Academic literature on the topic 'Increased released'
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Journal articles on the topic "Increased released"
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Matsubara, T., and M. Ziff. "Increased superoxide anion release from human endothelial cells in response to cytokines." Journal of Immunology 137, no. 10 (1986): 3295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.137.10.3295.
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Abstract To study the effects of macrophage and lymphocyte-derived factors on superoxide anion (O2-) generation and release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC), cultured EC were stimulated by ultrapure interleukin 1 (IL 1) and recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and the O2- released into the supernatant was measured. Both of these cytokines enhanced O2- release in a dose and time-dependent manner. Addition of a combination of IL 1 and IFN-gamma, each in submaximal concentration, produced an additive effect on O2- release. It would appear from these findings that cytokines released by macrophages and lymphocytes during inflammatory reactions can promote O2- generation and release from human EC. O2- released from EC may alter the basement membrane of blood vessels and the surrounding connective tissue, and in this way promote the vascular injury and angiogenesis associated with local inflammation.
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Xia, Siyang, Jonah Ury, and Jeffrey R. Powell. "Increasing Effectiveness of Genetically Modifying Mosquito Populations: Risk Assessment of Releasing Blood-Fed Females." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 5 (2021): 1895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0729.
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ABSTRACTReleasing mosquito refractory to pathogens has been proposed as a means of controlling mosquito-borne diseases. A recent modeling study demonstrated that instead of the conventional male-only releases, adding blood-fed females to the release population could significantly increase the program’s efficiency, hastening the decrease in disease transmission competence of the target mosquito population and reducing the duration and costs of the release program. However, releasing female mosquitoes presents a short-term risk of increased disease transmission. To quantify this risk, we constructed a Ross–MacDonald model and an individual-based stochastic model to estimate the increase in disease transmission contributed by the released blood-fed females, using the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the dengue virus as a model system. Under baseline parameter values informed by empirical data, our stochastic models predicted a 1.1–5.5% increase in dengue transmission during the initial release, depending on the resistance level of released mosquitoes and release size. The basic reproductive number (R0) increased by 0.45–3.62%. The stochastic simulations were then extended to 10 releases to evaluate the long-term effect. The overall reduction of disease transmission was much greater than the number of potential infections directly contributed by the released females. Releasing blood-fed females with males could also outperform conventional male-only releases when the release strain is sufficiently resistant, and the release size is relatively small. Overall, these results suggested that the long-term benefit of releasing blood-fed females often outweighs the short-term risk.
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Clark, M. G., S. M. Richards, M. Hettiarachchi, et al. "Release of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and their catabolites from the perfused rat hindlimb in response to noradrenaline, vasopressin, angiotensin II and sciatic-nerve stimulation." Biochemical Journal 266, no. 3 (1990): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2660765.
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Uric acid and uracil were released at constant rates (0.95 and 0.4 nmol/min per g respectively) by the perfused rat hindlimb. Noradrenaline, vasopressin or angiotensin II further increased the release of these substances 2-5-fold, coinciding with increases in both perfusion pressure (vasoconstriction) and O2 uptake. The hindlimb also released, but in lesser amounts, uridine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine and guanosine, and all but hypoxanthine and guanosine were increased during intense vasoconstriction. Uric acid and uracil releases were increased by noradrenaline in a dose-dependent manner. However, the release of these substances did not fully correspond with the dose-dependent increase in O2 uptake and perfusion pressure, where changes in the latter occurred at lower doses of noradrenaline. Sciatic-nerve stimulation (skeletal-muscle contraction) did not increase the release of uracil, uric acid or uridine, but instead increased the release of inosine (7-fold) and hypoxanthine (2-fold). Since the UTP content as well as the UTP/ATP ratio are higher in smooth muscle than in skeletal muscle, it is proposed that release of uric acid and uracil arises from increased metabolism of the respective adenosine and uridine nucleotides during intense constriction of smooth muscle.
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Yue, Mao Zhen, Yong Zheng Wang, and Xiu Juan Li. "Experimental Study on the Release Characteristics of Chlorine and Alkali Metal during Co-Firing of Wheat Straw and Lean Coal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 3799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.3799.
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Experiments were carried out on a tubular furnace. The results showed that the released amount of K and Cl increased with the wheat straw share of the blends, meanwhile the released amount of Cl was far more than that of K. Al and Si from coal can capture K to form KAlSixOy, which would promote the release of HCl. The activity of Al and Si increased with the temperature rising. During combustion, Ca and Mg can react with Al and Si, resulting in an increased release of K and a decreased release of HCl indirectly.
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Vicario, I., R. Rigual, A. Obeso, and C. Gonzalez. "Characterization of the synthesis and release of catecholamine in the rat carotid body in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 278, no. 3 (2000): C490—C499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.3.c490.
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The aim of this work was to determine contents and turnover rates for dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) and to identify the catecholamine (CA) released during stimulation of the rat carotid body (CB). Turnover rates and the release of CA were measured in an in vitro preparation using a combination of HPLC and radioisotopic methods. Mean rat CB levels of DA and NE were 209 and 45 pmol/mg tissue, respectively. With [3H]tyrosine as precursor, rat CB synthesized [3H]CA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; calculated turnover times for DA and NE were 5.77 and 11.4 h, respectively. Hypoxia and dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate significantly increased [3H]CA synthesis. In normoxia, rat CB released [3H]DA and [3H]NE in a ratio of 5:1, comparable to that of the endogenous tissue CA. Hypoxia and high K+ preferentially released [3H]DA, nicotine preferentially released [3H]NE, and acidic stimuli released both amines in proportion to tissue content. Release of [3H]CA induced by hypoxia and high K+ was nearly fully dependent on extracellular Ca2+, whereas basal normoxic release was not altered by removal of Ca2+ from the incubating solution. We conclude that the rat CB is an organ with higher levels of DA than NE that preferentially releases DA or NE in a stimulus-specific manner.
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Ota, M., J. T. Crofton, H. Liu, G. Festavan, and L. Share. "Increased plasma osmolality stimulates peripheral and central vasopressin release in male and female rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 4 (1994): R923—R928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.4.r923.
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It has been demonstrated that the neurohypophysial hormones can be released intrahypothalamically by the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei. The present experiments were undertaken to determine whether a physiological stimulus for vasopressin release, increased plasma osmolality, will stimulate the release of vasopressin by the PVN into the surrounding interstitial fluid, and whether the responses are affected by gender. Intravenous infusion of 2.5 M NaCl for 60 min (0.1 ml.kg-1.min-1) in conscious rats resulted in an increased vasopressin concentration in the dialysate from a microdialysis probe adjacent to the PVN. This response was greater in nonestrous females than in males. On the other hand, the rise in the plasma vasopressin concentration was greater in males than in nonestrous females. Mean arterial blood pressure increased and heart rate decreased, but these responses were not affected by gender. The role of centrally released vasopressin in the control of the peripheral release of vasopressin is conjectural, but both responses may be modulated by the gonadal steroid hormones.
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Xu, Zemin, Chuanyao Tong, Hui-Lin Pan, Sergio E. Cerda та James C. Eisenach. "Intravenous Morphine Increases Release of Nitric Oxide From Spinal Cord by an α-Adrenergic and Cholinergic Mechanism". Journal of Neurophysiology 78, № 4 (1997): 2072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.4.2072.
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Xu, Zemin, Chuanyao Tong, Hui-Lin Pan, Sergio E. Cerda, and James C. Eisenach. Intravenous morphine increases release of nitric oxide from spinal cord by an α-adrenergic and cholinergic mechanism. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2072–2078, 1997. Systemic opioids produce analgesia in part by activating bulbospinal noradrenergic pathways. Spinally released norepinephrine (NE) has been suggested to produce analgesia in part by stimulating α2-adrenoceptors on cholinergic spinal interneurons to release acetylcholine (ACh). We hypothesized that this spinally released ACh would stimulate synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), and that spinally released NO after intravenous (IV) opioid injection thus would depend on a cascade of noradrenergic and cholinergic receptor stimulation. To test these hypotheses, IV morphine was administered to anesthetized sheep, and neurotransmitters in dorsal horn interstitial fluid were measured by microdialysis. IV morphine increased NE and ACh in dorsal horn microdialysates, and these increases were inhibited by IV naloxone or cervical spinal cord transection. IV morphine also increased dorsal horn microdialysate concentrations of nitrite, a stable metabolite of NO. Increases in NE, ACh, and nitrite were antagonized by prior intrathecal injection of the α2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan, the muscarinic antagonist atropine, or the NO synthase inhibitor N-methyl-l-arginine (NMLA). To examine the concentration-dependent effects of spinal adrenergic stimulation, isolated rat spinal cord tissue was perfused with the α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine. Clonidine increased nitrite in the spinal cord tissue perfusate, an effect blocked by coadministration of idazoxan, atropine, and NMLA. These data support a previously hypothesized cascade of spinally released NE and ACh after systemic opioid administration. These data also suggest that spinally released NO plays a role in the analgesic effects of systemic opioids. In addition, these data imply a positive feedback whereby spinally released nitric oxide increases NE release and that has not previously been described.
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Medina, L. Carolina, Jerry B. Sartain, Thomas A. Obreza, William L. Hall, and Nancy J. Thiex. "Evaluation of a Soil Incubation Method to Characterize Nitrogen Release Patterns of Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 3 (2014): 643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-065.
