Journal articles on the topic 'Incoterms 2000'

In a globalized society, the economic integration of states and the expansion of foreign trade relations have led to increased attention and control over agreements in this area. Inappropriate drawing up of contracts will lead to long and costly cases between the parties in any dispute over the provisions. For this reason, in drafting these agreements, States must use standards that do not constitute a heavy responsibility for these parties and that the parties mutually agree on the risk of liability and loss by referring to what they want from these standard rules. These standards are known as incoterms. Also called International Commercial Terms. This study will provide an in-depth look at the differences between previous versions 2000 and 2010 of INCOTERMS 2020 and discuss the general meaning of these terms (International Commers Terms) used to refer to trade agreements with commercial entities. Key words:international trade, commercial procedure, Incoterms, term, simplification

Con el propósito de facilitar las transacciones comerciales internacionales que día a día se llevan a cabo, la Cámara de Comercio Internacional realiza una revisión y actualización periódica de los Términos de Comercio Internacional (<em>Incoterms</em>), los cuales regulan tres aspectos fundamentales relacionados con la compraventa internacional de mercaderías: la entrega de las mercancías, la transmisión de riesgos entre las partes y los costos a cuenta de cada una de las mismas.

As trade markets continue to expand due to developments in transportation and logistics technologies, distribution networks extend well beyond national frontiers. With obstacles such as distance, language, and business customs, allocation of legal responsibility between a buyer and a seller of goods becomes even more crucial in international commerce. This document is presented in three general sections. Reviewing the basics, including definition, origin, use and classifications of INCOTERMS constitutes the first section. The second section describes and analyzes the differences between each of the 13 INCOTERMS 2000. Lastly, the changes introduced by the 2000 revision are studied in more detail in section three and implications are proffered.

Introduction. The globalization of the world space is an irreversible process and it requires clear generalizations and systematization. In the trade sphere, these are the rules of Incoterms. The study of these rules is quite an actual problem today, considering that nine interpretations have been formed, the last of which took place this year. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the editions of Incoterms, which are published by the International Chamber of Commerce in order to unify the rules of international trade. Results. As of January 1, 2020, nine editions of the rules of international and domestic trade were formed – Incoterms: 1936, 1953, 1967, 1974, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. The first systematization of the rules of international trade had six conditions (FAS, FOB, CNF, CIF, EXS, EXQ), which directly related to sea or river transport. The next edition took place only 17 years later. This edition adds three terms of delivery, that did not apply to water transport (FOT, FOR and DCP). The third edition was made in 1967, as a result DAF and DDP terms were added. The fourth edition was published in 1974. This led to the inclusion of a new term FOB Airport – «Free on Board Airport». In 1980, the term FRC (Free Carrier… Named at Point) was introduced. All versions of the rules before 1990 were based on the introduction of additional terms that would be convenient to use in international trade. And in 1990, the International Chamber of Commerce updated the list of Incoterms by eliminating inapplicable and introducing new terms. A new version of the rules was published in 2000, however, neither the quantity nor the names of the terms of delivery have changed. The interpretation of certain terms has changed. The eighth edition was made in 2010, but came into force on January 1, 2011. This interpretation presents eleven conditions of Incoterms. The eighth edition introduced significant changes into the group “D”. The ninth version of the terms of international deliveries came into force on January 1, 2020, indicating the main changes related to product insurance, replacement of delivery from the group “D”, changes in the order of items within the definition of obligations of buyer and seller, etc. Conclusions. The Incoterms rules do not replace the contract between the buyer and the seller, they only define the main obligations, risks and costs, unless otherwise agreed by the parties of the contract. Incoterms are extremely important in the unification of international trade and they will change in the process of international trade in case of occurrence of such a need.

