Dissertations / Theses: 'Incoterms'

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Kozak, Liliia, Лілія Ігорівна Козак, Danil Tyshko, and Даніл Вікторович Тишко. "Use of Incoterms 2020 in multimodal transportation." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50579.

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1. Malfliet J. Incoterms 2010 and the mode of transport: how to choose the right term / Jonas Malfliet. // Ghent University, Belgium. – 2011. – С. 163–179. 2. Incoterms 2020 [Electronic recourses] // Embassy freight services. – 2020. – Access mode: https://www.embassy-freight.be/en/news/incoterms020/. 3. Incoterms 2020 [Electronic recourses] // Mitridat. – 2020. – Access mode: https://www.mitridat.odessa.ua/incoterms-2020/. Supervisor - сand. of econ. sc., assoc. prof. Ostapenko T.G.
There are many nuances in every trade. In order not to waste time with negotiations, codified rules - Incoterms - have been developed. Incoterms - International Trade Topics - are standard terms of a sales contract that are predefined in an international document. The entire list of obligations and conditions has been carefully analyzed and grouped into 11 terms.
У кожній торгівлі є багато нюансів. Щоб не витрачати час на переговори, розроблено кодифіковані правила - Інкотермс. Інкотермс - теми міжнародної торгівлі - це стандартні умови договору купівлі-продажу, визначені в міжнародному документі. Весь перелік зобов'язань та умов був ретельно проаналізований та згрупований у 11 термінів.

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Šrámková, Eva. "Aplikace dodacích parit INCOTERMS v kontejnerových přepravách." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113158.

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International Commercial Terms have been applied in the international trade for more than 70 years. The aim of the master thesis is to analyze the application of INCOTERMS in container transportation which was secured by a forwarder. The first chapter describes the role of maritime transport in the international trade, emphasizes container transportation and its development and describes cooperation of the subjects on the field of international trasport (mainly the activities of forwarder). The second chapter contains the describtion of the individual INCOTERMS and their newest version INCOTREMS 2010, their role in the international trade and describes rights and obligations of buyer and seller. It aims at the newest terms DAP a DAT and deals with the factors which influence the choice of suitable term. The third chapter provides statistical data and tries to reveal the reason why buyer and seller choose a particular term.

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Campusano, Deckner. "UPC Exportador 2019. Incoterms 2020. Bloque 1." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651952.

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¿Qué es “UPC Exportador” y cuál es su finalidad? “‘UPC Exportador’ es un espacio donde queremos que los alumnos reflexionen y apliquen los conocimientos que les brindemos para fomentar una cultura exportadora. La exportación es una de nuestras mejores estrategias para lograr mayor sostenibilidad, crecimiento y oportunidad en un mercado mundial y cada vez más globalizado e interdependiente.
¿Cuál es la importancia de la actualización de los Incoterms 2020? “El comercio internacional es cambiante. El idioma de los negocios de compra-venta también, y se adapta de manera que sea más simple y seguro: los Incoterms. Conocer la nueva versión (2020), nos brinda la oportunidad necesaria para seguir con nuestros negocios sin estar desactualizados. Es el “lenguaje” del comercio exterior que se utilizará desde el 1ro. de enero del 2020.

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Quispe, Farfán Percy Hugo. "UPC Exportador 2019. Incoterms 2020. Bloque 2." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651953.

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¿Qué es “UPC Exportador” y cuál es su finalidad? “‘UPC Exportador’ es un espacio donde queremos que los alumnos reflexionen y apliquen los conocimientos que les brindemos para fomentar una cultura exportadora. La exportación es una de nuestras mejores estrategias para lograr mayor sostenibilidad, crecimiento y oportunidad en un mercado mundial y cada vez más globalizado e interdependiente.
¿Cuál es la importancia de la actualización de los Incoterms 2020? “El comercio internacional es cambiante. El idioma de los negocios de compra-venta también, y se adapta de manera que sea más simple y seguro: los Incoterms. Conocer la nueva versión (2020), nos brinda la oportunidad necesaria para seguir con nuestros negocios sin estar desactualizados. Es el “lenguaje” del comercio exterior que se utilizará desde el 1ro. de enero del 2020.

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Jolivet, Emmanuel. "Les Incoterms : [étude d'une norme du commerce international] /." [Paris] : Litec, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb391299047.

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Jolivet, Emmanuel. "Les Incoterms : étude d'une norme du commerce international." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON10015.

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Les incoterms sont considérés par les acteurs du commerce international comme l'un des meilleurs exemples d'instruments d'origine privée d'harmonisation des pratiques en matière de contrats internationaux. L'élaboration des incoterms par la CCI et leur statut juridique est indissociable tant des structures de la CCI que de ses méthodes de travail. Les limites des études comparatives en matière de termes commerciaux existant dans de nombreux droits nationaux ont conduit la CCI à developper une série de règles uniformes d'interprétation des termes les plus fréquemment utilisés dans les contrats de vente internationale. Organisées autour du concept de livraison, ces règles définissent les obligations respectives des contractants. D'adoption facultative par les contractants, ces règles se présentent comme une véritable norme. Les conventions internationales, les acteurs du commerce international et les arbitres les considèrent comme une composante de la lex mercatoria et consacrent leur caractère de norme internationale alors que les juges étatiques, voire certaines législations, tendent à les inclure dans leur ordre juridique en tant que norme nationale.

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Yaşar, Tanju Oktay. "Übergang der Leistungsgefahr bei den internationalen Kaufverträgen : unter Berücksichtigung von INCOTERMS und WKR /." Ankara : Akçağ Basım Yayım Pazarlama, 1998. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Jankauskas, Vilius. "Does the Incoterms 2010 FOB and DDP guarantee the rights for the buyer in case of violation the delivery clause in the contract?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2015~D_20141230_143155-98225.

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ICC – International Chamber of commerce in 1936 first time introduced Incoterms clause. The Incoterms in the most simply way that may be defined as delivery terms. It represents seller’s and buyer’s (manufacturer and customer) relationship in the sales of good contract regarding the goods delivery clause. There were more than one revision of Incoterms until the latest 2010 versions has been released. Incoterms 2010 separated delivery terms into two different transportation ways – sea and inland waterway (4 rules) and any mode of transport (7 rules). These rules mostly are combined with the contract of sales of goods and define the way how the goods will be delivered for the buyer. The most important thing that Incoterms represent is the liability separation between the seller and the buyer. It became clear what obligations and duties the contracting parties has. These rules led to have easier communication between the seller and the buyer when the delivery clause was negotiated. Today the Incoterrms 2010 suggest 11 delivery terms, where the parties may choose the most suitable term for them. All terms are divided into 4 groups and each of them has its own features. In this paper are discussed 2 of it: F group and D group. F and D groups consist from 3 terms each. In the work is analyzed FOB and DDP terms. First of it are suitable for the water and inland transport and second one for any mode of transport. In this paper is analyzed the seller’s responsibility when he agrees... [to full text]
1936 m. ICC – Tarptautiniai komercijos rūmai (angl. International Chamber of Commerce) pirmą kartą pristatė Incoterms sąlygas. Incoterms sąlygas galima apibūdinti kaip prekių pristatymo sąlygas. Incoterms apibūdina pardavėjo ir pirkėjo (gamintojo ir kliento) pareigas pristatant prekes kai yra pasirašyta pirkimo – pardavimo sutartis. Incoterms buvo ne kartą tobulintos iki buvo išleista paskutinė – 2010 m. versija. Incoterms 2010 išskiria du prekių pristatymo būdus: vienas jų, kai prekės gabenamos jūromis ar vidaus vandens keliais (4 taisyklės), antras – terminai tinkamai bet kuriai transport rūšiai (7 taisyklės). Šios taisyklės yar naudojamos kartu su pirkimo – pardavimo sutartimis, kur nusako, kaip prekės bus pristatytos pirkėjui. Labai svarbu paminėti tai, kad Incoterms taisyklės leidžia atskirti pardavėjo ir pirkėjo atsakomybę gabenant krovinius. Taisyklės apibūdina, už ką yra atsakinga kiekviena šalis. Šios taisyklės leido supaprastinti tarptautinę prekybą ir santykius tarp pardavėjo ir pirkėjo. Šiandien Incoterms pateikia 11 prekių pristatymo taisyklių, kurias šalys gali laisvai rinktis pagal savo poreikius ir galimybes. Visos taisyklės, pagal jų bruožus yra suskirstytos į 4 grupes. Šiame darbe yra aptariamos F ir D grupės, kurias sudaro po 3 terminus. Darbo metu yra analizuojamos FOB ir DDP taisyklės. FOB terminas taikomas kai prekės yra gabenamos vandens transportu, o DDP – bet kuria transporto rūšimi. Darbe aiškinama, kokią atsakomybę įgija pardavėjas, kai prekių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Schaefer, Thomas J. "Incoterms(RTM) Use in Buyer-Seller Relationships| A Mixed Methods Study." Thesis, University of Missouri - Saint Louis, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10602251.

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The negotiation and communication of logistics management decisions between buyers and sellers of goods is critical for effective supply chain management. Incoterms? rules, a set of three character acronyms, are often used by buyers and sellers to communicate each party?s logistics management responsibilities when transacting goods. Inappropriate application of Incoterms? rules can lead to miscommunication of logistics responsibilities and expose either party to unanticipated costs and risks. This three-part mixed methods research explores the circumstances that contribute to errors in logistics management decision communication within buyer-seller dyads, the consequences of these errors, and methods to improve logistics management decision communication. Study 1 is a qualitative pilot case study that explores how buyer-seller dyads negotiate and communicate logistics management decisions and the communication errors that occur within a large, anonymous, international corporation. Study 2 conducts multiple qualitative case studies utilizing in-depth semi-structured interviews that explore how buyer-seller dyads negotiate and communicate logistics management decisions and the communication errors that occur within these buyer-seller dyads. Study 3 quantitatively tests hypotheses developed from analysis of the results of Study 2, using a scenario-based experiment deployed via a questionnaire, and seeks to find methods to improve the quality of communication of logistics management decisions in buyer-seller dyads. The hypotheses tested in Study 3 are H1: Incoterms? training leads to a decrease in miscommunication of logistics decisions; H2: using fully specified and explicit Incoterms? definitions leads to a decrease in miscommunication of logistics decisions; and H3: using both fully specified and explicit Incoterms? definitions and Incoterms? training leads to a further decrease in miscommunication of logistics decisions. Examining the results of the questionnaire, using binary logistic regression and ordinal logistics regression, H1 is supported, H2 is partially supported, and H3 is not supported. The findings of the research detail the process used in the negotiation and communication of logistics management decisions. While Incoterms? rules appear widely used in goods transactions to communicate logistics decisions, their inappropriate use causes a variety of issues including unanticipated costs and risks. Incoterms? training is shown to have the biggest impact on improving the quality of buyer-seller dyads? communication of logistics management decisions.

