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1
Matsubara, T., and M. Ziff. "Increased superoxide anion release from human endothelial cells in response to cytokines." Journal of Immunology 137, no. 10 (1986): 3295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.137.10.3295.
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Abstract To study the effects of macrophage and lymphocyte-derived factors on superoxide anion (O2-) generation and release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC), cultured EC were stimulated by ultrapure interleukin 1 (IL 1) and recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and the O2- released into the supernatant was measured. Both of these cytokines enhanced O2- release in a dose and time-dependent manner. Addition of a combination of IL 1 and IFN-gamma, each in submaximal concentration, produced an additive effect on O2- release. It would appear from these findings that cytokines released by macrophages and lymphocytes during inflammatory reactions can promote O2- generation and release from human EC. O2- released from EC may alter the basement membrane of blood vessels and the surrounding connective tissue, and in this way promote the vascular injury and angiogenesis associated with local inflammation.
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Xia, Siyang, Jonah Ury, and Jeffrey R. Powell. "Increasing Effectiveness of Genetically Modifying Mosquito Populations: Risk Assessment of Releasing Blood-Fed Females." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 5 (2021): 1895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0729.
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ABSTRACTReleasing mosquito refractory to pathogens has been proposed as a means of controlling mosquito-borne diseases. A recent modeling study demonstrated that instead of the conventional male-only releases, adding blood-fed females to the release population could significantly increase the program’s efficiency, hastening the decrease in disease transmission competence of the target mosquito population and reducing the duration and costs of the release program. However, releasing female mosquitoes presents a short-term risk of increased disease transmission. To quantify this risk, we constructed a Ross–MacDonald model and an individual-based stochastic model to estimate the increase in disease transmission contributed by the released blood-fed females, using the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the dengue virus as a model system. Under baseline parameter values informed by empirical data, our stochastic models predicted a 1.1–5.5% increase in dengue transmission during the initial release, depending on the resistance level of released mosquitoes and release size. The basic reproductive number (R0) increased by 0.45–3.62%. The stochastic simulations were then extended to 10 releases to evaluate the long-term effect. The overall reduction of disease transmission was much greater than the number of potential infections directly contributed by the released females. Releasing blood-fed females with males could also outperform conventional male-only releases when the release strain is sufficiently resistant, and the release size is relatively small. Overall, these results suggested that the long-term benefit of releasing blood-fed females often outweighs the short-term risk.
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Clark, M. G., S. M. Richards, M. Hettiarachchi, et al. "Release of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and their catabolites from the perfused rat hindlimb in response to noradrenaline, vasopressin, angiotensin II and sciatic-nerve stimulation." Biochemical Journal 266, no. 3 (1990): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2660765.
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Uric acid and uracil were released at constant rates (0.95 and 0.4 nmol/min per g respectively) by the perfused rat hindlimb. Noradrenaline, vasopressin or angiotensin II further increased the release of these substances 2-5-fold, coinciding with increases in both perfusion pressure (vasoconstriction) and O2 uptake. The hindlimb also released, but in lesser amounts, uridine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine and guanosine, and all but hypoxanthine and guanosine were increased during intense vasoconstriction. Uric acid and uracil releases were increased by noradrenaline in a dose-dependent manner. However, the release of these substances did not fully correspond with the dose-dependent increase in O2 uptake and perfusion pressure, where changes in the latter occurred at lower doses of noradrenaline. Sciatic-nerve stimulation (skeletal-muscle contraction) did not increase the release of uracil, uric acid or uridine, but instead increased the release of inosine (7-fold) and hypoxanthine (2-fold). Since the UTP content as well as the UTP/ATP ratio are higher in smooth muscle than in skeletal muscle, it is proposed that release of uric acid and uracil arises from increased metabolism of the respective adenosine and uridine nucleotides during intense constriction of smooth muscle.
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Yue, Mao Zhen, Yong Zheng Wang, and Xiu Juan Li. "Experimental Study on the Release Characteristics of Chlorine and Alkali Metal during Co-Firing of Wheat Straw and Lean Coal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 3799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.3799.
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Experiments were carried out on a tubular furnace. The results showed that the released amount of K and Cl increased with the wheat straw share of the blends, meanwhile the released amount of Cl was far more than that of K. Al and Si from coal can capture K to form KAlSixOy, which would promote the release of HCl. The activity of Al and Si increased with the temperature rising. During combustion, Ca and Mg can react with Al and Si, resulting in an increased release of K and a decreased release of HCl indirectly.
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Vicario, I., R. Rigual, A. Obeso, and C. Gonzalez. "Characterization of the synthesis and release of catecholamine in the rat carotid body in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 278, no. 3 (2000): C490—C499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.3.c490.
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The aim of this work was to determine contents and turnover rates for dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) and to identify the catecholamine (CA) released during stimulation of the rat carotid body (CB). Turnover rates and the release of CA were measured in an in vitro preparation using a combination of HPLC and radioisotopic methods. Mean rat CB levels of DA and NE were 209 and 45 pmol/mg tissue, respectively. With [3H]tyrosine as precursor, rat CB synthesized [3H]CA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; calculated turnover times for DA and NE were 5.77 and 11.4 h, respectively. Hypoxia and dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate significantly increased [3H]CA synthesis. In normoxia, rat CB released [3H]DA and [3H]NE in a ratio of 5:1, comparable to that of the endogenous tissue CA. Hypoxia and high K+ preferentially released [3H]DA, nicotine preferentially released [3H]NE, and acidic stimuli released both amines in proportion to tissue content. Release of [3H]CA induced by hypoxia and high K+ was nearly fully dependent on extracellular Ca2+, whereas basal normoxic release was not altered by removal of Ca2+ from the incubating solution. We conclude that the rat CB is an organ with higher levels of DA than NE that preferentially releases DA or NE in a stimulus-specific manner.
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Ota, M., J. T. Crofton, H. Liu, G. Festavan, and L. Share. "Increased plasma osmolality stimulates peripheral and central vasopressin release in male and female rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 4 (1994): R923—R928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.4.r923.
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It has been demonstrated that the neurohypophysial hormones can be released intrahypothalamically by the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei. The present experiments were undertaken to determine whether a physiological stimulus for vasopressin release, increased plasma osmolality, will stimulate the release of vasopressin by the PVN into the surrounding interstitial fluid, and whether the responses are affected by gender. Intravenous infusion of 2.5 M NaCl for 60 min (0.1 ml.kg-1.min-1) in conscious rats resulted in an increased vasopressin concentration in the dialysate from a microdialysis probe adjacent to the PVN. This response was greater in nonestrous females than in males. On the other hand, the rise in the plasma vasopressin concentration was greater in males than in nonestrous females. Mean arterial blood pressure increased and heart rate decreased, but these responses were not affected by gender. The role of centrally released vasopressin in the control of the peripheral release of vasopressin is conjectural, but both responses may be modulated by the gonadal steroid hormones.
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Xu, Zemin, Chuanyao Tong, Hui-Lin Pan, Sergio E. Cerda та James C. Eisenach. "Intravenous Morphine Increases Release of Nitric Oxide From Spinal Cord by an α-Adrenergic and Cholinergic Mechanism". Journal of Neurophysiology 78, № 4 (1997): 2072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.4.2072.
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Xu, Zemin, Chuanyao Tong, Hui-Lin Pan, Sergio E. Cerda, and James C. Eisenach. Intravenous morphine increases release of nitric oxide from spinal cord by an α-adrenergic and cholinergic mechanism. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2072–2078, 1997. Systemic opioids produce analgesia in part by activating bulbospinal noradrenergic pathways. Spinally released norepinephrine (NE) has been suggested to produce analgesia in part by stimulating α2-adrenoceptors on cholinergic spinal interneurons to release acetylcholine (ACh). We hypothesized that this spinally released ACh would stimulate synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), and that spinally released NO after intravenous (IV) opioid injection thus would depend on a cascade of noradrenergic and cholinergic receptor stimulation. To test these hypotheses, IV morphine was administered to anesthetized sheep, and neurotransmitters in dorsal horn interstitial fluid were measured by microdialysis. IV morphine increased NE and ACh in dorsal horn microdialysates, and these increases were inhibited by IV naloxone or cervical spinal cord transection. IV morphine also increased dorsal horn microdialysate concentrations of nitrite, a stable metabolite of NO. Increases in NE, ACh, and nitrite were antagonized by prior intrathecal injection of the α2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan, the muscarinic antagonist atropine, or the NO synthase inhibitor N-methyl-l-arginine (NMLA). To examine the concentration-dependent effects of spinal adrenergic stimulation, isolated rat spinal cord tissue was perfused with the α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine. Clonidine increased nitrite in the spinal cord tissue perfusate, an effect blocked by coadministration of idazoxan, atropine, and NMLA. These data support a previously hypothesized cascade of spinally released NE and ACh after systemic opioid administration. These data also suggest that spinally released NO plays a role in the analgesic effects of systemic opioids. In addition, these data imply a positive feedback whereby spinally released nitric oxide increases NE release and that has not previously been described.
