Incomes Policy." Challenge 27, no. 6 (1985): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1985.11470973.

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Perlo, Victor. "Losses of U.S. Workers in 1992." International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 4 (1994): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hwg8-vt2v-wpcg-nagr.

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The 1992 Census Bureau Annual Reports on incomes and poverty reveal startling increases in the numbers of people living in poverty and reductions in median family incomes and per capita incomes. The losses of African-Americans and Hispanics were the most severe. The economic “recovery” of 1992 was limited to profits of the capitalist class: the incomes of the top 5 percent rose from 1991 to 1992; the remaining 95 percent experienced declines in real income.

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Nakada, Minoru. "Distance to hazard: an environmental policy with income heterogeneity." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 1 (2016): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x16000231.

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AbstractThis study examines whether voting by individuals of different income levels affects the stringency of environmental policy if their residential proximity to a pollution source is considered. A location model with heterogeneous agents is extended to include a single environmentally hazardous site at the edge of a linear city and the degree of damage from pollution is assumed to depend on the distance from this emissions site. The analysis demonstrates through majority voting that the equilibrium emissions tax rate is higher when the income level of the median voter is lower, because residents with low incomes reside near the hazardous site and thus benefit more from pollution abatement than residents with higher incomes.

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HIRST, PAUL, and JONATHAN ZEITLIN. "AN INCOMES POLICY FOR SUSTAINED RECOVERY." Political Quarterly 64, no. 1 (1993): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923x.1993.tb00314.x.

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GRUEN, F. H. "Australian Government Policy on Retirement Incomes." Economic Record 61, no. 3 (1985): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1985.tb02016.x.

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ROBINSON, DEREK. "LOW PAID WORKERS AND INCOMES POLICY." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 29, no. 1 (2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1967.mp29001001.x.

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12

Lilwall, N. B. "Farm incomes, wealth and agricultural policy." Agricultural Systems 35, no. 4 (1991): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(91)90123-r.

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Edwards, Chris. "Farm incomes, wealth and agricultural policy." Journal of Rural Studies 6, no. 4 (1990): 446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(90)90062-d.

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Chew, Rosalind. "A Review Article on Incomes Policy Based on the Book Incomes Policy by Anne Romanis Braun." Asian Economic Journal 6, no. 1 (1992): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.1992.tb00083.x.

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Nelson, Rohan, Philip Kokic, and Holger Meinke. "From rainfall to farm incomes—transforming advice for Australian drought policy. II. Forecasting farm incomes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 10 (2007): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06195.

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Australian drought policy is focussed on providing relief from the immediate effects of drought on farm incomes, while enhancing the longer term resilience of rural livelihoods. Despite the socioeconomic nature of these objectives, the information systems created to support the policy have focussed almost exclusively on biophysical measures of climate variability and its effects on agricultural production. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of bioeconomic modelling to overcome the moral hazard and timing issues that have led to the dominance of these biophysical measures. The Agricultural Farm Income Risk Model (AgFIRM), developed and tested in a companion paper, is used to provide objective, model-based forecasts of annual farm incomes at the beginning of the financial year (July–June). The model was then used to relate climate-induced income variability to the diversity of farm income sources, a practical measure of adaptive capacity that can be positively influenced by policy. Three timeless philosophical arguments are used to discuss the policy relevance of the bioeconomic modelling. These arguments are used to compare the value to decision makers of relatively imprecise, integrative information, with relatively precise, reductionist measures. We conclude that the evolution of bioeconomic modelling systems provides an opportunity to refocus the analytical support for Australian drought policy towards the rural livelihood effects that matter most to governments and rural communities.

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Iqbal, Muzaffar, and Munir Ahmad. "An Assessment of Livestock Production Potential in Pakistan: Implications for Livestock Sector Policy." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (1999): 615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.615-628.

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About two third of the farming community in Pakistan consists of small farmers who are characterised by small land holdings (less than 5 hectares) and by several factors that influence their productive potential and income generating capacity [Pakistan (1998)]. Livestock farming is an integral part of rural smallholders and has a vast untapped potential for productivity increase and income generation. Livestock holdings by the small farmers constitute a significant portion of the farm incomes. Small farmers and landless livestock producers derive around 10-25 percent of their incomes from this sub-sector........

