Academic literature on the topic 'Incorporated Comparison'
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Journal articles on the topic "Incorporated Comparison":
1
Lakshan, R. R., A. M. Rosini, K. Sathiyan, Dhanya Sathyan, K. M. Mini, and D. Gangadharan. "Comparison of different dosages of PCM incorporated wallpanels." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 872 (June 27, 2020): 012119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/872/1/012119.
2
del Hoyo, N., J. A. Pulido, M. T. Carretero, and M. A. Pérez-Albarsanz. "Comparison of linoleate, palmitate and acetate metabolism in rat ventral prostate." Bioscience Reports 10, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01116858.
Abstract:
Rat ventral prostate incorporated (1-14C)acetate, (1-14C)palmitate and (1-14C)linoleate into different phospholipids in a time-dependent process. The rate of incorporation into total phospholipids was higher with linoleate (10.0 nmol/g) than with either palmitate (5.8 nmol/g) or acetate (4.7 nmol/g). Predominant labelling with all the radioactive substrates assayed was found in choline glycerophospholipids (PC). The radioactive profiles for linoleate in the other ventral prostate phospholipids differed from those obtained with palmitate and acetate. Specifically linoleate was incorporated into inositol glycerophospholipids plus lysoethanolamine glycerophospholipids (PI+LPE) and not into sphingomyelin (SM), while palmitate and acetate incorporated into SM but not into PI+LPE. Acetate showed the highest oxidation to CO2 whereas no differences were observed in the radioactivity incorporated into CO2 from a saturated (palmitate) or an essential unsaturated fatty acid (linoleate). These studies also show zinc-dependence by the acetate to CO2 oxidation.
3
Lindman, Susanna, Gunnar Lindeberg, Fred Nyberg, Anders Karlén, and Anders Hallberg. "Comparison of three γ-turn mimetic scaffolds incorporated into angiotensin II." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 8, no. 9 (September 2000): 2375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00169-3.
4
Yamamoto, Kazumasa, Mutsumi Nagano, Nobuo Nakanishi, and Hiroyuki Hasegawa. "A Comparison of Sepiapterin and Tetrahydrobiopterin Uptake by BRL2H3 Cells." Pteridines 7, no. 4 (November 1996): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.1996.7.4.154.
Abstract:
SummaryCellular uptake of sepiapterin and tetrahydrobiopterin was compared quantitatively with RBL2H3 cells in culture. RBL2H3 is a mast cell line and has the ability to synthesize serotonin. Sepiapterin was incorporated and converted into tetrahydrobiopterin in the cell. The incorporation of sepiapterin was about 10 times faster than tetrahydrobiopterin. A low concentration of tetrahydrobiopterin was incorporated in a saturable manner up to about 10 μM, and it was superimposed upon a linearly concentration- dependent process. Overnight treatment with DAHP depleted endogenous tetrahydrobiopterin. The DAHP treated cells took up tetrahydrobiopterin faster than untreated cells.
5
Petersen, Jasmine Maria, Ivanka Prichard, and Eva Kemps. "A Comparison of Physical Activity Mobile Apps With and Without Existing Web-Based Social Networking Platforms: Systematic Review." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): e12687. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/12687.
Abstract:
Background Physical activity mobile apps present a unique medium to disseminate scalable interventions to increase levels of physical activity. However, the effectiveness of mobile apps has previously been limited by low levels of engagement. Existing Web-based social networking platforms (eg, Facebook and Twitter) afford high levels of popularity, reach, and sustain engagement and, thus, may present an innovative strategy to enhance the engagement, and ultimately the effectiveness of mobile apps. Objective This study aimed to comparatively examine the effectiveness of, and engagement with, interventions that incorporate physical activity mobile apps in conjunction with and without existing Web-based social networking platforms (eg, Facebook and Twitter). Methods A systematic review was conducted by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Guidelines. A systematic search of the following databases was conducted: Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, ProQuest, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, and Cochrane. According to the comparative objective of this review, 2 independent literature searches were conducted. The first incorporated terms related to apps and physical activity; the second also incorporated terms related to Web-based social networking. The results of the two searches were synthesized and compared narratively. Results A total of 15 studies were identified, 10 incorporated a physical activity app alone and 5 incorporated an app in conjunction with an existing Web-based social networking platform. Overall, 10 of the 15 interventions were effective in improving one or more physical activity behaviors. Specifically, improvements in physical activity behaviors were reported in 7 of the 10 interventions incorporating physical activity apps alone and in 3 of the 5 interventions incorporating physical activity apps in conjunction with existing Web-based social networking platforms. Interventions incorporating physical activity apps alone demonstrated a decline in app engagement. In contrast, the physical activity apps in conjunction with existing Web-based social networking platforms showed increased and sustained intervention engagement. Conclusions The interventions incorporating physical activity apps in conjunction with and without existing Web-based social networking platforms demonstrated effectiveness in improving physical activity behaviors. Notably, however, the interventions that incorporated existing Web-based social networking platforms achieved higher levels of engagement than those that did not. This review provides preliminary evidence that existing Web-based social networking platforms may be fundamental to increase engagement with physical activity interventions.
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Nowak, Izabela, Mietek Jaroniec, and Maria Ziolek. "Comparison of Adsorption Properties of Polymer-Templated Mesoporous Silicas with Incorporated Niobium." Adsorption 11, S1 (July 2005): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10450-005-6016-2.
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Yu, Tianyu, Yun-Hae Kim, and Soo-Jeong Park. "Comparison of different surface modifications on mechanical properties of HNTs incorporated CFRP for fine particle accumulation." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 07n09 (March 6, 2020): 2040006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920400060.