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Staroba, Jaromír. "Využití dodacích podmínek INCOTERMS v činnosti zasílatelské firmy v námořní přepravě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-1245.

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Práce je zaměřená na využívání dodacích podmínek INCOTERMS českými exportéry v rámci zasílatelské firmy. V teoretické části lze nalézt přehledný popis problematik námořní přepravy, kupní smlouvy, zasílatelství a INCOTERMS. Praktická část obsahuje výzkum využití INCOTERMS exportéry v rámci zasílatelské firmy Gebruder Weiss.

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Vermeulen, Marthinus Willem. "Environmental liability under the incoterms : a South African perspective / by M.W. Vermeulen." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/938.

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International trade is an important aspect of development in the South African constitutional state. Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, embodies the principle of sustainable development that is also applicable to international trade. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how trade can be made more sustainable by way of the incorporation of environmental liability provisions under the lncoterms to provide for instances where environmental damage is caused during the trade and transport of hazardous substances. lncoterms are a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, and were developed under the auspices of the lnternational Chamber of Commerce (ICC). lncoterms are recognised by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) as the global standard for trade term interpretation. They define the transfer of risks for loss or damage of goods between the seller and purchaser. They are the definitive text for the determination of costs and risks allocated to the parties. lncoterms are regularly incorporated into sales contracts worldwide and have become part of the daily language of trade. The use of lncoterms permits that the uncertainties of different interpretations in different countries be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree. However, environmental damage may occur during the transport of goods. This damage may include aspects such as hazardous and noxious substance spills on land and in water, which may have a detrimental effect on the environment and which may also give rise to significant costs to rectify and rehabilitate the environment. Liability for environmental damage may cause uncertainties in international trade relationships, especially between parties from different countries. It may accordingly be a useful strategy if lncoterms were to incorporate and provide for the determination of risk and liability in the case of environmental damage caused during international trade practices. In light of the above, this dissertation investigates whether provisions under the lncoterms provide for liability for environmental damage caused during international trade practices, and if so, to what extent.
Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

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Jagošová, Dita. "Dodací parita a její vliv na stanovení ceny - INCOTERMS v posledním znění." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4195.

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Práce se skládá ze tří hlavních částí. První část se zabývá obecnou charakteristikou kupní smlouvy a stanovení kupní ceny. Druhá část práce se týká dodacích doložek. Jsou zde popsány jednotlivé dodací doložky. U každé dodací doložky jsou popsány práva a povinnosti prodávájícího a kupujícího z nich vyplývající a nejčastější problémy. V poslední části práce je uveden příklad z praxe. Vybranou firmou je SPAR Česká obchodní společnost s.r.o. Jsou zde popsány rámcové obchodní podmínky používané firmou SPAR a vznik kupní smlouvy.

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Andric´, Vedran, and Henrik Bernestedt. "Incoterms® 2010 - villkoret FAS. : En studie av dess praktiska användning och betydelse." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-74841.

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I detta arbete undersöks Incoterms® 2010 maritima villkor, FAS. Framförallt hur det kommer sig att den inte används lika ofta som de övriga samt vad som är avgörande vid valet av villkor. Undersökningen genomfördes med en kvalitativ ansats och data samlades in genom litteraturstudie samt två kvalitativa intervjuer: en företagsrepresentant och en sakkunnig inom logistikrätt. En teorigenomgång av både allmän karaktär av Incoterms® samt tidigare forskning kring dess användning blev grunden till det teoretiska ramverket. Resultatet visar flera olika faktorer till att FAS inte används lika ofta som de övriga villkoren. De mest framträdande faktorerna är riskövergången, brytpunkter, betalning samt okunskap.
This work presents a study of the Incoterms® 2010 seaterm, FAS. The main questions are; why is it not used as often as the other terms for sea transportation, and, what are the main decisions when choosing Incoterms®. The study was carried out with a qualitative approach and data were collected through a literature study and two qualitative interviews; one with a company representative, and one who is an expert in logistics law. A theoretical review of Incoterms® and previous research, constructs the theoretical framework used. The result show several aspects for FAS not being used as often as the other terms. Most common aspects are; passing of risk, break point, payment and lack of knowledge.

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Carrión, Guillermo Daniel, and Carrillo Renzo Omar Gili. "Reintegro del IVA por exportaciones." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 2013. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/5801.

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La profesión de Contador Público tiene diversas y muy importantes incumbencias sociales que ponen de manifiesto los grandes cambios que se van produciendo a través del tiempo, por lo que continuamente el graduado debe estar informado y plenamente capacitado para llevar a cabo las tareas que se le presentan. Con la globalización, las exportaciones han ido creciendo notablemente, razón por la cual los “clientes-exportadores" cada vez son más y la primera inquietud que ellos manifiestan una vez que ya está en marcha su negocio es la temática del recupero de I.V.A (Impuesto al Valor Agregado) que disminuye notablemente el costo de la operatoria de poderse llevar a cabo tal recupero. Esta temática está muy poco explorada en las bibliografías existentes, por ser compleja y por el grado de dificultad que se presenta al querer llevarla a la práctica. Además, al ser medianamente nuevo este proceso de recupero, los profesionales contables innovan acerca de su uso práctico por lo que existen diversidad de criterios y opiniones, más aún si se tiene en cuenta la cantidad de “clientes-exportadores", cada cual con su operatoria muy propia. Como consecuencia de esto, orientamos nuestro trabajo a la investigación de este tema, para ver de qué manera podemos colaborar con el desarrollo profesional, no sólo de los estudiantes o profesionales en Ciencias Económicas sino también de la sociedad en su totalidad.
Fil: Carrión, Guillermo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Gili Carrillo, Renzo Omar. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.

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Andersson, Simon. "Could suppliers take greater transport and owner responsibility? : Evaluation of changed Incoterms at GKN Aerospace." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-5667.

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GKN Aerospace Engine Systems acts as supplier to the original equipment manufacturers of aircraft engines and is one owe the largest component manufacturer in the aerospace industry. They purchase raw material from suppliers all over the world. The components are big and heavy which means that transport cost could be saved with ship transport. But since GKN Aerospace Engine Systems use Free carrier agreement as incoterm they tie up capital during the transportation. The capital tied up could instead be used in other investments. To overcome the problem with tied up capital during transport the incoterm agreement has been evaluated. The incoterm Delivery at place means that the supplier owns the material and thereby also the capital cost during the transportation. A production stop due to lack of raw material is expensive and to minimize the risk it is important to evaluate all possible risks. The purpose with this thesis is to identify potential risks. The concept with DAP makes it possible for the suppliers to use their own freight carrier, that could lower the prices, but it also increase the inbound transport to GKN Aerospace Engine Systems. The administration cost in the goods receive tends to increase with a DAP solution. It is also necessary to change place where the delivery precision is measured. The supplier also needs some knowledge in export transportation and have competence in transports.

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Rappestad, Nichole, and Emma Fredriksson. "REDUCING RISKS AND COSTS WHEN WORKING WITH INCOTERMS IN PURCHASING WITHIN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Industriell organisation och produktion, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30753.

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Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore how risks and costs can be reduced when working with incoterms in purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region. To fulfil this purpose, the following two research questions have been developed: 1. How does the case company currently work with incoterms when purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region? 2. How can risks and costs be reduced when working with incoterms when purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region? Method - Theories relevant for the study's purpose were collected through a literature study. To apply the theoretical framework to empirical data, a case study was conducted at a company. The empirical data was gathered through interviews and document studies. Findings - Use of the standard Incoterms 2010 is considered to be a good tool for reducing risks and costs when purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region, where risk management is a necessary complement. It is required that all employees working with incoterms have the right knowledge about the incoterms in order to use them correctly. The knowledge can be disseminated through the organisation by using knowledge management. It is also considered important to understand the differences between countries, in order to reduce the risk of misunderstanding. Contributions - The result of the study facilitates for companies who do not know how to work correctly with incoterms. The study contributes to decreasing the gap in theory regarding working with incoterms in the APAC region. It also facilitates for companies who do not know how to disseminate knowledge internally. Limitations - The case study was conducted at a company based in Thailand, which limited the ability to communicate, due to linguistic differences. Future research - It would be of interest to conduct an empirical study at other case companies of different sizes within the APAC region and in other trade regions. In addition, it would be interesting to study how internal courses about working with incoterms can be implemented in different types of organisations. Keywords - Incoterms 2010, APAC, Asia-Pacific, risk management, logistics costs in purchasing, knowledge management, relationship between risks and costs.

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Sanzana, Sánchez Javiera Alejandra. "Los Incoterms 2010 como manifestación de los usos mercantiles y su vinculación con la lex mercatoria." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2019. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/171062.