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El Benni, N., R. Finger, S. Mann, and B. Lehmann. "The distributional effects of agricultural policy reforms in Switzerland." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 11 (2012): 497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/215/2011-agricecon.

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This paper analyses the effects of Swiss agricultural policy reforms and the effects of farm income, off-farm income and direct payments on the distribution of the farm household income. To this end, the farm-level income records from the FADN data for the period 1990&ndash;2009 are used to calculate Gini coefficients and Gini elasticities. Bootstrap sampling procedures are applied to test for significant differences of the estimated parameters over time. The Gini coefficients estimated in our analysis show that the household income inequality in Swiss agriculture only slightly increased from 0.21 to 0.24, but the farm income inequality strongly increased from 0.27 to 0.38 in the considered period. We find furthermore that increasing off-farm incomes and direct payments would decrease the household income inequality. Especially direct payments that support farmers producing under adverse production conditions in the hill and mountain regions have found to be well targeted and thus contribute to the reductions in income inequality in agriculture. &nbsp;

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Chapargina, A. N. "STUDY OF POPULATION INCOMES IN THE MURMANSK REGION: TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 69, no. 3/2020 (2020): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.2.2020.69.011.

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Incomes are an indicator of the population living standard and a source for meeting various needs. The article is devoted to analysis of population incomes in one of the Arctic regions of Russia —the Murmansk region. For the region, the problem of increasing population incomes is especially acute due to harsh natural and climatic conditions and high living cost. The paper aims to analyze, systematize and evaluate the specifics of the formation, levels and dynamics, as well as differentiation of population incomes in the Murmanskregion in 2000–2019, to identify trends in incomes, as well as determinants influencing incomes formation in this Arctic region. The study was based on the methods of analysis and synthesis of statistical information, grouping, generalization and comparison. The analysis of relevant statistical data made it possible to reveal and compare trends in population incomes both in the Russian Federation and in the Murmansk region over the last two decades. For the country as a whole the main trends include slowing down growth rates of average per capita income, the persisting high level of income differentiation, decrease in share of income received from entrepreneurship and property. The main trends in changing population incomes in the Murmansk region are identified and compared with the Russian ones. It is found that main trends in this region in the studied period are a slowdown in the growth rate of per capita income of the population with lower rates of income growth compared to the national average, decreasein real incomes, a downward trend in the purchasing power of incomes, decrease in poverty and smoothing the degree of population stratification. Also the determinants influencing formation of population incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are identified. First of all these are the effect of regional coefficients and northern allowances and the specific structure of the population's needs. Measures aimed at increasing population incomes and directions for building up a state policy regulatingpopulation incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are formulated. The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study can be used by the regional authorities for developing and correcting the socio-economic policy.

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Ales, Laurence, Musab Kurnaz, and Christopher Sleet. "Technical Change, Wage Inequality, and Taxes." American Economic Review 105, no. 10 (2015): 3061–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140466.

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This paper considers the normative implications of technical change for tax policy design. A task-to-talent assignment model of the labor market is embedded into an optimal tax problem. Technical change modifies equilibrium wage growth across talents and the substitutability of talents across tasks. The overall optimal policy response is to reduce marginal income taxes on low to middle incomes, while raising those on middle to high incomes. The reform favors those in the middle of the income distribution, reducing their average taxes while lowering transfers to those at the bottom. (JEL D31, H21, H23, H24, J31, O33)

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Backhouse, Roger E., and James Forder. "Rationalizing Incomes Policy in Britain, 1948-1979." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 1 (April 2013): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2013-001002.

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Scott, Peter, and James T. Walker. "The Comfortable, the Rich, and the Super-Rich. What Really Happened to Top British Incomes during the First Half of the Twentieth Century?" Journal of Economic History 80, no. 1 (2019): 38–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000767.

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We examine shifts in British income inequality and their causes from 1911–1949. Using newly rediscovered Inland Revenue income distribution estimates, we show that Britain had an unusually high concentration of personal incomes in 1911 compared to other industrial nations. We also find that Britain’s substantial inequality reduction over the next four decades was largely driven by a collapse in top capital incomes. This parallels findings for France, the United States, and other western countries, that reduced inequality was mainly caused by declining top unearned incomes, owing to economic shocks, policy responses, and non-market mechanisms associated with the retreat from globalization.