Abstract:
This paper presents an investigation into the effect of particle accumulation on an amorphous halloysite nanotube (A-HNT)/Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate, fabricated through Vacuum-assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VaRTM). Resin blending and Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) methods were impeded to incorporate the A-HNTs. Bending, short beam shear (SBS), and end-notched flexure (ENF) tests were individually conducted on three sections, which were divided from an integral CFRP laminate. The anchoring effect of the carbon fibers and the scouring effect of the resin flow together lead to the different A-HNT accumulation patterns in both incorporation methods, and thus caused the observed distinctions in the properties of each separated section. Extensively incorporated A-HNTs showed a tendency to aggregate, resulting in the degradation of the material’s properties.
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Alwahab, Zahraa. "Comparison of Antimicrobial Activities and Compressive Strength of Alginate Impression Materials following Disinfection Procedure." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 13, no. 4 (2012): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1163.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT Aim This study investigated the effectiveness of disinfecting solution when incorporated into alginate powder instead of water against some microorganisms and on compressive strength of alginate. Materials and methods For measuring antimicrobial activity of alginate, 60 alginate specimens were prepared and divided into two groups: One with water incorporated in the mix (control) and the other with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate incorporated in the mix instead of water. The tested microorganisms were: Gram +ve cocci, Gram –ve bacilli and yeast (each group 10 samples). For measuring compressive strength, 20 specimens of alginate were divided into two groups: One with water incorporated in the mix (control) and the other with chlorhexidine incorporated in the mix. Results The statistical analysis of antimicrobial efficacy of alginate was performed with Mann-Whitney U-test, which revealed very high significant difference when comparing among groups (p < 0.000). Student t-test analyzed the compressive strength data which revealed nonsignificant difference between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion The incorporation of disinfecting agents into impression materials could serve an important role in dental laboratory infection control and it had no adverse effect on compressive strength of the hydrocolloid alginate. Clinical significance The risk of transmitting pathogenic microorganisms to dental laboratories via impression has been considered a topic of importance for a number of years. How to cite this article Alwahab Z. Comparison of Antimicrobial Activities and Compressive Strength of Alginate Impression Materials following Disinfection Procedure. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(4):431-435.
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Grafton, Anthony. "Christianity’s Jewish Origins Rediscovered: The Roles of Comparison in Early Modern Ecclesiastical Scholarship." Erudition and the Republic of Letters 1, no. 1 (February 9, 2016): 13–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055069-00101002.
Abstract:
The history of early Christianity began in comparison: comparison of Christian practices with what was known about the practices of ancient Roman priests, and with what was known — or thought to be known — about the practices of Jews in the Second Temple. These comparisons helped to inspire the larger enterprise of comparative study of religion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. But they also helped to inspire ecclesiastical historians to look directly and seriously at the Jewish world in which Jesus lived and worked. As knowledge of rabbinical Judaism grew, comparison also led to a growing awareness that Christianity grew from Jewish roots, and that it had incorporated into its core practices many elements of Jewish worship.
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Beck, Sigrid, Sveta Krasikova, Daniel Fleischer, Remus Gergel, Stefan Hofstetter, Christiane Savelsberg, John Vanderelst, and Elisabeth Villalta. "Crosslinguistic variation in comparison constructions." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2009 9 (December 31, 2009): 1–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.9.01bec.
Abstract:
This paper presents parallel sets of data on comparison constructions from 14 languages. On the basis of the crosslinguistic differences we observe, we propose three parameters of language variation. The first parameter concerns the question of whether or not a language’s grammar has incorporated scales into the meanings of gradable predicates. The second parameter differentiates between languages that allow quantification over degrees in the syntax and those that do not. Finally, we propose a syntactic parameter that concerns options for syntactically filling the degree argument position of a gradable predicate.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Incorporated Comparison":
1
Woodard, Davon Teremus Trevino. "FRAMES OF DIGITAL BLACKNESS IN THE RACIALIZED PALIMPSEST CITY: CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AND JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104658.
Abstract:
The United States and South Africa, exemplars of "archsegregation," have been constituted within an arc of historical racialized delineations which began with the centering, and subsequent overrepresentation, of European maleness and whiteness as the sole definition of Man. Globally present and persistent, these racialized delineations have been localized and spatially embedded through the tools of urban planning. This arc of racialized otherness, ineffectively erased, continues to inform the racially differentiated geospatial, health, social, and economic outcomes in contemporary urban form and functions for Black communities. It is within this historical arc, and against these differentiated outcomes, that contemporary urban discourse and contestation between individuals and institutions are situated.
This historical othering provides not just a racialized geo-historical contextualization, but also works to preclude the recognition of the some of the most vulnerable urban community members. As urbanists and advocates strive to co-create urban space and place with municipalities, meeting the needs of these residents is imperative. In order to meet these needs, their lived experiences, and voices must be fully recognized and engaged in the processes and programs of urban co-creation, including in digital spaces and forums. Critical to achieving recognition acknowledging and situating contemporary digital discourses between local municipalities, Black residents, and Black networks within this historically racialized arc is necessary. In doing so, explore if, and how, race, specifically Blackness, is enacted in municipal digital discourse, whether these enactments serve to advance or impede resident recognition and participation, and how Black users, as residents and social network curators, engage and respond to these municipal discursive enactments.
This exploratory research is a geographically and digitally multi-sited incorporated comparison of Chicago, Illinois, and Johannesburg South Africa. Using Twitter and ethnographic data collected between December 1, 2019, and March 31, 2020, this research layers digital ethnographic mixed methods and qualitive mixed methods, including traditional ethnographic, digital ethnographic, grounded theory, social change and discourse analysis, and frame analysis to explore three research goals.
