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1
Zhan, Gao Feng, Zhen Gao, Fu Zhu, and Wei Zhi Dong. "Experimental Research on Influencing Factors of Remolded Fine Soil Strength." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.321.
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In order to research on the influence law of fine soil strength affected by plasticity index, moisture content,compactness, the unconfined compressive resilient modulus of the soil is as the evaluation index of remolded soil strength. Three fine soils with different plasticity index are selected from field. Test scheme was obtained with the method of orthogonal design. By the static molding method,the soil sample was compacted from the prescriptive moisture content and compactness. The unconfined compressive resilient modulus of the soil sample were tested respectively. The experiments show that sort of influencing factors is plasticity index, moisture content, compactness. With the increase of plasticity index, remolded soil strength increases and increasing extent is significantly large. With the increase of moisture content, remolded soil strength decreases and increasing extent is larger. With the increase of compactness, soil subgrade strength increases, but increasing extent is significantly small.The exponential function is adopted for multiple nonlinear fitting. The relationship between the unconfined compressive resilient modulus and plasticity index, moisture content, compactness is obtained and shows a good correlation.
2
Klimov, Roman, and Kyrylo Pogorelyy. "INFLUENCE OF DETERMINING FACTORS ON THE COMPACTNESS COEFFICIENT OF HEATERS." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 2, no. 45 (2024): 157–63. https://doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.45.2024.17.
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Intensification of production processes in general is a generally recognized direction of technical progress in modern times. Finding new ways to intensify processes and developing effective heat exchangers are urgent problems and are of great industrial importance. To increase the capacity of enterprises, heat exchangers must be efficient, compact, and have a small metal content. Intensification of heat exchange in some cases allows solving all these problems. It allows increasing the productivity of devices, reducing their dimensions and metal content, reducing production areas and the size of industrial buildings. This also leads to a decrease in operating costs and an increase in capital efficiency. The work determines the influence of such factors as the length of one finned tube, the bearing diameter of the tube finning and the finning ratio on the optimal design of a compressed air heater in terms of the heater compactness coefficient. The greatest influence on the compactness coefficient is the pipe finning ratio. Changing the length of one tube does not radically affect the value of the compactness coefficient. The largest values of the compactness coefficient can be achieved by increasing the tube finning coefficient and reducing the length of one tube and its diameter. A method for determining the optimal heater design based on such a parameter as the compactness coefficient is presented. The obtained equation allows you to determine the influence of such factors as the length of the finned tube, the bearing diameter of the finned tube and the finning coefficient on the optimal design of the heat exchanger by the compactness coefficient. Using the developed method, you can analyze the value of the compactness coefficient in a fairly simple formulation, using various combinations of the factors listed above, and optimize the design of the heat exchanger.
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Cakalli, Huseyin. "-Ward Continuity." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/680456.
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A function is continuous if and only if preserves convergent sequences; that is, is a convergent sequence whenever is convergent. The concept of -ward continuity is defined in the sense that a function is -ward continuous if it preserves -quasi-Cauchy sequences; that is, is an -quasi-Cauchy sequence whenever is -quasi-Cauchy. A sequence of points in , the set of real numbers, is -quasi-Cauchy if , where , and is a lacunary sequence, that is, an increasing sequence of positive integers such that and . A new type compactness, namely, -ward compactness, is also, defined and some new results related to this kind of compactness are obtained.
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Shikhamany, S. D., V. Swapnil Borade, K. Sanjay Jeughale, and Suryakant Y. Patil. "Increasing the Efficacy of GA3 Sprays in Cluster Elongation and Berry Thinning in Tas-A-Ganesh Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in Tropical Viticulture." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 13, no. 1 (2018): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2018.v13i01.009.
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In view of the stage specificity for the efficacy of blanket sprays of GA3 for berry thinning, a field trial was laid out to achieve uniform flowering in Tas-A-Ganesh grapevines subjected to chemical defoliation prior to and hydrogen cyanamide application at fruit pruning in the double pruning and single cropping system during 2013-14 and 2014-15 fruiting seasons in growers’ vineyards around Nashik, Maharashtra by removing the un-uniformly thick canes. GA3 at different doses was sprayed two or three times to address the variation in uniform flowering, if any in cluster elongation and reducing the berry number/cluster. Cane regulation and GA3 sprays were used to achieve uniformity in bud break and flowering. Cluster compactness was derived by multiplying the number of berries/ cm length of rachis with berry diameter. Regression analysis of the variation has revealed that the cane diameter, through uniformity in bud break, influenced the uniformity in flowering which in turn influenced the cluster compactness through increased efficacy of blanket GA3 sprays in reducing the berry number/ cluster. Based on the optimum values of the contributory factors to cluster compactness, cane removal coupled with two blanket sprays of GA3 @ 30 g a.i./ha or retention of all canes coupled with three blanket sprays of GA3 @ 20 g a.i./ha was found to be ideal to obtain loose to well filled clusters. Taking together into account the effect of treatments on cluster compactness, yield and quality, retention of all canes coupled with three sprays of GA3 @ 20 g a.i./ha was considered appropriate for table grape production in Tas-A-Ganesh cv. of grapes.
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Shikhamany, S. D., V. Swapnil Borade, K. Sanjay Jeughale, and Suryakant Y. Patil. "Increasing the Efficacy of GA3 Sprays in Cluster Elongation and Berry Thinning in Tas-A-Ganesh Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in Tropical Viticulture." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 13, no. 1 (2018): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v13i1.43.
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In view of the stage specificity for the efficacy of blanket sprays of GA3 for berry thinning, a field trial was laid out to achieve uniform flowering in Tas-A-Ganesh grapevines subjected to chemical defoliation prior to and hydrogen cyanamide application at fruit pruning in the double pruning and single cropping system during 2013-14 and 2014-15 fruiting seasons in growers’ vineyards around Nashik, Maharashtra by removing the un-uniformly thick canes. GA3 at different doses was sprayed two or three times to address the variation in uniform flowering, if any in cluster elongation and reducing the berry number/cluster. Cane regulation and GA3 sprays were used to achieve uniformity in bud break and flowering. Cluster compactness was derived by multiplying the number of berries/ cm length of rachis with berry diameter. Regression analysis of the variation has revealed that the cane diameter, through uniformity in bud break, influenced the uniformity in flowering which in turn influenced the cluster compactness through increased efficacy of blanket GA3 sprays in reducing the berry number/ cluster. Based on the optimum values of the contributory factors to cluster compactness, cane removal coupled with two blanket sprays of GA3 @ 30 g a.i./ha or retention of all canes coupled with three blanket sprays of GA3 @ 20 g a.i./ha was found to be ideal to obtain loose to well filled clusters. Taking together into account the effect of treatments on cluster compactness, yield and quality, retention of all canes coupled with three sprays of GA3 @ 20 g a.i./ha was considered appropriate for table grape production in Tas-A-Ganesh cv. of grapes.
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Jiang, Yingjun, Jiangtao Fan, Yong Yi, Tian Tian, Kejia Yuan, and Changqing Deng. "Investigation on cement-improved phyllite based on the vertical vibration compaction method." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0247599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247599.
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The vertical vibration compaction method (VVCM), heavy compaction method and static pressure method were used to form phyllite specimens with different degrees of weathering. The influence of cement content, compactness, and compaction method on the mechanical properties of phyllite was studied. The mechanical properties of phyllite was evaluated in terms of unconfined compressive strength (Rc) and modulus of resilience (Ec). Further, test roads were paved along an expressway in China to demonstrate the feasibility of the highly weathered phyllite improvement technology. Results show that unweathered phyllite can be used as subgrade filler. In spite of increasing compactness, phyllite with a higher degree of weathering cannot meet the requirements for subgrade filler. With increasing cement content, Rc and Ec of the improved phyllite increases linearly. Rc and Ec increase by at least 15% and 17%, respectively, for every 1% increase in cement content and by at least 10% and 6%, respectively, for every 1% increase in compactness. The higher the degree of weathering of phyllite, the greater the degree of improvement of its mechanical properties.