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Memoria de prueba para optar al grado de Licenciada en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad de Chile
La doctrina ha dicho que los Incoterms son el “conjunto de reglas internacionales, regidos por la Cámara de Comercio Internacional, que determinan el alcance de las cláusulas comerciales incluidas en el contrato de compraventa internacional” relativas a las condiciones de entrega de la mercancía1. Para que estas reglas produzcan efecto, es necesario que se modifiquen y adapten a los cambios que presente la actividad comercial y las prácticas mercantiles. Es así como la Cámara de Comercio Internacional ha ido modificado estas reglas en diversas oportunidades desde su creación en 1936 creándose nuevas modalidades de contratación, modificando las ya existentes o incluso eliminando reglas que han caído en desuso. Bajo este contexto, los Incoterms versión 2010 llegan a modificar la versión anterior del año 2000, proponiendo adaptaciones de las reglas al uso comercial. Para entender el porqué de cada una de las versiones de los Incoterms se hace necesario un análisis de ellos abarcando en primera instancia el contexto histórico en el que nacen, para luego analizar los motivos que dan origen a dichas adaptaciones posteriores que derivan en la modificación, eliminación o creación de nuevos términos Incoterm.

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Mihailovici, Cristina Steliana. "INCOTERMS and the legal regime of loading and unloading particular study of traffic in the Black Sea." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/89566.

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The scope of this thesis is to searching the potential ofthe maritime traffic in the Black Sea, the good application of the INCOTERMS in this region and the opportunities of maritime transport with the others seas. The research project conducted in this thesis uses qualitative methods: interviews with people that working in the maritime transport in the Black Sea that were made through e-mail to get a practical view on the topic, statistics and studies makes by me in the practice. The results indicate that there are no outstanding obstacles for the development of the commercial maritime traffic in the Black Sea and that the maritime companies of the world are very interested to start a large process to export and import in this region, ofcourse applying correct the INCOTERMS. Also, we analyze in this study the im portance of the Bosporus Strait that connecting the Black Sea with the Mediterrean Sea and offers big opportunities to the global maritime transport. The studies in this field of maritime traffic conducted us to find out what are the standards in the maritime trade in the Black Sea but also in comparison with the Mediterrean Sea, Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea. The Black Sea basin presents various challenges and offers numerous opportunities. Ps a result, its development requires special consideration by policy makers. The central question of this paper is given the difference in legal and political systems in the presence, more geo strategically considerations, building on the commercial development from existing business practices. Mercantile custom plays an important role in international commercial law, whether that is as a source of or merelyas an element of the new law merchant. Trade usages and practices tend to be linked to a specific location, trade or port in which they are used. Es pecially in the context of trade term s, differences in interpretation detract from their harmonization function. The latest edition of the ICC INCOTERMS was carried out in 2010 when the INCOTERMS. Two major innovations are the num ber of rules and their classification. Under previous INCOTERM revis ions, term s were grouped in order of increasing responsibilityon the seller, now were classified according to the mode of trans port. There are 11 rules instead of13.INCOTERMS 2010 includes two new rules, Delivered atTerminal (DAT) and Delivered at Place (DAP), and eliminates the Delivered at Frontier (DAF), Delivered Ex-Ship (DES), Delivered Ex-Quay (DEQ) and Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU) designations. DAT replaces the current DEQ, while DAP replaces DAF, DES and DDU. The option of applying one or another INCOTERM of the delivery conditions or practices known worldwide should consider a number of criteria, such as the following: the ratio of currency and foreign currency contract for payment of transportation, insurance and other charges related to delivery; market situation and the charges of air and land transport, participation in international conventions on transport, which involves preferential rates oftransport, customs outlets in markets or supplies. In the case of a saturated market, where there is a strong competition, the exporter can earn a segment of this market, providing certain favorable conditions to the importer within the meaning of risk and minimal costs that the latter must bear. Delivery condition is one of the essential terms are agreed between international contract partners, thereby regulating the transfer actually goods and the seller to the buyer risks, including legal consequences and general economic. Since the implementation ofthe each entry in the various delivery methods, costs, which can't be neglected, their enrollment contract specifications require is especially importantto establish who and what pays any omission of this view mayor cancel benefits buying or selling expected at closing. We hope that this thesis may be able to help the future importers and exporters in the global maritime traffic.

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Herghelegiu, Cristina. "Essays on international trade and non-tariff measures." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E021.

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Cette thèse analyse les mesures non-tarifaires et les barrières au commerce et leurs liens avec les échanges internationaux. Dans le chapitre 1, j’étudie les objectifs derrière l’implémentation des mesures non-tarifaires sur différents produits dans plusieurs pays en développement. Au-delà des objectifs légitimes, plusieurs mesures répondent à des objectifs économiques et politiques. Le chapitre 2 propose une analyse théorique et empirique du rôle des normes de qualité sur les entreprises hétérogènes et la qualité moyenne des produits exportés. Conjointement avec Anne-Célia Disdier et Carl Gaigné, nous montrons que, dans un contexte d’asymétrie d’information, l’adoption des normes engendre la sortie des entreprises de très basse qualité (quelle que soit leur productivité) et des entreprises de haute qualité et à basse productivité. Alors que la qualité moyenne des produits n’est pas affectée de manière significative, l’impact varie largement à travers les secteurs. Le chapitre 3, une collaboration avec Evgenii Monastyrenko, analyse comment les exportateurs russes et leurs clients internationaux se partagent les risques et les coûts pendant le processus d’expédition, compte tenu de leur exposition à de nombreux obstacles. Ainsi, les grands importateurs en termes de taille et nombre de partenaires assument davantage de risques et de coûts. La probabilité que les importateurs subissent davantage de responsabilités est également plus élevée dans les transactions de biens intermédiaires. Enfin, les importateurs localisés dans un pays avec un environnement propice aux affaires sont moins susceptibles d’assumer des risques et des coûts
This thesis tackles non-tariff measures and other trade-related barriers and their links to inter-national trade. In Chapter 1, I study the motivations behind the implementation of non-tariff measures on specific products in several developing countries. Beyond legitimate reasons, several measures appear to respond to economic and political motivations. Chapter 2 provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of standard-like non-tariff measures on heterogeneous firms and the average quality of exported products. In this joint work with Anne-Célia Disdier and Carl Gaigné, we show that, under information asymmetry, the enforcement of standards induces the exit of very low-quality firms (regardless of their productivity), but also of high-quality low-productivity ﬁrms. While the overall average quality of exported products is not significantly affected, the impact varies significantly across sectors. Chapter 3, co-authored with Evgenii Monastyrenko, analyzes how Russian sellers and their international customers divide risks and costs throughout the shipping process, given their exposure to numerous barriers. Thus, big buyers in terms of size and number of connections appear to bear more risks and costs in international trade transactions. The probability that buyers take on more responsibilities is also higher for transactions of intermediate goods. Finally, when buyers are located in countries with a good business environment, they are less likely to take on responsibilities

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Debʼi, Fadi al. "Überseekauf und Abladegeschäft /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987618431/04.

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Homolová, Kristína. "Realizácia obchodného prípadu v námornej preprave na trase Ázia- Európa z pohľadu zasielateľa." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162764.

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This diploma thesis focuses on documents used in maritime transport, includes insurance problems, contracts, INCOTERMS and transportation of containers. In practical part I firstly theoretically described the process starting with customers demand ending with actual delivery of goods. After theoretical description I applied this process to real cases.

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Cavaller, Vergés Misericordia. "El valor jurídico de los Incoterms® en el contrato de compraventa internacional de mercancías: ley aplicable y competencia judicial internacional." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668111.