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Medina, L. Carolina, Jerry B. Sartain, Thomas A. Obreza, William L. Hall, and Nancy J. Thiex. "Evaluation of a Soil Incubation Method to Characterize Nitrogen Release Patterns of Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 3 (2014): 643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-065.
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Abstract Several technologies have been proposed to characterize the nutrient release patterns of slow- release fertilizers (SRF) and controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) during the last few decades. These technologies have been developed mainly by manufacturers, and are product-specific, based on the regulation and analysis of each SRF and CRF product. Despite previous efforts to characterize SRF and CRF materials, no standardized, validated method exists to assess their nutrient release patterns. However, the increased production and distribution of these materials in specialty and nonspecialty markets requires an appropriate method to verify product claims and material performance. A soil incubation column leaching procedure was evaluated to determine its suitability as a standard method to estimate nitrogen (N) release patterns of SRFs and CRFs during 180 days. The influence of three soil/sand ratios, three incubation temperatures, and four soils on method behavior was assessed using five SRFs and three CRFs. In general, the highest soil/sand ratio increased the N release rate of all materials, but this effect was more marked for the SRFs. Temperature had the greatest influence on N release rates. For CRFs, the initial N release rates and the percentage N released/day increased as temperature increased. For SRFs, raising the temperature from 25 to 35°C increased initial N release rate and the total cumulative N released, and almost doubled the percentage released/day. The percentage N released/day from all products generally increased as the texture of the soil changed from sandy to loamy (Iowa>California>Pennsylvania>Florida). The soil incubation technique was demonstrated to be robust and reliable for characterizing N release patterns from SRFs and CRFs. The method was reproducible, and variations in soil/sand ratio, temperature, and soil had little effect on the results.
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Gualtieri, Roberto, Valentina Mollo, Gennaro Duma, and Riccardo Talevi. "Redox control of surface protein sulphhydryls in bovine spermatozoa reversibly modulates sperm adhesion to the oviductal epithelium and capacitation." REPRODUCTION 138, no. 1 (2009): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0514.
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Oviductal fluid molecules, such as sulphated glycosaminoglycans and disulphide-reductants, may represent periovulatory signals for the release of spermatozoa from the oviductal reservoir in the bovine species. Disulphide-reductants release spermatozoa through the reduction of sperm-surface disulphides to sulphhydryls (SH). Herein, we studied sperm-surface protein SH through labelling with maleimidylpropionyl biocytin in the initial sperm suspension, in the subpopulations able and unable to adhere to the in vitro cultured oviductal epithelium, and in spermatozoa released either through the disulphide-reductant penicillamine (PEN) or the sulphated glycosaminoglycan heparin (HEP). Adhesion assays were performed to study the ability of released spermatozoa to readhere to the oviductal epithelium. Results showed that the level of SH in sperm-surface proteins was: 1) low in adhering spermatozoa; 2) high in spermatozoa unable to adhere; and 3) markedly increased in released spermatozoa. Adhesion assays showed that: 1) PEN-released spermatozoa promptly recovered adhesion after removal of the disulphide-reductant and could be released again in response to PEN; 2) conversely, a limited number of HEP-released spermatozoa was able to readhere to the oviductal epithelium and this ability was not affected by HEP removal. Recovery of adhesion was associated to reoxidation of sperm-surface protein SH and to the reversal of capacitation. In conclusion, redox modulation of sperm-surface protein SH is involved in the release of spermatozoa adhering to the oviduct in vitro; the reversible action of disulphide-reductants might be responsible for intermittent phases of adhesions and releases; and the irreversible action of HEP indicates that it may represent a terminal releasing signal.
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Ratcliffe, A., J. A. Tyler, and T. E. Hardingham. "Articular cartilage cultured with interleukin 1. Increased release of link protein, hyaluronate-binding region and other proteoglycan fragments." Biochemical Journal 238, no. 2 (1986): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2380571.
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Pig articular cartilage was maintained in culture for 3 days with and without porcine interleukin 1. The proteoglycans remaining in the cartilage and those released into the medium were analysed by using radioimmunoassays for the hyaluronate-binding region, link protein and keratan sulphate. In interleukin 1-treated cultures after 3 days there was 38% release of total glycosaminoglycans into the medium, 18% release of binding region, 14% release of link protein and 20% release of keratan sulphate epitope, whereas in control cultures the proportions released were much less (16, 9, 10 and 7% respectively). Characterization of the proteoglycans in the media after 1.5 days and 3 days of culture showed that interleukin 1 promoted the release of proteoglycan of large average size and also the release of link protein and of low-Mr binding region which was unattached to proteoglycan. Both the link protein and binding region released were able to bind to exogenously added hyaluronate, whereas the proteoglycan in the medium was not. The proteoglycans extracted from cultured cartilage were similar to those from fresh cartilage: they contained a high proportion of aggregating proteoglycans and some low-Mr binding region. The proportion of this binding region extracted from the interleukin 1-treated cartilage was increased. The presence of interleukin 1 in the cultures therefore appeared to increase the rate of proteolytic degradation of proteoglycan in the matrix and to lead to a more rapid loss of intact binding region, of link protein and of large proteoglycan fragments into the medium.
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Mandić, Lucija, Marija Matković, Goran Baranović, and Suzana Šegota. "The Increased Release Kinetics of Quercetin from Superparamagnetic Nanocarriers in Dialysis." Antioxidants 12, no. 3 (2023): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030732.
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The actual cumulative mass of released quercetin from nanoparticles within the dialysis membrane was determined under the influence of external stationary and alternating magnetic fields. We have shown that the control of the release kinetics of quercetin from MNPs, i.e., the distribution of quercetin between the nanoparticles and the suspension within the membrane, can be tuned by the simple combination of stationary and alternating magnetic fields. Under non-sink conditions, the proportion of quercetin in the suspension inside the membrane is increased toward the nanoparticles, resulting in the increased release of quercetin. The results obtained could be applied to the release of insoluble flavonoids in aqueous suspensions in general.
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Secor, David H., Edward D. Houde, and Loren L. Kellogg. "Estuarine retention and production of striped bass larvae: a mark-recapture experiment." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 6 (2017): 1735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw245.
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Abstract Mark-recapture experiments were conducted in the tidal Nanticoke River (Chesapeake Bay) to determine how the salt front retains striped bass larvae and controls nursery production. During two spring spawning seasons, 25.1 million hatchery-produced, first-feeding larvae (5–12 days post-hatch) were released with chemically marked otoliths at selected locations and times. Surveys tracked the spatial and demographic fates of released and naturally spawned larvae. Released larvae dispersed rapidly within the freshwater tidal portion of the estuary and were retained above the salt front. Their distributions overlapped with natural larvae. Growth and mortality rates did not differ with respect to release location, but did vary with day of release, influenced by storm events and seasonal changes in temperature. In 1993, a group released during a storm event did not yield any recaptured larvae. Zooplankton concentrations in both years were likely sufficient for successful larval feeding. In spring 1993, a season of relatively high freshwater flow, nursery volume was 2.1-fold larger and juvenile production from larval releases was fourfold higher than in 1992. We propose that increased nursery volume reduces variance in water quality, enhances retention of larvae within the nursery, thus increasing production of larval striped bass.
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HUANG, SHANCONG, SHENG DOU, MINGQI DING, and XINXING XIA. "Investigation of the influencing factors in odor emission from wet-end white water." October 2020 19, no. 10 (2020): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj19.10.501.