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Abstract Several technologies have been proposed to characterize the nutrient release patterns of slow- release fertilizers (SRF) and controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) during the last few decades. These technologies have been developed mainly by manufacturers, and are product-specific, based on the regulation and analysis of each SRF and CRF product. Despite previous efforts to characterize SRF and CRF materials, no standardized, validated method exists to assess their nutrient release patterns. However, the increased production and distribution of these materials in specialty and nonspecialty markets requires an appropriate method to verify product claims and material performance. A soil incubation column leaching procedure was evaluated to determine its suitability as a standard method to estimate nitrogen (N) release patterns of SRFs and CRFs during 180 days. The influence of three soil/sand ratios, three incubation temperatures, and four soils on method behavior was assessed using five SRFs and three CRFs. In general, the highest soil/sand ratio increased the N release rate of all materials, but this effect was more marked for the SRFs. Temperature had the greatest influence on N release rates. For CRFs, the initial N release rates and the percentage N released/day increased as temperature increased. For SRFs, raising the temperature from 25 to 35°C increased initial N release rate and the total cumulative N released, and almost doubled the percentage released/day. The percentage N released/day from all products generally increased as the texture of the soil changed from sandy to loamy (Iowa>California>Pennsylvania>Florida). The soil incubation technique was demonstrated to be robust and reliable for characterizing N release patterns from SRFs and CRFs. The method was reproducible, and variations in soil/sand ratio, temperature, and soil had little effect on the results.
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Gualtieri, Roberto, Valentina Mollo, Gennaro Duma, and Riccardo Talevi. "Redox control of surface protein sulphhydryls in bovine spermatozoa reversibly modulates sperm adhesion to the oviductal epithelium and capacitation." REPRODUCTION 138, no. 1 (2009): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0514.
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Oviductal fluid molecules, such as sulphated glycosaminoglycans and disulphide-reductants, may represent periovulatory signals for the release of spermatozoa from the oviductal reservoir in the bovine species. Disulphide-reductants release spermatozoa through the reduction of sperm-surface disulphides to sulphhydryls (SH). Herein, we studied sperm-surface protein SH through labelling with maleimidylpropionyl biocytin in the initial sperm suspension, in the subpopulations able and unable to adhere to the in vitro cultured oviductal epithelium, and in spermatozoa released either through the disulphide-reductant penicillamine (PEN) or the sulphated glycosaminoglycan heparin (HEP). Adhesion assays were performed to study the ability of released spermatozoa to readhere to the oviductal epithelium. Results showed that the level of SH in sperm-surface proteins was: 1) low in adhering spermatozoa; 2) high in spermatozoa unable to adhere; and 3) markedly increased in released spermatozoa. Adhesion assays showed that: 1) PEN-released spermatozoa promptly recovered adhesion after removal of the disulphide-reductant and could be released again in response to PEN; 2) conversely, a limited number of HEP-released spermatozoa was able to readhere to the oviductal epithelium and this ability was not affected by HEP removal. Recovery of adhesion was associated to reoxidation of sperm-surface protein SH and to the reversal of capacitation. In conclusion, redox modulation of sperm-surface protein SH is involved in the release of spermatozoa adhering to the oviduct in vitro; the reversible action of disulphide-reductants might be responsible for intermittent phases of adhesions and releases; and the irreversible action of HEP indicates that it may represent a terminal releasing signal.
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Ratcliffe, A., J. A. Tyler, and T. E. Hardingham. "Articular cartilage cultured with interleukin 1. Increased release of link protein, hyaluronate-binding region and other proteoglycan fragments." Biochemical Journal 238, no. 2 (1986): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2380571.
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Pig articular cartilage was maintained in culture for 3 days with and without porcine interleukin 1. The proteoglycans remaining in the cartilage and those released into the medium were analysed by using radioimmunoassays for the hyaluronate-binding region, link protein and keratan sulphate. In interleukin 1-treated cultures after 3 days there was 38% release of total glycosaminoglycans into the medium, 18% release of binding region, 14% release of link protein and 20% release of keratan sulphate epitope, whereas in control cultures the proportions released were much less (16, 9, 10 and 7% respectively). Characterization of the proteoglycans in the media after 1.5 days and 3 days of culture showed that interleukin 1 promoted the release of proteoglycan of large average size and also the release of link protein and of low-Mr binding region which was unattached to proteoglycan. Both the link protein and binding region released were able to bind to exogenously added hyaluronate, whereas the proteoglycan in the medium was not. The proteoglycans extracted from cultured cartilage were similar to those from fresh cartilage: they contained a high proportion of aggregating proteoglycans and some low-Mr binding region. The proportion of this binding region extracted from the interleukin 1-treated cartilage was increased. The presence of interleukin 1 in the cultures therefore appeared to increase the rate of proteolytic degradation of proteoglycan in the matrix and to lead to a more rapid loss of intact binding region, of link protein and of large proteoglycan fragments into the medium.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Increased released"
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Mandela, Prashant, and Gregory A. Ordway. "KCl Stimulation Increases Norepinephrine Transporter Function in PC12 Cells." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8616.
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The norepinephrine transporter (NET) plays a pivotal role in terminating noradrenergic signaling and conserving norepinephrine (NE) through the process of re-uptake. Recent evidence suggests a close association between NE release and regulation of NET function. The present study evaluated the relationship between release and uptake, and the cellular mechanisms that govern these processes. KCl stimulation of PC12 cells robustly increased [ H]NE uptake via the NET and simultaneously increased [ H]NE release. KCl-stimulated increases in uptake and release were dependent on Ca . Treatment of cells with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or okadaic acid decreased [ H]NE uptake but did not block KCl-stimulated increases in [ H]NE uptake. In contrast, PMA increased [ H]NE release and augmented KCl-stimulated release, while okadaic acid had no effects on release. Inhibition of Ca -activated signaling cascades with KN93 (a Ca calmodulin-dependent kinase inhibitor), or ML7 and ML9 (myosin light chain kinase inhibitors), reduced [ H]NE uptake and blocked KCl-stimulated increases in uptake. In contrast, KN93, ML7 and ML9 had no effect on KCl-stimulated [ H]NE release. KCl-stimulated increases in [ H]NE uptake were independent of transporter trafficking to the plasma membrane. While increases in both NE release and uptake mediated by KCl stimulation require Ca , different intracellular mechanisms mediate these two events.
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Wong, Sato Akira Armando. "Diverse adaptations to increase pollination success in zoophilous plants." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232377.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(人間・環境学)<br>甲第21176号<br>人博第848号<br>新制||人||203(附属図書館)<br>29||人博||848(吉田南総合図書館)<br>京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻<br>(主査)教授 加藤 眞, 教授 市岡 孝朗, 教授 瀬戸口 浩彰<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Pan-Montojo, Francisco, Mathias Schwarz, Clemens Winkler, et al. "Environmental toxins trigger PD-like progression via increased alpha-synuclein release from enteric neurons in mice." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-180702.
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Pathological studies on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suggest that PD pathology progresses from the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the olfactory bulb into the central nervous system. We have previously shown that environmental toxins acting locally on the ENS mimic this PD-like pathology progression pattern in mice. Here, we show for the first time that the resection of the autonomic nerves stops this progression. Moreover, our results show that an environmental toxin (i.e. rotenone) promotes the release of alpha-synuclein by enteric neurons and that released enteric alpha-synuclein is up-taken by presynaptic sympathetic neurites and retrogradely transported to the soma, where it accumulates. These results strongly suggest that pesticides can initiate the progression of PD pathology and that this progression is based on the transneuronal and retrograde axonal transport of alpha-synuclein. If confirmed in patients, this study would have crucial implications in the strategies used to prevent and treat PD.
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Pan-Montojo, Francisco, Mathias Schwarz, Clemens Winkler, et al. "Environmental toxins trigger PD-like progression via increased alpha-synuclein release from enteric neurons in mice." Nature Publishing Group, 2012. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28923.
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Pathological studies on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suggest that PD pathology progresses from the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the olfactory bulb into the central nervous system. We have previously shown that environmental toxins acting locally on the ENS mimic this PD-like pathology progression pattern in mice. Here, we show for the first time that the resection of the autonomic nerves stops this progression. Moreover, our results show that an environmental toxin (i.e. rotenone) promotes the release of alpha-synuclein by enteric neurons and that released enteric alpha-synuclein is up-taken by presynaptic sympathetic neurites and retrogradely transported to the soma, where it accumulates. These results strongly suggest that pesticides can initiate the progression of PD pathology and that this progression is based on the transneuronal and retrograde axonal transport of alpha-synuclein. If confirmed in patients, this study would have crucial implications in the strategies used to prevent and treat PD.
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Kusa, Jonathon Joseph. "A Quantitative Assessment of Air Pollutant Releases and Costs Associated with Increased Recycling in Urban and Rural Settings." NCSU, 1999. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-19990628-100619.
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<p>Using a model to calculate the life cycle inventory of solid waste management alternatives, this study quantifies the cost effectiveness and marginal damage of several solid waste management strategies that involve recycling. Although findings from this study are not valid for any specific city, they are intended to provide decision-makers with a template upon which to base future case studies. The air emissions tracked in this study include carbon dioxide from fossil and biomass sources (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur oxides (SOx). The research was conducted in two parts. First, the maximum potential tons avoided and marginal avoidance cost resulting from expanding recycling programs for two settings, an urban and a rural area, are compared to emission control costs at a hypothetical coal-fired power plant. Second, the marginal damage associated with each recycling program expansion was calculated using published marginal damage functions. The study's findings indicate that although solid waste management (SWM) strategy upgrades are not as cost effective as additional coal-fired power plant controls for reducing the specified pollutants, marginal benefits are incurred by upgrading most SWM strategies to include drop-off recycling of waste material because its collection costs are relatively low.<P>
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Yasuba, Hirotaka. "INCREASED RELEASABILITY OF PLATELET PRODUCTS AND REDUCED HEPARIN-INDUCED PLATELET FACTOR 4 RELEASE FROM ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA." Kyoto University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/168713.
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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである<br>Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>医学博士<br>甲第4772号<br>医博第1273号<br>新制||医||500(附属図書館)<br>UT51-91-E143<br>京都大学大学院医学研究科内科系専攻<br>(主査)教授 三河 春樹, 教授 泉 孝英, 教授 大島 駿作<br>学位規則第5条第1項該当
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Jakkula, Vijay S. "Synthesis of zeolites and their application as soil amendments to increase crop yield and potentially act as controlled release fertilizers." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/93299.