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El propósito de esta tesis es el estudio de la naturaleza legal de los, recientemente actualizados, Incoterms® en el ámbito del conflicto de leyes y de jurisdicciones en el marco del contrato de compraventa internacional de mercaderías. La Cámara de Comercio Internacional, como organización representante del mundo empresarial, se ha ocupado, desde 1936, de recopilar y actualizar los principales términos comerciales de forma regular para adaptarse a los cambios en el comercio Internacional. Las características de los Incoterms® reflejan la esencia de la entidad creadora que promueve la autorregulación en el ámbito profesional. Su actuación no solo se limita a recoger las prácticas más consolidadas en el ámbito mercantil, sino que pretende ser proactiva e impulsar el comercio. De esta forma se acerca al fenómeno de la denominada lex mercatoria, que busca la regulación adecuada del comercio internacional. Los Incoterms son relevantes tanto en el contexto económico como en el jurídico. Son reglas que se encuentran integradas en el marco legal como parte del contrato de compraventa internacional de mercaderías e interactúan con toda la normativa aplicable a este contrato, tanto de origen formal como informal. La presente tesis aborda el ámbito normativo en el que se insertan y analiza el lugar que ocupan estos términos comerciales en el sistema tradicional de fuentes del ordenamiento jurídico. La naturaleza jurídica de las reglas Incoterms determina el rol que estas reglas desempeñan en el ámbito del conflicto de leyes y de jurisdicciones. Esta tesis analiza también los distintos cauces a través de los cuales los Incoterms® pueden incorporarse al contrato de compraventa de mercaderías, así como su posible incidencia sobre la normativa aplicable, tanto de forma directa como indirecta. Desde su primera publicación, la finalidad de las reglas Incoterms© ha consistido en proporcionar unas pautas para la interpretación de los principales términos comerciales en el comercio internacional, a fin de prevenir y reducir posibles conflictos entre los operadores del comercio. El espíritu inicial de los Incoterms® sigue vigente, pero es preciso comprobar si se traduce, a efectos prácticos, en la determinación de la competencia judicial internacional, ya sea de forma directa o indirecta. En los últimos años, el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea ha concluido, de forma pionera, que la delimitación del lugar de entrega contenido en los Incoterms® puede constituir un criterio válido a efectos de determinar el foro contractual establecido en el artículo 7.1 b) del Reglamento 1215/2012. Este hecho pone de manifiesto la especial relevancia de estas reglas como referente interpretativo del lugar de entrega material de las mercaderías en el contrato de compraventa internacional. Las reglas Incoterms®, como elementos clave del contrato de compraventa, contribuyen a reducir los malentendidos entre comerciantes, minimizando las controversias entre las partes y los litigios.
The aim of this thesis is to study the legal nature of newly released Incoterms® concerning the conflict of applicable laws and of jurisdiction in the scope of contracts for sale of goods. Since the creation of Incoterms® by the International Chamber of Commerce in 1936, these rules have been regularly updated to keep pace with developments in international trade. The Incoterms® content reflects the essence of the International Chamber of Commerce’s spirit of self-regulation for businesses. Their goal is to ascertain and reflect the most common commercial practices, promote international trade, and encourage proactive best practices. Doing so, Incoterms addresses the needs of international trade acting as a source of the lex mercatoria. The Incoterms® rules play an important role in an economic context as well as in the legal framework. They are integrated in a legal context as part of an international sale of goods contract. They operate in conjunction with other formalized laws and applicable rules of laws to the international sales contract. This thesis addresses the regulatory framework in which the Incoterms® rules reside and analyzes the place of commercial terms in the traditional source of law. The legal nature of Incoterms® determines the role these rules play in the conflict of applicable laws and of jurisdiction. This thesis also analyzes the different ways Incoterms® rules can be incorporated into an international sales contract and their direct or indirect influence on the governing law. Since its first publication, the purpose of Incoterms© rules has been to provide a set of international guidelines for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the Incoterms© rules address problems arising out of the inconsistent interpretation of trade terms among international trading partners and thereby reduce the number of disputes. The initial Incoterms® spirit remains in force, but it is necessary to verify whether it translates into practical effects in the direct or indirect determination of international jurisdiction. Recently, the Court of Justice of the European Union concluded that Incoterms® can be the provisions of a contract on whose basis the place of delivery can be determined within the meaning of the first indent of article 7.1 b) of the Regulation 1215/2012. This fact reveals the special relevance of these rules as an interpretative reference of the material delivery place of the goods in the international sales contract. Incoterms® rules, as key elements of an international sales contract, significantly reduce misunderstandings among traders and thereby minimize trade disputes and litigation.
L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és l’estudi de la naturalesa legal dels Incoterms®, recentment actualitzats, en l’àmbit del conflicte de lleis i de jurisdiccions en el marc del contracte de compravenda internacional de mercaderies. La Cambra de Comerç Internacional, com organització representant del món empresarial, s’ha ocupat, des de 1936, de recopilar i actualitzar els principals termes comercials de forma regular per adaptar-se als canvis en el comerç Internacional. Les característiques dels Incoterms® reflecteixen l’essència de l’entitat creadora que promou l’autoregulació en l’àmbit professional. La seva actuació no només es limita a recollir les pràctiques més consolidades en l’àmbit mercantil, sinó que també pretén ser proactiva i impulsar el comerç. D’aquesta manera s’acosta al fenomen de la denominada lex mercatoria, que busca la regulació adequada del comerç internacional. Els Incoterms® són rellevants tant en el context econòmic como en el jurídic. Són regles que es troben integrades en el marc legal como a part del contracte de compravenda internacional de mercaderies i interactuen amb tota la normativa aplicable a aquest contracte, tant d’origen formal como informal. La present tesi aborda l’àmbit normatiu en el que s’insereixen i analitza el lloc que ocupen aquests termes comercials en el sistema tradicional de fonts de l’ordenament jurídic. La naturalesa jurídica de las regles Incoterms® determina el rol que aquestes regles juguen en l’àmbit del conflicte de lleis i de jurisdiccions. Aquesta tesi analitza també les diferents vies mitjançant les quals els Incoterm® poden ser incorporats al contracte de compravenda de mercaderies, així com la seva possible incidència sobre la normativa aplicable, tant de forma directa como indirecta. Des de la seva primera publicació, la finalitat de les regles Incoterms®ha estat la de proporcionar unes pautes per a la interpretació dels principals termes comercials en el comerç internacional, a fi de prevenir i reduir possibles conflictes entre els operadors del comerç. L’esperit inicial dels Incoterms® segueix vigent, però és precís comprovar si es tradueix, a efectes pràctics, en la determinació de la competència judicial internacional, ja sigui de forma directa o indirecta. En els darrers anys, el Tribunal de Justícia de la Unió Europea ha conclòs, de forma pionera, que la delimitació del lloc d’entrega inclòs en els Incoterms® pot constituir un criteri vàlid a efectes de determinar el fòrum contractual establert en l’article 7.1 b) del Reglament 1215/2012. Aquest fet posa de manifest l’especial rellevància d’aquestes regles com a referent interpretatiu del lloc d’entrega material de las mercaderies en el contracte de compravenda internacional. Les regles Incoterms ® com a elements clau del contracte de compravenda, contribueixen a reduir els malentesos entre comerciants, minimitzant las controvèrsies entre les parts i els litigis.

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Bujosevic, Daniela, and Lisa Winroth. "Val av leveransvillkor : En studie om hur val av Incoterms® kan öka kontrollen över inflöden av materiel för statliga myndigheter." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad maskinteknik (KTH Södertälje), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232193.

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Att handla med varor över internationella gränser influeras av såväl internationella regler och nationell lagstiftning. Studier har visat att såväl konventionella företag som statliga myndigheter har drivits till att lägga ut delar av sin verksamhet på externa parter. Många företag tillämpar detta för att uppnå fördelar, men en problematik som kan uppstå i samband med denna aktivitet är en förlorad kontroll över företags materielflöden. Att bibehålla en kontroll över materielflödet är betydande för statliga myndigheter vilket kräver samordning i hela kedjan samt att leveransvillkor som främjar kontroll tillämpas. Studien är en fallstudie med syfte att identifiera hur Incoterms® kan anpassas för att uppfylla relevanta krav för en statlig myndighet samt bidra till en ökad kontroll över företags inflöde av materiel. För att besvara syftet har semistrukturerade intervjuer utförs på de statliga myndigheterna Försvarsmakten (FM), Försvarets Materielverk (FMV) samt en fjärdepartslogistiker. Litteraturundersökningar genomfördes för att ta fram en teoretisk referensram som sedan tillsammans med empirin diskuteras och analyseras. Resultatet av denna studie visar att en statlig myndighet inte har samma förutsättningar som ett traditionellt företag vid val av leveransvillkor. De faktorer som kan påverkar en statlig myndighets val av leveransvillkor är; Förordningar, kontroll, tull, exportlicenser och försäkringar. Vidare är de leveransvillkor som kan tillämpas av statliga myndigheter och som främjar en kontroll på inkommande materielflöde FCA - Free Carrier samt FOB - Free on Board.
Trading across international borders is influenced by international rules and national legislation. Previous studies have shown that both conventional organizations and state authorities have been driven to outsource parts of their business. Many organizations apply this to gain benefits, but a problem that may arise in connection with this activity is loss of control over the inbound logistics. Maintaining control over inbound logistics is significant for state authorities and this requires coordination throughout the whole chain and that delivery terms that encourage control are applied. This thesis is a case study with the aim of identifying how Incoterms® can be adapted to meet relevant requirements for state authorities and contribute to increase control over the inbound logistics. In order to answer the purpose semi-structured interviews was conducted at the state authorities Swedish Armed Forces (FM), Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) and a fourth-party logistical. Through literature studies a theoretical framework was developed and then discussed together with the compiled empiricism. The results of this study show that a state authority does not have the same preconditions as a traditional company when choosing delivery terms. The various factors that can affect and influence the state authorities choice of delivery terms is; Regulations, control, customs duty, export licenses and insurance policies. Furthermore, the delivery terms that encourage control of a company’s inbound logistics and that can be applied by state authorities are FCA - Free Carrier and FOB - Free on Board

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Nilsson, Thomas, and Vincent Chee. "Förbättring av hanteringen vid utrikesfrakter på ITAB Shop Concept AB Jönköping." Thesis, Jönköping University, School of Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-833.

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Our purpose with this report is to create a structural basis over how to improve handling with international freight at ITAB Shop Concept (further mentioned as ITAB). We have through interviews with employees at ITAB and observations identified problems that have caused difficulties at handling with international freight, from the time when an order is placed to when it’s delivered to the customer. We have also interviewed shipping companies.

We have in the theory chapter written about shipping conditions for international freight and a main part of our theory is about NSAB 2000, which describes the obligations and rights shippers and consignee has.

In order to improve the efficiency ITAB has to be aware of the problems in the company and try to solve them.

The problems we have identified are described in the result chapter. One of the problems is that employees at the warehouse don’t know when gods is supposed to be shipped. This may result into gods being left over in the warehouse. We have in the analyze chapter listed our solutions to solve this problem and it has first priority in our classification table which are discussed further below. The classification table consist of problems that we have identified and each problem has a priority. The priority is based from two criteria’s, how difficult it’s to solve and how important it’s to solve the problem. We have thereafter multiplied these two criteria’s to get a priority list. The problems with the lowest points are the ones we suggest ITAB should solve first.

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Jankůj, Robert. "Studie logistické koncepce pro obchodní síť." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221638.

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MORALES, CARMONA JENNIFER. "PROYECTO DE EXPORTACION DE VINO TINTO DE ENSENADA BAJA CALIFORNIA A REINO UNIDO." Tesis de Licenciatura, UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DEL ESTADO DE MEXICO, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/105228.