First, explore the digital discursive practices and frames employed by municipalities to inform, communicate with, and engage Black communities, and, if and how, these frames are situated within a historically racialized arc. Second, identify the ways in which Black residents, in dual discursive engagements with local municipalities and their own social networks, interact and engage with the municipal frames centering on Blackness. Third, through ethnographic narratives, acknowledge the marginalized residents of the Central Business District of Johannesburg, South Africa as "agents of knowledge," with critical and valuable knowledge claims which arise from their lived experiences anchored within racialized place and space. In doing so, support the efforts of these residents in recentering the validity of their knowledge claims in the co-creation of urban place and space. Additionally, in situating the city within a historically racialized arc develop novel frameworks, the racialized palimpsest city and syndemic segregation, through which to explore contemporary urban interactions and engagements.Doctor of Philosophy
The United States and South Africa, exemplars of "archsegregation," have been constituted within an arc of historical racialized delineations which began with the centering, and subsequent overrepresentation, of European maleness and whiteness as the sole definition of Man. Globally present and persistent, these racialized delineations have been localized and spatially embedded through the tools of urban planning. This arc of racialized otherness, ineffectively erased, continues to inform the racially differentiated geospatial, health, social, and economic outcomes in contemporary urban form and functions for Black communities. It is within this historical arc, and against these differentiated outcomes, that contemporary urban discourse and contestation between individuals and institutions are situated. This historical othering provides not just a racialized geo-historical contextualization, but also works to preclude the recognition of the some of the most vulnerable urban community members. As urbanists and advocates strive to co-create urban space and place with municipalities, meeting the needs of these residents is imperative. In order to meet these needs, their lived experiences, and voices must be fully recognized and engaged in the processes and programs of urban co-creation, including in digital spaces and forums. Critical to achieving recognition acknowledging and situating contemporary digital discourses between local municipalities, Black residents, and Black networks within this historically racialized arc is necessary. In doing so, explore if, and how, race, specifically Blackness, is enacted in municipal digital discourse, whether these enactments serve to advance or impede resident recognition and participation, and how Black users, as residents and social network curators, engage and respond to these municipal discursive enactments. This exploratory research is a geographically and digitally multi-sited incorporated comparison of Chicago, Illinois, and Johannesburg South Africa. Using Twitter and ethnographic data collected between December 1, 2019, and March 31, 2020, this research layers digital ethnographic mixed methods and qualitive mixed methods, including traditional ethnographic, digital ethnographic, grounded theory, social change and discourse analysis, and frame analysis to explore three research goals. First, explore the digital discursive practices and frames employed by municipalities to inform, communicate with, and engage Black communities, and, if and how, these frames are situated within a historically racialized arc. Second, identify the ways in which Black residents, in dual discursive engagements with local municipalities and their own social networks, interact and engage with the municipal frames centering on Blackness. Third, through ethnographic narratives, acknowledge the marginalized residents of the Central Business District of Johannesburg, South Africa as "agents of knowledge," with critical and valuable knowledge claims which arise from their lived experiences anchored within racialized place and space. In doing so, support the efforts of these residents in recentering the validity of their knowledge claims in the co-creation of urban place and space. Additionally, in situating the city within a historically racialized arc develop novel frameworks, the racialized palimpsest city and syndemic segregation, through which to explore contemporary urban interactions and engagements.
2
Woodard, Davon Teremus Trevino. "Frames of Digital Blackness in the Racialized Palimpsest City: Chicago, Illinois and Johannesburg, South Africa." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104658.
Abstract:
The United States and South Africa, exemplars of "archsegregation," have been constituted within an arc of historical racialized delineations which began with the centering, and subsequent overrepresentation, of European maleness and whiteness as the sole definition of Man. Globally present and persistent, these racialized delineations have been localized and spatially embedded through the tools of urban planning. This arc of racialized otherness, ineffectively erased, continues to inform the racially differentiated geospatial, health, social, and economic outcomes in contemporary urban form and functions for Black communities. It is within this historical arc, and against these differentiated outcomes, that contemporary urban discourse and contestation between individuals and institutions are situated.
This historical othering provides not just a racialized geo-historical contextualization, but also works to preclude the recognition of the some of the most vulnerable urban community members. As urbanists and advocates strive to co-create urban space and place with municipalities, meeting the needs of these residents is imperative. In order to meet these needs, their lived experiences, and voices must be fully recognized and engaged in the processes and programs of urban co-creation, including in digital spaces and forums. Critical to achieving recognition acknowledging and situating contemporary digital discourses between local municipalities, Black residents, and Black networks within this historically racialized arc is necessary. In doing so, explore if, and how, race, specifically Blackness, is enacted in municipal digital discourse, whether these enactments serve to advance or impede resident recognition and participation, and how Black users, as residents and social network curators, engage and respond to these municipal discursive enactments.
This exploratory research is a geographically and digitally multi-sited incorporated comparison of Chicago, Illinois, and Johannesburg South Africa. Using Twitter and ethnographic data collected between December 1, 2019, and March 31, 2020, this research layers digital ethnographic mixed methods and qualitive mixed methods, including traditional ethnographic, digital ethnographic, grounded theory, social change and discourse analysis, and frame analysis to explore three research goals.