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Zeolites have been used in agriculture since the 1960s, due to the effectiveness of these crystalline microporous solids as soil amendments for plant growth, their cation exchange capacity (CEC) and slow-release fertilizer properties. Most work on slow-release fertilizers has focused on natural Clinoptilolite, Phillipsite and Chabazite. The aim of this study was to synthesize zeolites, study their effectiveness as soil amendments and their ability to act as controlled release fertilizers to decrease nitrate leaching. Nitrate pollution of groundwater is a major agro-environmental concern. The zeolites Phillipsite and Linde-type F were synthesized from aluminosilicate gels; ion exchanged to introduce ammonium and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, both before and after ion exchange. Ammoniumexchanged Phillipsites (natural and synthetic), ammonium-exchanged synthetic Linde-type F (the zeolite having highest affinity towards ammonium) and ammonium exchanged Phillipsites (high crystalline and high aluminium) were compared with conventional NPK fertilizer.Three glasshouse experiments were performed to study the effects of zeolite-amended soils on maize growth. Ion exchanged synthetic and natural Phillipsites were first used as soil amendments (w/w 2, 4, 8% zeolite to soil). Synthetic Phillipsite, at 2% loading, resulted in the most significant improvement in both plant growth and phased ammonium release. The synthetic ammonium-exchanged zeolites Phillipsite and Linde-type F (at w/w 1, 2, 4%) were then compared; synthetic Phillipsite, at 2% loading, again resulted in the most significant plant growth response with an increase (≥15%) in shoot dry weight and a decrease (≥30%) in nitrate leaching. Experiments using unexchanged synthetic Phillipsite (at w/w 2%), but with added NPK fertilizer, showed increased plant growth and decreased nitrate leaching, compared with parallel experiments containing unexchanged synthetic Linde-type F (at w/w 2%) and a conventional fertilizer amended soil. This revealed the beneficial effect of Phillipsite for soil amendment, even without ion exchange to the ammonium form. To study the physico-chemical properties affecting the release of ammonium from the Phillipsite framework; high crystalline/low aluminium and low crystalline/high aluminium forms were synthesized and ion exchanged. Both forms were introduced as soil amendments (at w/w 1 and 2%) and experiments showed that the lower zeolite crystallinity decreased cation exchange and therefore decreased nitrate leaching. Experimental results from the glasshouse experiments and cation exchange capacity (CEC) experiments suggest that synthetic Phillipsite, at lower loadings (1 and 2% w/w zeolite to soil) have most potential as soil amendments for both plant growth and controlled-release applications. This conclusion is supported by soil leachate and shoots dry weight analysis. Furthermore, Phillipsite, synthesized in a low crystalline and low ammonium form, may be an even better soil amendment for controlled release of ammonium, which will thereby further decrease nitrate pollution.
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Xu, Xueyan. "Development of Kraft Lignin and Coating Technique to Prepare Coated Urea Fertilisers with Increased Nutrient Use Efficiency." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-218111.
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Coating urea to prepare controlled release N-fertilizer has been considered as an effective way to increase its nutrient use efficiency, thus reduce its waste and the consequent harmful environmental impacts. Inorganic sulphur and synthetic polymers have been used in the industry as coating materials together with utilization of various types of expensive coating equipment which commonly requires also complicated technical setup and controls. As development trends, biopolymers are attention-grabbing to replace the synthetic polymers. Alternative simple coating technique is also desired. So far, polylactic acid (PLA) has been reported as a more promising biopolymer than several synthetic polymers for coating. On the other hand, highly purified industrial softwood kraft lignin (SKL) produced after LignoBoost process is now available in a large quantity, which should also be a promising biopolymer for the coating application. Aiming at increase of the efficiency of PLA-coated urea and development of alternative coating technique to generally make the preparation of control-released fertilizer more effective, economic and environmentally sustainable, in this study, SKL has been used in a PLA-SKL blending form as complex coating material and simple dip-coating technique has been investigated and applied. In order to lower the wettability of PLA-SKL coat layer, four different anhydrides, namely acetic anhydride, palmitic anhydride, lauric anhydride and trifluoroacetic anhydride, were used to esterify SKL to form AcSKL, PaSKL, LauSKL and TFASKL respectively before its utilization. NMR and FTIR analyses showed that the esterification reactions have been completed for AcSKL and PaSKL. LauSKL was partly esterified due to the low charge of lauric anhydride regent, while TFASKL was not esterified expectantly due to the steric hindrance between the three F atoms and polymeric SKL. In order to obtain organically bound nitrogen structure to also create slow-release type of N-fertilizer, Mannich reaction on SKL using diethylamine was also conducted to prepare ManSKL. The reaction was completed as shown by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. To bring further functionality of metal chelation to open the possibility to also bring essential trace element into the final fertilizer, ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (ED3A) was synthesized and further used via Mannich reaction to modify SKL to form ED3ASKL. ED3A is not commercially available and it was synthesized successfully with an environmentally friendly method from commercial EDTA and the structure was verified by NMR spectroscopy. However, the Mannich reaction using ED3A was not very successful as shown by product’s NMR and FTIR spectra. In a comparison experiment using vanillyl alcohol as a lignin model structure, ED3A was successfully coupled onto the vanillyl alcohol structure as shown by NMR and FTIR spectra. Apparently there was a severe steric hindrance from SKL for the Mannich reaction using the larger molecule of ED3A than diethylamine for Mannich reaction. For utilization of dip-coating technique, dichloromethane(DCM) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were chosen to dissolve PLA and SKL or the modified SKL respectively. Cast films of PLA/modified lignin complex were prepared using Teflon Petri-dishes. The optimal concentration of PLA in DCM and the effect of DCM/THF ratios on the prepared cast film which expectantly represents the quality of the complex coat in the coated urea were compared with SEM images and contact angle determination. It has been found that a 30 wt% of PLA in DCM was the best and this solution mixed with modified lignin solution (6 % in THF) in a ratio of DCM/THF =3/2 (v/v) had the best film performances and water barrier properties. Generally, the cast films from PLA/modified lignin complexes showed better properties compared with the neat PLA cast film. No pores and cracks were found on the surface. Comparatively, the LauSKL film showed the most homogeneous surface. But the AcSKL film had the best water barrier properties. The PLA/modified lignin complex coated urea was then prepared by dip-coating process. The coat thickness and weight increase showed statistically positive correlations against the repeating times of the dip-coating process. The coating layer also showed one single layer structure. The speed of urea releasing for coated urea was tested and the results showed that it was much slower than the un-coated or PLA-coated urea. The single-layered PLA/AcSKL and PLA/ManSKL were both observed with sound properties in delaying the release of urea cores in water. Conclusively, the PLA/modified SKL coated urea fertilizers prepared by dip-coating technique demonstrated in this study have highly efficiency with better effects of water barrier, organically N slow release, and nitrification inhibiting (due to free phenolic functional groups) properties. Both SKL and the dip-coating technique are promising in the fertilizer applications.<br>Att ytbelägga urea för att skapa kontrollerad frisläppning av kväverika gödningsmedel har ansetts vara en effektiv metod för att öka användandet av näringsämnena från urea och dessutom minska den möjliga miljöpåverkan urea har. Kommersiellt har oorganiskt svavel och syntetiska polymerer använts för att ytbelägga olika material och detta är kopplat till olika typer av dyra ytbeläggningsutrustningar som ofta kräver komplicerade tekniska lösningar och kontroller. För att förbättra dagens lösningar är en intressant trend användandet av biopolymerer och en annan viktig aspekt är att utveckla nya enklare ytbeläggningstekniker än vad som finns på marknaden idag. Polylaktid (PLA) har till exempel rapporterats som en mer lovande förnybar polymer än flera av de syntetiska polymererna för ytbeläggnig. En annan intressant förnybar polymer är lignin, som idag tillverkas med hög renhet industriellt som barrveds kraft lignin (SKL) ur LignoBoost processen. Med målet att öka effektiviteten hos urea belagd med PLA och att utveckla en alternativ ytbeläggningsmetod för att göra den generellt mer effektiv, ekonomisk och miljövänlig har SKL använts i en PLA-SKL blandning för att ytbelägga med urea och en enkel doppbeläggningsmetod utvecklats och applicerats. För att minska vätbarheten av PLA-SKL ytbeläggningen har fyra anhydrider, ättiksyraanhydrid, palmitisk anhydrid, lauric anhydrid, och trifluoroacetisk anydrid, använts för att esterifiera SKL och bilda AcSKL, PaSKL, LauSKL och TFASKL. NMR och FTIR användes för att verifiera esterifieringsreaktionerna. Fullständig reaktion kunde konstateras för AcSKL och PaSKL, LauSKL hade bara delvis esterifierat pga den låga mängd lauric anydrid som användes medan TFASKL inte ledde till den tilltänkta esterifieringen pga steriska hinder mellan de tre flor-atomerna och SKL polymeren. För att tillverka en organiskt bunden kvävestruktur, som dessutom har en långsam frisättning av N-rika gödningsmedel genomfördes en Mannich-reaktion på SKL med dietylamin som katalysator för att framställa ManSKL. Reaktion gick till full omsättning, enligt NMR- och FTIR-spektroskopi. För att få ytterligare funktionalitet såsom metallkelation, vilken öppnar möjligheten att tillföra väsentliga spårämnen till gödningsmedlet, syntetiserades och användes etylendiamintriättiksyra (ED3A) för att modifiera SKL för att bilda ED3ASKL. ED3A finns inte kommersiellt tillgängligt utan syntetiserades framgångsrikt med en miljövänlig metod från kommersiell EDTA, varefter strukturen verifierades genom NMR-spektroskopi. Mannich-reaktionen på SKL med ED3A var emellertid inte särskilt framgångsrik, vilket NMR- och FTIR-spektra av produkten visade, Som modellexperiment användes vaniljalkohol som en ligninmodellstruktur till vilken ED3A framgångsrikt kopplades. Orsaken till denna stora skillnad i reaktivitet tros vara steriska hinder från SKL. För att utveckla en doppbeläggningsteknik valdes diklormetan (DCM) och tetrahydrofuran (THF) som lösningsmedel för att lösa upp PLA, SKL och den modifierade SKL. Gjutna filmer av PLA/modifierat lignin tillverkades i Teflon Petri-skålar. Den optimala koncentrationen av PLA i DCM och effekten av DCM/THF-förhållandet på filmens morfologi förväntas representerar kvaliteten för den framtida ytbeläggningen på urea, därför jämfördes filmernas SEM-bilder och kontaktvinkel. Det kunde konstateras att en 30 vikt% PLA i DCM var optimal och att denna lösning blandad med modifierad ligninlösning (6% i THF) i ett förhållande av DCM/THF = 3/2 (v/v) hade den bästa filmprestanda och vattenbarriäregenskaper. Generellt visade filmer av PLA/modifierade lignin bättre egenskaper jämfört med den rena PLA-filmen då inga porer och sprickor hittades på ytan. LauSKL-filmen uppvisade den mest homogena ytan medan AcSKL-filmen hade de bästa vattenbarriäregenskaperna. Urea ytbelagdes med PLA och PLA/modifierade lignin genom en doppbeläggningsprocessen. Beläggningstjockleken och viktökningen visade statistiskt positiva korrelationer gentemot antalet upprepningar av doppbeläggningsprocessen. Beläggningsskiktet visade också en enda skiktstruktur. Hastigheten det tog för urea att frigöra sig från den ytbelagda urean undersöktes och resultaten visade att den var mycket långsammare än den obehandlade urean eller den PLA-belagda urean. Enkelskiktad PLA/AcSKL och PLA/ManSKL uppvisade båda goda fördröjningsegenskaper för frisättningen av urea i vatten. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att PLA/modifierade SKL-belagda ureagödningsmedel framställda genom en utvecklad doppbeläggningsteknik, uppvisar hög effektivitet med bättre egenskap som vattenbarriär, långsam frisättning av organiskt kväve och nitrifikationshämmande egenskaper (beroende på fria fenoliska funktionella grupper). Både SKL och doppbeläggningstekniken är lovande i för gödningsmedelstillämpningarna.