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James R., Arthur M., Wenqiao Yuan, Duo Wang, Donghai Wang, and Ajay Kumar. "The Effect of Gasification Conditions on the Surface Properties of Biochar Produced in a Top-Lit Updraft Gasifier." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (2020): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020688.
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The effect of airflow rate, biomass moisture content, particle size, and compactness on the surface properties of biochar produced in a top-lit updraft gasifier was investigated. Pine woodchips were studied as the feedstock. The carbonization airflow rates from 8 to 20 L/min were found to produce basic biochars (pH > 7.0) that contained basic functional groups. No acid functional groups were presented when the airflow increased. The surface charge of biochar at varying airflow rates showed that the cation exchange capacity increased with airflow. The increase in biomass moisture content from 10 to 14% caused decrease in the pH from 12 to 7.43, but the smallest or largest particle sizes resulted in low pH; therefore, the carboxylic functional groups increased. Similarly, the biomass compactness exhibited a negative correlation with the pH that reduced with increasing compactness level. Thus, the carboxylic acid functional groups of biochar increased from 0 to 0.016 mmol g−1, and the basic functional group decreased from 0.115 to 0.073 mmol g−1 when biomass compactness force increased from 0 to 3 kg. BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area of biochar was greater at higher airflow and smaller particle size, lower moisture content, and less compactness of the biomass.
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Nelson, Paul V., Cheon-Young Song, Jinsheng Huang, Carl E. Niedziela, and William H. Swallow. "Relative Effects of Fertilizer Nitrogen Form and Phosphate Level on Control of Bedding Plant Seedling Growth." HortScience 47, no. 2 (2012): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.2.249.
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Fertilizers with a high proportion of nitrogen (N) in the nitrate (NO3–) form are used in the ornamental industry to promote compactness in plants. Although the common belief is that it is the high proportion of NO3– that causes compactness, these formulations also contain no or a low level of phosphate, which can also cause compactness. This study was conducted to assess the relative effects of NO3– to ammonium (NH4+) ratio and phosphate supply, as found in high NO3– fertilizers, on seedling shoot growth. A series of fertilizers was formulated in which the level of phosphate and proportion of N in the NO3– form were varied factorially. Additionally, commercial fertilizers varying in these same two nutrient components were tested to verify the results obtained using the formulated fertilizers. Test plants included gomphrena (Gomphrena globosa L.), impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook. F.), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Juss.), marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), and tomato (Solanum esculentum Mill.) grown as plug seedling crops. A strong inverse relationship occurred between the supply of phosphate and extent of compactness. The relationship between proportion of N in the NO3– form and compactness was comparatively small. In most comparisons within the study, shoot size increased with increasing proportion of NO3–, contrary to common belief. These data indicate that it is the limited phosphate level in high NO3– fertilizers that accounts for compactness rather than the high proportion of N in the NO3– form.
9
Estevez-Delgado, Joaquin, Rafael Soto-Espitia, Arthur Cleary-Balderas, and Aurelio Taméz Murguía. "Compact stars described by a charged model." International Journal of Modern Physics D 29, no. 03 (2020): 2050022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271820500224.
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A charged stellar model is presented by constructing a solution to the Einstein–Maxwell equations system in a spherically symmetrical static time-space. The rate of compactness for the model depends on two parameters [Formula: see text], one of them [Formula: see text] associated to the charge, which allows a value of compactness [Formula: see text] higher than the neutral case. The density and pressure are regular functions, positive and monotonically decreasing and the function of charge is positive regular and monotonically increasing, its shown that the model satisfies the condition of causality, the geometry is regular and as such the model is physically acceptable. Although the model can be applicable for a variety of stars, considering a star with mass [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] the range of compactness is [Formula: see text] and radius [Formula: see text], in this case the range of values for the central density is [Formula: see text] greater than the value of the nuclear density and consistent with that expected for stars with this compactness rate.
10
Li, Jungang, Guozhen Lu, and Maochun Zhu. "Concentration-Compactness Principle for Trudinger–Moser’s Inequalities on Riemannian Manifolds and Heisenberg Groups: A Completely Symmetrization-Free Argument." Advanced Nonlinear Studies 21, no. 4 (2021): 917–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ans-2021-2147.
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Abstract The concentration-compactness principle for the Trudinger–Moser-type inequality in the Euclidean space was established crucially relying on the Pólya–Szegő inequality which allows to adapt the symmetrization argument. As far as we know, the first concentration-compactness principle of Trudinger–Moser type in non-Euclidean settings, such as the Heisenberg (and more general stratified) groups where the Pólya–Szegő inequality fails, was found in [J. Li, G. Lu and M. Zhu, Concentration-compactness principle for Trudinger–Moser inequalities on Heisenberg groups and existence of ground state solutions, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 57 2018, 3, Paper No. 84] by developing a nonsmooth truncation argument. In this paper, we establish the concentration-compactness principle of Trudinger–Moser type on any compact Riemannian manifolds as well as on the entire complete noncompact Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature lower bound. Our method is a symmetrization-free argument on Riemannian manifolds where the Pólya–Szegő inequality fails. This method also allows us to give a completely symmetrization-free argument on the entire Heisenberg (or stratified) groups which refines and improves a proof in the paper of Li, Lu and Zhu. Our results also show that the bounds for the suprema in the concentration-compactness principle on compact manifolds are continuous and monotone increasing with respect to the volume of the manifold.
11
Liu, Wei Ping. "Use Copper Slag to Prepare Copper Matrix Composites." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1586.
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Copper slag was used to prepare copper powder by way of slurry electrolysis, and the copper powder was used to fabricate copper matrix composite materials reinforced with chemical plating surface modified alumina particulates. Alumina particulates were pretreated in ultrasonic field by chemical copper plating in order to make alumina particulates covered with a layer of copper film and form Al2O3/Cu composite powders. Copper matrix composite materials strengthened with alumina particulates were synthesized by means of pressure molding and sintering. Microstructure of copper matrix composites was researched by means of SEM. SEM analysis shows that alumina particulates distribute in the copper-based body evenly, and combine with copper closely. The effects of sintering temperature, pressure and alumina content on the compactness and hardness of copper matrix composites were studied by orthogonal tests. The compactness of composites increases with the sintering temperature and pressure increasing, and decreases with the alumina content increasing. The hardness of composite materials increases with the sintering temperature, pressure and alumina particulates increasing.
12
Wang, Junkai, Shenyou Song, Wen Xu, Lizhi Zhang, and Guodong Xu. "Casting Simulation of Large-Volume Fluid Cementitious Materials: Effect of Material Properties and Casting Parameters." Materials 16, no. 21 (2023): 6856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16216856.
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The increasing pressure of traffic congestion on socio-economic development has made the construction of cross-water transportation ever more crucial. The immersed tunnel method is among the most extensively employed. However, a critical challenge of the immersed tunnel technique is to ensure the compactness and stability of concrete during the casting process. Conventional laboratory methods face challenges in achieving large-volume concrete casting, resulting in the notable waste of human and material resources. Hence, this study employs a simulation approach to investigate the casting parameters and the fresh properties of concrete, exploring their impacts on concrete stability and compactness. The results indicate that when the surface tension of concrete exceeds 0.03 N/m, and the yield stress and plastic viscosity are 50 Pa and 50 Pa·s, respectively, the concrete exhibits excellent casting compactness. A design incorporating three large and six small outlets, paired with a casting speed of 3 cm/s, achieves superior compactness. Additionally, when the yield stress of concrete exceeds 3 Pa, there is no segregation of aggregates. In cases where segregation occurs, the thixotropic property of the cement paste contributes to a significant reduction in the velocity of aggregate segregation.
