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1
Berner, Maureen Michelle. "U.S. federal budget structure 1962-1995 : beyond incrementalism /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Dino, Luísa Adib. "Incrementalismo e o campo institucional: análise sobre a execução orçamentária da Secretaria Municipal de Cultura de São Paulo entre 2009 e 2016." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100138/tde-02072018-232709/.
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Esta pesquisa realiza uma análise sobre permanências e mudanças na execução orçamentária para políticas culturais a partir da adoção de uma concepção ampliada de cultura. O recorte definido para a análise compreende as gestões de Gilberto Kassab (DEM), de 2009 a 2012, e de Fernando Haddad (PT). Do ponto de vista teórico as abordagens adotadas neste estudo são o modelo incremental, a Teoria Institucional e os modelos e paradigmas de cultura como objeto de política pública. Do ponto de vista empírico o objeto de estudo são os relatórios Quadro Detalhado de Despesas da Secretaria Municipal de Cultura do Município de São Paulo, para os exercícios entre 2009 e 2016. O estudo levantou as hipóteses (H) de que as políticas institucionalizadas e os atores culturais historicamente legitimados pelo Estado tendem a manter seus benefícios conquistados, ainda que as gestões assumam concepções ampliadas de cultura que incitem alterações no perfil das políticas (H1) e de que governos que adotam concepções ampliadas sobre cultura possuem pouca margem de discricionariedade para atender a grupos culturais legitimados mais recentemente pelo Estado (H2). O estudo demonstra que mesmo que governos assumam concepções ampliadas de cultura, a manutenção da base orçamentária e de benefícios a atores e políticas legitimados da margem de discricionariedade, limitam o fortalecimento de políticas de cidadania culturalThis research makes an analysis of the continuities and changes in budget execution for cultural policies from the adoption of widened conceptions about culture. The research excerpt is the governments of Gilberto Kassab (DEM) from 2009 to 2012 and Fernando Haddad (PT). From the theoretical point of view, the approaches adopted in this study are the incremental model, the Institutional Theory and the models and paradigms of culture as an object of public policy. From the empirical point of view, the object of study is the reports Quadro Detalhado de Despesas of the Secretaria Municipal de Cultura de São Paulo, from the year 2009 to 2016. The study raised the hypotheses (H) that institutionalized policies and cultural actors historically legitimized by the state tend to maintain their gains, even though the administrations assume widened conceptions about culture that incite changes in the profile of policies (H1), and that even governments that adopt widened conceptions about culture have little margin of discretion to attend local groups less strengthened in the field and (H2). The study shows that even if governments take on broader conceptions of culture, maintaining the budget base and benefits to actors and legitimized policies of margin of discretion, limit the strengthening of cultural citizenship policies
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Lo, Cheng Sik-sze. "Incrementalism and public budgeting in Hong Kong myth or model? /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31976037.
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Lo, Cheng Sik-sze, and 羅鄭適時. "Incrementalism and public budgeting in Hong Kong: myth or model?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976037.
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Williams, R. P. "Incrementalism and the politics of resource allocation in local authorities." Thesis, University of Bath, 1986. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760547.
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Thomas, Duncan Andrew. "Incrementalism versus breakthrough : which is more appropriate for a regulated water utility?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2002. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:11796.
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Shangase, Generous Mabutho. "Stability and change in South African public policy, 1994-2014." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31023.
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This thesis narrates the exercise of state autonomy to achieve macro-economic stability and effect incremental policy change in South Africa between 1994 and 2014. Employing a composite case study of the macro-economic policy framework; the Growth Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) (1996) strategy, and two micro policies, Free Basic Electricity (FBE) (2003) and No Fee Schools (NFS) (2006), it demonstrates how the post-apartheid state introduced reforms at macro and micro policy levels. Taking a historical institutionalist approach, it emphasizes the importance of ideas, context, configurations, temporal arguments and path-dependence to recount a story of policy change. The main sources of evidence comprise semi-structured elite interviews conducted with senior politicians, public servants, trade unionists and academic researchers as well as secondary data such as Hansard, government documents and other research reports. Data collection in South Africa was undertaken over a period of twelve months across various sites such as state departments, parliament, the South African Reserve Bank, university libraries, municipalities, private companies, parastatals and schools in the Gauteng Province. The context of transition from apartheid to a democratic dispensation, 1990-1994, with the negotiation processes forms a backdrop to the study whereby compromises and important policy choices set the scene for the formulation of new policy infrastructure culminating in GEAR in 1996. The implementation of GEAR in 1996 and the achievement of macroeconomic stability in turn prepared the ground for intervention at micro policy level. Consequently the introduction of incremental policy change through micro policies such as FBE (2003) and NFS (2006) became possible. Importantly this thesis reveals that whilst incremental policy change has been achievable, it is not totally transformative but rather built upon policy legacies as it proffers gradual adjustments which do not reverse earlier policy decisions and compromises nor effect fundamental change. Nevertheless, even in a difficult international and domestic environment, the South African state has shown a capacity to initiate and sustain incremental change in key areas of public policy.