First, explore the digital discursive practices and frames employed by municipalities to inform, communicate with, and engage Black communities, and, if and how, these frames are situated within a historically racialized arc. Second, identify the ways in which Black residents, in dual discursive engagements with local municipalities and their own social networks, interact and engage with the municipal frames centering on Blackness. Third, through ethnographic narratives, acknowledge the marginalized residents of the Central Business District of Johannesburg, South Africa as "agents of knowledge," with critical and valuable knowledge claims which arise from their lived experiences anchored within racialized place and space. In doing so, support the efforts of these residents in recentering the validity of their knowledge claims in the co-creation of urban place and space. Additionally, in situating the city within a historically racialized arc develop novel frameworks, the racialized palimpsest city and syndemic segregation, through which to explore contemporary urban interactions and engagements.Doctor of Philosophy
The United States and South Africa, exemplars of "archsegregation," have been constituted within an arc of historical racialized delineations which began with the centering, and subsequent overrepresentation, of European maleness and whiteness as the sole definition of Man. Globally present and persistent, these racialized delineations have been localized and spatially embedded through the tools of urban planning. This arc of racialized otherness, ineffectively erased, continues to inform the racially differentiated geospatial, health, social, and economic outcomes in contemporary urban form and functions for Black communities. It is within this historical arc, and against these differentiated outcomes, that contemporary urban discourse and contestation between individuals and institutions are situated. This historical othering provides not just a racialized geo-historical contextualization, but also works to preclude the recognition of the some of the most vulnerable urban community members. As urbanists and advocates strive to co-create urban space and place with municipalities, meeting the needs of these residents is imperative. In order to meet these needs, their lived experiences, and voices must be fully recognized and engaged in the processes and programs of urban co-creation, including in digital spaces and forums. Critical to achieving recognition acknowledging and situating contemporary digital discourses between local municipalities, Black residents, and Black networks within this historically racialized arc is necessary. In doing so, explore if, and how, race, specifically Blackness, is enacted in municipal digital discourse, whether these enactments serve to advance or impede resident recognition and participation, and how Black users, as residents and social network curators, engage and respond to these municipal discursive enactments. This exploratory research is a geographically and digitally multi-sited incorporated comparison of Chicago, Illinois, and Johannesburg South Africa. Using Twitter and ethnographic data collected between December 1, 2019, and March 31, 2020, this research layers digital ethnographic mixed methods and qualitive mixed methods, including traditional ethnographic, digital ethnographic, grounded theory, social change and discourse analysis, and frame analysis to explore three research goals. First, explore the digital discursive practices and frames employed by municipalities to inform, communicate with, and engage Black communities, and, if and how, these frames are situated within a historically racialized arc. Second, identify the ways in which Black residents, in dual discursive engagements with local municipalities and their own social networks, interact and engage with the municipal frames centering on Blackness. Third, through ethnographic narratives, acknowledge the marginalized residents of the Central Business District of Johannesburg, South Africa as "agents of knowledge," with critical and valuable knowledge claims which arise from their lived experiences anchored within racialized place and space. In doing so, support the efforts of these residents in recentering the validity of their knowledge claims in the co-creation of urban place and space. Additionally, in situating the city within a historically racialized arc develop novel frameworks, the racialized palimpsest city and syndemic segregation, through which to explore contemporary urban interactions and engagements.
3
Hsieh, Tsung-Han, and 謝宗翰. "Design and Analysis of Plasmonic Waveguide Bends Using Conformal Mapping Incorporated with Transmission-Line Network Approach: Comparisons with Numerical Results." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42591295178660529863.
Abstract:
碩士國立中央大學
光電科學與工程學系
101
This thesis describes an analytical approach to analyze subwavelength 90̊ curved waveguide bend in an asymmetric metal/multi-insulator configuration. This approach employs the conformal mapping to first transform a curved waveguide bend into an equivalent straight waveguide structure and then calculate the modal index of the guided mode under the continuously-varying index profile using the transmission line network method. The propagation loss and mode transition loss along the curved waveguide bend are quantified accordingly. Based on the convergence of the attenuation constant at the operating wavelength of 1550 nm, the width of the silver region is set to 100 nm. We then define the effective transverse width as the integral of the transformed index profile over the transverse axis in the radial direction. When quantified as a function of the bending radius, the newly defined parameter is found to be in good agreement in tendency with the finite-difference-time-domain-method-based numerical simulations and can be used to describe physically the TM wave behavior along the curved bending. In general, the curved bending region along with the input/output straight sections can be treated conceptually as a structure composed of narrow, wide, narrow sections connected in sequence. Significant power loss occurs at the interface going from the wide section to the narrow section. Following the analytical analysis and power interchange studies, the width of silicon and silica regions are reduced to 150 nm and 50 nm, respectively, and the respective TM and TE transmissions could be up to 90.50% and 93.22% with a curved bending area of 0.2165 /mum^2.
Books on the topic "Incorporated Comparison":
1
O'Sullivan, P. Leveraged acquisitions: A comparison of Philip Morris and Kerry Group. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.
2
Brookes, Simon Richard. To what extent does the Royal Dutch Shell Group's competitive strategy for the extraction of crude oil incorporate its sustainable development policy in comparison with British Petroleum?. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 2003.
3
Knotter, Ad. Transformations of Trade Unionism. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724715.
Abstract:
The historical experiences of workers organizing in Europe and the United States figure among the many forms of workers’ resistance resulting from the variety of labour relations in the global past. They cannot and will not be uniformly duplicated or copied from their present form in the global transformations of labour and workers’ movements that we are witnessing today. Nevertheless, in the twentieth century trade unionism as a form of collective agency among workers became a global phenomenon. With growing numbers of workers being exposed to wage labour and labour markets, the cases of workers organizing in the original heartlands of trade unionism in Europe and the United States can provide a historical background for future prospects and transformations. Based on comparisons of long-term developments and focusing on transnational connections, Transformations of Trade Unionism shows that historically there have been many varieties of trade unionism, emerging independently or transforming older ones, and that these varieties and transformations can be explained by specific and changing labour regimes. The case studies all start from Dutch examples, or incorporate a Dutch element, but the comparative and transnational approach connects these histories to general developments in Europe and United States from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century. This publication was made possible thanks to the generous financial support of the Stichting Unger - van Brero Fonds
4
Fischer-Bovet, Christelle, and Sitta von Reden, eds. Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108782890.