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Emission of malodorous gases, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and ammonia (NH3) during pulping and papermaking has caused certain harm to the air environment and human health. This paper investigated the influencing factors of odor emission from wet-end white water during the pro-duction of bobbin paper in a papermaking mill using old corrugated containers (OCC) as raw material. The concentration of malodorous gases emitted from wet-end white water was determined with pump-suction gas detectors. The results indicated that low temperature could limit the release of malodorous gases from white water. Specifically, no total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), H2S, and NH3 was detected at a temperature of 15°C. The concentrations of malodorous gases were slightly increased when temperature increased to 25°C. When temperature was 55°C, the released concentrations of TVOC, H2S, and NH3 were 22.3 mg/m3, 5.91 mg/m3, and 2.78 mg/m3, respectively. Therefore, the content of malodorous gases significantly increased with the temperature increase. The stirring of white water accelerated the release of malodorous gases, and the release rate sped up as the stirring speed increased. However, the total amount of malodorous gases released were basically the same as the static state. Furthermore, the higher the concentration of white water, the greater the amount of malodorous gases released. The pH had little influence on the TVOC release, whereas it significantly affected the release of H2S and NH3. With the increase of pH value, the released amount of H2S and NH3 gradually decreased. When pH reached 9.0, the release amount of H2S and NH3 was almost zero, proving that an alkaline condition inhibits the release of H2S and NH3.
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Knight, G. E., P. Bodin, W. C. De Groat, and G. Burnstock. "ATP is released from guinea pig ureter epithelium on distension." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 282, no. 2 (2002): F281—F288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00293.2000.
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Distension of the perfused guinea pig ureter at pressures from 20 to 700 cmH2O increased the amount of ATP released from the epithelium in a pressure-dependent manner. During basal perfusion (40 μl/min), the perfusate contained 10 pmol/ml ATP; this increased 10- to 50-fold at various distending pressures. ATP was released from epithelial cells during distension as mechanical removal of the urothelium blocked release. No lactate dehydrogenase was detected in the perfusate, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed an intact urothelium after distension. ATP was not released due to the activation of stretch-activated channels, as gadolinium (10 μM) failed to affect ATP release. Glibenclamide (10 μM), known to inhibit two members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein family, did not affect ATP release after distension; nor did verapamil (10 μM). In contrast, both monensin (100 μM) and brefeldin A (10 μM), which interfere with vesicular formation or trafficking, inhibited distension-evoked ATP release, which was Ca2+-dependent. This suggests that ATP release from the ureter epithelium might be mediated by vesicular exocytosis. The role of ATP released by distension of hollow visceral organs is discussed in relation to the concept of purinergic mechanosensory transductions, with special reference to nociception and the activation of P2X3 receptors on the subepithelial sensory nerves.
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Hecker, M., A. Mulsch, E. Bassenge, and R. Busse. "Vasoconstriction and increased flow: two principal mechanisms of shear stress-dependent endothelial autacoid release." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, no. 3 (1993): H828—H833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.3.h828.
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The mechanisms of which nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) are released from endothelium-intact rabbit femoral arteries under resting conditions and after stimulation by either shear stress or acetylcholine (ACh) were investigated. The concentration of NO in the effluate was determined by monitoring the NO-mediated stimulation of purified soluble guanylyl cyclase, and that of PGI2 was done using a specific radioimmunoassay for its stable hydrolysis product, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha, NO release under static (no-flow) conditions and in the absence of a stimulus accounted for 10-15% of the maximum release of NO from luminally perfused segments stimulated with ACh and was attenuated by removal of extracellular Ca2+. A six- to sevenfold increase in shear stress (from 0.15 to 1 dyn/cm2), generated either by vasoconstriction at constant flow or by an increase in flow at constant diameter, elicited a five- to sevenfold increase in NO release, which was correlated with increasing shear stress. The same increase in shear stress also enhanced the release of PGI2 from the femoral artery segments by 11- to 12-fold. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ abolished the shear stress-dependent PGI2 released but did not affect that of NO. In contrast, the ACh-stimulated NO release was strongly inhibited in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ (78% inhibition). Charybdotoxin, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels, and glibenclamide, an inhibitor of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel, had no effect on the shear stress-dependent release of NO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Zhang, Hong Xia, Xian Xian Wu, Rong Tao, Cheng Yan Zhu, and Jian Wei Bi. "Study on Release of Anion Concentration about Negative Oxygen Ions Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1393.
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In order to study the influence of factors on the released anion concentration, the factors include the fiber content of negative oxygen ions, warp and weft density, organizational structure and friction time. Fabrics for A and B series were blended with modified polyester negative oxygen ions fiber and viscose fiber in different blending ratio. The released anion concentration were tested and analyzed. From the test results, following conclusions can be gotten. 1) In the same circumstance of other process conditions, with increasing of negative oxygen ions fiber content, the released anion concentration increased; 2) The honeycomb weave fabric B5 released the highest anion concentration in the other same process conditions, while plain weave fabric B1 released the least concentration; 3) More negative oxygen ions were produced when the warp and weft density were greater; 4) As the time of friction increased, the released anion concentration of fabric was increased until it reached a stable value; 5) Organizational structure had a great effect on releasing anion concentration through friction between woven fabric of negative oxygen ions and other knitted fabric. When the organization structure had bumpy effect, it was more conducive to release negative oxygen ions.
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Lebata, Ma Junemie Hazel L., Lewis Le Vay, Mark E. Walton, et al. "Evaluation of hatchery-based enhancement of the mud crab, Scylla spp., fisheries in mangroves: comparison of species and release strategies." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 1 (2009): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08155.
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Ranching, stock enhancement and restocking are management approaches involving the release of wild or hatchery-bred organisms to enhance, conserve or restore fisheries. The present study, conducted from April 2002 to November 2005, evaluated the effectiveness of releasing wild and hatchery-reared (HR) mud crabs in the mangroves of Ibajay, Aklan, Philippines where preliminary studies demonstrated declining fishery yields, abundance and size of crabs. Comparison of survival and growth of wild-released and HR Scylla olivacea and HR Scylla serrata demonstrated the effect of nursery conditioning, size-at-release and species differences. Overall yield and catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased by 46% after stock enhancement trials. Recapture rates of released crabs were highest in wild-released S. olivacea and in crabs measuring 65.0–69.9 mm carapace width (CW) and lowest in non-conditioned HR S. serrata. Growth rates were highest for conditioned HR S. olivacea and lowest for conditioned HR S. serrata (11.7 and 3.7 mm month–1 respectively). Fishing mortality was highest for S. olivacea, whereas natural mortality was greater for S. serrata. Conditioning hatchery-bred animals before release is also important in obtaining higher survival. S. olivacea was the more appropriate of the two species for release in mangrove habitats inundated with low-salinity water. However, there is a need for site-specific studies to evaluate the effectiveness of releases.
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Johnson, James E., John J. Bollig, and Ronald A. Rathfon. "Growth Response of Young Yellow-Poplar to Release and Fertilization." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 4 (1997): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.4.175.
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Abstract Release and fertilization treatments were applied to two 10-yr-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) stands of natural origin in southwest Virginia. Seven growing seasons after the first treatment, the released trees had an absolute dbh growth response of 47.4%. Fertilization did not affect any of the growth variables studied, but resulted in a significant interaction with the release treatment for absolute height growth, which was significantly increased. Initially, height growth was slower with the released trees, but they increased their growth in the later years and had significantly greater live crown ratios than the unreleased trees, 53% compared to 46%. The released trees had 311% absolute response in crown volume, significant at the 0.001 level. Release treatments like this may be advantageous in maintaining yellow-poplar on intermediate sites, which may become an important landowner objective, since a component of gypsy moth-immune yellow-poplar can reduce overall stand vulnerability. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):175-179.
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Kato-Noguchi, Hisashi, Takeshi Ino, and Masahiko Ichii. "Changes in release level of momilactone B into the environment from rice throughout its life cycle." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 9 (2003): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03110.
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Momilactone B was released into the neighboring environment from rice throughout its life cycle. The rate of momilactone B release from rice increased until flowering initiation, and then decreased. The release rate of momilactone B at the day of flowering started was 2.1 μg plant–1 d–1. On average, a single rice plant released about 100 μg of momilactone B into the neighboring environment over its life cycle. Since momilactone B is a growth inhibitor, these results suggest that momilactone B released from rice plants may serve as an allelochemical to inhibit the germination and growth of neighboring plants.
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Canady, Valerie A. "Research reveals older adults at increased risk of suicide." Mental Health Weekly 34, no. 30 (2024): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mhw.34135.
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Recently released data from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine revealed that nearly 20% of suicides in Illinois between 2020 and 2021 occurred among people aged 65 years or older. The trend is consistent with the data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) newly released National Violent Death Reporting System's Surveillance Summary.
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Morita, Kentaro, Shoko H. Morita, and Masa-aki Fukuwaka. "Population dynamics of Japanese pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha): are recent increases explained by hatchery programs or climatic variations?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 1 (2006): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-207.
