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Journal articles on the topic 'Incomes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Gangl, Markus. "Income Inequality, Permanent Incomes, and Income Dynamics." Work and Occupations 32, no. 2 (2005): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888404274354.

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2

Kalleitner, Fabian, and Sandra Bohmann. "The Inequity Z: Income Fairness Perceptions in Europe across the Income Distribution." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 9 (January 2023): 237802312311671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231231167138.

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Using data from the European Social Survey, we examine income fairness evaluations of 17,605 respondents from 28 countries. Respondents evaluated the fairness of their own incomes as well as the fairness of the incomes of the top and bottom income deciles in their countries. Depicted on a single graph, these income fairness evaluations take on a Z-shaped form, which we call the “inequity Z”. The inequity Z reveals an extensive level of consensus within each country regarding the degree of unfairness of top and bottom incomes. With rising income, respondents consistently judge their own incomes

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3

Saiful Nathan, Siti Badariah, and M. Mohd Rosli. "Distributional effects of non-farm incomes in a Malaysian rice bowl." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 2 (2016): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2013-0200.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the structure of household income and examine the effects of non-farm incomes on the income distribution of farm households in a relatively developed rural area of the Malaysian rice bowl. Design/methodology/approach – The non-farm incomes were disaggregated into different components to determine the contribution of each income source to total household income and overall inequality. The income distribution and decomposition was examined using the Gini decomposition method. Findings – It was found that almost 71 percent of the households in th

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4

Urchik, Gаlina. "FEATURES OF FORMATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INCOMES OF THE POPULATION: THEORETICAL ASPECT AND REALITIES IN UKRAINE." 64, no. 64 (December 30, 2022): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2524-2547-2022-64-04.

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This article is devoted to the theoretical and analytical study of the peculiarities of the formation and distribution of incomes of the population. Based on the synthesis of existing scientific achievements, we have determined the order of formation of primary and secondary incomes by stages of GDP distribution. We provе that the first stage of distribution of the created GDP is formed by factor primary incomes (from labor activity, property and productive capital). Thereafter, the redistribution of income occurs through the use of the fiscal mechanism and the accumulation of funds in public

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5

Chapargina, A. N. "STUDY OF POPULATION INCOMES IN THE MURMANSK REGION: TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 69, no. 3/2020 (2020): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.2.2020.69.011.

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Incomes are an indicator of the population living standard and a source for meeting various needs. The article is devoted to analysis of population incomes in one of the Arctic regions of Russia —the Murmansk region. For the region, the problem of increasing population incomes is especially acute due to harsh natural and climatic conditions and high living cost. The paper aims to analyze, systematize and evaluate the specifics of the formation, levels and dynamics, as well as differentiation of population incomes in the Murmanskregion in 2000–2019, to identify trends in incomes, as well as det

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6

Sarkar, Somwrita, Peter Phibbs, Roderick Simpson, and Sachin Wasnik. "The scaling of income distribution in Australia: Possible relationships between urban allometry, city size, and economic inequality." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 4 (2016): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516676488.

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Developing a scientific understanding of cities in a fast urbanizing world is essential for planning sustainable urban systems. Recently, it was shown that income and wealth creation follow increasing returns, scaling superlinearly with city size. We study scaling of per capita incomes for separate census defined income categories against population size for the whole of Australia. Across several urban area definitions, we find that lowest incomes grow just linearly or sublinearly (β = 0.94 to 1.00), whereas highest incomes grow superlinearly (β = 1.00 to 1.21), with total income just superlin

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7

Střeleček, František, and Radek Zdeněk. "Incomes of rural and non-rural households in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 4 (2011): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040319.

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The paper compares incomes of Czech rural and non-rural households and identifies households persisting below the poverty threshold. The data were taken from the statistic research Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) of 2005 and 2008. Households were classified according to the municipality size (2000 inhabitants). Household incomes were assessed according to net annual income per consumption unit, living minimum and subjective minimum income. Positive skewness and high kurtosis is a typical feature of household incomes; a similarity with log-normal distribution can be presumed.