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Micale, Linda Marie 1958. "Policy change as innovation and incrementalism: The case of Plan 6 cost-sharing." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291998.
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This thesis reviews the case of Plan 6 cost-sharing to explore the nature of policy reform and the political factors which can hinder or coax change. Plan 6 comprises regulatory storage components of the Central Arizona Project and dam safety components of the Salt River Project in Arizona. Arizona entities responded to the cost-sharing reform movement by developing an agreement reflecting increased an "up-front" local contributions to Plan 6 and CAP construction. The Plan 6 case is analyzed by linking observed political responses to proposed reform with operative policy arenas. Shifts within or between arenas indicate a degree of policy incrementalism or innovation, respectively. The analysis found a coincidence of moderate levels of innovation and strong incrementalism. The strength of a traditional water development network and the absence of direct in put from reformers at critical points in the agreement development were primary factors hindering full reform.
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Gusler, John Frederick. "'Toilets in the Veld': Similarities in the Housing Policy of the New South Africa and the former Apartheid State." Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37125.
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During the campaign of South Africa's first multi-racial elections of 1994, Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress (ANC) pledged to provide 1,000,000 new homes within the first presidential term of five years. This goal became more than just campaign rhetoric when it was written into the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), a broad guideline for the new government's goals. However the Housing White Paper, the first housing policy of the new government, did not include a plan for mass housing construction. By 1998, Mandela had publicly abandoned the goal of 1,000,000 new homes in his term. Rather, private sector financing and vigorous community involvement through partnerships and collaboration between stakeholders were to be the cornerstones of delivery. The policy formulation process, which began two years prior to the elections, yielded an incremental approach of in situ upgrading through a capital subsidy, derived in large part from that of the previous administration.
This paper examines the policy formulation process, and why Mandela's ambitious housing agenda was not followed up with a policy that could realize the goal of 1 million homes in five years. Three explanations are offered, incrementalism in the policy formulation process, and the need for both domestic and international legitimization in light of poor economic conditions.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Gowen, Jeffrey Bryan. "Methods Used in Public Policy Decision Making by County Managers in North Carolina." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/356.
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Researchers have examined ways in which policy makers develop their decisions. The literature has not explored, however, the methodologies used by county managers to arrive at decisions, or whether they consider the medium- and long-term policy implications, or second and third order effects, of those decisions. The purpose of this study was to identify the methodologies and decision-making processes used by county managers in North Carolina. The theoretical framework was Lindblom's theory of incrementalism in decision making. Data for this phenomenological study were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 purposefully selected county managers, and were coded and categorized to identify themes and patterns. Results indicated that county managers tended to rely on multiple methodologies, rather than one consistent methodology, when deciding public policy issues, and that they overwhelmingly considered the second and third order effects of their decisions on public policy outcomes. The implications for positive social change include informing country managers and the public about policy decisions and their effects on the long-term well-being of their local community.
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Blaber, Richard M. "A plurality of forces, a cautious response : pluralism and incrementalism at the sub-district and service levels of resource-allocation in the British National Health Service." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360982.
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Kalashnyk, Leonid. "Environmental Decision-making in the Pskov Region of the Russian Federation." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2345.
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The break-up of the Soviet Union handed down the Russian Federation a number of Soviet environmental legacies ranging from contaminated areas to the old bureaucratic procedures and outdated practices. In the post-Soviet years of transition to a free-market economy Russia began to face increasingly acute tension between environmental security and economic development, and the state’s ability to effectively pursue environmental policies deteriorated. Current environmental policy-makers are faced with a multitude of challenges that range from complicated environmental systems to the inconsistent legislative framework and resource deficiencies. Although researchers have paid some attention to these problems, environmental decision-making remains a poorly illuminated area and constitutes a theoretically challenging problem. This paper addresses the regional environmental decision-making process in the Russian Federation. Using the Pskov region on the border with Byelorussia and the two future EU members Estonia and Latvia as a case study, this paper seeks to supply a better understanding of how environmental decisions are made on the regional and local levels with a special focus on constraints affecting environmental policy-making. The study attempts to explain the environmental decision-making process in light of the two competing theories of decision- making, incrementalism and the bureaucratic politics model. It is primarily based on interviews made in the Pskov region in the autumn of 2002.
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Kim, Kiyoung. "Best Practices for Constitutional Government Under the South Korean Framework of Democratic Experimentalism." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5736.
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South Korea has been one of the most successful newborn republics since 1948, and yet, since the new millennium, it has been embroiled in a controversy over the issues of constitutionalism and successful government, with the public expressing concerns about transparency, democracy, and competitiveness. Of particular concern is the public's perception of constitutional government. The purpose of this study was to better understand the elements of governmental success and best practices for constitutionalism in the country's framework of democratic experimentalism. Three prongs of inquiry rooted in the democratic experimentalist tradition (lessons learned from private governance, national institutions, and new concepts of rights) were examined. Dorf and Sabel's theory of constitution of democratic experimentalism was used to help answer the research question, which was, how democratic experimentalism supports constitutional government in South Korea. Data were collected through interviews with 16 legal/government professionals under the age of 40, and then coded and thematically analyzed. Findings identified 9 identified key themes as vital for the success of constitutional government in South Korea. Results suggest that constitutionalism and democratic experimentation need to be considered together when seeking to understand the South Korean constitutional government. Implications for positive social change include helping future investigators to better interpret the Korean constitutional system and supporting decision makers and public servants in making better informed decisions to further more democratic and transparent government.