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Perna, Marla K., and Russell W. Brown. "Adolescent Nicotine Sensitization and Effects of Nicotine on Accumbal Dopamine Release in a Rodent Model of Increased Dopamine D2 Receptor Sensitivity." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/956.
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Our laboratory has reported neonatal quinpirole (D2/D3 agonist) treatment to rats increases dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity that persists throughout the animal's lifetime. This model appears to have clinical relevance to schizophrenia, and smoking is common in this population. Male and female Sprague-dawley rats were neonatally treated with quinpirole from postnatal (P) days 1–21. After habituation from P30 to 32, animals were administered saline or nicotine (0.3, 0.5, or 0.7mg/kg free base) every other day from P33 to 49 and locomotor activity was assessed. Generally, animals neonatally treated with quinpirole and administered nicotine during adolescence demonstrated increased behavioral activity and/or sensitization compared to animals neonatally given saline and sensitized to nicotine as well as controls. However, animals neonatally treated with quinpirole and given the 0.7mg/kg dose of nicotine demonstrated elevated activity throughout testing but did not show sensitization, and only mild sex differences were reported. Therefore, microdialysis was performed on male rats sensitized to the 0.5mg/kg dose of nicotine, and results revealed that neonatal quinpirole sensitized dopamine overflow in response to nicotine to 500% above animals neonatally given saline and sensitized to nicotine at peak levels. In addition, neonatal quinpirole increased the accumbal BDNF in response to nicotine compared to all other groups, and nicotine alone also produced significant increases in striatal and accumbal BDNF. This study reveals that neonatal quinpirole enhanced adolescent nicotine sensitization, accumbal dopamine overflow, and BDNF protein in response to nicotine, which may be related to changes in the brain's reward system.
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Lee, Michael Richard F. "The use of novel forages to increase the synchrony of nitrogen and energy release in the reticulo-rumen of sheep and beef steers." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364898.
Full textBooks on the topic "Increased released"
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Howard-Browne, Rodney M. How to increase & release the anointing. RMI Publications, 1995.
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I, Lamson Neil, and Northeastern Forest Experiment Station (Radnor, Pa.), eds. Crown release increases growth of crop trees. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1990.
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M, McDonald Philip, and Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Berkeley, Calif.), eds. Manual release in an "old" Douglas-fir plantation increases diameter growth. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1989.
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Lamson, Neil I. Crop-tree release increases growth of 12-year-old yellow-poplar and black cherry. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1989.
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Lamson, Neil I. Crop-tree release increases growth of 12-year-old yellow-poplar and black cherry. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1989.
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Lamson, Neil I. Crop-tree release increases growth of 12-year-old yellow-poplar and black cherry. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1989.
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Lamson, Neil I. Crop-tree release increases growth of 12-year-old yellow-poplar and black cherry. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1989.
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Lamson, Neil I. Crop-tree release increases growth of 12-year-old yellow-poplar and black cherry. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1989.
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Great Britain. Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment. The implications of the new data on the releases from Sellafield in the 1950s for the conclusions of the report on the investigation of the possible increased incidence of cancer in West Cumbria: First report. H.M.S.O., 1986.
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Brummer, Julie, Lars Møller, and Stefan Enggist. Preventing Drug-Related Death in Recently Released Prisoners. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374847.003.0018.
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The mortality risk for recently released prisoners is alarmingly high. These individuals, especially in the first 2 weeks following release, are at an increased risk for death compared with an age- and gender-matched general population, with the majority of fatalities attributed to overdoses. Although a number of factors contribute to these incidents, the decreased tolerance resulting from a period of abstinence during incarceration is believed to be especially important. Other important factors are the concurrent use of multiple drugs, the lack of pre-release counseling and post-release follow-up, and the failure to identify those at greatest risk. This chapter describes studies conducted in various countries on post-release drug-related deaths. The literature review supports the finding that there is a significantly heightened risk of overdose death during the initial post-release period and suggests a number of prevention and harm reduction responses that may be applied at various levels of the criminal justice system to reduce drug-related deaths in ex-prisoners. Some identified potential preventive responses are the provision of opioid substitution therapy delivered in combination with psychosocial intervention for opioid-dependent prisoners and a continuity of care and stability of treatment through all stages of the criminal justice system, including during community integration, which can be supported by close linkages between prison-health and public-health systems. Take-home naloxone programs are another promising strategy to prevent overdose deaths among people recently released from prison.
Book chapters on the topic "Increased released"
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Roychand, R., J. Li, M. Saberian, et al. "Effect of Different Additives on the Compressive Strength of Very High-Volume Fly Ash Cement Composites." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_32.
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AbstractThe cement industry is responsible for about 5–7% of global greenhouse gas emissions and with the rapid rise in global warming, it is imperative to produce an ecofriendly alternative to Portland cement. Fly ash (FA) is an abundantly available and least utilized industrial byproduct with good pozzolanic properties that can help reduce the carbon footprint of cement composites. We investigated replacing 80% of the cement content with different blends of FA, nanosilica (NS) and silica fume (SF). Hydrated lime and a set accelerator were used to increase the pozzolanic reactivity of the blended cement composites. The portlandite released with 20% cement content was insufficient for the pozzolanic reaction of the blended cement composites containing FA and SF, requiring externally added hydrated lime. The addition of a set accelerator significantly increased the pozzolanic reaction and the resultant compressive strength, and these increased with the increasing content of the set accelerator. The replacement of SF with NS led to a remarkable increase in the pozzolanic reaction. The corresponding compressive strength of FA mixed with cement composites increased with increasing percentage composition of NS.
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Lukurugu, Gerald Alex, Omari Kalanje Mponda, Essegbemon Akpo, et al. "Groundnut Seed Production and Distribution Through Multi-Stakeholder Platforms in Southern Region of Tanzania." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_2.
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AbstractSouthern Groundnut Platform (SGP) was established in 2016 to enhance seed access and adoption of improved groundnut varieties by farmers. The platform serves all districts in Lindi and Mtwara regions and Tunduru district in Ruvuma region. The platform has 53 members of which 22 are females and 31 are males. Since its establishment, there has been a marked increase in farm advisory services using government extension officers, community extension services and lead farmers. Groundnut seed production and distribution networks have increased to include more actors such as NGOs, seed companies, farmers groups and individual seed entrepreneurs. The increased seed access to farmers in the southern zone has contributed to 11% increase in area under cultivation resulting in 15% increase in groundnut production in Nanyumbu district between 2012 and 2018. New market linkages formed helped improve farm gate prices by 80% (from Tshs. 1000 to 1800). The platform also introduced 29 new labour saving technologies reducing women drudgery and increasing farmer improved varieties choice from 3 to 11 new varieties released between 2009 and 2018.
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Olesen, Annette, Maija Helminen, and Emy Bäcklin. "The Penal Voluntary Sector’s Role in the Nordic Countries: A Shadow State?" In Transformations of European Welfare States and Social Rights. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46637-3_4.
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AbstractThis chapter analyses and compares the challenges faced by the Danish, Finnish, and Swedish penal voluntary sector organisations (PVSOs). Our data indicates that the main challenges across the three Nordic countries relate to precarious funding structures and disorganised co-operation with the prison and probation services. Furthermore, the Nordic PVSOs are subjected to many similar constraints regarding their independence and critical voice as noted in previous Anglophone research. We argue that neoliberal transformations have increased the importance of Nordic PVSOs and placed them in a sense in a position of a shadow state. We also suggest that the PVSOs’ unstable position compromises prisoners’ and released prisoners’ access to welfare rights and jeopardises their possibilities for successful reintegration.