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8

Delestre, Isaac, Wojciech Kopczuk, Helen Miller, and Kate Smith. "Top income inequality and tax policy." Oxford Open Economics 3, Supplement_1 (2024): i1086—i1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ooec/odad068.

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Abstract The share of pre-tax income flowing to the top of the UK income distribution increased continually and substantially in the three decades leading up to the financial crisis, but has changed little since 2013. Using microdata sampled from UK tax records, we describe the nature of top incomes in the UK and how they are taxed. We show that wage income is the dominant source of pre-tax income, even for highest-income 0.1% of UK adults. However, ‘active’ business income—derived from self-employment or closely-held incorporated businesses—is considerably more important for the top 1% than f

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9

Peng, Hongbi, Feng Yang, and Ou Yue. "How Rural Industry Revitalization Affects Farmers’ Incomes in China." Sustainability 16, no. 21 (2024): 9182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16219182.

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Low income is a common problem faced by farmers around the world. In order to promote agricultural development and increase farmers’ incomes, China has implemented rural industrial revitalization (RIR). However, the following question remains unanswered: how does the RIR affect farmers’ incomes? In this study, based on the theories of rural and development economics and panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2011 and 2020, an evaluation system consisting of four primary indicators and 10 secondary indicators was constructed. A dual fixed-effects model was used to measure the promoting e

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10

GARRETT, THOMAS A., and DAVID C. WHEELOCK. "Why Did Income Growth Vary Across States During the Great Depression?" Journal of Economic History 66, no. 2 (2006): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050706000192.

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This note investigates the sources of variation in the growth of per capita personal incomes across U.S. states during the Great Depression. States entering the economic contraction with relatively low per capita incomes tended to suffer larger percentage declines in per capita income than did high income states. By contrast, low-income states tended to experience larger percentage gains during the recovery. Hence, state per capita incomes diverged during the contraction phase and converged during the recovery phase.

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11

Roope, Laurence S. J. "First estimates of inequality benchmark incomes for a range of countries." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0248178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248178.

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It is known that virtually all inequality measures imply the existence of a ‘benchmark income’, above which adding incremental income increases inequality, and below which it decreases inequality. Benchmark incomes can be interpreted as social reference levels that identify the richest individual for whom it would be just to subsidize their income. Despite the intuitive appeal of benchmark incomes, there have been hardly any empirical applications to date. This paper provides the first estimates of benchmark incomes for a range of contrasting countries and different inequality measures. All be

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12

Michalos, Alex C. "Discrepancies between perceived income needs and actual incomes." Social Indicators Research 21, no. 3 (1989): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00303788.

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13

MISHCHENKO, Vladimir V., Ol'ga V. ZONOVA, and Oksana B. SHEVELEVA. "Personal income tax scale: Social justice issues." National Interests: Priorities and Security 21, no. 5 (2025): 18–34. https://doi.org/10.24891/ni.21.5.18.

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Subject. This article focuses on personal income tax as the main source of budget revenue. Objectives. The article aims to identify problems associated with the enforcement of personal income tax, and determine possible ways to eliminate them. Methods. For the study, we used empirical methods of cognition and theoretical research methods. Results. The article reveals that personal income tax carries both a fiscal and social burden. It also discusses a new progressive tax scale. Conclusions. Income taxes vary significantly among different social groups. But the number of individuals with maximu

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Kubicová, Ľ., and Z. Kádeková. "Comparison of the income development and the food demand elasticities of the private households in Slovakia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 8 (2011): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/36/2010-agricecon.

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The paper deals with assessing the development of monetary incomes and expenditures of the Slovak households for food using the classification of households by income quartiles and by consumer spending. The analysis confirms the significant differences and unbalanced income distribution. Households in the fourth income quartile dispose of 2.8 times higher incomes than the families in the first quartile. There have been analyzed the food groups that in terms of expenditures represent the part in the food basket higher than 6%. The results confirm that income differentiation of households is als

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15

Rossignolo, Dario. "El Impuesto sobre la Renta Personal y los altos ingresos en América Latina." Revista Hacienda Pública Espñola 214, no. 4 (2015): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.15.3.5.