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Uslu, Merve. "The Development Of Common European Security And Defence Policy (cesdp): Before And After Saint Malo Declaration." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605361/index.pdf.
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This study examines the evolution of the Common European Security and Defence
Policy (CESDP) of the European Union before and after the Saint Malo
Declaration of December 1998. The co-operation in foreign policy and security
matters has always been a corollary element to the economic co-operation since the
beginning of the European Integration process. Within this context this study argues
that the conducting of co-operation in this field within the framework of European
Community/European Union (EC/EU) was dependent on the national actors, the
internal community/union factors, and the external dynamics. It is also asserted that,
the European political co-operation is based on, on the one hand, the
intergovernmentalist method of decision-making and implementation process, and on
the other to the incrementalism through which the Member States could reconcile
their diverging interests, which represent continuity within the EC/EU. The Saint
Malo constitutes one of the momentous events in the trajectory of European foreign
policy, security and defence co-operation, which launched the essentials of the
CESDP. Within this framework, this study will analyse how a legally unbinding
document has been incorporated into the legal framework of the European Union and
consequently became the part of the acquis. Furthermore, the policies of France,
Britain, and the United States within the process of establishment of the CESDP will
be examined. Then, this thesis argues that, Saint Malo has initiated a ground for
renegotiation of the terms of transatlantic relationship, which culminated in the
redefinition of global roles and responsibilities of Americans and Europeans.
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Iglesias, Vila Marisa. "Subsidiarity and International Human Rights Tribunals: Deference to States or Cooperative Division of Labor?" Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116378.
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In this article I develop a normative theory of the subsidiarity principle in international adjudication, which seeks to offer a balanced answer to the question of to what extent is it legitimate for a body such as the European Court of Human Rights to interfere with the national criteria in the face of a complaint on conventional rights violation. In contrast with demands for greater deference to states in both Europe and Latin America, based on a statist idea of subsidiarity, I articulate a «cooperative» understanding of the ideas of human rights and the principle of subsidiarity, linking them to Buchanan’s notion of ecological legitimacy. The proposal I defend leads to a division of institutional labor within regional human rights systems that increases the legitimacy of all the institutions involved. At the same time, I devote the last part of the paper to implement such cooperative view, on the one hand, showing the importance of an incremental logic in the effective protection of human rights and, on the other hand, offering a rationalized version of the national margin of appreciation doctrine.En este trabajo desarrollo una teoría normativa del principio de subsidiariedad en la adjudicación internacional que pretende ofrecer una respuesta equilibrada a la pregunta de hasta qué punto es legítimo para un órgano como el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos interferir en el criterio estatal cuando valora una denuncia por violación de derechos convencionales. Frente a las demandas de una mayor deferencia hacia los Estados que encontramos tanto en Europa como en Latinoamérica, basadas en una idea estatista de la subsidiariedad, articulo una concepción «cooperativa» de los derechos humanos y del principio de subsidiariedad, uniéndolas a la idea de legitimidad ecológica sugerida por Buchanan. La propuesta que defiendo conduce a una división del trabajo institucional dentro de los sistemas regionales de derechos humanos que aumenta la legitimidad de todas las instituciones involucradas. Al mismo tiempo, desarrollo una forma de implementar esta concepción cooperativa, por una parte, mostrando la importancia de una lógica incremental en la protección efectiva de derechos humanos y, por otra parte, ofreciendo una versión racionalizada de la doctrina del margen de apreciación estatal.
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LE, GALL ARMELLE. "Incrementalite et adaptativite en optimisation combinatoire." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112356.
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Dans cette these, nous nous interessons a accroitre l'efficacite de methodes permettant de resoudre un probleme d'optimisation combinatoire pour une serie d'instances. Nous developpons des versions adaptatives aux methodes conventionnelles, i. E. Qui utilisent des informations provenant d'une precedente resolution. Dans le cas particulier ou la nouvelle instance ne se distingue de la precedente que par le nombre de variables, on parle de methodes incrementales. Une etude menee sur differents problemes polynomiaux a confirme l'interet des algorithmes incrementaux. L'utilisation de fonctions d'evaluation incrementales dans les methodes de separation-evaluation permet un gain important car les evaluations sont realisees a maintes reprises et pour des instances tres voisines. Nous proposons trois methodes qui different sur la position de l'instance de reference dans l'arbre de recherche. Elles sont validees sur le probleme np-difficile du placement de taches sur un systeme distribue. Nous avons mis en evidence les capacites adaptatives des reseaux de neurones : nous avons defini comment perturber un reseau pour que celui-ci quitte un etat stable et converge vers un nouvel etat representatif d'une solution a une nouvelle instance, voisine de la precedente. Cette methode presente un interet pratique evident car elle est independante du probleme et de la transformation appliquee a l'instance. Les differentes versions du modele de hopfield presentent un manque de selectivite qui se traduit experimentalement par des neurones qui conservent des activations loin a la fois de 0 et de 1. Comme le mecanisme d'activation competitive est particulierement apte a realiser cette separation, nous avons generalise les regles permettant son instauration pour definir une nouvelle extension du modele de hopfield. L'etude sur l'adaptativite est menee avec ce modele dont la validite a ete confirmee sur le probleme du recouvrement d'ensembles.