13
Yu, Mingyang, Shuai Xu, Fangliang Zhou, and Haiqing Xu. "A Study on the Relationship between Urban Spatial Structure Evolution and Ecological Efficiency in Shandong Province." Applied Sciences 14, no. 2 (2024): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14020818.
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Strengthening the construction of ecological civilization is an inevitable requirement for promoting high-quality economic and social development. It is of great significance to study the evolutionary trend and relationship between urban spatial structure and ecological efficiency to promote high-quality social development. Taking Shandong Province as an example, this paper obtains data on urban factors such as points of interest, night light, number of employed people at the end of the year and water supply; uses Anselin Local Moran’s I index to identify urban centers; analyzes the distribution form characteristics and agglomeration degree of urban space; and studies the spatial distribution characteristics and causes of differences in ecological efficiency based on the Super-SBM DEA model with undesirable output. The results show that all cities in Shandong Province show an inverse S-shaped circle decreasing trend, Laiwu city has the highest compactness (compactness index is 2.96), and Tai ‘an city has the lowest compactness index of 0.04. The level of eco-efficiency in Shandong Province is “low in the west and high in the east”, and the difference in eco-efficiency between regions is increasing year by year. Urban compactness has a “first increasing and then decreasing” effect on eco-efficiency. Technological innovation and industrial structure narrow the spatial difference in eco-efficiency, and the level of economic development expands it to a certain extent. This study aims to fill the gaps in existing research. By analyzing data on the evolution of urban spatial structure and resource consumption, it will reveal the trends of changes in the urban spatial structure of Shandong Province and study the impact of these changes on ecological benefits.
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Estevez-Delgado, G., J. Estevez-Delgado, M. Pineda Duran, N. Montelongo García, and J. M. Paulin-Fuentes. "A charged perfect fluid model with high compactness." Revista Mexicana de Física 65, no. 4 Jul-Aug (2019): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.65.382.
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A relativistic, static and spherically symmetrical stellar model is presented, constituted by a perfect charged fluid. This represents a generalization to the case of a perfect neutral fluid, whose construction is made through the solution to the Einstein-Maxwell equations proposing a form of gravitational potential $g_{tt}$ and the electric field. The choice of electric field implies that this model supports values of compactness$u=GM/c^2R\leq 0.5337972212$, values higher than the case without electric charge ($u\leq 0.3581350065$), being this feature of relevance to get to represent compact stars. In addition, density and pressure are positive functions, bounded and decreasing monotones, the electric field is a monotonously increasing function as well as satisfying the condition of causality so the model is physically acceptable. In a complementary way, the internal behavior of the hydrostatic functions and their values are obtained taking as a data the corresponding to a star of $1 M_\odot$,for different values of the charge parameter, obtaining an interval for the central density $\rho_c\approx (7.9545,2.7279) 10^{19}$ $ Kg/m^3$ characteristic of compact stars.
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Cui, Xiang, Changqi Zhu, Mingjian Hu, Xinzhi Wang, and Haifeng Liu. "The Hydrodynamic Dispersion Characteristics of Coral Sands." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 9 (2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090291.
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Dispersion characteristics are important factors affecting groundwater solute transport in porous media. In marine environments, solute dispersion leads to the formation of freshwater aquifers under islands. In this study, a series of model tests were designed to explore the relationship between the dispersion characteristics of solute in calcareous sands and the particle size, degree of compactness, and gradation of porous media, with a discussion of the types of dispersion mechanisms in coral sands. It was found that the particle size of coral sands was an important parameter affecting the dispersion coefficient, with the dispersion coefficient increasing with particle size. Gradation was also an important factor affecting the dispersion coefficient of coral sands, with the dispersion coefficient increasing with increasing d10. The dispersion coefficient of coral sands decreased approximately linearly with increasing compactness. The rate of decrease was −0.7244 for single-grained coral sands of particle size 0.25–0.5 mm. When the solute concentrations and particle sizes increased, the limiting concentration gradients at equilibrium decreased. In this study, based on the relative weights of molecular diffusion versus mechanical dispersion under different flow velocity conditions, the dispersion mechanisms were classified into five types, and for each type, a corresponding flow velocity limit was derived.
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Wu, Jyun-Yi, Cheng Yu, Szu-Wei Fu, Chih-Ting Liu, Shao-Yi Chien, and Yu Tsao. "Increasing Compactness of Deep Learning Based Speech Enhancement Models With Parameter Pruning and Quantization Techniques." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 26, no. 12 (2019): 1887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2951950.
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Han, Hao, Ji-Ning Wang, Jing Mi, Xiao-Peng Liu, and Li-Jun Jiang. "Enhanced compactness and element distribution uniformity of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film by increasing precursor S content." Rare Metals 39, no. 3 (2016): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12598-016-0794-4.
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Xiong, Ke, Lin Huang, Xiaofeng Wang, Lin Yu, and Wei Feng. "Cooling-Rate Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al0.5CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy." Metals 12, no. 8 (2022): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12081254.
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Al0.5CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) using Al0.5CoCrFeNi gas atomized powder and was treated with different cooling rates (furnace cooling, air cooling, water quenching). The phase composition, microstructure, tensile properties, Vickers hardness, compactness, and fracture morphology of the alloy were systematically studied. The results show that the cooling rate can change the phase composition and phase shape of Al0.5CoCrFeNi HEA from BCC + FCC phase to BCC + FCC + B2 phase, and the BCC phase coarsens. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the heat-treated Al0.5CoCrFeNi HEA decreased with increasing cooling rate, but elongation and Vickers hardness increased with increasing cooling rate. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the furnace cooling (FC) samples reached the maximum value of 985.2 MPa and 524.1 MPa, respectively. The elongation and hardness of the water quenching (WQ) samples reached a maximum value of 43.1% and 547.3 HV, respectively, and the compactness of the alloy is higher than 98.8%. Therefore, the properties of Al0.5CoCrFeNi HEAs can be greatly improved by treatment with different cooling rates.
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Ma, Hongyan, Yuanlong Zhuang, Liangliang Chen, Mengxi Lv, and Song Xu. "Experiments and Modeling of the Attenuation of the Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Saturated Red Clay under Cyclic Loading." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010026.
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Due to the long-term effect of cyclic traffic loads, the accumulated deformation of red clay subgrades is increasing, strength is decreasing, and problems such as uneven settlement are occurring. In order to improve the stability and durability of red clay subgrade, this paper analyzes the effects of cyclic stress ratios and compactness on the development of the dynamic elastic modulus of saturated red clay. This is achieved through dynamic triaxial tests on red clay in the Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province, China. The results show that the saturated red clay has an attenuation threshold cyclic stress ratio under cyclic loading. The attenuation threshold cyclic stress ratio prediction models were constructed based on the confining pressure and compactness, respectively. By introducing the concept of a relative cyclic stress ratio, the prediction model of the dynamic elastic modulus of saturated red clay (as based on cyclic vibration times and close cyclic stress ratio) is constructed. The model realizes the prediction of the dynamic elastic modulus of red clay under arbitrary cyclic vibration times via the initial cyclic stress ratio, compactness, and other parameters. It provides a theoretical basis for rationally evaluating the dynamic stability of red clay subgrade under cyclic loading.
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Wu, Xi Rong, and Li Li Zhu. "Analysis of the Influence of Water Content on Shanxi Loess CBR and Rebound Module." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 820–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.820.