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Iorlamen, Teryima, Lucky O. Omoigui, Alpha Y. Kamara, et al. "Developing Sustainable Cowpea Seed Systems for Smallholder Farmers through Innovation Platforms in Nigeria: Experience of TL III Project." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_9.
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AbstractLimited access to and low use of quality seed of improved varieties rank among the topmost causes of persistently low cowpea yields in Nigeria. This paper presents experiences under the Tropical Legume III (TL III) project in facilitating the access of smallholder farmers to seeds of improved cowpea varieties through the establishment of innovation platforms (IPs) that were introduced in 2015 as part of the activities of the TL III project. There was rapid adoption and use of newly released varieties by farmers as a result of increased awareness of improved varieties through multi-media and user-friendly communication strategies and tools. During the four years of the project (2015–2018), a total of seven multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs), which comprised six seed companies, 46 farmer groups, five public seed enterprises, two NGOs, and 718 individual seed entrepreneurs and other stakeholders, were established/strengthened to link actors in the cowpea value chain. Community-based seed producers were linked to seed companies while seed companies were linked to research institutions to access early generation seed (EGS). These activities led to the production of over 532 tons of basic seed and 8366 tons of certified/QDS seed of improved cowpea varieties that were entrenched in the seed system. Yield also increased almost twofold from 500 to 900 kg/ha on farmers’ field. Women and youth incomes increased as a result of seed entrepreneurship activities. The small packs approach was an efficient and cost-effective means of reaching more farmers with affordable quantities of seed and a wide range of preferred varieties.
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Govindan, Velu, Kristina D. Michaux, and Wolfgang H. Pfeiffer. "Nutritionally Enhanced Wheat for Food and Nutrition Security." In Wheat Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_12.
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AbstractThe current and future trends in population growth and consumption patterns continue to increase the demand for wheat. Wheat is a major source and an ideal vehicle for delivering increased quantities of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and other valuable bioactive compounds to population groups who consume wheat as a staple food. To address nutritious traits in crop improvement, breeding feasibility must be assessed and nutrient targets defined based on their health impact. Novel alleles for grain Zn and Fe in competitive, profitable, Zn enriched wheat varieties have been accomplished using conventional breeding techniques and have been released in South Asia and Latin America, providing between 20% and 40% more Zn than local commercial varieties and benefitting more than four million consumers. Future challenges include accelerating and maintaining parallel rates of genetic gain for productivity and Zn traits and reversing the trend of declining nutrients in wheat that has been exacerbated by climate change. Application of modern empirical and analytical technologies and methods in wheat breeding will help to expedite genetic progress, shorten time-to-market, and achieve mainstreaming objectives. In exploiting synergies from genetic and agronomic options, agronomic biofortification can contribute to achieving higher Zn concentrations, stabilize Zn trait expression, and increase other grain minerals, such as selenium or iodine. Increasing Fe bioavailability in future breeding and research with other nutrients and bioactive compounds is warranted to further increase the nutritious value of wheat. Crop profiles must assure value propositions for all actors across the supply chain and consider processors requirements in product development.
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Mishra, Chandra Nath, Amit Sharma, Satish Kumar, et al. "Zinc Wheat Variety Release, Seed Production, and Scaling Up Strategies in India." In Breeding Zinc Crops for Better Human Health. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84342-6_4.
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Abstract Zinc biofortification in wheat has emerged as a critical approach to combat widespread micronutrient deficiencies in India, particularly zinc deficiency, which affects millions of people. The release of high yielding, disease resistant and zinc-enriched wheat varieties represent a significant advancement in agricultural research aimed at improving both food security and nutrition. Several zinc-rich wheat varieties have been successfully developed and released in India through All India Coordinated Research Programme. The present chapter abstract highlights the journey of zinc wheat variety development, focusing on breeding programs that utilized both traditional and modern plant breeding techniques, for genetic biofortification, principles and approached for seed production programme. These efforts have resulted in increased share of biofortified varieties at farmers field with enhanced zinc content, meeting the nutritional needs of vulnerable populations, particularly in rural areas. The seed production and scaling-up strategies are key to ensuring widespread adoption of these biofortified varieties. This includes a robust system for quality seed multiplication, involvement of public and private sector seed companies, and active participation of farmers through seed distribution networks. Government support through policy initiatives and awareness programs plays a crucial role in promoting the cultivation of zinc-enriched wheat varieties. The scaling-up efforts also emphasize collaboration with state agricultural departments, extension services, and farmer cooperatives to ensure that biofortified seeds reach marginalized communities. These strategies aim to enhance production capacity while ensuring that the nutritional benefits of zinc-rich wheat reach millions across the country. By integrating biofortification into India’s wheat production system, the country takes a significant step toward addressing micronutrient malnutrition, improving public health, and contributing to sustainable agricultural development.
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Imtiaz, Muhammad. "Zinc Wheat Variety Release, Seed Production and Scaling Up Strategies in Pakistan." In Breeding Zinc Crops for Better Human Health. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84342-6_5.
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Abstract Pakistan has the highest levels of malnutrition as nearly 40% of children and mothers are deficient in zinc, a key micronutrient for early childhood growth and development and pregnancy outcomes. High zinc wheat developed through biofortification is a food-based innovation proven to address malnutrition. Pakistan is one of the highest wheat-consuming countries in the world as each Pakistani consumes, on average 240 g of wheat daily, or 87 kg annually, and thus provides 72% of Pakistan’s daily caloric intake. This makes wheat the ideal food vehicle for an intervention to increase zinc intake in the population. However, zinc wheat will only have an impact once the seed systems ensure that the seed is made available at a scale for farmers to purchase, plant, and grow. This chapter focuses on the current varietal release system and proposes a modified varietal release and demand-based nutrition sensitive seed systems for zinc wheat that will make sure that varieties released within 5 years are promoted and old susceptible ones are eliminated. In addition to the varietal release and seed system, pre-release and early-generation seed production, marketing, demand generation/promotion, and scaling up strategies to increase the production and availability of high zinc grain for the commercial production of biofortified flour which will have a positive impact on the nutritional status of the population were also discussed.
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Hofer, Marvin, Sebastian Hellmann, Milan Dojchinovski, and Johannes Frey. "The New DBpedia Release Cycle: Increasing Agility and Efficiency in Knowledge Extraction Workflows." In Semantic Systems. In the Era of Knowledge Graphs. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59833-4_1.
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Abstract Since its inception in 2007, DBpedia has been constantly releasing open data in RDF, extracted from various Wikimedia projects using a complex software system called the DBpedia Information Extraction Framework (DIEF). For the past 12 years, the software received a plethora of extensions by the community, which positively affected the size and data quality. Due to the increase in size and complexity, the release process was facing huge delays (from 12 to 17 months cycle), thus impacting the agility of the development. In this paper, we describe the new DBpedia release cycle including our innovative release workflow, which allows development teams (in particular those who publish large, open data) to implement agile, cost-efficient processes and scale up productivity. The DBpedia release workflow has been re-engineered, its new primary focus is on productivity and agility, to address the challenges of size and complexity. At the same time, quality is assured by implementing a comprehensive testing methodology. We run an experimental evaluation and argue that the implemented measures increase agility and allow for cost-effective quality-control and debugging and thus achieve a higher level of maintainability. As a result, DBpedia now publishes regular (i.e. monthly) releases with over 21 billion triples with minimal publishing effort .
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Stephen, Debbie, Brian Moss, and Geoff Phillips. "Do rooted macrophytes increase sediment phosphorus release?" In Shallow Lakes ’95. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5648-6_3.
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Liu, Yong-Bo, and Xin-Yu Wang. "Gene flow mitigation by ecological approaches." In Gene flow: monitoring, modeling and mitigation. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247480.0009.
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Abstract With an increased area of cultivating genetically modified (GM) plants worldwide, the ecological risks of transgenic plants released into the environment have caused concern. One of the risks is the occurrence of gene flow between GM plants and non-GM plants, including their wild relatives. Gene flow data from oilseed rape (Brassica napus), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), rice (Oryza sativa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) indicate that the frequency of pollen-mediated gene flow is negatively related with distance between donor and recipient plants, and the frequency is relatively high in closely related species. We discuss five main ecological approaches to mitigate gene flow from GM plants to non-GM plants, including distance isolation, border or trap crops, barrier crops, agricultural practices, and through biological means. The required isolation distance has been adopted in managing GM crops in some countries, and cultivating tall crops, or border or trap crops, can decrease the requisite isolation distance to mitigate gene flow. Combining several approaches is more effective than a single approach in mitigating gene flow, because the frequency of pollen-mediated gene flow depends on plant genotype, flowering time, wind speed and direction, and other factors. Thus, in the framework of biosafety assessment of GM plants, mitigating the occurrence of gene flow between GM and non-GM plants is a key step to decrease the ecological risk of post- commercial cultivation of GM plants.
Conference papers on the topic "Increased released"
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Sharp, W. B. A. (Sandy), Douglas L. Singbeil, and James R. Keiser. "Superheater Corrosion Produced by Biomass Fuels." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01308.
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Abstract About 90% of the world's bioenergy is produced by burning renewable biomass fuels. Low-cost biomass fuels such as agricultural wastes typically contain more alkali metals and chlorine than conventional fuels. Although the efficiency of a boiler’s steam cycle can be increased by raising its maximum steam temperature, alkali metals and chlorine released in biofuel boilers cause accelerated corrosion and fouling at high superheater steam temperatures. Most alloys that resist high temperature corrosion protect themselves with a surface layer of Cr2O3. However, this Cr2O3 can be fluxed away by reactions that form alkali chromates or volatilized as chromic acid. This paper reviews recent research on superheater corrosion mechanisms and superheater alloy performance in biomass boilers firing black liquor, biomass fuels, blends of biomass with fossil fuels and municipal waste.