Abstract:
The Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires are usually studied separately, or else included in broader examinations of the Hellenistic world. This book provides a systematic comparison of the roles of local elites and local populations in the construction, negotiation, and adaptation of political, economic, military and ideological power within these states in formation. The two states, conceived as multi-ethnic empires, are sufficiently similar to make comparisons valid, while the process of comparison highlights and better explains differences. Regions that were successively incorporated into the Ptolemaic and then Seleucid state receive particular attention, and are understood within the broader picture of the ruling strategies of both empires. The book focusses on forms of communication through coins, inscriptions and visual culture; settlement policies and the relationship between local and immigrant populations; and the forms of collaboration with and resistance of local elites against immigrant populations and government institutions.
5
Harris, Ellen T. The Tenbury Manuscript. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190271664.003.0003.
Abstract:
A comparison of the earliest surviving score and libretto with the playtext from the production of 1700 that incorporated Dido and Aeneas into Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure reveals significant discrepancies among the three sources. An evaluation of these provides information on line designations (who sings what) and vocal ranges (what type of singer plays each role). This process reveals that instances of the role of the Second Woman being eliminated occurred early on. Although the Tenbury manuscript lacks a setting of the Prologue, a comparison of the characters in the Prologue text and main text suggests the vocal ranges of the soloists, and the singers listed in a production of Eccles’s The Loves of Mars and Venus, a work coupled with Dido and Aeneas in 1704, provides still more evidence on vocal ranges. The choruses and dances of Dido and Aeneas are discussed in terms of their relationship and placement.
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Kershner, Jon R. Influences and Comparisons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868079.003.0008.
Abstract:
This chapter explores influences on Woolman, especially his Quaker tradition and the books he read. Then, he is compared with key contemporaneous Quaker reformers. However, Woolman made innovations upon these influences in a way that pertained to his eighteenth-century context. Both Woolman’s reading and his Quaker tradition emphasized the immanence of Christ, and Woolman resonated with this message as he incorporated it into his vision of Christ’s government. Moreover, Woolman differed from most of his peers in his this-worldly eschatology. His peers were more futurist in their orientation and so did not emphasize the present world as the location of divine transformation.
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Farriss, Nancy. The Art of Persuasion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190884109.003.0011.
Abstract:
Missionaries and their native co-authors incorporated traditional indigenous oratory into Christian sermons in order to persuade, as well as instruct, the Indian neophytes. An analysis of sermons and devotional literature in indigenous languages reveals many examples of the refined style of Mesoamerican ceremonial discourse, especially the most characteristic literary device of paired couplets, or difrasismos. A comparison is made between Renaissance European and Mesoamerican poetics as represented in Mixtec and Zapotec texts, with an emphasis on the miracle stories of Marian devotion and deathbed exhortations. The rhetorical strategy, which relied on privileging familiar indigenous form over alien Christian content, may have gained a more attentive but not necessarily more convinced audience.
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Freiberger, Oliver. Considering Comparison. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965007.001.0001.
Abstract:
This book seeks to rehabilitate the comparative method in the study of religion by highlighting its fundamental role for the academic mission of religious studies and by proposing both a responsible theoretical approach and a methodological framework. Analyzing the ways in which comparison is used in the study of religion, the book identifies the primary goals of this method and argues that it is constitutive for religious studies as an academic discipline. Revisiting various critiques of comparison—decontextualization and essentialization charges, postcolonialist and postmodernist critiques, and the perspectives of recent naturalistic approaches—the book incorporates insights gained from such debates into an approach that is based upon thorough epistemological analysis of comparison and that takes the scholar’s situatedness and agency seriously. Few scholars have reflected deeply upon how comparison works in practice. The book argues, and tries to demonstrate, that such reflections are useful both for producing and for evaluating comparative studies. It proposes a methodological framework for the analysis of comparison that is meant to prove relevant both for theoretical reflections and for the pragmatics of comparative work. In addition, it suggests a comparative approach—discourse comparison—that helps to confront the omnipresent risks of decontextualization, essentialization, and universalization. Arguing that the comparative method is indispensable for a deeper analytical understanding of what we call religion, this book makes a case for comparison. It seeks to enrich the considerations of both aspiring and seasoned comparativists, stimulate much-needed further discussions about methodology, and encourage scholars to produce responsible comparative studies.
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Hicks-Keeton, Jill. Executing Boundaries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878993.003.0004.
Abstract:
Chapter 3 makes a new suggestion about the categories of inclusion operative in Joseph and Aseneth: Aseneth is anachronistically incorporated into the covenant forged by Israel’s “living God” at Sinai. Joseph and Aseneth’s portrayal of Israel’s “living God” as giver of life to Aseneth, a foreigner originally external to the covenant, is a revision of a Deuteronomic literary motif surrounding the epithet. Deuteronomy’s “living God” exercises ultimate authority over who lives and who dies and uses this prerogative, in part, to separate Israel from other nations. Joseph and Aseneth engaged and adapted this cultural repertoire to reflect on the proper relationship between Joseph and Aseneth and on the possibilities for the relationship between Aseneth and Israel’s God. Comparison with the narratives of the Deuteronomistic History, particularly that of David and Goliath, further illuminates the ideology that Joseph and Aseneth constructs surrounding the relationship of Israel’s “living God” to covenantal outsiders.
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Schorkopf, Frank, and Christian Starck, eds. Rechtsvergleichung - Sprache - Rechtsdogmatik. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748900849.