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Selection of five typical loess in Shanxi Province, the paper adopt the indoor test methods to prepares the different compaction and different moisture content specimens which were used to test CBR value and rebound module, analyzes the impact of compactness and moisture content on the CBR value and resilient modulus and establishes the relationship of CBR and moisture content. The result shows that the level of moisture content has great impact on CBR value and rebound module. The CBR value is maximal under optimum moisture content and maximum degree of compaction condition. The times of compaction have little effect on the improvement of CBR with increasing water content. The relationship of the soaking CBR,resilient modulus and the moisture content shows a certain regularity.Key words: Loess filler;the CBR;resilient modulus;compactness;moisture content;relationship
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Xiao, Hui, and Yan Li. "Experiment on Incipient Motion of Different Clay Content Sediment." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.486.
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Based on 8 group sediment samples of the median diameter between 0.0084 mm ~ 0.067 mm and the clay content between 1% ~ 40%, carried out the incipient condition test under current action and wave action respectively in laboratory, the results show that: sediment incipient condition increases with decreasing the median diameter and increasing the clay content; while the clay content is more than 10%, the incipient condition increases significantly with increasing the compactness of bottom sediment; the results can provide the reference for the engineering construction.
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Yunus, Barunawaty, and Bachtiar Murtala. "Pemanfaatan hounsfield unit pada CT-scan dalam menentukan kepadatan tulang rahang untuk pemasangan implan gigi." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 9, no. 1 (2010): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v9i1.230.
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In the past, dental implant (DI)treatment is still an exclusive treatment can only beachieved by high class people due to unaffordable cost. However, nowadays thedemand of DI become increasing. The success of DI insertion is determined by thecondition of alveolar bone itself. Although there is no studies of DI treatment failurein Indonesia, there are some reports studied failure of DI treatment assessment whichcould be caused by the lack of quality and quantity of the alveolar bone radiographyimage. The purpose of this article was to introduce the benefit of hounsfield unit at theCT-Scan in supporting assessment of alveolar bone compactness for DI insertion. Itcan be concluded that the use of hounsfield unit at the CT-Scan can provide theclinician in determining the alveolar bone compactness prior to the DI treatment thatcan decrease the failure to occur.
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Shikhamany, S. D., Swapnil V. Borade, Sanjay K. Jeughale, and Suryakant Y. Patil. "Effect of Cane Regulation and GA3 Spray on Berry Thinning in 'Thompson Seedless' Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 11, no. 2 (2016): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v11i2.83.
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A field trial was conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 fruiting seasons in growers' vineyards around Nashik, Maharashtra, India to improve efficacy of GA3 sprays in berrythinning. As smaller clusters have fewer berries, cluster compactness derived at by number of berries per unit length (cm) of rachis, and, berry-diameter were considered as a measure of berry-thinning. As GA3 effect in berry-thinning is stage-specific, canes uniformly thick in a vine only were retained to achieve uniformity in flowering, by inducing uniform bud-break. Cane regulation did not result in uniformity in bud-break or flowering. Blanket spray of GA3 thrice @ 20g a.i./ha, each coupled with either removal of non-uniform canes or retention of all the canes could effectively reduce cluster compactness by reducing number of berries per cluster, without increasing total length of the rachis/cluster or berry diameter. Vine yield and quality in terms of total soluble solids and acid content were not affected by the treatments. Considering cluster-compactness, yield and ease of cultural operations, retention of all the canes in a vine, coupled with three blanket sprays each of GA3 @ 20g a.i/ha, on alternate days commencing from initiation of the bloom, is recommended for 'Thompson Seedless'.
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Geng, Wenze, Zhifei Song, Cheng He, Hongtao Wang, and Xinyi Dong. "The Impact of Fine-Layering of Tailings Dam on the Variation Pattern of Infiltration Lines." Applied Sciences 14, no. 2 (2024): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14020950.
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The type of soil and its compactness significantly influence its permeability coefficient, which in turn affects the drainage difficulty of soil pore water and the distribution of the infiltration line. However, current tailings dam models typically consider only a single soil layer instead of taking into account the differences in soil types and compactness, resulting in a deviation between simulated results and actual conditions. To address this issue, this study proposes three models with a gradually increasing degree of layering refinement based on soil type and compactness. These models aim to simulate the variations in the infiltration line under three different strategies: constant head, rainfall, and drainage. The simulation results indicate that the average increase in the infiltration line of the three schemes after rainfall is 46.2%, 65.88%, 83.52%, respectively; the fitting percentages for each scheme of infiltration line after 720 days of drainage and the constant head stage are 72.38%, 88.27%, and 93.61%, respectively. It can be seen that the higher the refinement level of the layered model, the more sensitive it is to changes in the infiltration line. Furthermore, as the refinement level of the layered model increases, the simulation effect on the changes in the infiltration line improves, and the simulated results become more consistent with the actual situation. This finding provides a strategy and possibility for the study of the tailings dam’s infiltration lines, safety, and stability.
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Feng, Fei, Yaxue Ren, Chengyang Xy, Baoquan Jao, Shengbiao Wu, and Raffaele Lafortezza. "Exploring the non-linear impacts of urban features on land surface temperature using explainable artificial intelligence." Urban Climate 56 (June 24, 2024): 102045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102045.
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High land surface temperatures (LST) have emerged as crucial threats to urban ecosystems and sustainable urban development. To better understand and mitigate their impacts, it is essential to analyze the contributing urban features. Against this background, we developed a random forest model enhanced by Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) to analyze the impact features of LST in Beijing, China. By applying the XAI method, our results suggest that the major impact features of LST in Beijing are elevation (44.19%), compactness of impervious surface (17.27%), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (11.12%), proportion of impervious surface area (8.04%), and tree height (3.83%). Compactness of impervious surface exhibited an overall cooling effect, which became weaker at high values. LST increased with building height, and the trend became weaker as building height reached 5 m. The most important features impacting LST in the inner city are the proportion and height of buildings, whereas in the outer city these features are tree height and the compactness of impervious surfaces. The study applies XAI to explain the non-linear interactions between LST and urban features, offering innovative insights to policy-makers to develop sustainable urban planning strategies. Our findings suggest that increasing green spaces and water bodies as well as controlling building density and height can effectively mitigate heat in dense urban areas and enhance cooling effects.
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Pankratov, E. L., and E. A. Bulaeva. "Increasing of Compactness of p-i-n-Diodes by Using Inhomogeneity of a Multilayer Structure." Journal of Computational Intelligence and Electronic Systems 2, no. 2 (2013): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jcies.2013.1056.
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Do Ó, João Marcos, Federica Sani та Cristina Tarsi. "Vanishing-concentration-compactness alternative for the Trudinger–Moser inequality in ℝN". Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 20, № 01 (2017): 1650036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021919971650036x.
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Let [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Our aim is to clarify the influence of the constraint [Formula: see text] on concentration phenomena of (spherically symmetric and non-increasing) maximizing sequences for the Trudinger–Moser supremum [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is the sharp exponent of Moser, i.e. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is the surface measure of the [Formula: see text]-dimensional unit sphere in [Formula: see text]. We obtain a vanishing-concentration-compactness alternative showing that maximizing sequences for [Formula: see text] cannot concentrate either when [Formula: see text] or when [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is sufficiently small. From this alternative, we deduce the attainability of [Formula: see text] for special values of the parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
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Liu, Yong, and Cuihong Long. "Urban and Rural Income Gap: Does Urban Spatial Form Matter in China?" SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (2021): 215824402110022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211002215.
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This research uses satellite remote sensing data to measure the urban spatial form and analyzes the impact of changes to urban spatial structure on the income gap between urban and rural residents. The results indicate that the compactness of the urban spatial form is positively correlated with the income gap between urban and rural residents. However, there is no statistically significant relationship between the urban spatial extension rate and the urban–rural income gap. A subsequent analysis of the control variables shows that fiscal policy is positively correlated while urbanization is negatively correlated with the income gap between urban and rural residents. These conclusions provide the basis for formulating policies to narrow the urban–rural income gap. Appropriately reducing the spatial compactness of cities can narrow the income gap. In addition, changing excessive preferences for urban fiscal policy and increasing the level of urbanization can also promote a reduction in the income gap between urban and rural residents.