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Devine, D. V., and W. F. Rosse. "PLATELET FACTOR H REGULATES THE ACTIVITY OF THE ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY OF COMPLEMENT ON THE SURFACE OF NORMAL AND PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643979.
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)-is frequently complicated by thrombosis. It has been suggested that the abnormal interactions of PNH platelets with complement contribute to thrombosis. Using purified complement proteins, we have previously demonstrated that the platelets from some patients with PNH do not demonstrate elevated activity of C3bBb, the alternative pathway C3 amplification enzyme complex, even though they lack the C3bBb regulatory protein, decay accelerating factor (DAF). As measured by fluorescence flow cytometry, washed platelets from both normal donors and PNH patients released the fluid phase C3bBb regulatory protein, factor H, in response to the deposition of purified complement proteins. Platelet factor H was localized to the alpha granules by immunocytochemical techniques. A quantitative radioimmunoassay demonstrated that normal platelets released 54 ± 6 ng factor H/108 platelets in response to thrombin stimulation. PNH platelets contained less factor H (22 ±7 ng/108 platelets) than normal platelets. Thrombin stimulated platelets from patients with elevated C3bBb activity released less than half of the factor H measured in detergent extracts. However, thrombin stimulated platelets from PNH patients exhibiting normal C3bBb activity released nearly all their factor H. The release of factor H from normal platelets was blocked by treating the platelets with metabolic inhibitors. In the absence of factor H release, the activity of the C3bBb complex increased three-fold. In addition, the number of molecules of 1251-factor B bound per C3b increased from 0.40 to 0.92 when factor H release was blocked. The inhibition of DAF by anti-DAF had no effect on the activity of C3bBb if factor H could be released from the platelets. However, when factor H release was blocked by treatment with metabolic inhibitors, the inhibition of DAF by anti-DAF increased the activity of C3bBb by 40%. Therefore, in the absence of DAF, platelets can regulate complement activation by the alternative pathway via the release of platelet factor H. Since factor H is an alpha granule protein, platelet release in the presence of activated complement may contribute to the occurrence of thrombosis.
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Broekman, M. J. "METABOLISM OF ARACHIDONATE RELEASED FROM THROMBIN-STIMULATED PLATELETS TO THROMBOXANE, 12-HYDROXYHEPTADECATRIENATE AND 12-HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENATE IS REGULATED BY ALBUMIN." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644623.
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Stimulation with high-dose thrombin of human platelets leads to release of arachidonate from phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine via a phosholipase A2 mechanism. Released arachidonate is subsequently reincorporated into cellular lipid, or oxygenated by cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase of the cell which originally released the arachidonate, or of another cell in the local environment. Albumin is the major fatty acid-binding protein in plasma, where it is present at 600 uM. In addition, albumin binds and stabilizes labile eicosanoid intermediates. Albumin could therefore profoundly influence the pattern and time course of eicosanoid formation. The effects of added albumin (fatty acid-free) on accumulation of free arachidonate, measured by GLC, formation of 12-hydroxyhepta-decatrienoate (12HHT) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate (12HETE), measured by HPLC, were studied in washed platelets stimulated with thrombin (15 U/5×109 cells). Addition of 150 uM albumin increased free arachidonate accumulation from 3-5 nmol to 44 nmol 300 s following thrombin stimulation. In the presence of 150 uM albumin, aspirin-pretreatment did not further increase free arachidonate accumulation. Albumin dose-dependently inhibited arachidonate cyclooxygenation: 150 uM albumin reduced 12HHT formation by >55%, but arachidonate lipoxygenation (12HETE production) decreased by only 26%. Aspirin-treated platelets, in the absence of albumin, produced more than double the quantity of 12HETE of untreated platelets. Addition of 15 uM albumin to aspirin-treated platelets increased 12HETE production slightly, but higher levels of albumin (150 uM) led to a 60% decrease in 12HETE formation. This decrease was similar to the decrease in 12HHT induced by albumin in aspirin-free platelets. Albumin also increased the lag in onset of 12HETE formation caused by aspirin. These data demonstrate that eicosanoid production by thrombin-stimulated platelets is greatly down-regulated by comparatively very small quantities of albumin due to sequestration of released arachidonate.
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Hermán, F., P. Hadházy, and K. Magyar. "QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ENDOGENOUS PGI2 RELEASE IN ANAESTHETIZED BEAGLE DOGS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643184.
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A 30μm diameter pore size screen was inserted into an arteriovenous bypass system in anaesthetized, heparin-treated beagle dogs. The arterial blood was directed through the screen by a roller pump at a constant rate. As a result, the pressure proximal to the filter continuously increased (F.Hermdn et al.Thromb. Res.44 /1986/,575). The concentration of proximally infused PGI2 that stabilized the filtration pressure curve (pressure stabilizing concentration= PSC) was determined. If it was low enough (between 0.4 and 1.5 nmol/1) we administered the PGI2-releaser bradykinin (1/ug/kg), angiotensin II (0.5/ug/kg) or ADP (20/ug/kg) in bolus dose intravenously. Together with the cnanges in blood pressure, we observed a transient decrease in filtration pressure. From the pressure changes, based on the previously determined PGI2 concentration-res-ponse relationship, we estimated the amounts of released PGI2 as well as the time course of this release. Indomethacin (2 mg/kg i.v.) significantly decreased the PSC for exogenous PGI2 thereby increasing the sensitivity of the method; the release of PGI2 was abolished. The sensitivity of the method could also be increased by infusing BM.13.177 - an endoperoxide, thromboxane receptor antagonist - proximal to the filter (final concentration: 1-10/ug/ml). This substance did not affect the release of PGI2.We conclude that by using this technique the endogenous release of prostacyclin can be continuously determined provided that PGI2 level exceeds 50 pg/ml.
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Shamaev, N. D., V. V. Salnikov, E. C. Koshpayeva, and K. V. Sychev. "AN INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE OF NOSEMOSIS NEAR THE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSOR." In XI МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ: БИОИНФОРМАТИКОВ, БИОТЕХНОЛОГОВ, БИОФИЗИКОВ, ВИРУСОЛОГОВ, МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫХ БИОЛОГОВ И СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ. IPC NSU, 2024. https://doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1691-6-280.
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Nosemosis is a significant issue affecting bee health and hive output, is a major concern for beekeepers worldwide. The study suggests that the increased prevalence of nosemosis near mining areas may be due to delayed exposure of worker bees and colonies to unknown environmental stressors released from the mining area.
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Drochioiu, Gabi. "THE ROLE OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN IN LIGHT HARVESTING AND ATP PRODUCTION BY HALOBACTERIUM SALINARUM CELLS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/6.1/s25.17.
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Halobacterium salinarum is an extremely halophilic marine Gram-negative obligate aerobic archaeon. Despite its name, this is not a bacterium, but rather a member of the domain Archaea, which lives in hypersaline lakes. Bacteriorhodopsin (BRh) is the red retinal-containing protein found in the cell membranes of H. salinarum and is considered a light-activated proton pump that transports protons across the plasma membrane. Bacteriorhodopsin photointermediates have been defined in kinetic and spectroscopic terms as BR568, K590, L550, M412, N560, and O640. We have previously shown, using the Forster cycle for BRh that its acidity increases greatly on illumination. Therefore, protons released upon illumination of the L550 intermediate with 412 nm light may not play an essential role in ATP production. Instead, the light-induced excitation energy, which represents the energy difference between the L550 and M412 states, can be used to extract an ATP molecule attached to ATP synthase. Thus, we have shown that this amount of energy corresponds to a near-infrared vibration, which is sufficient for ATP production and provides the most feasible molecular mechanism for this phenomenon. Here, we provide new evidence that protons are released due to BRh excitation, unrelated to ATP synthesis, being only a secondary phenomenon. In addition, once released from H. salinarum cells, protons should return back into the cells via ATP-synthase molecules to produce ATP. This is not possible at pH > 7.0, such as pH 9.5. However, the stability of M intermediates and ATP formation appear to be increased at higher pH values. Indeed, a spectral shift of 138 nm may be associated with an energy amount of about 17 kcal mol-1, which is enough energy to release a mole of ATP from ATP-synthase. In general, light excitation of fluorescent molecules is a phenomenon that induces a strong increase in their acidity. Recent data suggest that the chemiosmotic hypothesis put forward by Peter Mitchell to explain ATP formation in living cells is not correct, at least in terms of explaining light-induced ATP production in H. salinarum cells.
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Yao, Allan, Hailin Li, Xin Shi, Fuming Xiao, and Pin Zeng. "An Experimental Investigation of Combustion Process of a Turbo-Charged SI Stoichiometric Off-Road Engine Operated on Gaseous Fuel." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3689.
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This paper presents the engine performance, combustion process, and exhaust emissions from of a turbocharged spark ignition (SI) WP-10 off-road engine developed to operate on gaseous fuels applicable to a wide range of the higher heating value (HHV) (900 to 1400 BTU). The HHV of the fuels was varied by blending of propane or carbon dioxide (CO2) into natural gas (NG). The developed engine was designed to operate at 1800 rpm and 175 kW. A new method of calculating the specific heat ratio of the bulk gases with the calculated bulk gas temperature and composition was proposed. The specific heat ratio calculated using this method was lower than the value derived from the conventional Log P-Log V method. The application of the specific heat ratio calculated in calculating the heat release process increased the heat release rate (HRR) and the total heat released during combustion. In addition, it also resulted in retarded phasing of CA50 and CA95 defined as the crank angle location when 50% and 95% of total energy was released. The effects of the fuel composition on engine performance, combustion process, and exhaust emissions were experimentally investigated. It achieved a brake thermal efficiency of about 32.8%. The exhaust emissions are in compliance with both EPA and CARB regulations. The addition of propane to NG increased the HRR, accelerated the combustion process, and shortened the combustion duration. This was the result of the quicker flame propagation property of propane. The HRR observed with propane blending was featured with two heat release peaks. The peak HRR observed with 1400 BTU fuel was about 10% higher than that observed with NG only operation. As expected, the blending of CO2 to NG was shown to slow down the combustion process, and retarded the combustion phasing, especially during the completion of combustion.