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Sell, Prof Dr Friedrich L. "Correcting inequality of personal incomes before income taxes and transfers: theoretical underpinnings and competition policy options." Central European Review of Economics and Management 5, no. 2 (2021): 55–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.919.

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Aim: The purpose of this paper is to bring together theory and policy of (personal) income distribution on the one hand and competition policy on the other hand. Design / research: The methods used in this paper cover a brief model set-up, followed by a numerical model-calibration. Thereafter, we present a model simulation and proceed to a Gini decomposition. Herewith, we are able to demonstrate how market imperfections translate into a higher concentration of personal incomes. Conclusions / findings: Our major finding is that only a rigorous competition policy is qualified to not only correct for market imperfections, but also to fight a greater inequality of personal incomes ex-ante. Originality / value of the article: This contribution provides – to our knowledge for the first time – a simultaneous explanation for stagnating, if not falling real wages and a deteriorating development of inequality of personal incomes, as measured by the Gini coefficient ex-ante. The US economy is a case study for this double observation, but many more developed economies may follow in the foreseeable future. Limitations of the research: The implication of the research is that long before government intervenes income distribution via taxes and transfers, competition policy should correct for market imperfections and thereby reduce the inequality of personal incomes. Unfortunately, to this point, we observe a lack of meaningful macroeconomic indicators for market imperfections and hence the possibility to conduct broad econometric studies in this area of investigation.

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Gwartney, James D., and Robert A. Lawson. "THE IMPACT OF TAX POLICY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, AND ALLOCATION OF TAXES." Social Philosophy and Policy 23, no. 2 (2006): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052506060158.

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Using a sample of seventy-seven countries, this paper focuses on marginal tax rates and the income thresholds at which they apply to examine how the tax changes of the 1980s and 1990s have influenced economic growth, the distribution of income, and the share of taxes paid by various income groups. Many countries substantially reduced their highest marginal rates during the 1985-1995 period. The findings indicate that countries that reduced their highest marginal rates grew more rapidly than those that maintained high marginal rates. At the same time, the income distribution in several of the tax cutting countries became more unequal while there was little change or even a reduction in income inequality in most countries that maintained high marginal rates. Finally, the evidence suggests that there was a shift in the payment of the personal income tax away from those with low and middle incomes and toward those with the highest incomes.

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Runowski, Henryk. "THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL INCOME IN EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 5 (2017): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6233.

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The aim of the study was to identify the problems of using different methods of measuring agricultural income and the resulting assessments. The system used by the European Union to measure farmers’ incomes is imperfect. The concept of measuring farm incomes is criticized. There are mentioned, among others no statistics on farm incomes, including both farm income and non-farm income. The Common Agricultural Policy strives to ensure an adequate standard of living for the rural population, i.e. the level of disposable income on the farm. The question is, what is the right level? This is largely determined by the level of social labor productivity attained in agriculture and the income derived from agriculture to the income generated outside of it by occupational groups attaining similar labor productivity. Only in this state makes sense to refer to the need to ensure income parity in agriculture and out of this sector.

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Huber, Evelyne, Jingjing Huo, and John D. Stephens. "Power, policy, and top income shares." Socio-Economic Review 17, no. 2 (2017): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx027.

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Abstract The rise of the super-rich has attracted much political and academic attention in recent years. However, there have been few attempts to explain the cross-national along with the temporal variation in the rise of top incomes. Drawing on the World Wealth and Income Database, we study the income share of the top 1% in current postindustrial democracies from 1960 to 2012. We find that extreme income concentration at the top is a predominantly political phenomenon, not the result of increasing marginal productivity of top managers in markets of increasing size. Top income shares are largely unrelated to economic growth, increased knowledge-intensive production, export competitiveness, financialization and wealth accumulation, though they are related to stock market capitalization. Instead, they are closely associated with political and policy changes such as union density and centralization, secular-right governments, top marginal tax rates and investment in public tertiary education.

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Shetty, S. L. "Neglect of Growing Income and Asset Inequalities: A Flaw in Public Policy Discourses in India." Indian Journal of Human Development 12, no. 2 (2018): 149–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703018790997.