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Bharadwaj, Bharath R., SriNithish Kandagadla, Praveen J. Nadkarni, V. Krishna, T. R. Seetharam, and K. N. Seetharamu. "A Simple Method for Thermal Characterization of Stacked Die Electronic Packages in Staggered Arrangement." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 15, no. 3 (2018): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.658722.
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Abstract The need for compactness and efficiency of processing devices has kept increasing rapidly over the past few years. This need for compactness has driven the dice to be stacked one above the other. But with this come the difficulty of heat dissipation and its characterization because there are multiple heat sources and a single effective heat-conductive path. Hence, it becomes important to know the distribution and characterization of heat and temperature to provide effective cooling systems. In this article, we discuss the temperature distribution of various power configurations on stacked dice with five dice, when the dice are in staggered arrangement. The simulations have been carried out for both free convection and forced convection conditions using the ANSYS commercial software. The linear Superposition principle (LSP) is demonstrated on these configurations and validated with the results obtained from ANSYS simulation. LSP can be applied for the quick estimation of die temperatures with negligible error.
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Xu, Weipan, Haohui Chen, Enrique Frias-Martinez, Manuel Cebrian, and Xun Li. "The inverted U-shaped effect of urban hotspots spatial compactness on urban economic growth." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 11 (2019): 181640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181640.
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The compact city, as a sustainable concept, is intended to augment the efficiency of urban function. However, previous studies have concentrated more on morphology than on structure. The present study focuses on urban structural elements, i.e. urban hotspots consisting of high-density and high-intensity socioeconomic zones, and explores the economic performance associated with their spatial structure. We use night-time luminosity data and the Loubar method to identify and extract the hotspot and ultimately draw two conclusions. First, with population increasing, the hotspot number scales sublinearly with an exponent of approximately 0.50–0.55, regardless of the location in China, the EU or the USA, while the intersect values are totally different, which is mainly due to different economic developmental level. Secondly, we demonstrate that the compactness of hotspots imposes an inverted U-shaped influence on economic growth, which implies that an optimal compactness coefficient does exist. These findings are helpful for urban planning.
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PAUL, B. C., P. K. CHATTOPADHYAY, S. KARMAKAR, and R. TIKEKAR. "RELATIVISTIC STRANGE STARS WITH ANISOTROPY." Modern Physics Letters A 26, no. 08 (2011): 575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311034943.
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We study a compact star comprising strange matter content in the presence of pressure anisotropy. Considering strange matter with equation of state p = (ρ-4B)/3, where B is Bag parameter, we analyze the effect of pressure anisotropy on the Bag parameter for a compact star described by Vaidya–Tikekar metric. The values of B inside and on surface of the star are determined for different anisotropy parameter α. It is found that in the vicinity of the center of a compact star, B parameter is almost constant. However, away from the center B varies with the radial distance and finally at the surface B attains a value independent of the anisotropy. It is also noted that for some values of α, B remains constant throughout the star. Given α and spheriodicity a, B is found to be decreasing with the increase in compactness factor. The models admitting B increasing with α for a given spheriodicity parameter (a) and compactness are also found.
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Tian, Yuhang, Yanmin Shuai, Xianwei Ma, Congying Shao, Tao Liu, and Latipa Tuerhanjiang. "Improved Landscape Expansion Index and Its Application to Urban Growth in Urumqi." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (2022): 5255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205255.
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Automatic determination of quantitative parameters describing the pattern of urban expansion is extremely important for urban planning, urban management and civic resource configuration. Though the widely adopted LEI (landscape expansion index) has exhibited the potential to capture the evolution of urban landscape patterns using multi-temporal remote sensing data, erroneous determination still exists, especially for patches with special shapes due to the limited consideration of spatial relationships among patches. In this paper, we improve the identification of urban landscape expansion patterns with an enhancement of the topological relationship. We propose MCI (Mean patch Compactness Index) and AWCI (Area-Weighted Compactness Index) in terms of the moment of inertia shape index. The effectiveness of the improved approach in identifying types of expansion patches is theoretically demonstrated with a series of designed experiments. Further, we apply the proposed approaches to the analysis of urban expansion features and dynamics of urban compactness over Urumqi at various 5-year stages using available SUBAD-China data from 1990–2015. The results achieved by the theoretical experiments and case application show our approach effectively suppressed the effects induced by shapes of patches and buffer or envelope box parameters for the accurate identification of patch type. Moreover, the modified MCI and AWCI exhibited an improved potential in capturing the landscape scale compactness of urban dynamics. The investigated 25-year urban expansion of Urumqi is dominated by edge-expansion patches and supplemented by outlying growth, with opposite trends of increasing and decreasing, with a gradual decrease in landscape fragmentation. Our examination using the proposed MCI and AWCI indicates Urumqi was growing more compact in latter 15-year period compared with the first 10 years studied, with the primary urban patches tending to be compacted earlier than the entire urban setting. The historical transformation trajectories based on remote sensing data show a significant construction land gain—from 1.06% in 1990 to 6.96% in 2015—due to 289.16 km2 of recently established construction, accompanied by fast expansion northward, less dynamic expansion southward, and earlier extension in the westward direction than eastward. This work provides a possible means to improve the identification of patch expansion type and further understand the compactness of urban dynamics.
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Xu, Wenyu, Jia Yu, and Hui Wang. "The Influence of Manganese Slag on the Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete." Materials 17, no. 2 (2024): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020497.
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Manganese slag (MS) is a kind of chemical waste, which may pollute the environment if conventional handling methods (stacking and landfill) are applied. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)—with considerably high compactness and strength—can be used not only as a special concrete material, but also to solidify the toxic substances in solid waste. This study proposes the addition of MS to UHPC, where the mass ratio of MS varies from 0% to 40% in the total mass of MS and silica fume. The effects of MS on the fluidity, plastic viscosity, and yield shear stress are investigated, and the flexural strength, compressive strength, and dry shrinkage rate of UHPC with MS are measured. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum and energy spectrum analysis (EDS) diagrams are obtained to analyze the performance mechanism of the UHPC. A rheological study confirms that the slump flow increases with the increasing rate of 0–14.3%, while the yield shear stress and plastic viscosity decrease with the rates of 0–29.6% and 0–22.2%, respectively. The initial setting time increases with the mass ratio of MS by 0–14.3%, and MS has a positive effect on the flexural and compressive strengths of UHPC. In the early curing stage (less than 14 days), the increasing rate in the specimens increases with the curing age; meanwhile, when the curing age reaches 14 days or higher, the increasing rate decreases with increasing curing age. The compactness of UHPC is increased by adding MS. Furthermore, MS can increase the elements of Al and decrease crystals of Ca(OH)2 and calcium silicate hydrate in UHPC.
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Watanabe, Rafaela, Getulio Coutinho Figueiredo, Alvaro Pires da Silva, Júlio César Lima Neves, and Teógenes Senna de Oliveira. "Physical quality of a Luvisol under agroforestry systems in a semi-arid region, Brazil." Soil Research 54, no. 4 (2016): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15179.