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Back, Andreas. "Vem bestämmer egentligen? : Om handelsetableringar och kommunal samhällsplanering." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201750.
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Denna uppsats behandlar kommunal samhällsplanering, med fokus på handelsetableringar. Uppsatsen tar avstamp i den utveckling med externalisering och koncentration av detaljhandeln som pågått under de senaste decennierna. Denna utveckling är såväl lokal som regional och har inneburit att detaljhandeln koncentrerats till centralorternas stadskärnor och externa stormarknader. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilken aktör som bestämmer över denna utveckling. De aktörer som undersöks är dagligvaruhandeln och samt kommuner. Från dessa aktörer intervjuas ett antal informanter: etableringschefer på Axfood, Coop och Ica, samt kommunalråd och kommuntjänstemän från Borlänge, Säter och Örnsköldsviks kommuner. Dessutom intervjuas ett antal personer från en lokal intresseförening i Husum. Materialet visar att dagligvaruföretagen är aktiva och trendsättare, medan kommunerna är relativt passiva och försöker klara sig så bra som möjligt utifrån sina förutsättningar. I slutändan finner uppsatsen att det är handeln snarare än kommunerna som bestämmer över utvecklingen med externalisering och koncentration av handel. Detta aktualiserar bland annat frågan om framtida samarbete över kommungränserna i detaljhandelsfrågor kan bli nödvändigt.This paper deals with municipal planning, with special focus on retail localisation issues. The paper takes its inspiration from the process of externalising and concentration that has characterised the past few decades of the retail industry. This development is both local and regional, and has meant that retailers have concentrated their localisations to the important city centers and out-of-town shopping centres. The purpose of this paper is to explore which agent that controls this development. The agents examined are the retail grocery industry and municipalities. From these agents a few people are interviewed: managers at Axfood, Coop and ICA, as well as municipal politicians and officials from Borlänge, Säter and Örnsköldsvik municipalities. Furthermore, a number of people from a local interest group in Husum are interviewed. The material shows that retail grocery companies are active and trendsetting, while the municipalities are relatively passive and trying to cope as well as possible based on their current situations. In the end, the paper finds that retail rather than the municipalities are in charge of the process of externalisation and concentration. Amongst other things, this raises the question of whether future cooperation in retail policy may be necessary across municipal borders.
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Foti, Daniele. "Algoritmi incrementali per la scoperta di "outlier"." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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L'elaborato inizialmente descrive i metodi utilizzati per il riconoscimento di outlier in Datasets non supervisionati. Successivamente richiama l'approccio del SolvingSet, che si prefissa l'obiettivo di creare un modello per la classificazione di punti aggiunti.
Si evidenzia quindi la non robustezza del SolvingSet in relazione a database che tendono a cambiare nel tempo e si propone un possibile approccio risolutivo.
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Sandoval, Miranda Claudio Andrés. "Herramienta para evaluar recursos minerales incrementales, mina El Peñón." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/168497.
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Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil de MinasEl presente trabajo, que presenta valores factorizados para mantener la confidencialidad de los mismos, busca determinar la factibilidad de la inclusión de minerales incrementales (marginales) mediante una evaluación económica iterativa que procure maximizar el valor del negocio y recalcular la ley de corte óptima de la mina El Peñón, propiedad de Yamana Gold Inc. y operada por Minera Meridian Ltda. Actualmente, como caso base, la mina el Peñón presenta 40 sectores con reservas económicamente explotables, a una ley de corte equivalente de 4.0 g/ton, con un costo mina fijo de 109.5 US$/ton de mineral y un costo planta fijo de 34.23 US$/ton procesada. Respecto al análisis de marginalidad se considera una ley de corte marginal de 1.9 g/ton. En este análisis, se determinó mediante el estudio de 10 sectores representativos de la mina que la ley de corte óptima corresponde en una instancia primaria a 4.5 g/ton según la metodología de K. Lane y con un incremento a 5.4 g/ton afinando el cálculo mediante la utilización de flujos de caja iterativos obteniendo un aumento en el VAN de 15 MUS$ respecto al caso base actual. Se realiza además un análisis de marginalidad que determina que la ley de corte marginal corresponde a 2.4 g/ton e incrementa el VAN anterior en 43 MUS$ con lo que se demuestra que la inclusión de los minerales incrementales logra agregarle valor al negocio minero. Adicionalmente, se genera un resumen de costos y mineralogías que permite generar costos mina y planta diferenciados por sector y así poder realizar una evaluación económica más precisa según las características intrínsecas de cada sector. Por último, se entrega una herramienta creada en Visual Basic Applications de Office Excel que permite generar estos cálculos de manera automática, utilizando parámetros modificables en el tiempo y analizando múltiples casos posibles de manera simultánea al agregar la iteración dentro del estudio.