Abstract:
This edited volume includes the lectures held at the seventh German-Taiwanese colloquium in Goettingen. It focused on comparative law with respect to the link between law itself, legal doctrine and language. This topic relates to a broader German academic debate about the function and value of legal doctrine. While criticised by German scholars, the German legal doctrine is, interestingly enough, what makes German law relevant for comparison and reception by foreign legal systems. The volume also discusses the challenges of language knowledge and adequate translation, which especially concerns a country like Taiwan, which largely incorporated foreign law into their legal system. It has become an increasingly important topic in the European Union as well. Altogether, the edited volume includes a well-balanced mixture of general dogmatic contributions and exemplary case studies. With contributions by Björn Ahl, Ai-er Chen, Chien-Liang Lee, Chun-Tao Lee, Ming-Hsin Lin, José Martínez, Johannes Reich, Dietmar von der Pfordten, Thorsten Ingo Schmidt, Frank Schorkopf, Christian Starck, Hui-Chieh Su, Tzu-Hui Yang
Book chapters on the topic "Incorporated Comparison":
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Amelung, Nina, Rafaela Granja, and Helena Machado. "Poland." In Modes of Bio-Bordering, 89–103. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8183-0_6.
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Abstract Poland established its DNA database in 2007 and joined the Prüm system in 2013. In comparison to the other countries in the European Union, the Polish DNA database is small. The facilitation of international DNA data exchange was considered as fundamental to Poland’s project to technologically modernize, integrate into Europe and incorporate international crime control standards. Furthermore, the country has demonstrated openness to those new and emergent forensic DNA technologies that have been critically assessed and strictly regulated in other countries. Poland is among Prüm’s most proactive members and is a country ambitious to catch up with a circumscribed expansive mode of debordering. This proactivity is manifested in the range of bilateral data exchange connections Poland has made with other Member States and in the data categories it makes available. Poland’s commitment to expansive debordering dynamics goes hand in hand with the EU’s agenda of integrating security policies.
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Onida, Barbara, Sonia Fiorilli, Beatrice Camarota, Daniela Perrachon, and Maria Concetta Bruzzoniti. "Acidic functional groups incorporated in ordered mesoporous materials: a comparison among different host matrices." In Zeolites and related materials: Trends, targets and challenges, Proceedings of the 4th International FEZA Conference, 67–72. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(08)80153-x.
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Bachman, Maria K., and Don Richard Cox. "‘I have altered nothing’." In Walter Besant, 55–72. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620351.003.0004.
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After Walter Besant completed Wilkie Collins’s unfinished novel, Blind Love (with Collins’s authorization and elaborately detailed instructions), Besant emphatically declared that he had “altered nothing” in the final version. A comparison of the published novel with Collins’s notebook, however, reveals that Besant’s declaration was somewhat disingenuous. In addition to making several significant alternations to Collins’s original plot, the more conservative Besant incorporated both anti-Irish and anti-feminist themes, thus undercutting the more socially progressive narrative originally intended by the deceased author.
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"Comparison Between Ordinary Portland Cement and Geopolymer Concretes Against Sulphuric Acid Attack." In Recycled Waste Materials in Concrete Construction, 126–34. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8325-7.ch009.
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This chapter covers a comparison between ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and geopolymer concretes against sulphuric acid attack. An intensive introduction to the topic is given. Lack of study about high strength of self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) against sulphuric acid attack is also one of the problems. In this research, slag and ceramics were used as replacement of OPC. The aim was to study the durability of SCGC against sulphuric acid attack which mainly incorporated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) and ceramics waste as a binder. Methodology of the experimental program, with emphasis on preparation of materials and mix design is described. Testing procedure of GSCC is given. Durability test for sulphuric acid resistance and cost analysis are briefly explained. In conclusion, the sulphuric acid solution had no effect on the strength of concrete and the weight after being immersed in sulphuric acid solution for 28 and 42 days.
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Sharma, Akanksha, Lavish Kansal, Gurjot Singh Gaba, and Mohamed Mounir. "Image Transmission Analysis Using MIMO-OFDM Systems." In Design Methodologies and Tools for 5G Network Development and Application, 157–74. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4610-9.ch008.
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This chapter demonstrates various ways for transmitting an image file using MIMO-OFDM systems which have anti-error ability to reduce BER. Furthermore, various diversity combining techniques like maximal ratio combining (MRC), selection combining (SC) are incorporated along with transmitting diversity scheme (i.e., beamforming). Different modulation techniques (viz. QPSK, 16-PSK, and 64-PSK) are used and evaluated in terms of BER vs. SNR considering different combination of transmitters and receivers. Lastly, results showed that in the transmission course, BER is considerably reduced and the image quality is found much better in comparison to other schemes.
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Panigrahi, Gyana Ranjana, Nalini Kanta Barpanda, and Madhumita Panda. "Machine Automation Making Cyber-Policy Violator More Resilient." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 329–45. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6659-6.ch018.
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Cybersecurity is of global importance. Nearly all association suffer from an active cyber-attack. However, there is a lack of making cyber policy violator more resilient for analysts in proportionately analyzing security incidents. Now the question: Is there any proper technique of implementations for assisting automated decision to the analyst using a comparison study feature selection method? The authors take multi-criteria decision-making methods for comparison. Here the authors use CICDDoS2019 datasets consisting of Windows benign and the most vanguard for shared bouts. Hill-climbing algorithm may be incorporated to select best features. The time-based pragmatic data can be extracted from the mainsheet for classification as distributed cyber-policy violator or legitimate benign using decision tree (DT) with analytical hierarchy process (AHP) (DT-AHP), support vector machine (SVM) with technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (SVM-TOPSIS) and mixed model of k-nearest neighbor (KNN AHP-TOPSIS) algorithms.
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O’Leary, Brendan. "The Long Negotiation." In A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume III, 230–89. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830580.003.0006.