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The article seeks to flag a fundamental flaw in public policies in India, namely, the neglect of growing inequalities in income and asset distributions and their causes and consequences. The article sets out a series of direct and indirect indicators of income and asset inequalities: inter-sectoral inequalities between rural-urban and farm and non-farm incomes, inter-state inequalities, gross inequalities in the distributions of urban incomes as per income-tax revenue statistics and explosive increases in remunerations of company executives. It has been pointed out that both in conception and actual implementation of the “inclusive growth” strategy, serious compromises have been made and inequalities have got worsened. In this respect, the article quotes extensively a comprehensive study done by the World Economic Forum very recently, which points out how India scores very poorly in its Inclusive Development Index (IDI) and attributes it to various policy failures.

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Sonder, Larry. "Book Reviews : Fairness, Collective Bargaining, and Incomes Policy." Journal of Industrial Relations 28, no. 1 (1986): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568602800121.

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Brander, Martien H., Noe Van Hulst, and Hans J. M. A. Mieras. "The myth of incomes policy in the Netherlands." Applied Economics 28, no. 7 (1996): 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368496328353.

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Johnnie, P. B. "NIGERIA'S 1980–1982 INCOMES POLICY — PROBLEMS AND ISSUES." Employee Relations 10, no. 2 (1988): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb055121.

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DOYLE, SUSAN, and JOHN PIGGOTT. "WHICH WAY FORWARD? AUSTRALIA'S POLICY FOR RETIREMENT INCOMES." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 17, no. 2 (1998): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1998.tb00182.x.

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Hoefer, Richard, and James Midgley. "Poverty, Incomes and Social Protection: International Policy Perspectives." Journal of Policy Practice 11, no. 1-2 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15588742.2012.624060.

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Blaas, Wolfgang. "Wage Determination and Incomes Policy in Open Economies." Journal of Economic Issues 22, no. 2 (1988): 630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1988.11504799.

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Zarkovic-Rakic, Jelena, and Marko Vladisavljevic. "Tax reforms and income inequality in former Yugoslav countries: Escaping the avant-garde neoliberalism in the income tax policy." Panoeconomicus 68, no. 2 (2021): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2102231z.

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After the breakup of former Yugoslavia Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia followed different income tax reform trajectories that could explain currently different levels of income inequality in these countries. Our paper analyzes redistributive effects of introducing progressive tax systems, like the ones currently implemented in Slovenia and Croatia, in the Serbian context. Using microsimulation modeling and Survey on Income and Living Conditions data for 2017 our results suggest that implementation of both Croatian and Slovenian tax system would yield lower levels of income inequality and poverty if applied in Serbia. Slovenian system achieves larger decrease in inequality due to higher tax burden on the top incomes and brings significant increase in tax revenues. Croatian tax schedule achieves stronger decrease in poverty as more generous personal allowance exempt higher portions of low incomes from labour taxes.

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Xu, Wendy Yi, Sheldon M. Retchin, Eric E. Seiber, and Yiting Li. "Income-Based Disparities in Financial Burdens of Medical Spending Under the Affordable Care Act in Families With Individuals Having Chronic Conditions." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (January 2019): 004695801987181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019871815.

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This study examined income-based disparities in financial burdens from out-of-pocket (OOP) medical spending among individuals with multiple chronic physical and behavioral conditions, before and after the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) implementation in 2014. Using the 2012-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data, we studied changes in financial burdens experienced by nonelderly U.S. populations. Financial burdens were measured by (1) high financial burden, defined as total OOP medical spending exceeding 10% of annual household income; (2) health care cost-sharing ratio, defined as self-paid payments as a percent of total health care payments, excluding individual contributions to premiums; and (3) the total OOP costs spent on health care utilization. The findings indicated reductions in the proportion of those who experienced a high financial burden, as well as reductions in the OOP costs for some individuals. However, individuals with incomes below 138% federal poverty level (FPL) and those with incomes between 251% and 400% FPL who had multiple physical and/or behavioral chronic conditions experienced large increases in high financial burden after the ACA, relative to those with incomes greater than 400% FPL. While the ACA was associated with relieved medical financial burdens for some individuals, the worsening high financial burden for moderate-income individuals with chronic physical and behavioral conditions is a concern. Policymakers should revisit the cost subsidies for these individuals, with a particular focus on those with chronic conditions.