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Asazu, Claudia Yukari. "Os caminhos da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF): instituições, idéias e incrementalismo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2385.
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Previous issue date: 2003-03-18T00:00:00ZO tema fiscal incorporou-se à agenda política brasileira nos anos 90, tendo a redução do déficit público, a partir de então, se tornando issue premente para garantir a estabilidade econômica. O presente trabalho constitui um esforço tentativo de análise do ciclo de ajuste brasileiro desse período, com ênfase em um de seus pontos cruciais: a Lei da Responsabilidade Fiscal
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González, Huesca Lourdes del Carmen. "Incrementality and effect simulation in the simply typed lambda calculus." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC217.
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La programmation certifiée offre un cadre dans lequel tout programme est correct par construction. Les assistants de preuve et les langages de programmation avec types dépendants sont les représentants de ce paradigme, où la prévue et l'implémentation d'un programme sont faites au même temps. Toutefois, il existe certaines limitations : un programme écrit en théorie des types est construit seulement avec des fonctions pures et totales. Notre objectif est d'écrire des programmes efficaces et certifiés. Les contributions de cette thèse sont la formalisation, dans le lambda calcul simplement typé, de deux mécanismes pour améliorer l'efficacité : la validation des calculs impurs et l'optimisation des calculs incrémentaux. Un calcul impur, c'est-à-dire un programme avec effets, et sa validation dans un langage fonctionnel et total est fait à l'aide d'une simulation a posteriori. La simulation est effectuée après, par une procédure monadique et elle est guidée par une prophétie. Un oracle efficace est responsable de la production des prophéties et lui est en fait, la procédure monadique traduite dans un language de programmation généraliste. La deuxième contribution est une optimisation pour les calculs incrémentaux. L'incrémentalité consiste à propager des changements des entrées en changements des sorties, elle est guidée par les descriptions formelles du changement des termes et une différenciation dynamique des fonctions. La représentation des changements de données est pris en charge par les types déplaçables et une extension du lambda calcul simplement typé avec dérivées et dérivées partielles offre un language pour raisonner sur l'incrémentalitéCertified programming is a framework in which any program is correct by construction. Proof assistants and dependently typed programming languages are the representatives of this paradigm where the proof and implementation of a program are done at the same time. However, it has some limitations: a program in Type Theory is built only with pure and total fonctions. Dur objective is to write efficient and certified programs. The contributions of this work are the formalization, in the Simply Typed Lambda Calculus, of two mechanisms to achieve efficiency : to validate impure computations and to optimize computations by incrementality. An impure computation, that is a program with effects, and its validation in a functional and total language is done through a posteriori simulation. The simulation is performed afterwards on a monadic procedure and is guided by a prophecy. An efficient oracle is responsible for producing prophecies which is actually, the monadic procedure itself translated into an effectful programming language. The second contribution is an optimization to perform incremental computations. Incrementality as a way to propagate input change into a corresponding output change is guided by formai change descriptions over ternis and dynamic differentiation of fonctions. Displaceable types represent data-changes while an extension of the simply typed lambda calculus with differentials and partial derivatives offers a language to reason about incrementality
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Saffore, Lateef Yusef PhD. "What Factors Influence Medicare Reimbursement Payments for Healthcare Providers that Admit Diabetic Patients?" University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1303145384.
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Guerra, Pedro Henrique Giocondo. "O PAC e o setor de ferrovias: do incrementalismo à proposta de um novo paradigma." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11573.
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The work offers a historical analysis of the recent measures adopted by the Brazilian federal government for the development of the railways sector, with an aim to verify if the Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento, PAC, represented a paradigm shift. We conclude that the PAC itself did not represent a shift from the paradigm inaugurated with the privatization of the sector that occurred between 1996 and 1998. Nonetheless, it represented the strengthening of the state in its planning role, which had started with the PNLT, in its entrepreneurial role, with the strengthening of Valec and, indirectly, in its regulating role, with the edition of resolutions by ANTT, which aimed to integrate the railway networks under the care of private companies and make them more competitive.
O trabalho analisa historicamente as recentes medidas do governo federal para o desenvolvimento do setor de ferrovias, buscando verificar se o PAC representou uma mudança de paradigma. Conclui-se que o PAC, em si, não rompeu com o paradigma inaugurado pela desestatização do setor, ocorrida entre 1996-1998. No entanto, reforçou o papel do Estado como planejador, iniciado com o PNLT, como empresário, com o fortalecimento da Valec e, de maneira indireta, como regulador, com o a edição de novas resoluções pela ANTT, em resposta a seus objetivos de integrar as malhas ferroviárias concedidas e de torná-las mais competitivas.