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This chapter explains how both the IRA and the DUP were fully incorporated into the 1998 Agreement, even if the former saw it as transitional, whereas the latter pretended it was not working within its provisions. The striking success of simply having a sustained period of cooperative power-sharing is celebrated, and a full comparison is made with the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973–4. The Rise and Fall of the House of Paisley is considered. Sinn Féin’s Martin McGuinness’s interactions with his DUP opposite numbers Peter Robinson and Arlene Foster are assessed. The turbulent implementation of the agreement between 2003 and 2015 is considered. Unresolved controversies over languages and flags and over assessing the conflict are evaluated.
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Aslan, Lale. "Internal Audit Structure and Fraud Risk Assessment From a Regulatory Perspective." In Organizational Auditing and Assurance in the Digital Age, 302–32. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7356-2.ch015.
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This chapter aims to depict the role of internal audit in Turkish capital markets by comparing the internal audit structure and its role in detecting fraud in financial institutions and developing a framework for assessing fraud risk in intermediary institutions. The newly constructed regulations concerning banks, intermediary institutions, and portfolio management companies are compared to a global benchmark by using a conceptual and descriptive approach. According to the results of this comparison, it is clear that Turkish legislation needs to be improved in critical areas. “Integrity” should be incorporated as a founding concept of the internal audit function. Certification of internal auditors needs to be encouraged, and internal audit standards need to be adapted. As a result, a fraud risk assessment template influenced by the new regulatory framework is developed for intermediary institutions.
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Rosenmeier, Christopher. "Tradition and Hybridity in Shi Zhecun and Mu Shiying." In On the Margins of Modernism. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696369.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the 1930s New Sensationist (xinganjuepai) writers Shi Zhecun and Mu Shiying, whose works are shown in later chapters to have influenced the subsequent literary scene. They are seen here as an avant-garde group that wrote works in opposition to the overall direction of the contemporary literary field. Through close analysis of a number of short stories, the chapter demonstrates how these authors constructed hybrid works that incorporated tropes and stereotypes from popular literature, legend, tradition, literature and myth. By combining the real with the otherworldly and the imagined, these authors rejected realism and the politicisation of literature promoted at the time by the League of Left-wing Writers. The chapter also establishes aspects of these writers’ works that are used for later comparison.
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"Forensics with the AFC Test." In Judiciary-Friendly Forensics of Software Copyright Infringement, 129–57. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5804-2.ch006.
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This chapter tries to explain the procedural aspects of the copyright infringement investigation with special attention to the Abstraction – Filtration – Comparison test. Firstly, it situates the AFC test properly in the field (and also in the process) of copyright infringement of software program. Secondly, the chapter concentrates on the basic copyright doctrines and explores how they have been properly incorporated in the 3-phase procedure of the AFC test. The abstraction and the exclusion policies of the test are also explained in the context of the copyright policies of the United States. The chapter goes on to explain the scope of customization and induction of this test into the judiciaries in the rest of the world. This chapter concludes by pointing out the limitations of and further scope for research in this test.
Conference papers on the topic "Incorporated Comparison":
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Suna, Ahmet, Merve Gulle, and Ahmet Erten. "Comparison of Magnetic Particle Incorporated PDMS Membrane Actuators." In 2019 11th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eleco47770.2019.8990501.
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Casas, Rafael, Tianyao Chen, and Peter S. Lum. "Comparison of Two Series Elastic Actuator Designs Incorporated into a Shoulder Exoskeleton." In 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icorr.2019.8779448.
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Bagchi, S., S. Goswami, R. Bhaduri, M. Ganguly, and A. Roy. "Small signal stability analysis and comparison with DFIG incorporated system using FACTS devices." In 2016 IEEE 1st International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpeices.2016.7853294.
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Kumar, Narendra, Vipin Jain, and Sanjiv Kumar. "Comparison of effectiveness of auxiliary signals incorporated in STATCOM for improving transient performance of power system." In 2012 IEEE 5th India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iicpe.2012.6450457.
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Koch, Patrick N., Dimitri Mavris, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Modeling Noise in Approximation-Based Robust Design: A Comparison and Critical Discussion." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/dac-5588.
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Abstract Robust design techniques are being developed that incorporate computational experimentation and approximation for efficient exploration of a preliminary design space. Critical to such approximation-based robust design approaches is the effective modeling of the effects of noise (uncontrollable factors) on performance (measuring and modeling performance variation). Given that approximations are sought for efficient exploration, the question addressed in this paper is the following: How can noise be modeled and incorporated effectively into the preliminary design of complex systems to effectively identify robust solutions? Three approaches for modeling noise when approximate performance models are sought are tested and compared in this paper: statistical expected value and Taylor’s expansion, design of experiments (DOE)-based Monte Carlo simulation, and product arrays. The focus in this testing and comparison is on modeling and predicting performance variation. The example problem employed is the preliminary design of the thermodynamic cycle for a commercial turbofan turbine engine. The approximate models constructed for this example using each modeling approach are employed for exploring the preliminary design space and identifying robust solutions. The robust solutions obtained are compared and a discussion of the appropriate uses of each modeling approach is presented.
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Stankovic, S., D. Nikolic, N. Krzanovic, L. Nadjdjerdj, and V. Davidovic. "Comparison of Radiation Characteristics of HfO2 and SiO2 Incorporated in MOS Capacitor in Field of Gamma and X Radiation." In 2019 IEEE 31st International Conference on Microelectronics (MIEL). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/miel.2019.8889613.
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Li, Qiang, Dan Liu, Xiaodong Yuan, Yi Liu, and Ping Ge. "Solutions for peak regulation of Jiangsu power grid incorporated with large-scale renewable power and its comparison with Germany." In 2015 5th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drpt.2015.7432578.