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Agroforestry systems provide many environmental benefits in semi-arid regions; however, trampling by cattle, and agricultural practices, can degrade physical quality of the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of compaction and the compression behaviour of a Luvisol after 14 years under agro-silvopastoral (ASP) and silvopastoral systems (SILV), compared with a soil under natural vegetation (NV). We evaluated the degree of soil compactness, compaction index, pre-consolidation pressure, maximum bulk density, critical water content and the stocks of total organic carbon (C), organic matter (OM), C in light organic matter (LOM), and nitrogen (N) in LOM. The results indicated that agroforestry systems change the compressive behaviour of the soil, increasing maximum bulk density (P < 0.05) and reducing critical water content (P < 0.05). Despite the increases in maximum bulk density, changes induced by agroforestry system did not affect the pore space, as shown by similar values for degree of compactness (P > 0.05) under ASP, SILV and NV. This suggests a change in the quality of OM, as evidenced by the lower values for stocks of N in LOM (P < 0.10) and total organic C (P < 0.05) under ASP and SILV, whereas pre-consolidation pressure was unaffected (P > 0.05). After 14 years, the degree of compactness and load-bearing capacity of the soils under ASP and SILV had not increased, being suitable for plant growth.
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Granpayehvaghei, Tahereh, Ahmad Bonakdar, Ahoura Zandiatashbar, and Shima Hamidi. "The Quest for Creative Industries: A Multilevel National Study of the Impacts of Urban Form on the Geography of Creative Industries." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 8 (2019): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843470.
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Creative industries have gained increasing attention in light of the cultural economy as viable magnets for local and regional economic development. Policy makers thus would benefit from attracting creative industries as potential economic boosters. However, it is hard to target such catalyst industries without better knowledge of the urban form conditions that may influence the location preference of these industries; do creative industries favor compact, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods with transit accessibility to employment? This paper, as one of the first national studies, answers this question using a multilevel modeling approach to control for the socioeconomic and built environment characteristics at both local and regional levels. Factor analysis is used to define a Creative Score, which captures the geography of creative industries using the number of creative firms, employment, the percentage of creative firms, and a creative employment location quotient. The compactness/sprawl index is used at both census tract and metropolitan levels as a proxy for urban form. Accounting for the socioeconomic factors, the findings suggest that, at the neighborhood level, the compactness index is significantly and positively associated with the Creative Score. Every 10% increase in compactness score results in a 0.3% increase in Creative Score at the census tract level. This is partly because compact neighborhoods provide creative industries with a stronger consumer base as a reliable source of development. Compact urban form also serves agglomeration economies by facilitating knowledge exchange, reducing travel time and costs, and giving greater accessibility to destinations by transit.
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Fauzi, Alfharizky, Emy Haryatmi, Tri Agus Riyadi, and Murniyati Murniyati. "Herbal Plant Leaves Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network Models: A Literature Review." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology 5, no. 1 (2025): 313–28. https://doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v5i1.723.
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Plants are essential to human beings because plants are considered most as foods. Plants can be used for food ingredients, medical purposes, and industrial applications. People inspect plants using traditional methods, such as using the naked eye, which can be time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, the effectiveness and high quality of automated crop identification classification systems are needed for adequate crop protection. This study aims to identify and classify nine plant species using different datasets, focusing on transfer learning from models trained on plant leaf datasets. Most research has shown that increasing the dataset size would significantly improve classification accuracy. The accuracy of the first test using the modified N1 classification model was 99.45%. In the second experiment, the accuracy of the N2 model was 99.65%. The accuracy of the N3 model, despite being slightly less accurate than AlexNet, was 99.55%, and it performed better, while the accuracy of AlexNet was 99.73%. Compared to the AlexNet model, the proposed model performed better and required less training time. The N1 model reduced the training time by 34.58%, the N2 model by 18.25%, and the N3 model by 20.23%. The N1 and N3 resulted in the same size, namely 14.8MB, and the compactness was 92.67%. The size of the N2 model was 29.7MB, and the compactness was 85.29% compactness. The proposed models provide more accuracy and efficiency in classifying plant leaves and can be used as a standalone mobile application that benefits farmers.
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Li, Xingchang, and Shiqin Tian. "Existence of Fixed Points for a Class of Decreasing Operators with Parameter and Applications." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (June 17, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4861344.
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This paper studies the existence of fixed points for a class of decreasing operators with parameter in real Banach spaces. The existence theorems of fixed point are obtained as when the parameter is increasing, there will still be a large fixed point. These results have reduced the requirements of convexity, compactness, and lattice structure of spaces. By this new method, the existence of solutions for a class of second-order differential equations with parameter in infinite intervals is studied.
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Sharif, M., and Sobia Sadiq. "Conformally flat polytropes for anisotropic cylindrical geometry." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 12 (2015): 1583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2015-0352.
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In this paper, we study cylindrically symmetric anisotropic matter distribution satisfying two polytropic equations of state. The corresponding Lane–Emden equations are constructed and the energy conditions are checked. We evaluate a particular expression for anisotropy by using the conformally flat condition, which helps in the study of polytropic models. The graphical analysis of surface gravitational potential indicates the increasing behavior of model compactness. Finally, we conclude that one of the obtained models is physically viable.
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Bhat, R., Z. Rashid, Shahid B Dar, and S. Mufti. "Seed Yield and Quality Parameters of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) in relation to Different Sources and Levels of Sulphur." Current Agriculture Research Journal 5, no. 2 (2017): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.5.2.04.
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Sulphur is increasing and after nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is forth important macro nutrient. In this study three sources of sulphur i.e., Gypsum, Elemental sulphur and Potassium Sulphate with three levels i.e., 40, 70 and 100 kg S ha-1 for each source were tried. The pooled data showed sulphur from potassium sulphate recorded the lowest days to first flower (246), days to 75% seed maturity (328.1), and highest number of branches plant-1 (35), number of siliqua plant-1 (709.5), 1000 seed weight (3.87g), seed count siliqua-1 (20.8), seed yield plant-1 (12.9 g), seed yield hectare-1 (4.8 q), highest Dry matter (9.6 g), TSS (7.6oBrix), Crude protein (20.6%), head compactness (0.032) and oil content (29.7%). Application of increasing levels of sulphur up to 100 kg ha-1 significantly increased the seed yield contributing characters in cabbage as lowest days taken to first flower (250.8), lowest days to 75% seed maturity(334.1) and highest number of branches plant-1 (31.7), siliqua plant-1 (671.60), seed count siliqua-1 (17.9), 1000 seed weight (2.6g), seed yield plant-1 (11.90 g) and seed yield hectare-1 (4.4q ) whereas, among quality parameters highest vitamin C (59.1 mg/100), dry matter weight (9.0 g), Crude protein (18.3), and Head compactness (0.026) were recorded with sulphur application of 70 kg ha-1.
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Hamidi, Shima. "Urban sprawl and the emergence of food deserts in the USA." Urban Studies 57, no. 8 (2019): 1660–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019841540.
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Providing access to a variety of healthy and affordable foods has been the goal of several federal and state policy initiatives in the USA. The first step towards the successful implementation of these initiatives is to identify food deserts and to understand the mechanism by which food deserts arise. This national-level study investigates the association between urban sprawl and the emergence of food deserts at both regional and neighbourhood levels. Multilevel analysis is used to model the likelihood of a census tract being a food desert, controlling for sociodemographic and built environmental characteristics. We find that urban sprawl, measured via a compactness index, holds a significant association with the likelihood of a census tract being a food desert. Specifically, a one unit increase in the compactness index is associated with a 5.6% decrease in the odds of a census tract being a food desert. In conclusion, we recommend increasing the land use density, mix and walkability of neighbourhoods to create a supportive and attractive environment for food retailers in which to invest.
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Tung, Tran Minh. "Urban renewal applicable to an increase in density: Conceptualization of compact-KDT in Vietnam with Hanoi as a case study." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 12, no. 5 (2018): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2018-12(5)-09.