U radu se s teorijskog i praktičnog stajališta prikazuju i analiziraju novi termini Incotermsa iz 2010. godine. Iznose se osnovna opća obilježja nove revizije i posebna obilježja pojedinih termina, te se ukazuje na razlike u odnosu na termine Incotermsa iz 2000. godine. Posebno se ukazuje i teoretski obrazlažu odredbe o dužnostima stranaka u odnosu na sklapanje ugovora o osiguranju i ugovora o prijevozu robe. Iznose se i obrazlažu kriteriji za ocjenu koja od stranaka iz kupoprodajnog odnosa u primjeni pojedinih ugovornih termina ima interes za osiguranje robe u prijevozu. Kod obrade pojedinih termina daje se ocjena o njihovoj pogodnosti za uporabu kod prijevoza pojedinim vrstama prometa. Na kraju se ocjenjuje da pravila Incotermsa iz 2010. godine više odgovaraju potrebama suvremene poslovne prakse nego pravila prethodne revizije, te se njihova uporaba preporučuje našim gospodarstvenicima.

In 2020, the new version of Incoterms trade terms came into force. The author raises the issue of the connection between these trade terms and cargo insurance. Th rough the concept of the sale of goods contract, in which some of the aforementioned trade terms are incorporated, the author provides an answer to the question who has a duty to conclude cargo insurance contract and in what way or who has an interest to do so. The provided analysis suggests that the Incoterms rules do not contain special rules regarding cargo insurance, but only guidelines for the seller what kind of insurance contract must be concluded according to CIF and CIP clauses, while other clauses contain a provision "without obligation". The most significant novelty is increasing the necessary insurance cover imposed by CIP clause. However, this does not make Incoterms 2020 a revolutionary version, but rather a development of earlier editions.

La industria textil en el Ecuador ha sido un sector de gran aporte económico a la industria nacional. El objetivo de la investigación es analizar los costos de importación de productos textiles y su incidencia en la utilidad empresarial. La metodología se basó en un estudio de caso con un enfoque cuantitativo y un alcance de investigación correlacional, como información primaria se tomó los balances generales y de resultado de la de la empresa Texpadilla Cia. Ltda. Los resultados revelan que existe una relación directa entre los incoterms, seguro y valor total de los productos; de forma que, el CIF (seguro y flete) o FOB (Libre a Bordo) mantienen un coeficiente de regresión de R2= 0,9618 y una significancia ANOVA menor a cero. Se concluye que, los costos de importación de bienes textiles si inciden en la utilidad empresarial, pues, las variables poseen un alto grado de explicación. Palabras Clave: costos de importación, industria textil, utilidad empresarial. Referencias [1]S. Amaluisa, «Bajo nivel de crecimiento de la industria textil ecuatoriana,» Boletín de Coyuntura, Ambato, 2019. [2]B. Pinta, Estructura productiva del sector manufacturero ecuatoriano, un análisis territorial en el período 2000-2012, quito: facultad latinoamericana de ciencias sociales, 2017. [3]J.Basantes, E. González y M. Bonilla, Caracterización de las peqeñas y medianas empresa en el sector de la economía ecuatoriana, Chimborazo: Universidad de Oriente, 2015. [4]D.Rodriguez, «Importación costos y valores.,» 11 6 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.e-comex.com/costos-de-una-importacion/. [5]Primicias, «Producción de textiles está estancada,» 2010. [6]CFN, «ficha sectorial hiladura, tejedura y acabados de productos textiles,» 02 2018. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.cfn.fin.ec/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Ficha-Sectorial-Hiladura-Tejedura-y-Acabados-de-Productos-Textiles.pdf. [7]C. Robles, Costos históricos, Estado de México: Red Tercer Milenio S.C, 2020. [8]J. Gavelán, Costos de importación, Mexico: researchgate, 2015. [9]J. Carrión, Naturaleza del costo de importación, Quito: Todo Comercio Exterior, 2019. [10]A. Romero, «Agencia de Aduanas - Alberto Romero Sánchez y Cia. Ltda.,» 21 06 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.agenciaromero.cl/es/noticias/detalle/identifique-los-valores-cif-y-fob-en-transacciones-comerciales-12. [11]A. Romero, «Agencia de Aduanas,» 31 08 20. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.agenciaromero.cl/es/noticias/detalle/identifique-los-valores-cif-y-fob-en-transacciones-comerciales-12. [12]G. Villarroel, «Quees Economia,» 01 05 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.queeseconomia.site/utilidad/#:~:text=La%20utilidad%20es%20el%20inter%C3%A9s,puede%20sacar%20de%20un%20producto.&text=Nos%20encontramos%20con%20tres%20tipos,la%20neta%20y%20la%20operacional. [13]K. Silva, «kueski,» ¿Qué es la utilidad bruta y cómo se calcula?, 20 02 2020. [En línea]. 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Disponible: https://pe.fashionnetwork.com/news/Las-exportaciones-textiles-de-ecuador-crecen-en-un-5-8-,1042825.html. [20]Banco Central del Ecuador, «Exportaciones por bloques económicos (SIN OTROS USOS),» 19 10 2019. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.aite.com.ec/estadisticas/2018/EXPORT%202018%20BLOQUES%20ECON.%20SIN%20OTROS%20USOS.pdf. [21]Asociación de Industrias Textiles del Ecuador, «Asociación de Industrias Textiles del Ecuador,» 5 10 2019. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.aite.com.ec/estadisticas/2018/IMPORT%202018%20TIPO%20PRODUCTO.pdf. [22]Textiles y confecciones en Ecuador, «textiles y confecciones en Ecuador,» 12 3 2014. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.legiscomex.com/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/estudio-textil-confecciones-ecuador-listo.pdf. [23]V. Yuliana y M. Pastaz, Barreras arancelarias y no arancelarias a las importaciones de textiles en el Ecuador y su impacto en los niveles de rentabilidad en la industria nacional, GUAYAQUIL: Universidad Laica VICENTE ROCAFUERTE, 2017. [24]A. Peiro, «Economipedia,» 10 05 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://economipedia.com/definiciones/coeficiente-de-correlacion-lineal.html#:~:text=La%20correlaci%C3%B3n%2C%20tambi%C3%A9n%20conocida%20como,variaci%C3%B3n%20conjunta%20entre%20dos%20variables.