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Dicho proyecto de inversión se compone de siete capítulos en los que se realizarán los estudios fundamentales para saber si es viable o no. En el primer capítulo se encuentra el marco conceptual donde se abordan los principales conceptos que son indispensables para la comprensión de dicho proyecto, se comenzará por definir que es la globalización, posteriormente la definición básica de un plan de exportación, su importancia y etapas. Para finalizar se definirá que es el comercio internacional, como se comporta el comercio de productos agropecuarios y cuál es la relación comercial que existe entre México y Reino Unido. El segundo capítulo explica todo lo relacionado con el producto, es decir sus características principales, todo acerca de la siembra y la cosecha, las propiedades nutricionales de las que goza, como se comporta su producción y comercialización en México y en el exterior El capítulo tercero trata de la empresa, como se clasifica, su nombre, valores, misión, visión, estudio FODA, así como todos los requisitos para su comercialización 12 que va desde documento y trámites, todo lo relacionado con su transporte y logística, envase y embalaje, etiquetado, incoterms, barreras y regulaciones arancelarias y normas de calidad. El cuarto capítulo comprende el análisis de mercado meta donde se estudiarán los aspectos económicos, políticos, sociales y culturales, la importancia que tiene el producto en la comunidad inglesa, el perfil del consumidor y sus principales características, así como la competencia existente directa e indirecta y finalmente se va a definir el precio y canales de distribución. El quinto capítulo describe el estudio técnico que es todo lo relacionado con la materia prima, la localización, la descripción del proceso productivo, la ingeniera del proceso, infraestructura y el lay out. El sexto capítulo desarrolla el estudio organizacional, es decir, comprende todo lo relacionado con la situación legal para constituir la empresa, el costo de dicha constitución y la estructura organizacional. Por último, el séptimo capítulo desarrolla el estudio y la evaluación financiera en este va a recaer la decisión final, es decir, de si es viable invertir o no. De igual manera se va a mencionar la inversión que se requiere, se va a explicar el tipo de financiamiento, así como el presupuesto de ingresos y egresos, así como la depreciación y amortización, donde las tasas se aplicarán de acuerdo a la Ley de Impuestos Sobre la Renta, también se analizan los estados financieros proforma que son el Estado de Resultados y el Flujo de Efectivo proyectados. Por otra parte se realizó una evaluación financiera del proyecto, donde se aplicaron métodos que contemplan el valor del dinero a través del tiempo; esto con la finalidad de medir la eficiencia de la inversión y sus probables rendimientos, dichos métodos son: Flujo Neto de Efectivo, Costo de Capital, Valor Presente Neto, Tasa Interna de Retorno, relación Beneficio-Costo y Tiempo de Recuperación, por lo tanto de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos de la evaluación financiera el proyecto es viable a pesar de ser una inversión grande, la recuperación de esta es de dos años .

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Doubková, Anna. "Řetězové obchody - analýza a možnosti optimalizace v oblasti DPH." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114564.

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This diploma thesis is focused on the issue of chain transactions. The main aim of the thesis is to suggest the companies participating in the model chain transactions in the case study the appropriate measures leading to the optimization of tax obligations related to VAT. The measures are divided according to three criteria: tax period harmonization, tax savings in cash flow and elimination of administrative burden. The key provisions in the recast of the Sixth Directive, the VAT Act and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union are analyzed. Based on the comparison of various solutions, the most optimal procedures are assessed and the appropriate measures are recommended.

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Gromanová, Monika. "Přeprava výrobků firmy Česká zbrojovka a s." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192525.

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The diploma thesis deals with the issue of international transportation of products traded by Česká zbrojovka a.s., concentrating specifically on air and sea transportation. The main focus is on the transport of products destined for the automotive industry and on the transport of weapons and cartridges. The first theoretical part deals with air and sea transport, transport of dangerous goods and the International Commercial Terms (INCOTERMS). The second practical part examines separate transports of these products. In the end of this practical part are these concrete examined transports compared.

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Björk, Ljunggren Viktoria, and Malin Norén. "Rules and regulations in logistics." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-94739.

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Detta examensarbete handlar om att ta fram ett kompendium beskrivande några viktiga punkter om juridik inom logistik. Målgruppen för kompendiet är nyexaminerade logistikstudenter från utbildningarna vid KTS-avdelningen. Detta då det upplevs av uppdragsgivaren att det finns för lite inslag av juridik i utbildningarna. För att ta fram ett underlag för vilket innehåll som skulle kunna vara intressant för kompendiet har en enkätundersökning genomförts där tidigare studenter från programmen besvarat frågor utifrån deras egna erfarenheter efter examen. Utöver detta har kompletterande undersökningar gjorts där arbetsgivare samt nuvarande studenter har besvarat frågor angående logistik inom juridikområdet. Med hjälp av svaren från enkätundersökningarna har kompendiet skapats, innehållande olika ämnen som kan tänkas vara bra för en nyexaminerad logistikstudent att ha kunskap om. De ämnen som behandlas i kompendiet handlar bland annat om gränsöverskridande handel, godstrafik på nationell och internationell nivå, transportvillkor samt regler kring arbetstider.

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Jindrová, Radka. "Platební a dodací podmínka v mezinárodní kupní smlouvě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73968.

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The first chapter of the thesis generally deals with international sales contract (legal regulations, concluding contracts, substantial and unsubstantial terms, execution of contract). The second chapter defines the main payment conditions and two types of risk (credit risk and exchange rate risk). The third chapter focuses on delivery conditions, especially on brand new edition of ICC trade terms INCOTERMS. This chapter mentions also questions of insurance. The final chapter analyses three international sales contracts and their terms. The analysis focuses on payment and delivery conditions, the two important terms with impact on price and the whole transaction.

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Wang, Zhao Hua. "La formation des contrats internationaux." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR30004.

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Selon les règles traditionnelles relatives à la formation des contrats, on constate l'existence d'un contrat lors de l'acceptation d'une offre. Pour la formation de tout type de contrat international, il est préférable de généraliser l'application des dispositions de la Convention de Vienne du onze avril mil neuf cent quatre-vingt sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises, bien que les dispositions nationales puissent s'appliquer aussi si désignées à cet effet. Dans la pratique, la conclusion du contrat international peut être le résultat de négociations pendant lesquelles les parties échangent de nombreux documents préalables, ou la référence aux contrats-types, conditions générales ou incoterms. Ces faits mettent en lumière le caractère "sans loi" de la formation des contrats internationaux : la conclusion de ceux-ci peut se passer des règles traditionnelles de la formation des contrats. Mais la naissance de contrats internationaux ne peut être hors du droit. Les nouvelles pratiques pour conclure les contrats internationaux sont en fait des manifestations concrètes des principes de droit de bonne foi et de la liberté contractuelle qui permettent ainsi de dégager un système autonome de négociation des contrats internationaux. La mise en oeuvre de la responsabilité précontractuelle et des conséquences des incidents lors de la conclusion du contrat n'est possible que si une loi applicable est déterminée selon les règles du droit international privé
The traditional rules relating to the formation of contracts record the existence of a contract at the time of the acceptance of an offer. For the formation of all international contracts, it is preferable to generalise the application of the rules established by the Vienna Convention of April eleventh, nineteen hundred and eighty on the contracts for the international sale of goods, although the national provisions are also applicable when they are chosen for that effect. In practice, however, an international contract may be concluded during the negotiations in which the parties exchange many preliminary documents or by reference to standard - form contracts, general conditions or incoterms. These facts reveal the character "sans loi" of the formation of international contracts : such contracts may be concluded without reference to the traditional rules. However, the new practices for concluding international contracts do not mean that the latter can be born out of the "droit". They are the concrete displays of the principles of good faith and of contractual liberty which give rise to an autonomous system of negotiation of international contracts. The establishment of pre contractual liability and the consequences of incidents at the time of conclusion of contract are possible only if an applicable law is determined in accordance with the rules of international private law

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Coetzee, Juana. "INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law : an analysis of the interplay between mercantile custom and substantive sales law with specific reference to the passing of risk." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5222.

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Thesis (LLD (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International sales contracts have very specific needs that stem from the multiplicity of legal systems which apply to such contracts. In addition to harmonised law, mercantile custom is able to address many of these needs. Mercantile custom represents usages which are clear, certain and efficient and are expected to be known and applied by merchants in a particular trade or region. To this extent mercantile custom fulfils an automatic harmonisation function. However, where a custom does not enjoy uniform application across all branches of trade, the harmonisation function of mercantile custom is limited, as is the case with trade terms. Trade terms reflect mercantile customs and usages which developed over a long time in order to simplify the trade in goods that are transported from one place to the other. They regulate the delivery obligations of the seller and buyer as well as associated obligations such as the passing of risk. Trade terms negate the need for elaborate contract clauses and appear in abbreviated form in contracts of sale. Although they provide a uniform expression of mercantile custom in a particular location or trade, the understanding of trade terms tend to differ from country to country, region to region or from one branch of trade to the next. The ICC INCOTERMS is an effort to standardise trade term definitions at the hand of the most consistent mercantile customs and practices. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law. For purposes of the investigation the focus is limited to the passing of risk. Although national laws usually have a default risk regime in place, merchants still prefer to regulate risk by means of trade terms. This study will investigate the legal position in the case of FOB, CIF and DDU terms. An analysis of the risk regimes of a few selected national systems will show that each has their own understanding of these trade terms. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not refer to trade terms, but many commentators have concluded that the CISG risk rule is consistent with INCOTERMS. The study will discuss this in more detail. To determine the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law, the study examines their characteristics, legal nature as well as their limited scope of regulation. Specific emphasis is placed on the interplay between the CISG and INCOTERMS and the possibility of some form of interaction and collaboration between the two instruments. It is concluded that collaboration between INCOTERMS and the CISG adds value to the international law of sales by increasing the efficiency of an international business transaction and thereby facilitating international trade.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale koopkontrakte het spesifieke behoeftes wat voortspruit uit die veelvoudigheid van regstelsels van toepassing op so ‘n kontrak. Baie van hierdie behoeftes kan aangespreek word deur geharmoniseerde regsreëls in samehang met handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Handelsgewoontes verteenwoordig duidelike, seker en effektiewe gebruike. Daar word dus van handelaars wat in ‘n bepaalde bedryf of streek handel dryf, verwag om van hierdie gebruike kennis te neem en hulle toe te pas. In hierdie konteks vervul handelsgebruike ‘n outomatiese harmoniseringsfunksie. Waar ‘n gebruik nie eenvormig toegepas word oor alle bedrywe heen nie, is die harmoniseringsfunksie van handelsgebruike egter beperk. Handelsterme bied ‘n tipiese voorbeeld hiervan. Handelsterme verteenwoordig bepaalde handelsgewoontes en –gebruike wat oor ‘n geruime tyd ontwikkel het ten einde handel in goedere wat van een plek na die ander vervoer word, te vergemaklik. Hulle reguleer die leweringsverpligtinge van die verkoper en koper asook ander verpligtinge wat met lewering verband hou, soos byvoorbeeld die oorgang van risiko. Handelsterme doen weg met lang en omslagtige kontraksbedinge aangesien hulle in die vorm van afkortings in die kontrak figureer. Alhoewel handelsterme ‘n uniforme uitdrukking van gebruike in ‘n bepaalde gebied of bedryf verteenwoordig, is dit egter so dat die inhoud van handelsterme van land tot land, streek tot streek of van een tipe bedryf tot die ander verskil. INCOTERMS is ‘n poging om die inhoud van handelsterme te standaardiseer aan die hand van die mees eenvormige handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS as ‘n vorm van standaardisering in die internasionale koopreg te ondersoek. Vir doeleindes van die ondersoek word die fokus beperk tot die oorgang van risiko. Al het nasionale regstelsels gewoonlik ‘n verstek risiko-reël in plek, verkies handelaars steeds om risiko by wyse van handelsterme te reguleer. Die studie ondersoek die regsposisie in die geval van FOB-, CIF-, en DDU-terme. ‘n Analise van risiko-regulering in ‘n aantal nasionale sisteme toon dat elk hul eie betekenis heg aan die inhoud van hierdie terme. Alhoewel die Weense Koopkonvensie geensins na handelsterme verwys nie, voer verskeie kommentatore aan dat die Konvensie se risiko-bestel verenigbaar is met dié van INCOTERMS en sal hierdie aspek gevolglik in meer besonderhede in die studie aangespreek word. Ten einde die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS te bepaal, word daar ondersoek ingestel na hulle kenmerke, regsaard en beperkte aanwendingsgebied. Spesiale klem word gelê op die wisselwerking tussen die Weense Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS asook die moontlikheid van interaksie en samewerking tussen die twee instrumente. Die gevolgtrekking is dat interaksie tussen die Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS waarde toevoeg tot die internasionale koopreg deur die effektiwiteit van die internasionale besigheidstransaksie te verhoog en gevolglik internasionale handel te bevorder.
Harry Crossley Fund
NRF Thuthuka Fund