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Hatchery programs involving the mass release of artificially propagated fishes have been implemented worldwide. However, few studies have assessed whether hatchery programs actually increase the net population growth of the target species after accounting for the effects of density dependence and climatic variation. We examined the combined effects of density dependence, climatic variation, and hatchery release on the population dynamics of Japanese pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from 1969 to 2003. The population trends were more closely linked to climatic factors than to the intensity of the hatchery programs. The estimated contributions of hatchery-released fry to catches during the past decade are small. We concluded that the recent catch increases of Japanese pink salmon could be largely explained by climate change, with increased hatchery releases having little effect.
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Taggart, Clifford, Raymond J. Coakley, Peter Greally, Gerry Canny, Shane J. O'Neill та Noel G. McElvaney. "Increased elastase release by CF neutrophils is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-8". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 278, № 1 (2000): L33—L41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.1.l33.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal, hereditary disorder characterized by a neutrophil-dominated inflammation of the lung. We sought to determine whether neutrophils from individuals with CF release more neutrophil elastase (NE) than neutrophils from normal subjects. Our results showed that peripheral blood neutrophils (PBNs) from normal subjects and individuals with CF contained similar amounts of NE, but after preincubation with CF bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, significantly more NE was released by CF PBNs, a release that was amplified further by incubation with opsonized Escherichia coli. To determine which components of CF BAL fluid stimulated this excessive NE release from CF PBNs, we repeated the experiments after neutralization or immunoprecipitation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-8 in CF BAL fluid. We found that subsequent NE release from CF PBNs was reduced significantly when TNF-α and IL-8 were removed from CF BAL fluid. When TNF-α and IL-8 were used as activating stimuli, CF PBNs released significantly greater amounts of NE compared with PBNs from control subjects and individuals with bronchiectasis. These results indicate that CF PBNs respond abnormally to TNF-α and IL-8 in CF BAL fluid and react to opsonized bacteria by releasing more NE. This may help explain the increased NE burden seen in this condition.
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Matsumoto, Naoko, Oak D. Jo, Remi N. J. Shih, et al. "Increased cathepsin D release by Hyp mouse osteoblast cells." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 289, no. 1 (2005): E123—E132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00562.2004.
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The X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), the most common form of hereditary rickets, is caused by loss-of-function mutations of PHEX (phosphate-regulating gene with homology to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) leading to rachitic bone disease and hypophosphatemia. Available evidence today indicates that the bone defect in XLH is caused not only by hypophosphatemia and altered vitamin D metabolism but also by factor(s) locally released by osteoblast cells (ObCs). The identity of these ObC-derived pathogenic factors remains unclear. In our present study, we report our finding of a prominent protein in the culture media derived from ObC of the hypophosphatemic ( Hyp) mice, a murine homolog of human XLH, which was identified as the murine procathepsin D (Cat D). By metabolic labeling studies, we further confirmed that Hyp mouse ObCs released greater amount of Cat D into culture media. This increased Cat D release by Hyp mouse ObCs was unlikely to be due to nonspecific cell damage or heterogeneous cell population and was found to be associated with an increased Cat D expression at the protein level, possibly due to a reduced Cat D degradation. However, we were not able to detect a direct effect of PHEX protein on Cat D cleavage. In support of the involvement of Cat D in mediating the inhibitory effect of Hyp mouse ObC-conditioned media on ObC calcification, we found that exposure to Cat D inhibited ObC 45Ca incorporation and that inhibition of Cat D abolished the inhibitory effect of Hyp mouse-conditioned media on ObC calcification. In conclusion, results from our present study showed that Hyp mouse ObCs release a greater amount of Cat D, which may contribute to the inhibitory effect of Hyp mouse ObC-conditioned media on ObC mineralization.
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Solum, Nils Olav, Thor Ueland, Vibeke Videm, Pål Aukrust та Jan Roar Mellembakken. "Increased Concentrations of Soluble CD40 Ligand, RANTES and GRO-α in Preeclampsia – Possible Role of Platelet Activation". Thrombosis and Haemostasis 86, № 11 (2001): 1272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1616061.
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SummaryActivated platelets may release inflammatory mediators that activate leukocytes and trigger inflammatory reactions in endothelial cells. We examined the concentrations of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and the chemokines RANTES and GRO-α in platelet-free plasma (PFP), and unstimulated and SFLLRN-stimulated platelet-rich plasma (PRP), as well as in platelet pellets before stimulation using enzyme immunoassays. Nineteen women with normal and twenty-one with preeclamptic pregnancies were studied, and several differences between these two groups of pregnancies were revealed (1). Women with preeclampsia had significantly increased concentrations of sCD40L and GRO-α in PFP (2). Platelets from these patients spontaneously released larger quantities of CD40L and RANTES ex vivo (3). When further activated ex vivo by SFLLRN, platelets from preeclamptic women released lower amounts per platelet of CD40L, RANTES and GRO-α (4). The platelet pellets in preeclamptic women contained decreased amounts of CD40L, RANTES and GRO-α per platelet. Our findings suggest enhanced platelet activation in vivo during preeclampsia resulting in increased release of inflammatory mediators, possibly contributing to inflammation, leukocyte activation and endothelial dysfunction in this disorder.
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Liu, Jin Song, Qi Wang, Chuan Lv, Jia Ning Sun, Zhi Qing Chen, and Ning Gao. "Elemental Release from Ni-Cr Dental Alloy in Artificial Saliva and Saline Solution." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 1164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.1164.
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The aims of this study were to quantify the elements released from a Ni-Cr dental alloy in artificial saliva and saline solution and to test whether immersion time and different immersion media are factors influencing elemental release from a nickel-based dental alloy. Standard sized Ni-Cr alloy castings were put into different immersion media (saline solution or artificial saliva) randomly. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to test the elemental release of the alloy at 1, 3, 7, 30 and 82 days. The surfaces of alloy were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It has been found that except Ni in the artificial saliva, all the other elements remained unchanged statistically in the first week after initial release. The accumulative elemental release showed Cr in both media and Ni in the artificial saliva increased statistically in 30-day period and Ni, Cr, Be, Al, Co increased significantly in 82 days, while Mo in both media and Co in artificial saliva were not yet detected. The total mass of elements released in saline solution was greater than that in artificial saliva. Conclusion: With the immersion time increasing，more kinds of elements were released and more amount of elements released was detected in solutions. The alloy was prone to corrosion in saline solution than in artificial Saliva.
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van den Eijnden-Schrauwen, Y., T. Kooistra, RE de Vries, and JJ Emeis. "Studies on the acute release of tissue-type plasminogen activator from human endothelial cells in vitro and in rats in vivo: evidence for a dynamic storage pool." Blood 85, no. 12 (1995): 3510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v85.12.3510.bloodjournal85123510.
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The process of acute release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is important in locally speeding up fibrinolysis. Using a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tPA, we investigated the acute release of tPA from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The addition of thrombin (0.003 to 3 NIH U/mL) caused the dose-dependent release of noncomplexed, enzymatically active tPA into the medium. The amount of tPA released into the medium by thrombin was similar to the difference in the amounts of tPA present in extracts from thrombin-treated cells and control cells. The process of acute release of tPA was complete in 1 minute, whereas the concomitant release of von Willebrand factor into the medium was slightly slower (maximum after 3 minutes). By increasing (c.q. decreasing) tPA synthesis, it was found that the amount of tPA constitutively secreted, the amount acutely released, and the amount in cell extracts were increased (c.q. decreased) to the same extent. The same relation was found in vivo. When rats were pretreated with cholera toxin or retinoic acid to increase tPA synthesis, plasma levels of tPA were increased, whereas acute release of tPA, as induced by bradykinin, was increased to the same extent. Acutely released tPA and constitutively secreted tPA were liberated from different pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells; tPA had, relative to the in vivo situation, a short residence time in the acutely releasable pathway.
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Kuhns, D. B., and J. I. Gallin. "Increased cell-associated IL-8 in human exudative and A23187-treated peripheral blood neutrophils." Journal of Immunology 154, no. 12 (1995): 6556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.12.6556.