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Cochrane, Megan. "The Eventuality of Space : Adaptability and Incrementality in the Suburban Hinterland of Mamelodi." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63671.
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The appropriation of open space is a common and organic process that is constantly taking place in the contemporary South African city. The tabula rasa approach of Apartheid and modernist planning had little consideration for these natural spatial patterns. This dissertation argues for a democratic approach to
architecture and space-making in the contemporary South African city, one that embraces diversity, multifunctionality, and the eventuality of incremental development. Drawing from theories such as Control of Complexity (Habraken 1987), Space as Ritual (van Rensburg & da Costa 2008), and Safe-to-Fail (Ahern
2011), the research explores the possibilities of designing for emergent and adaptable space as a tool for enablement in the context of Mamelodi. The inherited Apartheid spatial legacy of Mamelodi has led to the prevalence of monofunctional, medium density development that has limited economic opportunity and encouraged pendulum migration in search of employment. This presents the opportunity to introduce new scales of urbanity to the context, whilst still being sensitive and encouraging existing spatial functions and patterns.Mini Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
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Nzengwa, Robert. "Methodes incrementales en elasticite non lineaire : jonctions entre structures elastiques tridimensionnelle et bidimensionnelle." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066560.
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Dans la 1ere partie on approxime, par les methodes incrementales, les solutions locales aux equations d'equilibre de corps elastique incompresssible et thermoelastique non lineaires soumis a des charges mortes ou vives, avec des conditions aux limites de type deplacement pur ou traction pure. Dans la 2eme partie on considere un probleme d'elasticite linearisee tridimensionnelle, pose dans un domaine constitue d'une plaque encastree dans un solide de constantes de lame independantes de l'epaisseur de la plaque. Si les constantes de lame du materiau constituant la plaque varient de maniere inversement proportionnelle au cube de l'epaisseur de la plaque, on demontre que la solution du probleme tridimensionnel converge,lorsque l'epaisseur tend vers zero, vers la solution d'un probleme variationnel d'un nouveau type, pose simultanement sur un ouvert tridimensionnel avec une fente et sur un ouvert bidimensionnel
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GOYON, OLIVIER. "Resolution numerique de problemes stationnaires et evolutifs non lineaires par la methode des inconnues incrementales." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112373.
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Ce travail est divise en trois parties: la premiere porte sur l'etude de problemes stationnaires. Nous commencons par considerer l'equation de poisson en dimensions un, deux et trois. Nous montrons que la methode des inconnus incrementales est comparable a une methode multigrille classique en dimension deux. Nous proposons ensuite une extension des formules en dimension trois. Une determination numerique des conditionnements des matrices et des comparaisons en temps calcul concluent a l'effet preconditionneur de nos schemas. Une analyse informatique permet d'apprecier les performances vectorielles des programmes. On finit par donner une nouvelle utilisation des schemas sur un probleme non lineaire en dimension deux. La seconde partie definit des formulations multi-niveaux pour la resolution (vectorielle et parallele) d'equations evolutives non lineaires en dimensions un et deux. Nous justifions egalement l'interet de nos schemas pour l'etude de couches limites, de nouveaux concepts (distinction d'echelles, couplage lineaire et non lineaire d'equations sur plusieurs grilles) et l'analyse a priori et a posteriori des solutions. On teste nos schemas sur les equations de burgers. La derniere partie porte sur la resolution de l'equation de navier-stokes en dimension deux, en formulation vorticite-fonction de courant. Nous presentons deux nouveaux schemas que nous appliquons d'abord au test de la cavite entrainee non regularisee dans un domaine carre. Apres une etude approfondie des solutions stationnaires, nous verifions que pour un nombre de reynolds re = 12500 la solution devient periodique (et pressentons ce resultat pour re = 10000). Une etude similaire mais moins detaillee est presentee pour la cavite double. Nous verifions, par ailleurs, l'adequation de tous nos schemas avec les calculateurs vectoriels
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Kocagoncu, Ece. "Dynamic speech networks in the brain : dual contribution of incrementality and constraints in access to semantics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270309.