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Lűckert, Andreas. "Optimization of Polymer Distribution to European Market." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191939.

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The aim of this master's thesis is to combine academic knowledge with a real business world situation. Main goal of the thesis is to analyze the possibility of developing a distribution channel in Europe rather than selling on CFR basis. The theoretical part will define the main terms and conditions of the container logistics in the 21st century along with the specifications of the European market. This will set up a more stable ground for understanding the whole polymer distribution process. In the practical part, Tricon Energy will be introduced and its current distribution to Europe strategy analyzed. Based on the polymer market situation in Europe and findings from the theoretical part, an optimization of the supply chain process can begin. The optimization will start with the purchase side, followed by the transportation and warehousing to the sales side. In the last chapter, three complex scenarios of the new distribution strategy will be presented and compared as the outcome of this master's thesis.

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Chechi, Chiara. "Analisi e gestione dell'obsolescenza nell'ambito del Progetto Complete Knock Down (CKD) Brasile: il caso Ducati Motor Holding SpA." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Lo scopo della seguente tesi è stato quello di provare a risolvere un problema emergente ed in continua crescita nel plant brasiliano di assemblaggio moto Ducati: la gestione degli obsoleti. Questo problema è rilevante soprattutto nell’ottica lean dove l’attenzione posta al controllo degli sprechi e conseguenti risparmi economici è sempre maggiore. Dopo aver analizzato l’organizzazione AS-IS dei processi, ho realizzato un foglio elettronico che permettesse una maggior tracciabilità dei flussi dei materiali e di conseguenza impedisse l’ulteriore generazione di obsoleti. Infatti, l’obsolescenza è un problema su cui è possibile intervenire solo in ottica preventiva poiché non è possibile eliminare, a consuntivo, gli obsoleti che già erano stati creati. Per verificare l’effettiva funzionalità di tale metodo da me proposto, nell’ultima parte dello studio sono stati analizzati i risultati che esso ha generato ed è stato stimato il potenziale miglioramento che potrebbe apportare.

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Holubář, Josef. "Specifika a nedostatky smluvních závazkových vztahů v mezinárodní dopravě, stanovení a zajištění podmínek technologie přepravy zboží." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232801.

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This work deals with the specifics of relations between entities in the negotiation and implementation of international transport of goods. Since he is currently the most common way of transport of goods in Central Europe freight road transport of goods, the text is mainly dedicated to this issue. The underlying code for the obligations in this respect, the Convention CMR, which is devoted to a large part of the work. In other parts of the work is also introduced to the TIR Convention, the ADR Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods and the ATP Agreement, which defines the requirements for the transport of perishable foodstuffs. In the end, understand that INCOTERMS clauses with international trade and international transport of goods is closely related.

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Monastyrenko, Evgenii. "Essays in international trade and energy." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E018/document.

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Dans le chapitre 1, j’examine les résultats des fusions entre producteurs européens d’énergie en termes d’efﬁcacité. Je calcule l’éco-efﬁcacité en utilisant l’analyse de l’enveloppement des données et l’indice de productivité Malmquist-Luenberger. Je trouve que les fusions horizontales nationales, qui sont soigneusement réglementées, n’ont pas d’impact. Les fusions horizontales transfrontalières nuisent à l’éco-efﬁcacité à court terme mais la stimulent deux ans après l’achèvement. Les fusions verticales nuisent à l’éco-efficacité. Je présente des suggestions de politiques concernant la réglementation des fusions. Le chapitre 2 est un travail conjoint avec Julian Hinz. Nous enquêtons sur les effets de l’embargo russe auto-imposé sur les importations de produits alimentaires en provenance des pays occidentaux. Nous construisons un modèle ricardien avec des liens sectoriels, des échanges de biens intermédiaires et une hétérogénéité sectorielle dans la production. L’étalonnage du modèle avec des données réelles permet de simuler les résultats de l’embargo en termes de changements de bien-être et de prix. Nous quantifions en outre l’impact sur les prix à la consommation en Russie à l’aide de la méthode des doubles différences. Le chapitre 3 est basé sur un article co-écrit avec Cristina Herghelegiu. Nous enquêtons sur l’utilisation des conditions commerciales internationales (Incoterms). Ce sont les schémas prédéfinis de la répartition des coûts et des risques entre les acheteurs et les vendeurs. Nous nous appuyons sur un ensemble de données très détaillées sur les exportations russes durant la période 2012-2015. Nous constatons que les grandes entreprises sont plus susceptibles d’assumer des responsabilités. Les gros acheteurs assument plus de responsabilités, quelle que soit la taille du vendeur, alors que les gros vendeurs le font uniquement lorsque leur partenaire est petit. C’est plus probable que les risques et les coûts sont sur les acheteurs dans les transactions de biens intermédiaires et de biens d’équipement
In Chapter 1 I investigate ﬁrm-level efﬁciency outcomes of mergers between the European energy producers. I compute eco-efﬁciency using data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index. I ﬁnd that carefully regulated domestic horizontal mergers do not have a statistically signiﬁcant impact. Cross-border horizontal mergers hamper eco-efﬁciency in the short run but stimulate it two years after completion. Vertical mergers are detrimental to eco-efﬁciency. I put forward policy suggestions regarding the regulation of mergers. Chapter 2 is joint work with Julian Hinz. We investigate the effects of self-imposed Russian embargo on food import from Western countries. We build a Ricardian model with sectoral linkages, trade in intermediate goods and sectoral heterogeneity in production. The calibration of the model with real data allows to simulate the outcomes of embargo in terms of changes in welfare and prices. We further quantify the impact on consumer prices in Russia with the difference-in-differences estimator. Chapter 3 is based on a paper co-written with Cristina Herghelegiu. We investigate the use of International Commercial Terms. They are pre-deﬁned schemes of repartition of costs and risks between buyers and sellers, which serve to mitigate the uncertainty. We rely on a highly detailed dataset on Russian exports over the 2012-2015 period. We ﬁnd that big ﬁrms are more likely to take on responsibilities. Big buyers bear more responsibilities regardless of the seller size, whereas big sellers do so only when their partner is small. Risks and costs are more likely on buyers in transactions of intermediate and capital goods

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Ponocná, Lenka. "Pojistné produkty v souvislosti s přepravou." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-18822.

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First part of this thesis is focused on general characteristic of transport insurance. It describes main distinctions between Cargo Insurance,Liability Insurance for Road Carriers and Liability Insurance for Freight Forwarders. The last part analyses current Czech insurance market related to transport insurance. It targets products of Kooperativa, Allianz and Česká pojišťovna, the biggest non-life insurer on the market. The thesis compares insured risks, territorial extent and claims handling procedures of these products.

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Cairncross-, Chinnapyel Nancy. "Can the parties to an international sale contract on CIF Incoterms varied in the oil and gas industry achieve the objective of linking the passing of ownership in the petroleum products that are sold from England to South Africa to the passing of risk in those petroleum products by indicating such intention in their contract of sale?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15184.

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This dissertation aims to focus on whether the parties to an international sale contract on CIF Incoterms varied in the oil and gas industry, specifically the petroleum sector, achieve the objective of linking the passing of ownership in the petroleum products1 sold from England to South Africa, to the passing of risk in those petroleum products by indicating such intention in their contract of sale?

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Gonçalvès, Olabissi Oredola Christian. "Le négoce de grains : étude de droit du commerce international." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0401.

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Nombreuses sont les études existant sur la vente internationale de marchandises, sur le transport des marchandises, voire sur les ventes maritimes (ventes commerciales impliquant un transport par mer). Cependant, peu de recherches ont été menées par type de trafic. Or, le particularisme des marchandises transportées exerce nécessairement une influence sur l’analyse de l’exécution des obligations des parties, en matière de transport d’une part, et en matière de vente internationale d’autre part. L’étude du négoce de grains permettra de mettre en évidence comment la spécificité de ces vracs alimentaires influe sur la chaîne des contrats et des opérations. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des différents contrats portant sur les grains permettra d’appréhender les problèmes liés aux tiers qui interviendront (au moment de la conclusion du contrat de vente avec le rôle des intermédiaires ou au moment de la livraison de la marchandise avec la question de l’expertise) et de s’interroger sur le mode de règlement de conflit (judiciaire ou arbitral) en cas de contentieux
Many studies were carried on international sale of goods, on transport of goods and even on maritime sales (i.e. commercial sales involving a maritime transport). However, few of them were based on the type of traffic. Yet, the kind of goods shipped necessarily impacts the analysis of the performance of the parties’ obligations, both with respect to the transport and the international sale of goods. The grain trading study highlights how this type of bulk food affects the chain of both contracts and transactions. Besides, the analysis of the various grain contracts enables on the one hand the understanding of the problems linked to the intervening third-parties (e.g. the role played by the intermediaries when the sales contract is concluded or the issue of the expertise when the goods are delivered). It gives on other hand the opportunity to assess the methods of dispute resolution, whether judicial or arbitral

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Stenberg, Marcus, and Jesper Larsson. "Optimizing the Supply Chain Performance at Ericsson AB : A Study of Lead Time Reduction and Service Level Improvement." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Logistik- och kvalitetsutveckling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133357.