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Wallach, D., F. Lamare, C. Roux, and D. Visvikis. "Comparison between reconstruction-incorporated super-resolution and super-resolution as a post-processing step for motion correction in PET." In 2010 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2010 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2010.5874193.
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Cundumí García, Juan Sebastián, and Orlando Cundumí Sánchez. "COMPARISON BETWEEN DYNAMIC NONLINEAR ANALYSIS WITH ASCE 7-10 AND ASCE 7-16 IN CONCRETE FRAMES WITH VISCOUS DAMPERS INCORPORATED." In 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research National Technical University of Athens, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120121.8870.19422.
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Hicks, R. A., and C. W. Wilson. "Comparison Between Measured and Predicted Wall Temperatures in a Gas Turbine Combustor." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-059.
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On of the major considerations in the development of advanced gas turbine engines are increased thrust to weight ratio and reduced development and operating costs. Improvements in engine thrust require an increase in combustion chamber heat release and inlet pressures. However, increasing the amount of heat release will also result in an increase in the radiative heat flux to the combustion chamber walls, proving detrimental to the operational life time of the combustor. To maximise combustor life, different cooling devices can be incorporated into the combustion chamber design. The effectiveness with which these devices are implemented is important and in the absence of a reliable predictive numerical tools, is difficult to quantify without undertaking expensive and timely testing. A computer analysis tool, based on a network model approach, has previously been developed to analyse airflow distributions in complex combustor geometries. A recent variant of this model has incorporated the Discrete Transfer radiation model, along with other convective and conductive sub-models, to account for heat transfer. These models have been validated against thermocouple measurements of wall temperature obtained in a sectored research combustor. The results of this comparison indicate that, whilst the model is capable of predicting the trends in wall temperature, it is currently unable to reproduce the magnitude of wall temperature with a greater accuracy than 80 K. However, the versatility of the discrete transfer model suggests that further improvements in accuracy are possible.
Reports on the topic "Incorporated Comparison":
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Edwards, Susan L., Marcus E. Berzofsky, and Paul P. Biemer. Addressing Nonresponse for Categorical Data Items Using Full Information Maximum Likelihood with Latent GOLD 5.0. RTI Press, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.mr.0038.1809.
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Full information maximum likelihood (FIML) is an important approach to compensating for nonresponse in data analysis. Unfortunately, only a few software packages implement FIML and even fewer have the capability to compensate for missing not at random (MNAR) nonresponse. One of these packages is Statistical Innovations’ Latent GOLD; however, the user documentation for Latent GOLD provides no mention of this capability. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance for fitting MNAR FIML models for categorical data items using the Latent GOLD 5.0 software. By way of comparison, we also provide guidance on fitting FIML models for nonresponse missing at random (MAR) using the methods of Fuchs (1982) and Fay (1986), who incorporated item nonresponse indicators within a structural modeling framework. We compare both FIML for MAR and FIML for MNAR nonresponse models for independent and dependent variables. Also, we provide recommendations for future applications of FIML using Latent GOLD.
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Tarko, Andrew P., Mario Romero, Cristhian Lizarazo, and Paul Pineda. Statistical Analysis of Safety Improvements and Integration into Project Design Process. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317121.
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RoadHAT is a tool developed by the Center for Road Safety and implemented for the INDOT safety management practice to help identify both safety needs and relevant road improvements. This study has modified the tool to facilitate a quick and convenient comparison of various design alternatives in the preliminary design stage for scoping small and medium safety-improvement projects. The modified RoadHAT 4D incorporates a statistical estimation of the Crash Reduction Factors based on a before-and-after analysis of multiple treated and control sites with EB correction for the regression-to-mean effect. The new version also includes the updated Safety Performance Functions, revised average costs of crashes, and the comprehensive table of Crash Modification Factors—all updated to reflect current Indiana conditions. The documentation includes updated Guidelines for Roadway Safety Improvements. The improved tool will be implemented at a sequence of workshops for the final end users and preceded with a beta-testing phase involving a small group of INDOT engineers.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Scotland: The Roman Presence. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.104.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Scotland in the Roman world: Research into Roman Scotland requires an appreciation of the wider frontier and Empire-wide perspectives, and Scottish projects must be integrated into these wider, international debates. The rich data set and chronological control that Scotland has to offer can be used to inform broader understandings of the impact of Rome. Changing worlds: Roman Scotland’s rich data set should be employed to contribute to wider theoretical perspectives on topics such as identity and ethnicity, and how these changed over time. What was the experience of daily life for the various peoples in Roman Scotland and how did interactions between incomers and local communities develop and change over the period in question, and, indeed, at and after its end? Frontier Life: Questions still remain regarding the disposition and chronology of forts and forces, as well as the logistics of sustaining and supplying an army of conquest and occupation. Sites must be viewed as part of a wider, interlocking set of landscapes, and the study of movement over land and by sea incorporated within this. The Antonine Wall provides a continuing focus of research which would benefit from more comparison with frontier structures and regimes in other areas. Multiple landscapes: Roman sites need to be seen in a broader landscape context, ‘looking beyond the fort’ and explored as nested and interlocking landscapes. This will allow exploration of frontier life and the changing worlds of the Roman period. To do justice to this resource requires two elements: o Development-control archaeology should look as standard at the hinterland of forts (up to c.1 km from the ‘core’), as sensitive areas and worthy of evaluation; examples such as Inveresk show the density of activity around such nodes. The interiors of camps should be extensively excavated as standard. o Integrated approaches to military landscapes are required, bringing in where appropriate topographical and aerial survey, LIDAR, geophysics, the use of stray and metal-detected finds, as well as fieldwalking and ultimately, excavation. The Legacy of Rome: How did the longer term influence of the Romans, and their legacy, influence the formation, nature and organisation of the Pictish and other emergent kingdoms?
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.
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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.