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Kleniewski, J., and V. H. Donaldson. "LIMITED CLEAVAGE OF HMW-KININOGEN BY PLASMIN ENHANCES RELEASE OF KININ BY PLASMA KALLIKREIN: CLEAVAGE BY LEUKOCYTE ELASTASE DOES NOT RELEASE KININ, BUT INACTIVATES ITS COAGULANT PROPERTIES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643895.
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After limited digestion of purified human HMW-kininogen by plasmin, the kininogen molecule consists of two disulfide-linked chains in which the bradykinin sequence resides in the "light chain" portion. Kinin was released from this molecule by plasma kallikrein at a two- to three-fold more rapid rate than from uncleaved HMW-kininogen. Similarly, when normal human plasma or prekallikrein deficient plasma was treated with sufficient streptokinase to activate plasminogen the subsequent rate of release of kinin by kallikrein was enhanced. The digestion of HMW-kininogen by plasmin as well as kinin relea^s was inhibited by epsilon aminocaproic acid at a concentration of 10−3 M, suggesting that one or more lysine residues was critical to the plasmin-HMW-kininogen interaction. Leukocyte elastase cleaved HMW-kininogen into low molecular weight fragments without releasing kinin but plasma kallikrein could then release kinin from a low molecular weight component of elastase-digested HMW-kininogen (≦50 kd mol. wt.). Elastase destroyed the coagulant properties of the kininogenWhen HMW-kininogen was converted to two-chain, disuifide-linked molecules, either by plasmin or kallikrein, the quantity of antigen detected in an ELISA with polyclonal antibody to human light chain antigens was significantly increased. Expression of antigen detectable with a monoclonal antibody to an epitope located close to the disulfide interchange in the light chain was not increased by prior limited digestion with these enzymesIt is possible that minimal activation of plasminogen in vivo may facilitate kinin release by kallikrein. In addition, in quantifying antigenic properties of HMW-kininogen in plasma, care should be taken to block in vitro activation of plasminogen or prekallikrein. Since leukocyte elastase can be released during clotting of whole blood, it might then serve as a regulator of coagulation through its inactivation of coagulant properties of HMW-kininogen
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Zheng, Hua, and Shuhong Wei. "New Opening Strategy of Filtered Containment Venting System." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92842.
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Abstract Filtered containment venting system (FCVS) is used in some nuclear power plants to avoid containment overpressure failure and uncontrolled radioactive release in severe accidents. Currently the opening strategy is mainly based on the containment pressure, such as the design pressure. The containment has a stronger capability. There are various deposition mechanisms or even plugging of aerosol particles passing through potential micro channels within the containment. There are various natural or engineered deposition mechanisms of aerosol particles in the containment. The qualification pressure of FCVS can be increased. If the FCVS is opened later, the total radioactive release into the environment can be decreased, even though the leakage may be increased. A new opening strategy of FCVS is proposed, which is not just based on the containment pressure, but considers the containment capability, various deposition mechanisms or even plugging of aerosol particles passing through potential micro channels within the containment, various natural or engineered deposition mechanisms of aerosol particles in the containment. This strategy uses the radioactive release into the environment and associated radiological consequence as the optimization objective, considering both radioactive release through potential micro channels before venting and radioactive release after venting, and can reduce the radioactive released into the environment as far as possible while maintaining the integrity of the containment.
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Kim, Taeseok, Wonjun Choi, Joongoo Jeon, Nam Kyung Kim, and Sung Joong Kim. "Investigation on Fission Products Release Mitigated by In-Containment Relief Valve Under SGTR Accident." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82161.
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During a hypothesized severe accident, a containment building is designed to act as a final barrier to prevent release of fission products to the environment in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). However, in a bypass scenario of Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR), radioactive nuclides are released to environment even if the containment is not ruptured. The radioactive nuclides are transported from primary to secondary systems through a broken steam generator tube during SGTR accident. Accordingly, the radioactive nuclides of the secondary system can be released to the environment through Main Steam Safety Valve (MSSV) or Atmospheric Dump Valve (ADV). Thus, thorough mitigation strategies are needed to prevent such unfiltered release of the radioactive nuclides during SGTR accidents. To mitigate the consequence of the SGTR accident, this study was conducted to devise In-Containment Relief Valve (ICRV) from steam generator to the free space in the containment building of the Optimized Power Reactor 1000 MWe (OPR1000). This study focuses on the conceptual development of the mitigation strategy and MELCOR code was used for the numerical simulation. The MELCOR input model of OPR1000 consists of 58 control volumes and 161 flow paths. Safety features such as Pressurizer Safety Relief Valve (PSRV), Safety Injection Tanks (SITs), and MSSV were modeled in the MELCOR model. To initiate the SGTR scenario, a flow path between secondary and primary sides of Steam Generator (SG) was modeled with a flow area of 4.49 × 10−4 m2. The safety features were assumed that a few passive systems such as PSRV, MSSV, and SIT, were available. Under this condition, the ICRV connecting the SG and the free space in the containment such as dome and Reactor Drain Tank (RDT) were modeled. Specifications of the ICRV such as length, flow area, and valve opening condition were assumed to similar to those of the MSSV. Using these paths, three cases were considered; a base case, a case of steam release to the containment dome (CNMT case), and a case of release to the RDT (RDT case). Simulation results show that in the base case released radionuclides to the environment. In the other cases, the radioactive nuclides were not released to the environment although the containment pressure increased more than the base case, which is lack of the ICRV. As a result, the ICRV prevents the radionuclides release to the environment during SGTR accidents. Further studies are needed to incorporate practical valve inputs, reactor type, and safety features to gain more feasibility.
Reports on the topic "Increased released"
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Cramm, Heidi, Deborah Norris, Linna Tam-Seto, Maya Eichler, and Kimberley Smith-Evans. The Current State of Military Family Research. The Vanier Institute of the Family, 2016. https://doi.org/10.61959/vbjg4051e.
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Since the 1990s, the nature, frequency, and intensity of military operations have shifted, and these shifts have, in turn, had an impact on the families of Canada’s military personnel. Operational tempo has increased and has been almost continuous, and the roles of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) personnel1 have changed from “peacekeepers to peacemakers to warriors.” In 2013, the Office of the Ombudsman, National Defence and Canadian Forces released its seminal report on military family health and well-being, On the Homefront: Assessing the Well-being of Canada’s Military Families in the New Millennium. This report brought into view the contexts, meanings, and consequences associated with recent changes in CAF military operations for members, Veterans, and families.
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Rahai, Hamid, and Jeremy Bonifacio. Numerical Investigations of Virus Transport Aboard a Commuter Bus. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2048.
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The authors performed unsteady numerical simulations of virus/particle transport released from a hypothetical passenger aboard a commuter bus. The bus model was sized according to a typical city bus used to transport passengers within the city of Long Beach in California. The simulations were performed for the bus in transit and when the bus was at a bus stop opening the middle doors for 30 seconds for passenger boarding and drop off. The infected passenger was sitting in an aisle seat in the middle of the bus, releasing 1267 particles (viruses)/min. The bus ventilation system released air from two linear slots in the ceiling at 2097 cubic feet per minute (CFM) and the air was exhausted at the back of the bus. Results indicated high exposure for passengers sitting behind the infectious during the bus transit. With air exchange outside during the bus stop, particles were spread to seats in front of the infectious passenger, thus increasing the risk of infection for the passengers sitting in front of the infectious person. With higher exposure time, the risk of infection is increased. One of the most important factors in assessing infection risk of respiratory diseases is the spatial distribution of the airborne pathogens. The deposition of the particles/viruses within the human respiratory system depends on the size, shape, and weight of the virus, the morphology of the respiratory tract, as well as the subject’s breathing pattern. For the current investigation, the viruses are modeled as solid particles of fixed size. While the results provide details of particles transport within a bus along with the probable risk of infection for a short duration, however, these results should be taken as preliminary as there are other significant factors such as the virus’s survival rate, the size distribution of the virus, and the space ventilation rate and mixing that contribute to the risk of infection and have not been taken into account in this investigation.
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Hrehor, Troy, Timothy Jacobs, and Mark Patterson. PR457-22209-R01 Feasibility Study of the Premixing of PCC Fuel and Air to Reduce GHG Emissions. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2025. https://doi.org/10.55274/r0000115.
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The large-bore, slow-speed, two-stroke natural gas engines that frequently power natural gas pipelines are the subjects of increasingly stringent emissions standards, particularly those targeting emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane and carbon dioxide. Running these engines near their lean limits of operation reduces combustion temperature and therefore NOx emissions but at the cost of increased misfires and combustion instability, thus increasing GHG emissions. A pre-combustion chamber (PCC) can be equipped to provide a high-energy ignition source that extends the reliable lean limit of the engine, further reducing NOx emissions without drastically increasing emitted GHGs or reducing engine performance. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was conducted to explore the effects of premixing fuel and air prior to injection into the PCC. Various premixed equivalence ratios, injected mass flow rates, and injection timings were studied and compared to a non-premixed baseline, specifically focusing on differences in GHG emissions and engine performance indicators such as peak pressure and total heat released. This work provides an examination of these results as well as recommendations for future research building off the preliminary data delivered here.
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Lamson, Neil I., H. Clay Smith, Arlyn W. Perkey, Samuel M. Brock, and Samuel M. Brock. Crown release increases growth of crop trees. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-635.