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16

蔡宗佩, 蔡宗佩. "各類所得的推計標準，公平嗎？". 月旦會計實務研究 52, № 52 (2022): 072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/252260962022040052008.

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17

Gaubert, Cecile, Patrick Kline, Damián Vergara, and Danny Yagan. "Trends in US Spatial Inequality: Concentrating Affluence and a Democratization of Poverty." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211075.

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We use Bureau of Economic Analysis, census, and Current Population Survey data to study trends in income inequality across US states and counties from 1960-2019. Both states and counties have diverged in terms of per capita pretax incomes since the late1990s, with transfers serving to dampen this divergence. County incomes have been diverging since the late 1970s. These trends in mean income mask opposing patterns among top-and bottom-income quantiles. Top incomes have diverged markedly across states since the late 1970s. In contrast, bottom-income quantiles and poverty rates have converged ac

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18

Ustinova, N. G. "Influence of Distribution of a Wages and the Taxation on Distribution of the Cumulative Income of the Population." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 9, no. 2 (2009): 38–42. https://doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2009-9-2-38-42.

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In the article questions of an inefficiency of distribution of the cumulative income of the population are discussed. As the basic forms of distribution of the income distribution of wages and the taxation of individual incomes are considered. It is shown, that the inefficiency of distribution of incomes is defined not only dynamics of an inequality, but also structure of distribution by separate kinds of incomes and features of a tax policy.

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19

Almås, Ingvild. "International Income Inequality: Measuring PPP Bias by Estimating Engel Curves for Food." American Economic Review 102, no. 2 (2012): 1093–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093.

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Purchasing power–adjusted incomes applied in cross-country comparisons are measured with bias. This paper estimates the purchasing power parity (PPP) bias in Penn World Table incomes and provides corrected incomes. The bias is substantial and systematic: the poorer a country, the more its income tends to be overestimated. Consequently, international income inequality is substantially underestimated. The methodological contribution is to exploit the analogies between PPP bias and the bias in consumer price index (CPI) numbers. The PPP bias and subsequent corrected incomes are measured by estima

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20

Atkinson, Anthony B., Thomas Piketty, and Emmanuel Saez. "Top Incomes in the Long Run of History." Journal of Economic Literature 49, no. 1 (2011): 3–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.1.3.

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A recent literature has constructed top income shares time series over the long run for more than twenty countries using income tax statistics. Top incomes represent a small share of the population but a very significant share of total income and total taxes paid. Hence, aggregate economic growth per capita and Gini inequality indexes are sensitive to excluding or including top incomes. We discuss the estimation methods and issues that arise when constructing top income share series, including income definition and comparability over time and across countries, tax avoidance, and tax evasion. W

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21

Wang, Zheying. "Influences of Income on Luxury Products Consumption." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 10, no. 1 (2023): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/10/20230486.

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This report is aimed to investigate the influences of incomes on consumers consumption and demands of luxury vehicles in China. This study uses the summary of the sales performance of these four brands in China in each year to represent the sales performances of luxury vehicles in China. This report uses the units sold to represent the sales performances. This study uses the national data from the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics to collect the average disposable income data to represent the income conditions of Chinese consumers Based on secondary data collected about the sales performan

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22

Zayniev, Farkhod. "WAYS TO ENSURE THE OPTIMAL EFFECT OF PERSONAL INCOME TAX ON THE BALANCE OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF THE POPULATION." Economics and education 24, no. 1 (2023): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.55439/eced/vol24_iss1/a60.

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Consistent growth of national income in the context of sustainable development of the country's economy while ensuring the growth of personal incomes of economic agents requires financial mechanisms to prevent income inequality by distributing these incomes based on the principles of social justice

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23

Bjälkebring, Pär, and Ellen Peters. "Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (2021): e0259331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259331.

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Objective numeracy, the ability to understand and use mathematical concepts, has been related to superior decisions and life outcomes. Unknown is whether it relates to greater satisfaction in life. We investigated numeracy’s relations with income satisfaction and overall life satisfaction in a diverse sample of 5,525 American adults. First, more numerate individuals had higher incomes; for every one point higher on the eight-item numeracy test, individuals reported $4,062 more in annual income, controlling for education and verbal intelligence. Combined, numeracy, education, and verbal intelli

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24

Nivorozhkina, L. I. "Hidden Incomes of Russian Households: Who Do They Have?" IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 3 (207) (October 19, 2020): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-3-91-98.