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Campling, Jo. "Social Policy Digest." Journal of Social Policy 24, no. 3 (1995): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400025198.

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In November, the Secretary of State for Social Security announced that benefits would be uprated in line with inflation in April 1995. However, since 1979, there has been a widening gap between the incomes of poor and wealthier households (94—24/2—1.1). A report from the Social Policy Research Unit (SPRU) highlights government failure to uprate benefits in line with earnings as contributing to this growing inequality. Figures produced by the Government Statistical Service on the estimated take-up of incomerelated benefits for 1992 claim that more than four out of five of those eligible claim some £9 out of £10 of the available cash. The figures for family credit show a steady increase in take-up from 57 per cent of the caseload in 1988–9 to 66 per cent in 1991–2. Income support figures suggest that the take-up is now between 77 and 87 per cent.

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Bennett, Fran. "Social Policy Digest." Journal of Social Policy 25, no. 1 (1996): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400000088.

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A study by the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) found that whilst the income of the poorest tenth of society fell by 18 per cent in real terms between 1979 and 1992 (after housing costs), their expenditure rose by 14 per cent. In a separate report on changes in individuals' incomes over time, the IFS found significant movement in and out of the poorest sections of society between 1991 and 1992. The latest edition ofHouseholds Below Average Incomeshowed that real net income rose by an average of 38 per cent (after housing costs) between 1979 and 1992/93, but fell by 17 per cent for the bottom tenth of the population (24:3/95,1.1). The narrowing of the gap in the north–south divide has halted, but a report on the geography of poverty explores many other divisions between and within areas of the UK. The report of the Commission headed by Lord Dahrendorf called for a new investment strategy and benefits structure, as well as measurement of social and environmental conditions as part of an annual audit of ‘wealth’. Tony Blair, the Labour Party leader, promised a fundamental review of the social security system once in power.

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Hutton, Sandra. "Current and Future Incomes for Older People." Ageing and Society 16, no. 6 (1996): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00020080.

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Income in retirement does not normally feature in national headlines, but scandals such as the misuse of the company pension fund by Robert Maxwell, and the financial advice given to join personal pension schemes have done just that. The ‘demographic time bomb’ has become a media cliché. In this first of two reviews of the incomes and financial circumstances of older people we examine the influence of these headlines and clichés on present and future incomes. To set the scene, the current levels and sources of income for older people are outlined and compared with those of the younger population. The following section describes the trends and changes in pensioners’ incomes and what has influenced these trends. The next sets out the main issues in providing a secure income in old age, and finally the current policy debate is reviewed and some questions are identified for re-examination in two years’ time.

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Klinov, V. "Problems of the US Economic Policy." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 5 (May 20, 2013): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-5-129-143.

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How to provide for full employment and equitable distribution of incomes and wealth are the keenest issues of the U.S. society. The Democratic and the Republican Parties have elaborated opposing views on economic policy, though both parties are certain that the problems may be resolved through the reform of the federal tax and budget systems. Globalization demands to increase incentives for labor and enterprise activity and for savings to secure proper investment rate. Tax rates for labor and enterprise incomes are to be low, but tax rates for consumption, real estate and land should be progressive.

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Klinov, V. G., and A. A. Sidorov. "World trends in the distribution of national incomes and problems of economic and social development." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 28, 2018): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-7-30-44.

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The authors have analyzed trends of ever-growing inequality in the distribution of income and wealth in major national and world economies over the last 40 years. The prospects of further increase in the unequal distribution of national incomes are fraught with far-reaching social, political and economic upheavals. The prospects of this kind are highly possible because of the trend to decrease the rates of income taxes (coerced by global competition) that leads to unequal national income distribution. The authors elaborate patterns of possible changes in fiscal policy that could serve for better quality of life for all strata of the population despite unequal distribution of national incomes.

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Jordan, Bill. "Authoritarianism and Social Policy." Social Policy and Society 19, no. 2 (2019): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746419000411.