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Ericsson has recently experienced difficulties to meet the customer demand, which has led to lost market shares. This is mainly due to the long and unpredictable lead times within their supply chains. Therefore, Ericsson seeks to increase their ability to meet the customer demand by reducing the customer order lead time. A shorter lead time would imply a greater responsiveness and improved service level towards the customers. A directive from the company was to base the study on the supply chain for the customer Algeria Telecom Mobile. The purpose of the study is to give recommendations for improvements that reduce the total lead time in a supply chain perspective in order to improve the customer service level. To be able to fulfill the purpose, four objectives were distinguished and supported with existing frameworks for analyzing supply chains. The first step was to create a current state map, which was achieved by conducting 24 interviews with people working within the supply chain. The second step was to identify potentials for lead time reduction. This was done by categorizing the supply chain parts and the problems that were gathered during the current state mapping into meaningful groups, and thereafter prioritize the categories with the greatest potential. The third step was to generate alternative solutions by conducting a second literature review based on the potentials that was identified during the prior step. The general solutions were later modified in order to fit the current supply chain. It resulted in eight Ericsson specific solutions. The fourth step was to evaluate these solutions in combination, which led to a recommended combination of solutions that provided the greatest lead time reduction. Also the requirements for implementing these solutions were presented in this step. The recommendation for Ericsson is to rearrange their current supply chain for the studied customer and use two different supply chains; the Regional supply chain and the Alternative supply chain. The two arrangements will both be based on the implementation of a supply hub, which implies a movement of the customer order decoupling point closer to the customer. The Regional supply chain will cover the main flow and be used when the customer orders products from a product portfolio that has been agreed within the region. The Alternative supply chain will act as a complement and cover the flow of products outside the regional product portfolio. The estimated customer order lead time for the Regional supply chain is 17 days, which is a reduction of 80 % in the normal case for the studied supply chain. The lead time for the Alternative supply chain is more difficult to estimate precisely, but it will be reduced in comparison with the current situation. Moreover, the service level towards the customer will be increased for both the Regional and the Alternative supply chain. To summarize the recommendations that are forwarded to Ericsson, they are listed below:

Implement a regional supply hub

Agree on a regional product portfolio

Implement time slots for inbound flows

Use BPO as a payment method instead of Letter of Credit

Use a CIP, DAP or DAT Incoterm

Implement a product configurator and let the customer place orders on commercial descriptions or a solution id.

Integrate processes and activities throughout the supply chain and establish a greater information exchange.

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"Comercio Internacional. MTA2. Incoterms 2010." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas - UPC, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/306422.

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TLAPÁKOVÁ, Karolína. "Dodací podmínky INCOTERMS v mezinárodním obchodě." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136891.

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The aim is to show file delivery INCOTERMS in the context of foreign trade activities. The aim is to describe some possible connections and consequences that occur during their use in international trade. It focuses on foreign trade operations under the jurisdiction of INCOTERMS delivery, from the perspective of both parties. The practical objective is therefore to analyze applications Incoterms clauses in selected real-world business operations of companies following the introduction of clauses INCOTERMS 2010 according to various criteria. The company is monitored in the evaluation viewed from two sides, it is a party buyers and sellers. The work compares the use of Incoterms clauses, both among buyers and sellers and between their trading partners.Data were obtained by questionnaire survey of companies in the Czech Republic.

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Ferreira, Ana Carolina da Silva Moço. "Incoterms na integração e interpretação de contratos comerciais internacionais." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/31822.

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Os contratos comerciais internacionais têm especificidades decorrentes de uma diversidade de fontes de Direito. No âmbito destes contratos haverá que ter em especial consideração os usos mercantis, na medida em que providenciam um elemento de harmonização e flexibilização do comércio internacional. Desde a sua criação em 1936 que os termos mercantis editados pela CCI, com a designação de Incoterms, têm registado uma popularidade crescente no comércio internacional, sendo por alguns referidos como a mais consistente codificação de usos comerciais internacionais. O objetivo do presente estudo será, primeiramente, analisar a evolução e a natureza dos Incoterms. Em segundo lugar, iremos observar a relação entre os Incoterms e a Convenção de Viena de 1980, ao abrigo do artigo 6.º e do artigo 9.º. Neste âmbito, revela-se crucial a determinação da natureza dos Incoterms, uma vez que a Convenção atribui particular importância aos usos comerciais. Ademais, abordaremos a questão das vendas em viagem, contemplada no artigo 68.º da Convenção e artigo 938.º do CC português. Em terceiro lugar, analisaremos a relevância dos Incoterms no âmbito do Direito português. Importa referir que aqui, ao contrário do que sucede noutros ordenamentos jurídicos, os usos comerciais encontram uma aplicação substancialmente limitada, defendendo uma parte da doutrina que se encontram dependentes das remissões existentes na Lei. No entanto, é possível admitir a utilização de Incoterms enquanto elementos de interpretação e integração de contratos, seja enquanto disposições da autonomia das partes ou de usos do comércio internacional, ao abrigo dos artigos 236.º e 239.º do CC. Verifica-se a especial importância dos usos comerciais no âmbito da arbitragem internacional, sendo elementos de análise vinculativa ao abrigo do artigo 52.º, n.º 3 da LAV. Por fim, importa atender à interpretação dos Incoterms no âmbito dos contratos comerciais internacionais, tendo em conta a existência de outras fontes de termos comerciais, como seja os UCC dos EUA.
International commercial contracts have specificities stemming from a diversity of sources of law. In the context of these contracts, mercantile usages must be taken into account, as they provide an element of harmonization and flexibility in international trade. Since its creation in 1936, trade terms issued by the CCI, under the designation of Incoterms, have been gaining increasing popularity in international trade, so far as being referred by some as the most consistent codification of international commercial usages. The objective of the present study is, firstly, to analyze the evolution and nature of Incoterms. Secondly, we will look at the interplay between Incoterms and the 1980 Vienna Convention under Articles 6 and 9. In this context, it is crucial to determine the nature of the Incoterms, since the Convention attaches particular importance to commercial usages. In addition, we will address the issue of sale of goods in transit, contemplated in Article 68 of the Convention and Article 938 of the Portuguese CC. Thirdly, we will analyze the relevance of Incoterms under Portuguese Law. It should be noted that in this case, contrary to what happens in other legal systems, commercial usages have a substantially limited application, such that some authors defend that its dependent on remissions in the Law. However, it is possible to admit the use of Incoterms as elements for interpretation and integration of contracts, whether as provisions of the autonomy of the parties or as usages of international trade, under articles 236 and 239 of the CC. International arbitration gives special importance to commercial usages, being an element of mandatory analysis elements under Article 52 (3) of the LAV. Finally, it is necessary to attend to the interpretation of Incoterms in the context of international commercial contracts, taking into account the existence of other sources of commercial terms, such as the UCC from USA.

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Staňková, Monika. "Mezinárodní kupní smlouva." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353232.

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The thesis is called international sales contract. The aim of it was to provide an overview of the possible legal regime of an international sales contract and to inform about sources of law that are applicable to such contract. The main aim of my thesis was to analyze United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). I tried to evaluate its advantages and disadvantages through the whole thesis. I focused on its scope of application, on the other hand, I did not examine rights and duties of parties to a contract determined by the CISG. In one part of my thesis I also paid attention to INCOTERMS, which is a significant and practical tool on the field of international trade. I realized this thesis using a descriptive method, since I tried to characterize certain legal instruments and their position and function thanks to information obtained from legislation, doctrine and case law. Moreover, I was using a comparative method, as I was comparing differing opinions of doctrine. Afterwards, I tried to form and explain my own views. I divided my thesis into five sections. In the first section I described international sales contract and I pointed out the difference between international and domestic sales contract. In the second part I was dealing with sources of law of...

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Silva, Raquel Alexandra Almeida e. "Os incoterms 2020 como fonte de direito da contratação comercial internacional." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/33694.

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A presente dissertação versa sobre os Incoterms 2020, elaborados pela CCI. Foram várias as alterações feitas aos Incoterms 2010 que cumpre dissecar, bem como elencar os vários termos comerciais e os seus principais aspetos. Ademais, importa averiguar a natureza jurídica destes termos comerciais internacionais. A discussão sobre a natureza jurídica dos Incoterms como usos do comércio internacional ou como manifestação da lex mercatoria, bem como a discussão sobre a qualificação enquanto cláusulas contratuais gerais, assumem manifesta relevância. A este respeito, o comércio é uma atividade económica que não se localiza apenas num território com fronteiras definidas e rígidas. Deste modo, o Direito Comercial assume um papel de destaque no seio das relações internacionais porque é universal e atravessa as fronteiras dos próprios Estados. É ponto assente que os comerciantes estão constantemente à procura de novos mercados e espaços económicos. Este facto é dotado de especial relevância para comerciantes provenientes de países com economias pequenas que dependem do mercado internacional para desenvolverem os seus negócios. O Direito teve também de acompanhar esta evolução e fê-lo através da regulação da contratação internacional. Posto isto, será importante debruçarmo-nos sobre todas estas questões, averiguando quer doutrina, quer jurisprudência, para podermos retirar as conclusões finais.
In this dissertation we aim to talk about Incoterms 2020, prepared by ICC. There were several changes made to Incoterms 2010 that must be dissected, as well as listing the various commercial terms and their main aspects. In addition, it is always important to investigate the legal nature of these international commercial terms. The discussion on the legal nature of Incoterms as uses of international trade or as a manifestation of lex mercatoria, as well as the discussion on qualification as general contractual clauses will always be relevant. Trade is an economic activity that cannot be located only in a territory with defined and rigid borders. In this way, Commercial Law assumes a prominent role in international relations because it is universal and crosses the borders of the States themselves. It is common ground that merchants are constantly looking for new markets and economic spaces. This fact is particularly relevant for merchants from countries with small economies that depend on the international market to develop. Law also had to follow this evolution and did it through the regulation of international contracting. That said, it will be important to address all these issues, investigating both doctrine and jurisprudence, so that we can draw the final conclusions.