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The article presents quantitative characteristics of the prevalence and volumes of hidden household incomes. An econometric estimate of the prevalence of hidden incomes was carried out on the panel data of the “Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population of the Higher School of Economics” (periods from 2000 to 2017), the size of the hidden income component was obtained on the basis of the Pissarides-Weber model. Estimates of the share of hidden income households and an estimate of the share of hidden incomes revealed two different trends: their predominant distrib

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25

Perlo, Victor. "Losses of U.S. Workers in 1992." International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 4 (1994): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hwg8-vt2v-wpcg-nagr.

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The 1992 Census Bureau Annual Reports on incomes and poverty reveal startling increases in the numbers of people living in poverty and reductions in median family incomes and per capita incomes. The losses of African-Americans and Hispanics were the most severe. The economic “recovery” of 1992 was limited to profits of the capitalist class: the incomes of the top 5 percent rose from 1991 to 1992; the remaining 95 percent experienced declines in real income.

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Zhanakova, N. N., G. Bodauhan, G. Z. Nigmetova, D. D. Mangibayeva, and L. G. Kirbasova. "The Current State and Ways to Increase the Real Income of the Population of Kazakhstan." Economics: the strategy and practice 19, no. 2 (2024): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2024-2-123-139.

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The purpose of the article is to study the influence of factors on the real incomes of the population of Kazakhstan and substantiate priority ways to increase them. Using a factor-correlation analysis of the real monetary income of the population with indicators of nominal monetary income, inflation, and the growth rate of the country's economy, the influence of these indicators on the growth rate of income of the population was revealed. Data from the Bureau of National Statistics from 2010 to 2022 were used. The increase in the minimum wage is recognized as one of the tools for increasing in

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Moya, Cristóbal, Jule Adriaans, and Carsten Sauer. "Unjust Income Inequality Prevails Across 29 Countries." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 9 (January 2023): 237802312311715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231231171581.

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The aim of this visualization is to describe justice evaluations of income inequality from a cross-country perspective for more than 72,000 respondents in 29 countries. The analyses were based on data from two large, cross-country survey programs. The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) asked for an evaluation of the overall income distribution, and the European Social Survey (ESS) asked for justice evaluations of both bottom and top incomes. The authors find that injustice of the income distribution prevails in all studied countries except Denmark and that injustice of bottom incomes

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Ierkwagh, Kwaghkehe. "Emerging Legal Issues in the Taxation of Personal Incomes in Nigeria." ABUAD Law Journal 7, no. 1 (2019): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/alj.2019.0701.07-j.

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The legal framework for personal income taxation in Nigeria is the Personal Income Tax Act, 2004 (as amended in 2011). However, the taxation of personal incomes in Nigeria as provided under the Personal Income Tax Act presents a lot of practical and conceptual legal issues ranging from the legal implications and justifications for the exemption of certain personal incomes from tax liability under the Act, the tax rates, and the issue as to whether the taxation of dividends constitute double taxation. Through the doctrinal research method, this paper has established that apart from equity consi

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Yarema, Yaroslav. "The mechanism of personal income taxation and its prospects in Ukraine." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Poznaniu 92, no. 1 (2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9158.

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The article analyses the current mechanism of personal income taxation in Ukraine, examining the impact of its individual elements on total revenues from personal income tax. The analysis of revenue contributions from personal income taxation to the consolidated state budget and local budgets indicates that the personal income tax remains the most important sources of revenue. In the structure of personal income tax revenues, wages are the main source of taxable income. The author analyses the mechanism of taxation for natural persons (businessmen) and tax receipts flowing to local budgets fro

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Shao, Liang Frank, and Melanie Krause. "Rising mean incomes for whom?" PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0242803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242803.