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Urban renewal projects are becoming more and more active, especially in public-owned gold land plots in Vietnam's cities center. The re-development of these land resources known as the residentialization: transformation of different land-use functions into new residential areas (also new neighborhoods) - the KDTM ({Khu Do Thi Moi} abbreviated in Vietnamese) - is increasing the urban density in these areas. Vietnam uses three factors to control urban density: building density; number of floors and/or height of the building; floor area ratio. The current tasks of land-use policies are the determination of an urban density that can adapt to the development of urban space; take full advantage of the land value increment, boost investments without causing any consequences because of the overcrowded population. The residential units will be called compact units when their (occupancy) density exceeds the threshold of 300 persons/ha. For the Compact-KDT concept (compacted KDTM), it is recommended to have: (1) the average level of compactness corresponding to the density of 300 to 600 persons/ha; (2a) the high level of compactness to be controlled - 600 to 1200 persons/ha; (2b) the high level of compactness to be strictly controlled and applied in some exceptional cases - 1200 to 2000 persons/ha; (3) the extremely high level of compactness to be avoided - more than 2000 persons/ha. A Compact-KDT always guarantees the functions of a "normal" KDTM, there are some functionalities that should be added: organization of land-use and spatial functions; public spaces; internal traffic; and reducing energy consumption and the use of non-recyclable natural resources. Rather than being passive to fluctuations in urban density, this increase can be accommodated with a calm and fair attitude by analyzing adverse consequences and the benefits of this process, not just negative effects for the development of urban space, the concentration of population and the economic growth of cities.
 Keywords: urban renewal; urban density; new urban areas/new residential areas (KDTM - Khu Do Thi Moi); residentialization; (new) compact urban areas (Compacted KDTM/Compact-KDT).
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Kim, EungChan, Chang-Hyup Lee, Seongmin Park, Suk-Ju Hong, Sang-Yeon Kim, and Ghiseok Kim. "A Shine Muscat Grape Berry Detection and Grape Cluster Compactness Estimation for Assessment of Grape Quality Based on Instance Segmentation Methods." Journal of the ASABE 66, no. 5 (2023): 1175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15503.
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Highlights Mask R-CNN ResNet-101 was analyzed to have the highest detection accuracy for grape berries. Grape cluster compactness is one of the important factors that determines the quality of grapes. Indicator DGC was used to intuitively calculate the compactness of grape cluster. An average error of 1.6 mm occurred with the verification of diameter estimation algorithm. Abstract. Consumption and cultivation of grapes are constantly increasing because they are known as alkaline foods, which relieve fatigue by accelerating carbohydrate metabolism in the human body. Among these grapes, a Shine Muscat doesn’t have the bitter taste of ordinary grapes, has low acidity, and has a crunchy texture, which results in growing interest in modern society. As the consumption of Shine Muscat increases, an automated process to save labor and time becomes essential. Particularly, one challenge that needs to be solved is the determination of grape quality based solely on visual evaluations by experts, which can result in inconsistent pricing for consumers. In this study, an algorithm was adopted to detect the grape berries from a bunch of single grapes by acquiring RGB images of the harvested Shine Muscat. Mask R-CNN, a convolutional neural network-based image segmentation technique, was used with various backbones to compare and evaluate the performance of each model. Results showed that Mask R-CNN ResNet 101 had the highest AP (Average Precision) value of 0.961 among all models. In addition, indexes such as the size (diameter) of each grape berry, the area of the grape on the image, and the area of the empty space that are required to find the compactness of the grape cluster are obtained. In particular, it was analyzed that the average error value (mm) and percent error (%) of the diameter estimation algorithm developed in this study were 1.60 mm and 4.79%, respectively. Keywords: Keywords., Density of Grape Cluster (DGC), Diameter estimation, Grape berry, Grape cluster compactness, Mask R-CNN, Object detection.
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Magno, Giovanni, Vy Yam, and Béatrice Dagens. "Integration of Plasmonic Structures in Photonic Waveguides Enables Novel Electromagnetic Functionalities in Photonic Circuits." Applied Sciences 13, no. 23 (2023): 12551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132312551.
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The development of integrated, compact, and multifunctional photonic circuits is crucial in increasing the capacity of all-optical signal processing for communications, data management, and microsystems. Plasmonics brings compactness to numerous photonic functions, but its integration into circuits is not straightforward due to insertion losses and poor mode matching. The purpose of this article is to detail the integration strategies of plasmonic structures on dielectric waveguides, and to show through some examples the variety and the application prospect of integrated plasmonic functions.
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Wang, Zefa, Jing Chen, Chunshan Zhou, Shaojian Wang, and Ming Li. "The Impacts of Urban Form on PM2.5 Concentrations: A Regional Analysis of Cities in China from 2000 to 2015." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (2022): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060963.
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The urban form (e.g., city size, shape, scale, density, etc.) can impact the air quality and public health. However, few studies have been conducted to assess the relationship between the urban form and PM2.5 concentrations on a regional scale and long-term basis in China. In this study, we explored the impact of the urban form on the PM2.5 concentrations in four different regions (i.e., northeast, central, east, western) across China for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Five landscape metrics were classified into three characteristics of the urban form (compactness, shape complexity, and urban expansion) using high-resolution remote-sensing data. With considerations given to regional differences, panel-data models and city-level panel data were used to calculate the impact of the urban form on the PM2.5 concentrations. The results of the study indicate that urban expansion is positively correlated with the PM2.5 concentrations across China, with the only exception being the country’s western region, which suggests that urban extension is conducive to increasing the PM2.5 levels in relatively developed regions. Meanwhile, the positive relationship between the irregularity of cities and the PM2.5 concentrations indicates that reducing the urban shape complexity will help to mitigate PM2.5 pollution. Moreover, urban compactness, which mainly refers to the landscape-division-index values, proved to have a negative effect on the PM2.5 concentrations, suggesting that the optimization of urban spatial compactness could reduce PM2.5 levels. The findings of this study are beneficial for a better understanding of the intensity and direction of the effect of the urban form on PM2.5 concentrations.
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Liu, Shuyue, Peng Cao, and Ziyu Wang. "Analysis of Shear Crushing Behavior of Graded Calcareous Sand in Building Applications." Buildings 15, no. 9 (2025): 1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091443.
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Calcareous sand, a critical construction material in reef engineering and building foundations, possesses unique internal microstructures and inherent mechanical properties. Given these characteristics, it is essential to thoroughly evaluate its strength under various loading conditions to ensure its reliability in building applications. This study examines the strength, deformation, and failure characteristics of calcareous sand through consolidated drained shear failure tests using a GDS stress path triaxial apparatus. The effects of shear rate, particle gradation, and compactness are systematically investigated to assess their impact on structural stability in building foundations and load-bearing applications. The results indicate that at low confining pressures, calcareous sand exhibits strain softening, whereas at higher confining pressures, strain hardening is observed. For samples with the same gradation, both peak deviatoric stress and failure strain increase linearly with confining pressure. The volume strain evolution during shear follows three stages: shear shrinkage, shear dilatancy, and stabilization. At low confining pressures, dilatancy is favored, while high confining pressures promote shrinkage. Additionally, under constant confining pressure, peak strength increases and failure strain decreases linearly with compactness. Increasing the loading rate from 0.01 to 0.1 mm/min results in a slight increase in the friction angle, with minimal impact on cohesion. Particle gradation plays a significant role in determining the shear strength of calcareous sand, as its effects vary depending on the combination of compactness and gradation. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and construction of stable building foundations, roadbeds, and other load-bearing structures in reef engineering and coastal developments, where calcareous sand is widely used.
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Wang, Qing, Yang Peng, Yun Mou, and Mingxiang Chen. "Promotion of High-Speed Copper-Filling Performance for Interconnections with Increasing Aspect-Ratio Using Compound Additives." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (2022): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091539.