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Abstract IL-8 is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant that has been detected in high concentrations at acutely inflamed sites in vivo. Many cell types, including peripheral blood neutrophils, produce IL-8 that can be released by a variety of pro-inflammatory stimuli. However, the functional importance of neutrophil IL-8 during exudation is not yet known. We now report that neutrophils, harvested from skin lesions on the forearms of normal human volunteers (exudative neutrophils), expressed 100-fold higher levels of cell-associated IL-8 and spontaneously released up to 50-fold more IL-8 than freshly isolated peripheral blood neutrophils from the same donor. Furthermore, cell-associated IL-8 in peripheral blood neutrophils increased 20-fold during incubation at 37 degrees C in vitro and was increased over 200-fold after treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. More than 35% of the cell-associated IL-8 could be released by stimulation with either Ca2+ ionophore A23187 or phorbol myristate acetate. IL-8 was localized by sucrose gradient centrifugation to a subcellular fraction of heterogeneous, light membranous organelles. The accumulation of IL-8 within these organelles is inhibited by cycloheximide but not actinomycin D, suggesting that IL-8 accumulation is under translational, rather than transcriptional control. These studies indicate that peripheral blood neutrophils are capable of synthesis of large amounts of IL-8. Subsequent release of IL-8 during exudation may regulate neutrophil migration into sites of inflammation.
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Tsuboi, M., K. Harasawa, T. Izawa, T. Komabayashi, H. Fujinami, and K. Suda. "Intralysosomal pH and release of lysosomal enzymes in the rat liver after exhaustive exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 4 (1993): 1628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.4.1628.
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The mechanism underlying exhaustive exercise-induced release of lysosomal enzymes was studied in the rat liver. Exhaustive exercise resulted in the release of beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin D, but not beta-glucosidase and acid phosphatase, into the blood and cytosol, suggesting that the release of lysosomal enzymes is not due to disruption of lysosomal membranes. The intralysosomal pH of the liver, which was approximately 5.5 at the resting level, rose significantly after exhaustive exercise to pH 6.3. In vitro, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin D were released at an intralysosomal pH exceeding 6.2. In contrast, beta-glucosidase and acid phosphatase were not released. The elevation of intralysosomal pH reduced the aggregation of beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin D. The rate of ammonia accumulation increased markedly in the lysosome-enriched subcellular fraction after exercise. There was a positive relationship between the rate of ammonia accumulation and the elevation of intralysosomal pH in vitro. Lysosomes isolated after exhaustive exercise showed significantly increased osmotic fragility. Our findings suggest that, during exhaustive exercise, the accumulation of ammonia in lysosomes leads to the elevation of intralysosomal pH, resulting in the reduced aggregation of certain lysosomal enzymes. Thus, less aggregated lysosomal enzymes may be released into the cytosol through the lysosomal membrane, the permeability of which has been increased.
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Gutierrez Cruz, Alejandro, Mahsa Borhani Peikani, Tori D. Beaulac, and Violeta N. Mutafova-Yambolieva. "Prostaglandins Differentially Regulate the Constitutive and Mechanosensitive Release of Soluble Nucleotidases in the Urinary Bladder Mucosa." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 1 (2024): 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010131.
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The urothelium and lamina propria (LP) contribute to sensations of bladder fullness by releasing multiple mediators, including prostaglandins (PGs) and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), that activate or modulate functions of cells throughout the bladder wall. Mediators that are simultaneously released in response to bladder distention likely influence each other’s mechanisms of release and action. This study investigated whether PGs could alter the extracellular hydrolysis of ATP by soluble nucleotidases (s-NTDs) released in the LP of nondistended or distended bladders. Using an ex vivo murine detrusor-free bladder model to access the LP during bladder filling and a sensitive HPLC-FLD detection methodology, we evaluated the decrease in ATP and the increase in adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine by s-NTDs released in the LP. Endogenous PGE2 increased the spontaneous but not the distention-induced release of s-NTD via EP2 and EP3 prostanoid receptors, whereas exogenous PGE2 increased the spontaneous s-NTD release via EP3, EP4, and FP receptors and the distention-induced s-NTD release via EP1-4 and FP receptors. Endogenous PGF2α, PGD2, and PGI2 did not change the s-NTD release. Exogenous PGD2 increased the spontaneous s-NTD release via DP2 receptors and the distention-induced s-NTD release via DP1 and DP2 receptors. Exogenous PGF2α increased the spontaneous but not the distention-induced release of s-NTD via FP receptors. It is possible that higher concentrations of PGE2, PGF2α, and PGD2 (as expected in inflammation, bladder pain syndrome, or overactive bladder) potentiate the release of s-NTDs and the consecutive degradation of ATP as a safeguard mechanism to prevent the development of excessive bladder excitability and overactivity by high amounts of extracellular ATP.
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Xie, Jian Bing, Yong Cun Hao, Hong Long Chang, and Wei Zheng Yuan. "Single Mask Selective Release Process for Complex SOI MEMS Device." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 1116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.1116.
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We present a single mask selective release process for complex SOI MEMS device. Comparing to the one-step dry release process, there are two improvements, the first one is to ensure that the bottom of the suspension beams will not be notching, and have sufficient strength and rigidity, the second one is to ensure that the released structures will not be damaged during wafer dicing. According to the proposed design rules, in the dry release step, most of the device area is released, except the boundaries of the proof mass and the suspension beams. Then, in the wet release step, all the structures will be released, and also increased the gap below the structure. So the suspension beams is protect enabled that the device has sufficient rigidity and not easy to break. To verify this method, a micromachined gyroscope is fabricated and test.
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MacPherson, G. G., C. D. Jenkins, M. J. Stein, and C. Edwards. "Endotoxin-mediated dendritic cell release from the intestine. Characterization of released dendritic cells and TNF dependence." Journal of Immunology 154, no. 3 (1995): 1317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.3.1317.
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Abstract Dendritic cells (DC) acquire Ag in peripheral tissues and transport it to lymph nodes where they efficiently activate resting T cells. We have shown that i.v. endotoxin causes increased release of intestinal DC into lymph. In this paper we further characterize the release of DC and the properties of the released cells. A total of 50 micrograms of endotoxin injected i.v. causes an increase in DC output within 6 h that peaks between 12 and 24 h, with a maximum output of 8 to 15 times normal. At the same time lymphocyte output is markedly decreased. The increased output of DC is followed by a decrease to subnormal levels. The stimulated release of DC is almost totally blocked by a monoclonal anti-TNF-alpha Ab. A second injection of TNF-alpha does not result in further DC release. DC are not released from lymph nodes into efferent lymph by endotoxin. DC collected from lymph after endotoxin treatment show increased expression of the p55 IL-2 receptor and the OX48 Ag but otherwise resemble normal lymph DC. In functional assays they show no significant differences from normal in their ability to stimulate a MLR or to present Ags to sensitized T cells. Immunocytochemistry with the use of MRC OX62 suggests that the DC are released into lymph from the lamina propria of the small intestine. The stimulated release of DC mediated by TNF-alpha may be important in regulating Ag presentation in lymph nodes draining inflammatory sites.
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Chan, Jia Mun, and Joseph P. Dillard. "Neisseria gonorrhoeae Crippled Its Peptidoglycan Fragment Permease To Facilitate Toxic Peptidoglycan Monomer Release." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 21 (2016): 3029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00437-16.
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ABSTRACTNeisseria gonorrhoeae(gonococci) andNeisseria meningitidis(meningococci) are human pathogens that cause gonorrhea and meningococcal meningitis, respectively. BothN. gonorrhoeaeandN. meningitidisrelease a number of small peptidoglycan (PG) fragments, including proinflammatory PG monomers, althoughN. meningitidisreleases fewer PG monomers. The PG fragments released byN. gonorrhoeaeandN. meningitidisare generated in the periplasm during cell wall remodeling, and a majority of these fragments are transported into the cytoplasm by an inner membrane permease, AmpG; however, a portion of the PG fragments are released into the extracellular environment through unknown mechanisms. We previously reported that the expression of meningococcalampGinN. gonorrhoeaereduced PG monomer release by gonococci. This finding suggested that the efficiency of AmpG-mediated PG fragment recycling regulates the amount of PG fragments released into the extracellular milieu. We determined that three AmpG residues near the C-terminal end of the protein modulate AmpG's efficiency. We also investigated the association between PG fragment recycling and release in two species of human-associated nonpathogenicNeisseria:N. siccaandN. mucosa. BothN. siccaandN. mucosarelease lower levels of PG fragments and are more efficient at recycling PG fragments thanN. gonorrhoeae. Our results suggest thatN. gonorrhoeaehas evolved to increase the amounts of toxic PG fragments released by reducing its PG recycling efficiency.IMPORTANCENeisseria gonorrhoeaeandNeisseria meningitidisare human pathogens that cause highly inflammatory diseases, althoughN. meningitidisis also frequently found as a normal member of the nasopharyngeal microbiota. NonpathogenicNeisseria, such asN. siccaandN. mucosa, also colonize the nasopharynx without causing disease. Although all four species release peptidoglycan fragments,N. gonorrhoeaeis the least efficient at recycling and releases the largest amount of proinflammatory peptidoglycan monomers, partly due to differences in the recycling permease AmpG. Studying the interplay between bacterial physiology (peptidoglycan metabolism) and pathogenesis (release of toxic monomers) leads to an increased understanding of how different bacterial species maintain asymptomatic colonization or cause disease and may contribute to efforts to mitigate disease.