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Not everybody is benefiting equally from rising mean incomes. We discuss the mean-income population share (MPS), the population percentage of earners below mean income, whose evolution can capture how representative rising mean values are for middle income households. Tracking MPS and its associated income share MIS over time indicates to what extent economic growth is inclusive of both the middle and the bottom of the income distribution. We characterize MPS and MIS analytically under different growth scenarios and compare their parametric estimation using micro-level and grouped income data.

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31

Indychenko, Yu V. "RESEARCH OF THE INTERRELATION OF CONSUMER REVENUES, EXPENDITURES AND SAVINGS OF THE POPULATION IN RUSSIAN CONDITIONS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 4 (May 27, 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-4-100-105.

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The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship of income, expenditure and savings of the population. The article reveals conceptual approaches to the «incomes of the population» category, classifies expenses, formulates the author’s definitions of incomes, expenses and savings of the population, presents a study of the dynamics of the studied indicators, reveals the dependence of incomes and expenses, as well as expenses and savings among themselves. It has been noted that the level of income, expenditure and savings is influenced by such indicators as inflation, consumer prices for

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Buch, Claudia M. "Has Labor Income Become More Volatile? Evidence from International Industry-Level Data." German Economic Review 14, no. 4 (2013): 399–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2012.00575.x.

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Abstract Changes in labor market institutions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This article documents and analyzes changes in income volatility using data for 11 industrialized countries, 22 industries and 35 years (1970-2004). The article has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor income has declined in parallel to the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the industry-specific, idiosyncratic component of labor income volatility has hardly changed. Third, cross-sectional heterogeneity i

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Hancock, Ruth, Ariadna Juarez-Garcia, Adelina Comas-Herrera, et al. "Winners and Losers: Assessing the Distributional Effects of Long-Term Care Funding Regimes." Social Policy and Society 6, no. 3 (2007): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746407003703.

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Using two linked simulation models, we examine the public expenditure costs and distributional effects of potential reforms to long-term care funding in the UK. Changes to the means tests for user contributions to care costs are compared with options for the abolition of these means tests (‘free’ personal care). The latter generally cost more than the former and benefit higher income groups more than those on lower incomes (measuring income in relation to the age-specific income distribution). Reforms to the means tests target benefits towards those on lower incomes. However, the highest incom

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Corrêa de Moraes Nardo, Giovana, Juan Carlos Fernandes, Natália Pelielo, et al. "Correlation of the use of electronic cigarettes with sex and family income in young people." Concilium 24, no. 11 (2024): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-3573-24l12.

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Objective: To list young people’s dependence on the use of electronic cigarettes correlate to gender and family income. Methods: The study followed a primary, observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical design. With the participation of 126 young electronic cigarette users, aged between 18 and 30, 44 men and 82 women from different family incomes. The research was developed through the development of an electronic questionnaire via Google Forms, based on the Fagerström test, which assesses the degree of nicotine dependence through an interview with pre-determined scores. Spearma

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Runowski, Henryk. "THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL INCOME IN EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 5 (2017): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6233.

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The aim of the study was to identify the problems of using different methods of measuring agricultural income and the resulting assessments. The system used by the European Union to measure farmers’ incomes is imperfect. The concept of measuring farm incomes is criticized. There are mentioned, among others no statistics on farm incomes, including both farm income and non-farm income. The Common Agricultural Policy strives to ensure an adequate standard of living for the rural population, i.e. the level of disposable income on the farm. The question is, what is the right level? This is largely

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Scott, Peter, and James T. Walker. "The Comfortable, the Rich, and the Super-Rich. What Really Happened to Top British Incomes during the First Half of the Twentieth Century?" Journal of Economic History 80, no. 1 (2019): 38–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000767.

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We examine shifts in British income inequality and their causes from 1911–1949. Using newly rediscovered Inland Revenue income distribution estimates, we show that Britain had an unusually high concentration of personal incomes in 1911 compared to other industrial nations. We also find that Britain’s substantial inequality reduction over the next four decades was largely driven by a collapse in top capital incomes. This parallels findings for France, the United States, and other western countries, that reduced inequality was mainly caused by declining top unearned incomes, owing to economic sh

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Kessler, Sid. "Incomes Policy." British Journal of Industrial Relations 32, no. 2 (1994): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.1994.tb01040.x.