Currently foreign trade transactions are instrumental in global economic cooperation. The proper formation and successful implementation of foreign trade contracts are certainly beneficial to the economic situation in the world. However, this process might pose certain difficulties to the participants of international trade which can be avoided if Incoterms 2010 are observed. The provisions of Incoterms 2010 are relevant and meet the requirements of foreign trade. While the Incoterms rules are characterized by amenity and usefulness, there are a number of problems in the practice of their application. The purpose of the research is to analyze the relevant issues of Incoterms application, which significantly influence foreign trade and the economic situation in certain countries. In the research the general methods of scientific investigation are used, i.e. the systematic and dialectic methods; the general scientific methods – induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, proceeding from abstract to specific, etc.; a legally specific method — the formal-economic and the comparative-economic methods. The article examines Incoterms 2010 and their differences from and similarities to their predecessor — Incoterms 2000. Furthermore, the authors formulate the key problems arising in relation to Incoterms 2010 application and assess their impact on international trade in general. They concluded that the Incoterms rules are a very efficacious regulator of the foreign trade transactions. The issues caused by their application need to be solved urgently, as they lead to letdown of foreign trade.

Letters of credit are an important finance instrument for international trade. These instruments are particularly useful in trade where the transactional values and trading risks are high. Essentially the letter of credit is a substitute for a buyer’s risk with that of his bank, as it underwrites the transaction. Exporters experience difficulties in achieving documentary compliance to the bank’s satisfaction and therefore run the risk of not being paid. Compliance is based on the accuracy and form of data content on documents required by the letter of credit. The more voluminous and complex the documentary requirements, the higher the non-compliance risk. This paper explores the link between international delivery terms and documentary requirements of the letter of credit. Preliminary data from an industry survey suggests that exporters are contracting on international delivery terms that may leave them unnecessarily exposed to non-payment risks. Although further investigation is required to determine whether alternate delivery terms would diminish the exporter’s risk, preliminary results indicate that it is possible to reduce payment risk by the strategic use of international delivery terms.