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Authoritarianism seems to be emerging as the default mode of global capitalism. In the absence of reliable economic growth, and with working-class incomes in long-term stagnation, both liberal and social democratic parties have lost support in many countries, and authoritarian regimes have come to power in several. But poor people in the USA, UK and Europe have long experienced coercion, being forced to accept low-paid, insecure work or face benefits sanctions. As a growing proportion of workers have come to rely on supplements such as tax credits, the working class has been divided, and opportunistic authoritarian politicians have mobilised the anxiety and resentment of those on the margins of poverty. This article argues that only an active civil society, with voluntary agencies uncompromised by involvement in coercive policies, along with universal, unconditional Basic Incomes for all citizens, can reverse these trends.

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Глебов, Andrey Glebov, Леонов, and Aleksandr Leonov. "Trends in low income of the population Russia." Clusters. Research and Development 3, no. 1 (2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_58f5e53cbfd4e6.50541718.

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Analysis of household income shows that the level of real disposable income falls from 2013. The revenue structure reduced the volume of revenues from business activities, increases the amount of income received in the form of various social benefits without increasing the amount of income from property. This indicates the ineffectiveness of government policy in the sphere of incomes.

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Porter, Kathryn. "Improvements in Poverty and Income in 1995 Tempered by Troubling Long-Term Trends." International Journal of Health Services 28, no. 1 (1998): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dgwt-j1h0-1c62-uqh9.

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Census data on poverty and income show short-term improvements in 1995, but the trends were not as positive over the longer term. Poverty rates remained higher than they were at comparable points in previous economic cycles. The incomes of lower- and middle-income households grew in 1995, but only the wealthiest fifth of the population completely recovered from the recession of the early 1990s. Although poverty rates fell and incomes rose for most groups in 1995, Hispanic households did not share in the overall economic gains. In addition, economic improvements were not shared by all geographic areas—the reduction in poverty was concentrated in suburban areas. The current poverty measure does not show the full impact of government benefit programs on poverty, as it does not take into account the effect of non-cash benefits or taxes. An alternative poverty measure gives a much better picture of the effectiveness of government benefit programs in reducing poverty.

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BERTHOUD, RICHARD, and MARK BRYAN. "Income, Deprivation and Poverty: A Longitudinal Analysis." Journal of Social Policy 40, no. 1 (2010): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279410000504.

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AbstractIndices of material deprivation are of increasing interest in Britain and the EU as potential markers of poverty, as an alternative, or complement, to measures of low income. This is the first panel regression analysis of the relationship between households' incomes and deprivation scores over time. We show a close underlying link (people with long-term low incomes report long-term deprivation), but only a weak dynamic link (people whose income increases do not always report a commensurate fall in deprivation). The implications for poverty measurement are important both to academic analysts and to policy-makers.

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Brewer, Mike, and Laura Gardiner. "The initial impact of COVID-19 and policy responses on household incomes." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 36, Supplement_1 (2020): S187—S199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/graa024.

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Abstract As soon as the scale of the coronavirus shock to the economy became clear, the UK government introduced three policies to protect directly household incomes: a Job Retention Scheme, to pay the wages of employees who were temporarily furloughed; a Self-Employment Income Support Scheme, to give grants to established self-employed people whose businesses had been affected; and a package of increases to entitlements to social security benefits, with Universal Credit at the core, that bolstered the UK’s means-tested ‘safety net’. This paper analyses the design and beneficiaries of these policies and, given the distributional pattern of the labour market shock, considers the emerging overall impact on living standards, particularly of low-income households.

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Bojnec, Štefan, and Imre Fertő. "Farm household income inequality in Slovenia." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 4 (2020): e0112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019174-13996.

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Aim of study: To investigate the structure and evolution of farm household income and examine the contribution of different sources of farm household income, particularly the impact of Common Agricultural Policy reform on farm household income inequality in Slovenia.Area of study: Slovenia, one of the European Union member states.Material and methods: A panel data set was compiled using Slovenian Farm Accountancy Data Network data at farm level for the period 2007-2013. Total farm household income was disaggregated into two different components: 1) income components, which can contain market income and off-farm income, and 2) subsidy components, which can contain subsidies from Pillars 1 and 2. Pillar 2 support included subsidies related to agri-environmental measures, less favoured areas and other rural development measures. The income distribution and decomposition were examined using the Gini decomposition method to determine the contribution of each income source and the policy shift from market to government support on farm household income and overall inequality.Main results: A shift in Common Agricultural Policy and related measures determined the structure and evolution of farm household incomes. Off-farm income had a lesser and rather stable impact on farm household income inequality, while the major change involved an increase in the importance of subsidies from Pillar 2 which is consistent with a policy of targeting farms in less favoured areas. Subsidies from Pillar 1 reduced, while market income increased farm household income inequality.Research highlights: Subsidies in farm incomes increased. They could reduce farm household income inequality.