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Roberts, Anthony J., and Brendan Brundage. "The Decline of International Income Inequality? Cross-National Income Convergence Revisited." Sociology of Development 9, no. 4 (2023): 408–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2023.9.4.408.

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Prior research shows global income inequality declined over the last few decades because of a reduction in income disparities between countries. However, concerns over the sustainability of this trend have grown with increases in income disparities within countries. Yet, despite these contrasting trends, few studies examine the extent to which the latter affects the former. Based on dynamic panel models of 108 countries from 1981 to 2017, we find that the rate of convergence in incomes between countries is moderated by the income inequality within countries. The national incomes of egalitarian

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Ye, Yilan, Jiabin Fang, and Jinsong Ye. "Does E-Commerce Construction Boost Farmers’ Incomes? Evidence from China." Sustainability 16, no. 11 (2024): 4595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16114595.

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Elevating farmers’ incomes is crucial for ensuring socio-economic stability, yet the current stagnation in income growth and the expanding divide between urban and rural incomes present formidable challenges. E-commerce offers a transformative solution by bridging these disparities and fostering sustainable growth. Utilizing county-level data from 2000 to 2020 in China, particularly focusing on “The Pilot Counties of Introducing E-commerce to Rural Areas”, this paper explores the impact of e-commerce construction on farmers’ income growth using the multiple difference method. The findings reve

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Helmy, Heba E. "Thirty Years of Urban Bias: An Estimation of the Rising Disparities in Female Rural and Female Urban Unemployment and Income in Egypt." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 8, no. 3 (2019): 349–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976019872326.

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This article highlights the disparities between female urban and rural employment and income in Egypt over the last decades, mainly resulting from urban bias policies. Despite their inferior educational levels, females in rural Egypt manifested higher levels of employment than their counterparts in urban Egypt, a phenomenon that the article attributes to the standard definition of unemployment, which includes unpaid family members as part of the ‘employed’, besides other methodological issues. As such, statistics could misleadingly imply better female rural income compared to female urban inco

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Lee, Chun-Chang, Cheng-Huang Tung, Yu-Heng Lee, and Shu-Man You. "Factors Determining Income among Real Estate Salespersons: The Impacts of Individual Conditions, Franchises, and Regular Chains." International Journal of Economics and Finance 7, no. 11 (2015): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v7n11p94.

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<p>This study explores the factors that affect the incomes of real estate salespersons by applying hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to investigate the incomes of real estate salespersons in Kaohsiung. A total of 510 questionnaires were distributed to large chain housing agencies, of which a total of 319 effective samples were retrieved from 54 branch stores, for an effective return rate of 62.55%. The empirical results showed that individual incomes vary significantly from store to store. About 4.8% of the variation in individual incomes was due to differences among different branch st

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Łukasiewicz, Piotr, Krzysztof Karpio, and Arkadiusz Orłowski. "Two-component structure of household income distributions in Poland." Equilibrium 13, no. 4 (2018): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2018.029.

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Research background: Studies of the structures of the income distributions have been performed for about 15 years. They indicate that there is no model which describes the distributions in their whole range. This effect is explained by the existence of different mechanisms yielding to low-medium and high incomes. While more than 97% of the distributions can be described by exponential or log-normal models, high incomes (about 3% or less) are in agreement with the power law. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is an analysis of the structure of the household income distributions

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Yelshibayev, R. K. "Ways to increase population income in conditions of economic instability." Central Asian Economic Review, no. 6 (April 8, 2024): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52821/2789-4401-2023-6-6-18.

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The purpose of the research is to study the theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation of incomes of the population in the country, economic and statistical analysis for specific official data and determine ways to increase incomes.Methodology. The study used methods of economic and statistical analysis and comparative assessment.The originality / value of the research are conclusions and proposals for increasing incomes as a result of a comprehensive analysis of the sources of formation, composition and structure of monetary incomes of the population in conditions of economi

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Szulc, Adam. "Polish inequality statistics reconsidered: are the poor really that poor?" Statistics in Transition New Series 23, no. 3 (2022): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stattrans-2022-0031.