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Yaron, Zvi, Martin P. Schreibman, Abigail Elizur, and Yonathan Zohar. Advancing Puberty in the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon Piceus) and the Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis). United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568102.bard.
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The black carp (bc)GtH IIb cDNA was amplified and isolated, cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the bcGtH IIb deduced a.a. sequence with that of GtH IIb from other teleosts revealed high homology to cyprinid species and a lower homology to salmonid or perciform fish. The gene coding for the GtH IIb was isolated and sequenced. Three bc recombinant phages which hybridized to the goldfish GtH Ib cDNA probe were isolated and are currently being characterized. The region coding for the mature GtH IIb was expressed in a bacterial expression vector resulting in the production of a recombinant protein. In vitro folding resulted in a protein only 1.3% of which displaced the native common carp GtH II in a RIA. Therefore, the common carp GtH RIA was utilized for the physiological studies at the current phase of the project. Two non-functional sites were identified along the brain-pituitary gonadal axis in the immature black carp. The pituitary is refractory to GnRH stimulation due to a block proximal to the activation of PKA and PKC probably at the level of GnRH receptors. The gonads, although capable of producing steroids, are refractory to gonadotropic stimulation but do respond to cAMP antagonists, indicating a block at the GtH receptor level. Attempts to advance puberty in 2 and 3 y old black carp showed that testosterone (T) stimulates GtH synthesis in the pituitary and increases its sensitivity to GnRh. A 2 month treatment combining T+GnRH increased the circulating GFtH level in 3 y old fish. Addition of domperidone to such a treatment facilitated both the accumulation of GtH in the pituitary and its response to GnRH. The cDNA of striped bass GtH a, Ib and IIb subunits were amplified, isolated, cloned and sequenced, and their deduced a.a. sequences were compared with those of other teleosts. A ribonuclease protection assay was developed for a sensitive and simultaneous determination of all GtH subunits, and of b-actin mRNAs of the striped bass. GnRH stimulated dramatically the expression of the a and GtH IIb subunits but the level of GtH Ib mRNA increased only moderately. These findings suggest that GtH-II, considered in salmonids to be involved only in final stages of gametogenesis, can be induced by GnRH to a higher extent than GtH-I in juvenile striped bass. The native GtH II of the striped bass was isolated and purified, and an ELISA for its determination was developed. The production of all recombinant striped bass GtH subunits is in progress using the insect cell (Sf9) culture and the BAC-TO-BAC baculovirus expression system. A recombinant GtH IIb subunit has been produced already, and its similarity to the native subunit was confirmed. The yield of the recombinant glycoprotein can reach 3.5 mg/ml after 3 days culture. All male striped bass reach puberty after 3 y. However, precocious puberty was discovered in 1 and 2 y old males. Females become vitellogenic during their 4th year. In immature 2 y old females, T treatment elevates the pituitary GtH II content while GnRH only potentiates the effect. However, in males GnRH and not T affects GtH accumulation in the pituitary. Neither GnRH, nor T treatment resulted in gonadal growth in 2 y old striped bass, indicating that either the accumulated GtH II was not released, or if released, the gonads were refractory to GtH stimulation, similar to the situation in the immature black carp. In 3 y old female striped bass, 150 day GnRHa treatment resulted in an increase in GSI, while T treatment, with or without GnRHa, resulted in a decrease in oocyte diameter, similar to the effect seen in the black carp. Further attempts to advance puberty in both fish species should take into account the positive effect of T on pituitary GtH and its negative effect of ovarian growth.
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Rahai, Hamid, and Jeremy Bonifacio. Virus Control Aboard a Commuter Bus. Mineta Transporation Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2248.
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A major health concern for public transit users is exposure to viruses from other passengers. This numerical study examines virus containment aboard a public bus with changes to the bus ventilation system. The virus was modeled as a 2.5 µm round solid particle released from the mouth of the infectious passenger at a rate of 21 particles per second at a mouth velocity of 0.278 m/sec. The air delivery to the cabin was two linear ceiling slots spanning the length of the bus delivering 59.38 m3/min (2,097 CFM) of air at a mean velocity of 1 m/sec. Two different axial and vertical linear exhaust slots placed on the side walls were investigated to examine how they affected virus containment and spread to the other parts of the cabin. Simulations were performed for both cases of the bus in transit and at the bus stop when the drop-off door was opened. Results indicate during transit that virus spread was contained to passengers sitting immediately in front of and behind the infectious passenger and the level of virus concentration could merit an increased risk of infection with increased virus residence time. However, augmented air mixing was observed between inside and outside air during the passenger drop-off with viruses spread to the front and back of the bus with reduced concentration and risk of infection. Analytical analyses of the risk of infection using the Wells-Riley equation were performed for the bus ventilation using 100% recirculating air without filtration, and 50% and 100% fresh air ventilation. Results indicate a high risk of infection when recirculating air is used, but the risk is reduced significantly with 50% and 100% fresh air ventilation. These results are critical to informing bus manufacturers, transit agencies, planners, and public transportation users about the potential of virus containment using a new ventilation system.
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Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.
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Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
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Persily, Andrew, Robert E. Chapman, Steven J. Emmerich W. Stuart Dols, Heather Davis Priya Lavappa, and Amy Rishing. Building retrofits for increased protection against airborne chemical and biological releases. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7379.
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Meir, Shimon, Michael Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Abscission. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696523.bard.
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Original objectives: Understanding the regulation of abscission competence by exploring the nature and function of auxin-related gene expression changes in the leaf and pedicelAZs of tomato (as a model system), was the main goal of the previously submitted proposal. We proposed to achieve this goal by using microarray GeneChip analysis, to identify potential target genes for functional analysis by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). To increase the potential of accomplishing the objectives of the previously submitted proposal, we were asked by BARD to show feasibility for the use of these two modern techniques in our abscission system. Thus, the following new objectives were outlined for the one-year feasibility study: 1.to demonstrate the feasibility of the VIGS system in tomato to perform functional analysis of known abscission-related genes; 2. to demonstrate that by using microarray analysis we can identify target genes for further VIGS functional analysis. Background to the topic: It is a generally accepted model that auxin flux through the abscission zone (AZ) prevents organ abscission by rendering the AZ insensitive to ethylene. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for acquisition of abscission competence and the way in which the auxin gradient modulates it are still unknown. Understanding this basic stage of the abscission process may provide us with future tools to control abscission for agricultural applications. Based on our previous study, performed to investigate the molecular changes occurring in leaf and stem AZs of MirabillisJalapaL., we have expanded our research to tomato, using genomic approaches that include modern techniques for gene discovery and functional gene characterization. In our one-year feasibility study, the US team has established a useful system for VIGS in tomato, using vectors based on the tobacco rattle virus (TRV), a Lcreporter gene for silencing (involved in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis), and the gene of interest. In parallel, the Israeli team has used the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip to measure gene expression in AZ and non-AZ tissues at various time points after flower removal, when increased sensitivity to ethylene is acquired prior to abscission (at 0-8 h), and during pedicelabscission (at 14 h). In addition, gene expression was measured in the pedicel AZ pretreated with the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before flower removal, to block any direct effects of ethylene. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: 1) The feasibility study unequivocally established that VIGS is an ideal tool for testing the function of genes with putative roles in abscission; 2) The newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip was found to be an excellent tool to identify AZ genes possibly involved in regulation and execution of abscission. The VIGS-based study allowed us to show that TAPG, a polygalacturonase specifically associated with the tomato AZ, is a key enzyme in the abscission process. Using the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip we have identified potential abscission regulatory genes as well as new AZ-specific genes, the expression of which was modified after flower removal. These include: members of the Aux/IAAgene family, ethylene signal transduction-related genes, early and late expressed transcription factors, genes which encode post-translational regulators whose expression was modified specifically in the AZ, and many additional novel AZ-specific genes which were previously not associated with abscission. This microarray analysis allowed us to select an initial set of target genes for further functional analysis by VIGS. Implications: Our success in achieving the two objectives of this feasibility study provides us with a solid basis for further research outlined in the original proposal. This will significantly increase the probability of success of a full 3-year project. Additionally, our feasibility study yielded highly innovative results, as they represent the first direct demonstration of the functional involvement of a TAPG in abscission, and the first microarray analysis of the abscission process. Using these approaches we could identify a large number of genes involved in abscission regulation, initiation and execution, and in auxin-ethylene cross-talk, which are of great importance, and could enable their potential functional analysis by VIGS.
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Collins, Clarence O., and Tyler J. Hesser. altWIZ : A System for Satellite Radar Altimeter Evaluation of Modeled Wave Heights. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39699.
Full textAbstract:
This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) describes the design and implementation of a wave model evaluation system, altWIZ, which uses wave height observations from operational satellite radar altimeters. The altWIZ system utilizes two recently released altimeter databases: Ribal and Young (2019) and European Space Agency Sea State Climate Change Initiative v.1.1 level 2 (Dodet et al. 2020). The system facilitates model evaluation against 1 Hz1 altimeter data or a product created by averaging altimeter data in space and time around model grid points. The system allows, for the first time, quantitative analysis of spatial model errors within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Wave Information Study (WIS) 30+ year hindcast for coastal United States. The system is demonstrated on the WIS 2017 Atlantic hindcast, using a 1/2° basin scale grid and a 1/4° regional grid of the East Coast. Consistent spatial patterns of increased bias and root-mean-square-error are exposed. Seasonal strengthening and weakening of these spatial patterns are found, related to the seasonal variation of wave energy. Some model errors correspond to areas known for high currents, and thus wave-current interaction. In conjunction with the model comparison, additional functions for pairing altimeter measurements with buoy data and storm tracks have been built. Appendices give information on the code access (Appendix I), organization and files (Appendix II), example usage (Appendix III), and demonstrating options (Appendix IV).