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This thesis explores the spatiotemporal network dynamics underlying natural speech comprehension, as measured by electro-magnetoencephalography (E/MEG). I focus on the transient effects of incrementality and constraints in speech on access to lexical semantics. Through three E/MEG experiments I address two core issues in systems neuroscience of language: 1) What are the network dynamics underpinning cognitive computations that take place when we map sounds to rich semantic representations? 2) How do the prior semantic and syntactic contextual constraints facilitate this mapping? Experiment 1 investigated the cognitive processes and relevant networks that come online prior to a word’s recognition point (e.g. “f” for butterfly) as we access meaning through speech in isolation. The results revealed that 300 ms before the word is recognised, the speech incrementally activated matching phonological and semantic representations resulting in transient competition. This competition recruited LIFG, and modality specific regions (LSMG, LSTG for the phonological; LAG and MTG for the semantic domain). Immediately after the word’s recognition point the semantic representation of the target concept was boosted, and rapidly accessed recruiting bilateral MTG and AG. Experiment 2 explored the cortical networks underpinning contextual semantic processing in speech. Participant listened to two-word spoken phrases where the semantic constraint provided by the modifier was manipulated. To separate out cognitive networks that are modulated by semantic constraint from task positive networks I performed a temporal independent component analysis. Among 14 networks extracted, only the activity of bilateral AG was modulated by semantic constraint between -400 to -300 ms before the noun’s recognition point. Experiment 3 addressed the influence of sentential syntactic constraint on anticipation and activation of upcoming syntactic frames in speech. Participants listened to sentences with local syntactic ambiguities. The analysis of the connectivity dynamics in the left frontotemporal syntax network showed that the processing of sentences that contained the less anticipated syntactic structure showed early increased feedforward information flow in 0-100 ms, followed by increased recurrent connectivity between LIFG and LpMTG from the 200-500 ms from the verb onset. Altogether the three experiments reveal novel insights into transient cognitive networks recruited incrementally over time both in the absence of and with context, as the speech unfolds, and how the activation of these networks are modulated by contextual syntactic and semantic constraints. Further I provide neural evidence that contextual constraints serve to facilitate speech comprehension, and how the speech networks recover from failed anticipations.
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Demberg-Winterfors, Vera. "Broad-coverage model of prediction in human sentence processing." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4785.
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The aim of this thesis is to design and implement a cognitively plausible theory of sentence processing which incorporates a mechanism for modeling a prediction and verification process in human language understanding, and to evaluate the validity of this model on specific psycholinguistic phenomena as well as on broad-coverage, naturally occurring text. Modeling prediction is a timely and relevant contribution to the field because recent experimental evidence suggests that humans predict upcoming structure or lexemes during sentence processing. However, none of the current sentence processing theories capture prediction explicitly. This thesis proposes a novel model of incremental sentence processing that offers an explicit prediction and verification mechanism. In evaluating the proposed model, this thesis also makes a methodological contribution. The design and evaluation of current sentence processing theories are usually based exclusively on experimental results from individual psycholinguistic experiments on specific linguistic structures. However, a theory of language processing in humans should not only work in an experimentally designed environment, but should also have explanatory power for naturally occurring language. This thesis first shows that the Dundee corpus, an eye-tracking corpus of newspaper text, constitutes a valuable additional resource for testing sentence processing theories. I demonstrate that a benchmark processing effect (the subject/object relative clause asymmetry) can be detected in this data set (Chapter 4). I then evaluate two existing theories of sentence processing, Surprisal and Dependency Locality Theory (DLT), on the full Dundee corpus. This constitutes the first broad-coverage comparison of sentence processing theories on naturalistic text. I find that both theories can explain some of the variance in the eye-movement data, and that they capture different aspects of sentence processing (Chapter 5). In Chapter 6, I propose a new theory of sentence processing, which explicitly models prediction and verification processes, and aims to unify the complementary aspects of Surprisal and DLT. The proposed theory implements key cognitive concepts such as incrementality, full connectedness, and memory decay. The underlying grammar formalism is a strictly incremental version of Tree-adjoining Grammar (TAG), Psycholinguistically motivated TAG (PLTAG), which is introduced in Chapter 7. I then describe how the Penn Treebank can be converted into PLTAG format and define an incremental, fully connected broad-coverage parsing algorithm with associated probability model for PLTAG. Evaluation of the PLTAG model shows that it achieves the broad coverage required for testing a psycholinguistic theory on naturalistic data. On the standardized Penn Treebank test set, it approaches the performance of incremental TAG parsers without prediction (Chapter 8). Chapter 9 evaluates the psycholinguistic aspects of the proposed theory by testing it both on a on a selection of established sentence processing phenomena and on the Dundee eye-tracking corpus. The proposed theory can account for a larger range of psycholinguistic case studies than previous theories, and is a significant positive predictor of reading times on broad-coverage text. I show that it can explain a larger proportion of the variance in reading times than either DLT integration cost or Surprisal.
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López, Vallverdú Joan Albert. "Knowledge-based incremental induction of clinical algorithms." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97210.
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The current approaches for the induction of medical procedural knowledge suffer from several drawbacks: the structures produced may not be explicit medical structures, they are only based on statistical measures that do not necessarily respect medical criteria which can be essential to guarantee medical correct structures, or they are not prepared to deal with the incremental arrival of new data.
In this thesis we propose a methodology to automatically induce medically correct clinical algorithms (CAs) from hospital databases. These CAs are represented according to the SDA knowledge model. The methodology considers relevant background knowledge and it is able to work in an incremental way.
The methodology has been tested in the domains of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and the comborbidity of both diseases. As a result, we propose a repository of background knowledge for these pathologies and provide the SDA diagrams obtained. Later analyses show that the results are medically correct and comprehensible when validated with health care professionals.
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Frassinelli, Diego. "The effect of context on the activation and processing of word meaning over time." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10508.