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Koyama, S., S. I. Rennard, and R. A. Robbins. "Bradykinin stimulates bronchial epithelial cells to release neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activity." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 269, no. 1 (1995): L38—L44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1995.269.1.l38.
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In the present investigation, we evaluated the potential of bradykinin (BK), histamine, and serotonin to induce the release of neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activity (NCA and MCA) from bronchial epithelial cells (BEC). BK significantly stimulated BEC to release NCA and MCA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Histamine weakly but significantly induced the release of both NCA and MCA in a similar fashion. Serotonin did not stimulate BEC. Checkerboard analysis showed that the NCA and MCA released in response to BK were chemotactic. Molecular-sieve column chromatography by Sephadex G-75 revealed that BK induced a single low-molecular-weight peak (approximately 400 Da) for both NCA and MCA. The releases of NCA and MCA in response to BK and histamine were inhibited by lipoxygenase inhibitors (P < 0.01). The released NCA was inhibited by leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor antagonist (P < 0.01) and was slightly inhibited by platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist. LTB4 was increased in BK-stimulated BEC supernatant (P < 0.01). BK B2-receptor antagonist attenuated the release of NCA and MCA. These data suggest that BK and histamine may stimulate BEC to release NCA and MCA and may modulate neutrophil and monocyte recruitment into the airways in patients with asthma.
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Ward, Erin D., Kevin M. Smith, Jay R. Cocheba, Patrick E. Patterson, and Robert D. Phillips. "In Vivo Forces in the Plantar Fascia During the Stance Phase of Gait." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 93, no. 6 (2003): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-93-6-429.
Full textAbstract:
Plantar fasciotomies have become commonplace in podiatric and orthopedic medicine for the treatment of plantar fasciitis. However, several complications have been associated with plantar fascial release. It has been speculated that the cause of these complications is excessive release of the plantar fascia. The aim of this project was to determine whether the amount of fascia released, from medial to lateral, causes a significant increase in force in the remaining fascia. A dynamic loading system was developed that allowed a cadaveric specimen to replicate the stance phase of gait. The system was capable of applying appropriate muscle forces to the extrinsic tendons on the foot and replicating the in vivo timing of the muscle activity while applying force to the tibia and fibula from heel strike to toe-off. As the plantar fascia was sequentially released from medial to lateral, from intact to 33% released to 66% released, the real-time force and the duration of force in the remaining fascia increased significantly, and the force was shifted later in propulsion. In addition, the subtalar joint was unable to resupinate as the amount of fascia release increased, indicating a direct relationship between the medial band of the plantar fascia and resupination of the subtalar joint during late midstance and propulsion. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(6): 429-442, 2003)
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Zhu, Zhiping, Chenlin Dai, Sen Liu, and Ye Tian. "Oxidative decomposition properties of cationic exchange resins producing SO42− in power plants." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 10 (2015): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.109.
Full textAbstract:
The sulphate content of a system increases when strong-acid cationic exchange resins leak into a system or when sulphonic acid groups on the resin organic chain detach. To solve this problem, a dynamic cycle method was used in dissolution experiments of several resins under H2O2 or residual chlorine conditions. Results show that after performing dynamic cycle experiments for 120 hours under oxidizing environments, the SO42− and total organic carbon (TOC) released by four kinds of resins increased with time, contrary to their release velocity. The quantity of released SO42− increased as the oxidizing ability of oxidants was enhanced. Results showed that the quantity and velocity of released SO42− under residual chlorine condition were larger than those under H2O2 condition. Data analysis of SO42− and TOC released from the four kinds of resins by the dynamic cycle experiment revealed that the strength of oxidation resistance of the four resins were as follows: 650C &gt; 1500H &gt; S200 &gt; SP112H.
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Tabatabaei, Masumeh Hasani, Sima Sadrai, Seyed Hossein Bassir, Nadia Veisy, and Somaye Dehghan. "Effect of Food Stimulated Liquids and Thermocycling on the Monomer Elution from a Nanofilled Composite." Open Dentistry Journal 7, no. 1 (2013): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601307010062.
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The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of food simulating liquids and thermocycling on the elution of monomers from a nanofilled resin composite in different immersion times. Five Specimen discs were made from a nano-hybrid composite (Supreme 3M) for each group (Total = 180) and immersed in distilled water (control), citric acid, lactic acid, and 75% aqueous ethanol solution. The discs were removed after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 1 wk, 4 wk, and 12 wk. Three groups of samples underwent thermocycling for 1000, 2000 and 3000 cycles. The solutes were analyzed with HPLC for detection of eluted monomers. The results showed that the amount of released TEGDMA was significantly higher than that of Bis-GMA; however, there were not any significant differences between the amount of released Bis-GMA and UDMA. Moreover, the highest amount of monomers was released from samples immersed in ethanol solution; samples immersed in citric acid and lactic acid significantly released more monomers than those immersed in distilled water. Furthermore, the immersion time in aqueous ethanol solution had an increasing effect on the release of monomers. In addition, the higher amounts of monomers were release from samples immersed in ethanol and citric acid which underwent a higher number of thermal cycles. In conclusion, food and drink stimulated liquids used in this study increased the amount of some of the monomers released from composite resin. Thermal shocks and storage time are other factors that increased the release of monomers from the composite resin
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Ivanov, Ivelin, Emilian Stoynov, Georgi Stoyanov, et al. "First results from the releases of Cinereous Vultures (Aegypius monachus) aiming at re-introducing the species in Bulgaria – the start of the establishment phase 2018–2022." Biodiversity Data Journal 11 (March 9, 2023): e100521. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e100521.
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The current work presents the preliminary results of the Cinereous Vulture (<i>Aegypius monachus</i>) releases in the Balkan Mountains in 2018–2022, aiming at the species re-introduction in Bulgaria, where it was listed as locally extinct since 1985. The first imports and releases of Cinereous Vultures in Bulgaria started in 2018. Until mid-2022, 72 individuals were released in the Eastern Balkan Mountains (Kotlenska Planina SPA and Sinite Kamani Nature Park) and Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park. Of them, 63 immatures imported from Spain were released from aviaries and nine juveniles captive-bred in European zoos were released by hacking (fledging from an artificial nest). We compared the success in survival and establishment between the different release sites and methods used to adjust the ongoing technics and tactics and to support knowledge improvement for future similar projects.From the nine Cinereous Vultures released by hacking, the results were as follows: 1.00 fledging success, but only 0.22 survival in the first six months – combined period of acclimation, first migration and the first winter. All survivors from that period reached maturity into the wild, but all emigrated from the release site and settled elsewhere.Of the 63 individuals released by aviaries, 32 individuals were released in the Eastern Balkan Mountains (18 individuals are still alive – 0.56 survival; 14 individuals settled in the area, which accounts for 0.44 of all released birds and 0.78 of the survivors). Thirty-one individuals were released in Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park (23 individuals are still alive – 0.74 survival; 22 individuals settled in the area – 0.71 of all released birds and 0.96 of the survivors). Based only on aviary method comparison, the settling of the individuals in the release area was alike in the two sites. However, the Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park performed better in survival – both in acclimation and establishment periods.While comparing the release methods – hacking and release from the aviary – the following results were observed: the survival rate during acclimation was 0.86. Due to more considerable losses during the first migration and dispersal in the individuals released by hacking, the survival rate of 0.22 was significantly lower compared to 0.73 for the birds released from the aviary. Additionally, in both methods, a similar pattern in the first winter and spring migration dispersal was observed. Although the survival was equal in the released-by-hacking or aviary birds after the first year onwards, it is essential to note that the emigration of the hacked birds from the release site was 1.00. In comparison, the birds released from aviaries largely remained and settled in the release area (> 0.77 of the survivors). The cost of release and related acclimation, settling, dispersal and the first winter was the greatest: 0.12–0.17 per period, or cumulatively, it was about 0.27. Survival increased and stabilised to > 0.90 after the first year in the wild and reached nearly 1.00 after two years in the wild onwards.Two distinct nuclei of the Cinereous Vulture were established along the Balkan Mountains – the Eastern Balkan Mountains with 18–23 individuals and four formed pairs using a territory of about 642.74 km<sup>2</sup> – 95% home range and 85.72 km<sup>2</sup> – 50% core area with center being the town of Kotel; and Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park with present 23–29 individuals, of which 2–3 pairs formed so far, using a territory of about 1,143.66 km<sup>2</sup> – 95% home range and 22.89 km<sup>2</sup> – 50% core area with center being the village of Zgorigrad. The species readily accepted breeding in artificial nest platforms built by professional arborists on different tree species – oak, beech, sycamore and pine. The only naturally built nests were on the ground (n = 2) (unsuccessful) and in Scots Pine (n = 1) (successful). In 2021 and 2022, in each of the two sites, the first successful reproductions were recorded, which marked the return of the Cinereous Vulture as breeding species – 28 years after the last occasional record of a single breeding pair in the country and 36 years after it was officially listed as locally extinct in Bulgaria.