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Abstract In the present study income inequality in Poland is evaluated using corrected income data to provide more reliable estimates. According to most empirical studies based on household surveys and considering the European standards, the recent income inequality in Poland is moderate and decreased significantly after reaching its peaks during the first decade of the 21st century. These findings were challenged by Brzeziński et al. (2022), who placed Polish income inequality among the highest in Europe. Such a conclusion was possible when combining the household survey data with information

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Galster, George, and Lena Magnusson Turner. "Status Aversion, Attraction and Discrepancy as Drivers of Neighborhood Selection." City & Community 18, no. 3 (2019): 937–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12435.

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Neighborhood income segregation is a widespread phenomenon. We explore its origins by modeling neighborhood selection by native Norwegian households making inter–neighborhood moves, distinguishing influences of shares of three income groups and the discrepancy between the individual household's income and neighborhood median. We conduct a conditional logit analysis employing 2013–2014 population register data from the Oslo, Norway, metropolitan area. We find that status composition (shares of low– and high–income households) and status discrepancy (difference between individual household's and

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Alla, Leonidova. "The effect of inflation on welfare of the population and Russian market capacity." SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019): 00071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900071.

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The material basis of welfare of the population is its income. However, the inflation negatively affects current incomes of the population and market capacity determined by the value of current incomes. Given the variable dynamics of inflation, it is necessary to evaluate its impact on household incomes and market capacity using the accumulated inflation rate with a scientifically based reference point. This calculation option will allow us to determine the dynamics of real average per capita incomes and market capacity calculated in constant prices of the reference point, assess the problem a

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MURPHY, RYAN H. "Economic freedom of North America at state borders." Journal of Institutional Economics 12, no. 4 (2016): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000114.

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AbstractI use matched county pairs on either side of US state borders to investigate the causal effects of the Economic Freedom of North America index (EFNA) on local outcomes. This method is similar to Dube et al. (2010). I construct a panel of county pairs running from 1981–2012 and four measures of outcomes, logged real incomes, logged real per capita incomes, employment, and logged real wages, employing single year and five year differences-in-differences. I find small, but precisely estimated, effects on incomes but mixed effects on wages and employment. All regressions show low R2. This

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Beil, Richard O., and David N. Laband. "The American Economic Association Dues Structure." Journal of Economic Perspectives 10, no. 4 (1996): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.10.4.179.

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Because consumers have an incentive to misrepresent their incomes and accurate information about consumers' incomes is costly for sellers to obtain, income-based pricing of goods or services seems unlikely to survive for long. Indeed, income-based pricing is extremely rare. However, the American Economic Association's dues structure in which members voluntarily pay dues according to income has survived for twenty years. The authors’ survey results reveal that while some ‘cheating’ does occur, there is substantial compliance with the income-based dues structure. They offer several explanations

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Averina, O. V. "GENERAL TRENDS IN CHANGING THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE POPULATION MONETARY INCOME AT SUBJECTS OF THE FAR EASTERN FEDERAL." Regional problems 27, no. 4 (2024): 79–92. https://doi.org/10.31433/2618-9593-2024-27-4-79-92.

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The author analyzes the structure and dynamics of the population monetary income at subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District and outlines general trends in their change over the past 7 years, based on the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) statistical data, information from the Federal subjects executive authorities, and on expert assessments. Monetary income is the most important part of the population life standards, being one of the life quality main indicators, providing daily needs of the population, its economic well-being and, in this way, the efficiency of the economy. The

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Torregrosa-Hetland, Sara. "Inequality in tax evasion: the case of the Spanish income tax." Applied Economic Analysis 28, no. 83 (2020): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aea-01-2020-0007.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate tax evasion and its impact on progressivity, redistribution and the measurement of inequality, using microdata from the Spanish income tax for 2001-2004. Design/methodology/approach The approach follows Feldman and Slemrod (2007) by exploiting the relation of charitable donations with the composition of income but introduces two methodological innovations, which could be useful for further studies: correction for sample selection with a Heckman two-step setting and the calculation of different evasion rates for top incomes with an interaction te

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