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Interconnections are essential for integrating the packaging substrate, and defect-free copper-filling can further improve the reliability in through holes (THs). The coating properties and filling processes are mainly dominated by the interplays among additives in the direct current electroplating. The acidic copper sulfate electroplating solution contained three typical convection-dependent additives and chloride ions (Cl−). The THs with aspect ratios (ARs) of 6.25, 5, and 4.17 (thickness of 500 μm) were selected as the study subjects. The effects of Cl− and ARs on the interactions among the additives were investigated in detail using electrochemical measurements, which were verified by the THs filling experiments. The additive compounds present a convection enhanced inhibition effect and cathodic polarization, leading to a copper filling capacity increase with ARs and the amelioration of copper compactness and corrosion resistance. The defect-free copper filling of THs and a uniform mirror bright surface circuit can be achieved simultaneously using compound additives at a relatively high speed.
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Hussain, M. J., A. J. M. S. Karim, A. R. M. Solaiman, M. S. Islam, and M. Rahman. "Effect of Different Levels of Urea Super Granule and Prilled Urea on the Crop Quality, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Nutrient Status of Broccoli." Agriculturists 15, no. 2 (2018): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v15i2.35461.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during the period 2010-2011 to assess the effect of urea super granule (USG) and prilled urea (PU) on the quality attributes (Compactness coefficient, Vitamin C, β-carotene and chlorophyll contents) of broccoli, to assess the comparative performance of USG and PU on nutrient uptake and uptake efficiency of broccoli plant, to assess the effect of different forms and levels of urea N on the post harvest soil nutrient status of broccoli field and to select the better doses of USG and PU for quality broccoli production in Shallow Red-Brown Terrace Soil under Madhupur Tract (AEZ-28). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications having 17 treatments constituted with different levels of urea super granule (USG) and prilled urea (PU) as- T1: N-control, T2: PU-N80, T3: PU-N100, T4: PU-N120, T5: PU-N140, T6: PU-N160, T7: PU-N180, T8: PU-N200, T9: PU-N220, T10: USG-N80, T11: USG-N100, T12: USG-N120, T13: USG-N140, T14: USG-N160, T15: USG-N180, T16: USG-N200, T17 and USG-N220 kg ha-1. Results revealed that the comparative performance of USG in relation to head quality (compactness coefficient, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and chlorophyll content), nutrient (NPKS) uptake and N uptake efficiency was found better as compared to PU. The compactness coefficient, β-carotene and chlorophyll contents were increased with increasing rate of N as well as USG and PU, but ascorbic acid content was slightly decreased with increasing rate of USG and PU. The maximum compactness coefficient (18.61) was found from the treatment USG-N180 that was followed by USG-N160 (18.24) and the highest β-carotene content (0.401 mg/100gFW) was found from USG-N160 followed by PU-N180 (0.40 mg/100gFW). Similarly the highest chlorophyll-a content (0.818 mg/100gFW) was found from USG-N180 followed by USG-N160 (0.814 mg/100gFW) and the highest chlorophyll-b content (1.141mg/100g FW) was recorded from USG-N180. The higher nutrient uptake and N uptake efficiency (108.531%) was obtained from USG treated plots over that of the PU. But N uptake efficiency was decreased with increasing rates of N fertilizer. But post harvest soil nitrogen status did not show any systematic trend although it was found higher in USG over PU. Similarly no remarkable changes were observed in post harvest soil P, K, S and B status for the crop. However, USG @ 160 kg N ha-1 (USG-N160) followed by USG-N140 and PU @ 180 kg N ha-1 (PU-N180) with other recommended doses of fertilizer could be suggested as USG and PU based fertilizer recommendation for a good quality broccoli production in terms of yield and quality in Silty Clay Loam Soil of Madhupur Tract.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 24-39
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Liu, Qi, and Bo Liu. "Experiment Study of the Failure Mechanism and Evolution Characteristics of Water–Sand Inrush Geo-Hazards." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (2020): 3374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103374.
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Water–sand inrush disasters are frequently encountered during underground engineering construction in karst terrain. The objective of this paper is to study the failure mechanism and evolution characteristics of water–sand inrush caused by the instability of filling medium in karst cavity, as well as the impacts of soil compactness, hydraulic pressure and confining pressure on the instability process. In response to this purpose, a stress-controlled seepage test apparatus in consideration of particle loss was designed, and a series of seepage tests were performed correspondingly. The test results indicate that: (1) Based on the nonlinear feature analysis of water-outflow pattern, the water–sand inrush process can be divided into the “slow flow” stage, “transition flow” stage and “pipe flow” stage by Transition Point I, II. (2) The decreasing soil compactness and increasing hydraulic pressure both exponentially facilitate the seepage-erosion process by increasing the particle-erosion ability; the increasing confining pressure extends the “slow flow” stage and shortens the duration of the “transition flow” stage, ultimately advancing the occurrence of the “pipe flow” stage; the existence of critical hydraulic pressure for the seepage-erosion progress is confirmed, the occurrence of the “pipe flow” stage is significantly advanced once the hydraulic pressure over the critical value. (3) The particle loss caused by the seepage-erosion process is the internal mechanism of water–sand inrush, the variation characteristics of water-outflow pattern are crucial external manifestations correspondingly. Therefore, with the monitoring of water-outflow pattern variation tendency as indicators, the critical status of water–sand inrush can be near-real-time identified, which offers experimental foundation for the early warning and forecast of the occurrence of water–sand inrush.
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Chicet, Daniela Lucia, Corneliu Munteanu, and Vasile Cojocaru-Filipiuc. "Influence of Cooling Rate on Metallographic Structure for Gray Iron, in the Case of Modification with a Mechanical Mixture of Al and FeSiCaMg." Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (October 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.51.
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After the formation of graphite in molten iron starts its dissolution phenomenon in the liquid metal matrix. The inoculants master alloys FeCaSiMg was mechanically mixed with aluminum, a superficial active element that concentrate on metal matrix - inoculant interface, increasing the graphite surface, which dissolves with greater speed in the liquid metal matrix. In the case of smaller cooling rates (parts with great wall thickness) the former compact – spheroidal graphite inclusions significantly reduces its degree of compactness, which results in the decrease of mechanical strength.
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Alamo, Angela, Rosita A. Condorelli, Laura M. Mongioì та ін. "Environment and Male Fertility: Effects of Benzo-α-Pyrene and Resveratrol on Human Sperm Function In Vitro". Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, № 4 (2019): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040561.
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Lifestyle, cigarette smoking and environmental pollution have a negative impact on male fertility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro effects of benzo-α-pyrene (BaP) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists on motility and bio-functional sperm parameters. We further assessed whether resveratrol (RES), an AHR antagonist and antioxidant molecule, had any protective effect. To accomplish this, 30 normozoospermic, healthy, non-smoker men not exposed to BaP were enrolled. Spermatozoa of 15 men were incubated with increasing concentrations of BaP to evaluate its effect and to establish its dose response. Then, spermatozoa of the 15 other men were incubated with BaP (15 µM/mL), chosen according to the dose-response and/or RES to evaluate its antagonistic effects. The effects of both substances were evaluated after 3 h of incubation on total and progressive sperm motility and on the following bio-functional sperm parameters evaluated by flow cytometry: Degree of chromatin compactness, viability, phosphatidylserine externalization (PS), late apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA fragmentation, degree of lipoperoxidation (LP), and concentrations of mitochondrial superoxide anion. Benzo-α-pyrene decreased total and progressive sperm motility, impaired chromatin compactness, and increased sperm lipoperoxidation and mitochondrial superoxide anion levels. All these effects were statistically significant at the lowest concentration tested (15 µM/mL) and they were confirmed at the concentration of 45 µM/mL. In turn, RES was able to counteract the detrimental effects of BaP on sperm motility, abnormal chromatin compactness, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial superoxide. This study showed that BaP alters sperm motility and bio-functional sperm parameters and that RES exerts a protective effect on BaP-induced sperm damage.