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Danziger, Sheldon, Peter Gottschalk, and Eugene Smolensky. "The Effects of Unemployment and Policy Changes on America's Poor." Journal of Social Policy 14, no. 3 (1985): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400014768.

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AbstractFirst, we employ a methodology that decomposes the change in poverty into changes due to the means and variances of market and transfer incomes and to other factors which affect the shape of the income distribution. We then briefly describe the Reagan economic programme. Finally, we estimate a regression model that reflects changes in these moments of the income distribution to changes in the unemployment rates and to the Reagan programme. The regression estimates, together with the poverty rate decomposition, allow us to show that the administration's cuts in income-transfer programmes account for about 40 per cent of the recent rise in poverty and that increased unemployment accounts for about a third of the increase in poverty.

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Eagle, Alison J., James Rude, and Peter C. Boxall. "Agricultural support policy in Canada: What are the environmental consequences?" Environmental Reviews 24, no. 1 (2016): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0050.

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This paper reviews annual government spending on Canadian agriculture that attempts to stabilize and enhance farm incomes. Over the past 5 years, 2/3 of the $3 billion spent on agriculture went into stabilization programs to support farm incomes. However, this level of support raises questions about the environmental consequences of enhanced agricultural production. Environmental impacts from agriculture are well known and addressed in US and EU policies. In contrast, Canadian government expenditures on environmental initiatives in agriculture, as a share of farm income, are more than 10 times smaller than those in the US and the EU. Nonetheless the evidence is that Canadian programs have modest impacts on production, but that chemical and fertilizer input use may be higher than in the absence of the program. One possible course of action is to introduce cross-compliance between program payments and environmental objectives. However, there are no requirements that Canadian producers receiving support comply with environmental standards. While cross-compliance could be considered in the Canadian context, policies that directly target specific environmental issues in agriculture may have greater impact.

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Finger, Robert, and Nadja El Benni. "Farm income in European agriculture: new perspectives on measurement and implications for policy evaluation." European Review of Agricultural Economics 48, no. 2 (2021): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbab011.

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Abstract Viable farm households contribute to the resilience of agricultural and food systems. Farm income is a policy-relevant proxy for this viability. Here, we address three key aspects of farm income: first, the income issue, focusing on (average) income levels; second, the variability issue, focusing on income risks faced by farmers; and third, the inequality issue, focusing on the heterogeneity and (in-)equalities of farm incomes. This special issue presents new perspectives on measurement, modelling, development and policies related to the income of farm families in Europe, especially in the light of increasing complexity of farms and policies and risk exposure.

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Dallinger, Ursula. "The endangered middle class? A comparative analysis of the role played by income redistribution." Journal of European Social Policy 23, no. 1 (2013): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928712456573.

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Contributing to the debate on the decline of the middle class, this article provides a comparative and longitudinal analysis of changes to the relative position of middle income groups in 19 (post)industrial countries between 1985 and 2005. How much did the income position of the middle worsen compared with more vulnerable groups? To what extent did public policies mitigate the market position of different income groups? The analysis is based on microdata of the Luxembourg Income Study. It divides the broad category of ‘middle class’ into three groups. Results suggest little change in the income position of the middle classes with respect to both market and disposable incomes. In most countries market incomes in the top quintile increased remarkably while the bottom quintile group lost out. The scale of government income redistribution has improved the position of the lowest income group, while burdening the highest income group. But it failed to fully compensate for the growing gap between the top and bottom income groups. The distance between the middle and the top incomes grew significantly, which might be one reason for the current public debate about an endangered middle class.

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Elliott, R. F., and P. D. Murphy. "Evasion of Incomes Policy: A Model of Non-Compliance." Economic Journal 99, no. 398 (1989): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234087.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Incomes policy'

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