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Rei, André Martins. "Da natureza jurídica dos incoterms e sua qualificação como cláusulas contratuais gerais." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83850.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
The dissertation that we now present has the Incoterms (International Commercial Terms), elaborated by the International Chamber of Commerce, as its main subject. Instead of presenting the several trade terms and their core aspects, we attempt to make a positive contribution to the debate that has been taking place about its legal nature. The solution we propose to the problem has deep practical relevance, in a globalized world where international commercial contracting has been spread worldwide in mass scale and international commercial arbitration has taken a key role. After discussing the main arguments and giving our own about the qualification of the Incoterms as international trade usages or part of the lex mercatoria, we will focus on the debate on whether they are (or can be) considered general contractual terms, which has divided Authors, in Portugal and abroad. Finally, we analyze the consequences such qualification would bring, in several domains. The dissertation that we now present has the Incoterms (International Commercial Terms), elaborated by the International Chamber of Commerce, as its main subject. Instead of presenting the several trade terms and their core aspects, we attempt to make a positive contribution to the debate that has been taking place about its legal nature. The solution we propose to the problem has deep practical relevance, in a globalized world where international commercial contracting has been spread worldwide in mass scale and international commercial arbitration has taken a key role. After discussing the main arguments and giving our own about the qualification of the Incoterms as international trade usages or part of the lex mercatoria, we will focus on the debate on whether they are (or can be) considered general contractual terms, which has divided Authors, in Portugal and abroad. Finally, we analyze the consequences such qualification would bring, in several domains.
A dissertação que se apresenta versa sobre os Incoterms (Termos Comerciais Internacionais), elaborados pela Câmara de Comércio Internacional. Mais do que elencar os vários termos comerciais e apresentar os seus aspectos principais, procuramos contribuir positivamente para o debate que tem vindo a ter lugar sobre a sua natureza jurídica. Tarefa que, prima facie, parece inscrever-se num plano puramente teórico, mas cuja solução, como demonstramos, tem indiscutível relevância prática, num mundo globalizado onde a contratação internacional se tem vindo a massificar e o recurso à arbitragem internacional se tem revelado uma constante. Começando por tomar posição sobre a qualificação dos Incoterms como usos do comércio internacional ou como manifestação da lex mercatoria, o presente trabalho incide destacadamente sobre a problemática da caracterização daqueles termos comerciais como cláusulas contratuais gerais, o que tem vindo a dividir a doutrina, nacional e estrangeira. Após discutir os argumentos de ambas as partes e propor os nossos, tomando de novo posição expressa, terminaremos com a análise das consequências que tal qualificação acarretaria, em diversos planos. A dissertação que se apresenta versa sobre os Incoterms (Termos Comerciais Internacionais), elaborados pela Câmara de Comércio Internacional. Mais do que elencar os vários termos comerciais e apresentar os seus aspectos principais, procuramos contribuir positivamente para o debate que tem vindo a ter lugar sobre a sua natureza jurídica. Tarefa que, prima facie, parece inscrever-se num plano puramente teórico, mas cuja solução, como demonstramos, tem indiscutível relevância prática, num mundo globalizado onde a contratação internacional se tem vindo a massificar e o recurso à arbitragem internacional se tem revelado uma constante. Começando por tomar posição sobre a qualificação dos Incoterms como usos do comércio internacional ou como manifestação da lex mercatoria, o presente trabalho incide destacadamente sobre a problemática da caracterização daqueles termos comerciais como cláusulas contratuais gerais, o que tem vindo a dividir a doutrina, nacional e estrangeira. Após discutir os argumentos de ambas as partes e propor os nossos, tomando de novo posição expressa, terminaremos com a análise das consequências que tal qualificação acarretaria, em diversos planos.

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DRDOVÁ, Martina. "Místo zdanění daní z přidané hodnoty při intrakomunitárním dodání a pořízení zboží a při vývozu a dovozu zboží z pohledu podmínek INCOTERMS." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136751.

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The aim of the thesis is the analysis of the relation of the place of VAT taxation, i.e. the destination of the country in which the goods is subject to taxation, and the INCOTERMS terms of delivery so that their mutual connection can be found out although primarily no direct connection is discovered.

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Castro, Nélson Manuel Gomes de. "O protocolo de expansão de uma empresa internacional portuguesa para o mercado chinês." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/74038.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Negócios Internacionais
O seguinte projeto tem como objetivo estudar a expansão de uma empresa internacional portuguesa para o mercado chinês. Este trabalho iniciará com um enquadramento teórico sobre os possíveis e mais populares métodos de entrada num mercado estrangeiro. De seguida será feita uma contextualização da motivação para o crescimento em solo asiático e uma análise do país e do volume de negócios entre ambas as economias. Na última parte do projeto será criado um “livro branco” que terá como objetivo registar detalhadamente o método de exportação usado pela organização em estudo e transformar essa informação num manual/guião disponível a qualquer colaborador. Dentro do mesmo livro branco será sugerido um protocolo de importação através de uma FTZ chinesa, que terá como objetivo aumentar o leque de opções de crescimento em solo asiático para a empresa.
The following project aims to study the expansion of a Portuguese international company to the Chinese market. This work will start with a theoretical framework on the existing and most popular methods of entering a foreign market. Then there will be a contextualization for the growth motivation on Asian soil and an analysis of the country and the volume of business between both economies. In the last part of the project, a “white book” will be created that will aim to document in detail the export method used by the organization under study and to convert this information into a manual/guide available to any employee. Within the same “white book”, an import protocol will be suggested using a Chinese FTZ, which will aim to increase the range of growth options on Asian soil for the company.

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陳韋伶. "Learning Attitude and Effectiveness of Applying The Concept Mapping on Vocational International Trade Practice－A Case of Incoterms 2010." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9jn586.

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碩士
國立彰化師範大學
財務金融技術學系
103
This study aims to explore the process of integrating the concept mapping into the teaching of International Trade Practice in vocational high school courses, from which if different teaching methods have resulted in students’ different learning effectiveness and learning attitudes, and students’ differences in answering the basic questions and open-ended questions during the post-teaching of the integration of the concept mapping were discussed. This study used the pretest and posttest quasi-experimental method and 71 first-year vocational high school students were the participatory subjects. The experimental teaching was implemented for six weeks, during which the concept mapping teaching method was applied in the Experimental group of 35 people, while the traditional narrative teaching method was applied in the Control group of 36 people. The study used the results of the ITC practice midterm and final exam paper of the first-year vocational high school students in the academic year of 2013 and the questionnaire of students’ attitude toward the International Trade Practice concept mapping as the research instrument, and the independent t-test statistical methods was applied for the data analysis. It was concluded from the data analysis: First, the questionnaire indicated that the experimental group of students’ learning attitude toward the integration of the concept mapping teaching was positive. Second, there was no significant difference in students’ learning effectiveness between the integration of concept mapping teaching method and the traditional narrative teaching method. It indicated the integration of concept mapping teaching method did not significantly increased students’ learning effectiveness in the unit of trade terms. Third, there was no significant difference in students’ performance in answering the basic questions and the open-ended questions after the integration of concept mapping teaching method was applied. It indicated that the application of the integration of the concept mapping teaching method in the experiment did not increase the learning effectiveness in either basic questions or open-ended questions. Based on the conclusion of the research and the reflection of the experimental process, some suggestions were provided for future researchers and teachers.

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Helou, Antoine. "Les Incoterms de la Chambre de commerce international et les termes de vente du Code de commerce uniforme (UCC-A2) : étude et analyse." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2114/1/M9166.pdf.

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La conclusion d'un contrat de vente internationale de marchandises est basée sur le principe dc la liberté contracctuelle. À cet effet. les lois nationales permettent aux parties de choisir les règles de droit ou encore l'usage international applicable à leur contrat. Il est courant dans ce genre d'activité mercantile pour les contractants d'insérer un Incoterm. contrat de vente-type élaboré par la Chambre de commerce international. connu aussi par terme de vente, dans leur transaction en vue de réglementer leurs obligations respectives surtout celles portant sur la livraison de la marchandise, le transfert des risques ainsi que sur la répartition des frais et des coûts. Cependant, la pratique montre que lorsqu'une des parties au contrat réside aux États-unis, et que la référence à l'Incoterm n'est pas précise et explicite, les contractants risquent de voir appliquer à leur contrat, par le juge du for américain, l'un des termes de vente énumérés par l'Article 2 du Code de commerce uniforme; loi à caractère permissif. réglementant la vente des marchandises. d'application interne aux États-Unis et disposant surtout de termes de vente avec des acronymes similaires aux Incoterms mais d'affectation différente. Cependant, la qualification d'usage international des Incoterms, le principe de la liberté contractuelle, la notion du choix de la loi applicable, la construction du Code favorisant l'interprétation des contrats en fonction de la volonté des parties et surtout des usages du commerce, les courants doctrinaux et la jurisprudence, l'étude détaillée des différentes obligations réglementées par les Incoterms et par les deux contrats à expédition et à destination dont dispose l'Article 2, doteront notre travail de tout le matériel nécessaire qui nous permettrait à la fin de cette étude de bien tracer les limites entre les deux institutions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Incoterms'

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