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Lize, Steven Edward, Anna M. Scheyett, Candice R. Morgan, Scott K. Proescholdbell, Tammy Norwood, and David Edwards. "Violent Death Rates and Risk for Released Prisoners in North Carolina." Violence and Victims 30, no. 6 (2015): 1019–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00137.
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Released prisoners face high risk of early mortality. The risk of violent death, specifically homicide and suicide, are addressed in this study. Data on inmates released from the North Carolina Division of Adult Corrections (N= 476) matched to the Violent Death Reporting System are analyzed to estimate rates and demographic and criminal justice–related predictors. Violent death rates for persons released from prison were more than 7 times higher than for the general adult population. Results from multinomial logistic regression indicate decreased homicide risk for every year of age, whereas male gender and minority race increased risk. For suicide, minority race, release without supervision, and substance abuse treatment in prison decreased fatality risk. By contrast, a history of mental illness increased suicide risk. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
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Rezaie-Majd, Shahrzad, Jozef Murar, Daniel P. Nelson, et al. "Increased release of serotonin from rat ileum due to dexfenfluramine." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287, no. 5 (2004): R1209—R1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00191.2004.
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Plasma levels of serotonin are elevated in primary pulmonary hypertension even after bilateral lung transplantation, suggesting a possible etiologic role. Serotonin is released primarily from the small intestine. Anorectic agents, such as dexfenfluramine, which can cause pulmonary hypertension, are known to inhibit potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. We examined the hypothesis that dexfenfluramine may stimulate release of serotonin from the ileum by inhibition of K+ channels. In an isolated loop of rat ileum perfused with a physiological salt solution, the administration of dexfenfluramine, its major metabolite d-norfenfluramine, the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (5 mM), and caffeine (30 mM) increased serotonin levels in the venous effluent. Potassium chloride (60 mM) tended to increase serotonin levels. In genetically susceptible individuals, dexfenfluramine may induce pulmonary hypertension by increasing cytosolic calcium in enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine, thus releasing serotonin and causing vasoconstriction. This work indicates that dexfenfluramine and its major metabolite d-norfenfluramine can increase serotonin release from the small intestine.
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Powell, George W., Brian M. Wikeem, and Allen Sturko. "BIOLOGY OF AGAPETA ZOEGANA (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE), PROPAGATED FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEEDS (ASTERACEAE)." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 2 (2000): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132223-2.
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AbstractWe examined the influence of temperature and release density on the root-boring moth, Agapeta zoegana L., a biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lam., and spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. Moths were released at six densities (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 adult male–female pairs) in each of 2 years (1992 and 1993 cohorts) into outdoor, caged plots containing spotted knapweed. Air temperature, larval establishment and mass, and adult emergence, mass, and body dimensions were measured. Larval production increased linearly with adult release density in both cohorts. Larval survival ranged from 0 to 100% and was not correlated with release density or accumulated degree-days in either year. Date of first emergence occurred earlier as both release density and larvae per plant increased, but only for the 1992 cohort. Declining resources or increased contact among the larvae may induce early pupation. Peak emergence rate increased with release density in both cohorts. First emergence was related more closely to calendar date than accumulated degree-days. In contrast, peak emergence rates were more consistent with degree-day accumulations between cohorts than calendar date. Adult production increased with parental release density in both cohorts. Females were heavier, wider, and longer than males. Optimal A. zoegana production will be achieved with releases of greater than 1.6 male–female adult pairs per spotted knapweed plant.
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Péronnet, F., G. Boudreau, J. de Champlain, and R. A. Nadeau. "Effect of increases in myocardial epinephrine content on epinephrine release from the dog heart." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 12 (1993): 884–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-134.
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The effect of short-term (10 min) and prolonged (180 min) epinephrine (E) infusion (92.5 ng∙kg−1∙min−1) on E content of the myocardium and on the subsequent release of E from the heart during stimulation of the left stellate ganglion (4 and 10 Hz, 4 V, 2 ms, 1 min) was studied in anesthetized dogs. The E content in the free wall of the left ventricle significantly increased 1.7- and 4.2-fold following short-term and prolonged E infusion, respectively, compared with a control group infused with saline. Tissue norepinephrine (NE) content was not modified by E infusion. The plasma E concentration gradient across the heart indicated a significant release of E during electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion, which was related to the amount of E stored in the tissue (e.g., control, 126 ± 60; 10-min infusion, 279 ± 105; 180-min infusion, 1487 ± 287 pg∙mL−1; at 10 Hz). NE release from the heart also tended to increase with the amount of E stored in the myocardium and released upon electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. These results provide further direct evidence that blood-borne E can be taken up and stored in sympathetic nerve endings and can be released as a cotransmitter with NE. Locally released E could favor NE release.Key words: norepinephrine, sympathetic system, neuronal uptake, desipramine, cotransmitter, β2 facilitation.
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Wan, Qing, Ren-kou Xu, and Xing-hui Li. "Proton release from tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) roots induced by Al(III) under hydroponic conditions." Soil Research 50, no. 6 (2012): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12099.
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The mechanisms for soil acidification induced by tea plant growth are not well understood. Proton release from tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) roots induced by aluminium (Al(III)) in solution-culture experiments was examined with an automatic titration system, to determine the effect of Al(III) uptake by the plants on soil acidification. Results indicated that the uptake of Al(III) by tea plants led to proton release from their roots and thus an increase in soil acidification. The uptake of Al(III) by tea plants and the amount of protons released from the roots were greater at pH 4.5 than at pH 5.0 and 4.0 and increased with increasing initial Al(III) concentration in the culture solutions. With the same initial pH, the amount of protons released from tea plant roots at a constant pH was much higher than that at non-constant pH. The presence of ammonium increased the amount of protons released from tea plant roots. Therefore, the uptake of Al by tea plants and subsequent release of protons from their roots may be an important mechanism by which they acidify soils in tea gardens.
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Bolann, B. J., and R. J. Ulvik. "Release of iron from ferritin by xanthine oxidase. Role of the superoxide radical." Biochemical Journal 243, no. 1 (1987): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2430055.
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Mobilization of iron from ferritin by xanthine oxidase was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Aerobic iron release amounted to approx. 3.7 nmol/ml in 10 min. This amount was decreased by approx. 30% under anaerobic conditions. Aerobic iron mobilization involved two mechanisms. About 70% was released by O2.- generated by xanthine oxidase. The rest was released by O2(.-)-independent mechanisms, which also accounted for the total iron release when O2 was absent. A possible transfer of reducing equivalents directly from xanthine oxidase to ferritin is discussed. The results imply that, in pathological conditions with increased formation of O2.-, iron may be released from ferritin. Furthermore, in hypoxic tissues xanthine oxidase can release iron from ferritin by an O2(.-)-independent process. Free iron is liable to catalyse the formation of the extremely reactive and damaging OH. radical.
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Solazzi, Mario F., Thomas E. Nickelson, and Steven L. Johnson. "Survival, Contribution, and Return of Hatchery Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Released into Freshwater, Estuarine, and Marine Environments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 2 (1991): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-034.
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We released six groups of marked yearling hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in six locations each year for five years beginning with the 1981 brood. Fish were released immediately below Bonneville Dam (control), at the Tongue Point Coast Guard Station (head of saltwater intrusion in the Columbia River), between the jetties at the Columbia River bar, in the Columbia River plume water, in coastal water approximately 19 km north and 19 km offshore of the mouth of the river, and in oceanic water approximately 38 km offshore. We found a 1.6-fold increase in the survival index (ocean catch through September 18 each year) for the fish released at Tongue Point compared with the control group. After adjusting for differences in the survival index between release groups, we found a 2.5-fold increase in the contribution to the Columbia River gillnet fishery from the fish released at Tongue Point compared with the control group. We found no significant difference between survival of the other release groups and survival of the control group. We also found that the percentage of adult fish that returned to locations other than the Columbia basin increased as the distance the fish were transported offshore increased.
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Holden, W. E., E. M. Burnham, M. A. Lee, and S. P. Bagby. "Influence of growth oxygen level on eicosanoid release from lung endothelial cells during hypoxia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 263, no. 4 (1992): L454—L459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1992.263.4.l454.
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Eicosanoid products of arachidonic acid are suspected modulators of hypoxic vasoconstriction in the pulmonary vasculature. Vascular endothelial cells (EC) release several eicosanoids, but there is disagreement regarding the effect of hypoxia on EC eicosanoid release. We postulated that the oxygen level of growth in culture might influence the release of eicosanoids during acute hypoxia. We studied EC cultured from the main pulmonary arteries of pigs and grown at either 5% or near 20% oxygen, representing the normal limits of oxygen exposure to endothelium in normal lungs. Although cultures grown in 5% oxygen grew slightly faster by 4 days, the confluent cell number, protein content, and baseline eicosanoid release were no different compared with paired cultures grown in 20% oxygen. However, with an acute decrease in oxygen level, cultures grown in 5% oxygen released less prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha, and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha compared with amounts released at the growth oxygen level. In contrast, cultures grown in 20% oxygen released increased amounts of these eicosanoids compared with release at the growth oxygen level. Release of thromboxane B2 was not significantly different during hypoxia between cultures grown at 5% vs. 20% oxygen. In other experiments, cyclooxygenase activity, stimulated arachidonic acid release by calcium ionophore A23187, and uptake of arachidonic acid were no different in cultures grown at 5% vs. 20% oxygen. However, arachidonic acid release during hypoxia was reduced in 5% cultures and increased in 20% cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Raz, Meir, Richard A. Robbins, Clayton L. Kelling, et al. "Viral Infection of Bovine Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induces Increased Neutrophil Chemotactic Activity and Neutrophil Adhesion." Clinical Science 85, no. 6 (1993): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0850753.
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1. Acute bronchitis secondary to viral infection is associated with an influx of neutrophils. We hypothesized that bronchial epithelial cells are capable of releasing neutrophil chemotactic activity in response to viral infection. 2. To test this hypothesis, primary cultures of bovine bronchial epithelial cells were inoculated with a bovine respiratory pathogen, bovine herpes virus-1. 3. Supernatants collected from inoculated cells, before signs of toxicity, demonstrated significant neutrophil chemotactic activity using a blind well chamber neutrophil chemotaxis assay. Lipoxygenase inhibitors markedly reduced the amount of neutrophil chemotactic activity released after bovine herpes virus-1 inoculation. Analysis of arachidonic acid metabolites in cell supernatants by reverse-phase h.p.l.c. confirmed that leukotriene B4, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, was released. 4. We also confirmed that adhesion of neutrophils to bovine herpes virus-1-inoculated bronchial epithelial cells was increased and mediated in part by the neutrophil integrin, LFA-1. 5. Thus, virally infected airway epithelial cells release leucocyte chemoattractants and hence adhesive interactions, functions that are likely to be important in the inflammatory acute response to viral infection.
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Yousefi, S., S. Hemmann, M. Weber, et al. "IL-8 is expressed by human peripheral blood eosinophils. Evidence for increased secretion in asthma." Journal of Immunology 154, no. 10 (1995): 5481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.5481.
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Abstract Eosinophils possess the capacity to synthesize various cytokines. We demonstrate that IL-8 mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed by freshly isolated resting human eosinophils. Most of the patients with bronchial asthma or atopic dermatitis show evidence for up-regulated IL-8 protein expression in eosinophils but not in neutrophils, suggesting that an eosinophil-specific cytokine may act in these patients. To investigate whether the intracellular IL-8 can be released, eosinophils were stimulated by different cytokines and platelet-activating factor. Priming with granulocyte-macrophage CSF and a subsequent 25-min stimulation with RANTES or platelet-activating factor resulted in release of IL-8 from highly purified human eosinophils in vitro. As the eosinophil is the predominant cell in asthmatic inflammation, we determined IL-8 concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from normal individuals and asthmatic patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients with bronchial asthma consistently demonstrated high IL-8 concentration compared with the controls. This suggests that IL-8 is released in vivo by inflammatory bronchial cells in asthma.
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Demirel, Mehmet Gökberkkaan, Hakan Yasin Gönder, and Makbule Tuğba Tunçdemir. "Analysis of Monomer Release from Different Composite Resins after Bleaching by HPLC." Life 12, no. 11 (2022): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111713.
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(1) Background: This study aimed to examine the effect of bleaching agents on the release of triethylenae glycol dimethacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, bisphenol A, urethane dimethacrylate, and bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate monomers, which are released from different composite resins, using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. (2) Methods: Ninety disc-shaped specimens were produced and immersed in artificial saliva. After different bleaching applications [office type bleaching (OB) and home type bleaching (HB)], the specimens were immersed in a 75 wt% ethanol/water solution, and the released monomers were analyzed by HPLC at predefined time intervals: 1, 7, and 28 days. The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were conducted for statistical analysis (p = 0.05). (3) Results: The monomers were released at all times from all composite specimens. The monomer release was increased over time. The highest monomer release was detected on day 28. Bleaching applications affected monomer release. No statistical difference was found between OB and HB applications (p > 0.05). The most released monomer was Bisphenol-A in all composites. (4) Conclusion: Given that a residual monomer release from composite resins has a toxic effect and that bleaching treatments increase this release, a treatment protocol should be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
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Shibata, Michio, Takanari Tsuda, Hiroshi Itagaki та ін. "Interleukin-1α and Interleukin-8 Release by Human Keratinocyte Cell Culture Treated with Surfactants". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 25, № 2 (1997): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299702500209.
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The effects of four cosmetic surfactants on interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-8 release from human keratinocytes were studied to investigate the feasibility of using these effects for the prediction of the irritation potential of chemicals. After exposure of cells to surfactants, the amounts of IL-1α and IL-8 released into culture medium were measured by ELISA. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by using the neutral red uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity assay. Cytokine release was increased 7–15 times by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), laurtrimonium chloride, cocamidopropyl betaine (CPB) and Oleth-5 at cytotoxic concentrations. IL-8 release was increased 3–4 times by SLS, CPB and Oleth-5 at subcytotoxic concentrations. After exposure to SLS, IL-1α was released within 1 hour, suggesting that IL-1α release is associated with membrane damage, whereas IL-8 release continued for 24 hours, suggesting that IL-8 was produced within the cells. Cytotoxicity tests and IL-8 release assays were also performed on seven other surfactants. The results show that moderate irritants CPB and PEG-4 dioleate, which have weak cytotoxic effects, significantly increased IL-8 release from human keratinocytes. It is suggested that measurement of IL-8 release is useful for predicting the irritation potential of chemicals which cannot be detected by using the NRU cytotoxicity assay.
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Durnin, Leonie, Sebastien Hayoz, Robert D. Corrigan, Andrew Yanez, Sang Don Koh, and Violeta N. Mutafova-Yambolieva. "Urothelial purine release during filling of murine and primate bladders." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 311, no. 4 (2016): F708—F716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00387.2016.
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During urinary bladder filling the bladder urothelium releases chemical mediators that in turn transmit information to the nervous and muscular systems to regulate sensory sensation and detrusor muscle activity. Defects in release of urothelial mediators may cause bladder dysfunctions that are characterized with aberrant bladder sensation during bladder filling. Previous studies have demonstrated release of ATP from the bladder urothelium during bladder filling, and ATP remains the most studied purine mediator that is released from the urothelium. However, the micturition cycle is likely regulated by multiple purine mediators, since various purine receptors are found present in many cell types in the bladder wall, including urothelial cells, afferent nerves, interstitial cells in lamina propria, and detrusor smooth muscle cells. Information about the release of other biologically active purines during bladder filling is still lacking. Decentralized bladders from C57BL/6 mice and Cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) were filled with physiological solution at different rates. Intraluminal fluid was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for simultaneous evaluation of ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), ADP-ribose, and cADP-ribose content. We also measured ex vivo bladder filling pressures and performed cystometry in conscious unrestrained mice at different filling rates. ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD+, ADPR, cADPR, and adenosine were detected released intravesically at different ratios during bladder filling. Purine release increased with increased volumes and rates of filling. Our results support the concept that multiple urothelium-derived purines likely contribute to the complex regulation of bladder sensation during bladder filling.