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The aim of this thesis is to study the effect that linguistic context exerts on the activation and processing of word meaning over time. Previous studies have demonstrated that a biasing context makes it possible to predict upcoming words. The context causes the pre-activation of expected words and facilitates their processing when they are encountered. The interaction of context and word meaning can be described in terms of feature overlap: as the context unfolds, the semantic features of the processed words are activated and words that match those features are pre-activated and thus processed more quickly when encountered. The aim of the experiments in this thesis is to test a key prediction of this account, viz., that the facilitation effect is additive and occurs together with the unfolding context. Our first contribution is to analyse the effect of an increasing amount of biasing context on the pre-activation of the meaning of a critical word. In a self-paced reading study, we investigate the amount of biasing information required to boost word processing: at least two biasing words are required to significantly reduce the time to read the critical word. In a complementary visual world experiment we study the effect of context as it unfolds over time. We identify a ceiling effect after the first biasing word: when the expected word has been pre-activated, an increasing amount of context does not produce any additional significant facilitation effect. Our second contribution is to model the activation effect observed in the previous experiments using a bag-of-words distributional semantic model. The similarity scores generated by the model significantly correlate with the association scores produced by humans. When we use point-wise multiplication to combine contextual word vectors, the model provides a computational implementation of feature overlap theory, successfully predicting reading times. Our third contribution is to analyse the effect of context on semantically similar words. In another visual world experiment, we show that words that are semantically similar generate similar eye-movements towards a related object depicted on the screen. A coherent context pre-activates the critical word and therefore increases the expectations towards it. This experiment also tested the cognitive validity of a distributional model of semantics by using this model to generate the critical words for the experimental materials used.
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POUIT, FRANCOIS. "Etude de schemas numeriques multiniveaux utilisant les inconnues incrementales, dans le cadre des differences finies : application a la mecanique des fluides." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA112311.
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Les inconnues incrementales ont ete introduites dans le but d'approcher les varietes inertielles dans le cas des differences finies. Ce concept a conduit a l'introduction de nouveaux schemas traitant differemment la composante de grande echelle y et celle de petite echelle z, donnant une amelioration du conditionnement pour les problemes elliptiques, et une meilleure condition de stabilite pour les problemes evolutifs. Dans la premiere partie de ce travail, nous presentons une methode, permettant d'etudier des schemas explicites en y et implicites en z et vice versa pour l'operateur de la chaleur en dimension un et deux. A cette fin, nous introduisons une base provenant des vecteurs propres du laplacien, dans laquelle l'etude de la matrice d'amplification est facile a realiser. Dans le cas de la dimension un avec deux grilles, nous pouvons determiner la condition necessaire et suffisante de stabilite, qui se trouve etre moins contraignante que celle du schema d'euler explicite, et donner une estimation precise de l'erreur, qui a condition que la constante de viscosite soit suffisament petite est de l'ordre du schema initial. Nous etendons ces resultats sur plusieurs grilles, et sur deux niveaux en dimension deux, par une etude numerique qui nous permet de trouver une condition necessaire de stabilite et d'effectuer des estimations d'erreur. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous etudions dans le cadre de l'equation de burgers en dimension deux, la methode de galerkin non lineaire etudiee dans le cadre de elements finis sur des schemas d'ordre un en temps, qui consiste a figer la composante z pendant des laps de temps estimes tout au long de la simulation. Par un controle de l'erreur approprie, et l'introduction d'un schema en temps en z, nous retrouvons la precision de la grille fine, tout en gelant la composante z durant soixante pour cent du temps ecoule. Enfin nous etudions la possibilite d'etendre ce type de methode a des schemas d'ordre deux en temps.
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Soares, Eduardo Correa. "Dativos e objetos diretos : afetação e incrementalidade." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/71938.
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Este trabalho estuda a caracterizacao semântica dos argumentos dativos. Entendemos como “dativos” NPs que sao o primeiro objeto de construcões de duplo objeto (como, p. ex., John gave Mary a book “Joao deu um livro para Maria”), certos cliticos pronominais (como, p. ex., Maria me deu o livro) e NPs com marcacao morfologica de caso (como, p. ex., Hann gaf mér bókina “Ele me deu o livro”). Essencialmente, propõe-se, neste trabalho, que dativos sejam argumentos que estao envolvidos em eventos em que sao afetados. Iniciamos esse estudo a partir das caracterizacões tradicionais de argumentos dativos, de acordo com as quais essa seria uma funcao sintatica talhada para expressar o “possuidor” em um evento que envolve mudanca (potencial) de posse. Examinamos, com detalhe, as propostas feitas para dar conta da alternância dativa do inglês – principalmente, a conhecida restricao o “possuidor prospectivo” – e como essas propostas poderiam ser estendidas para cobrir os dados do português brasileiro. Essa proposta implica que, se o dativo é possuidor, o objeto direto deve ser o argumento possuido, descrevendo assim a relacao entre esses dois argumentos e os caracterizando. Levantamos, em seguida, algumas dificuldades para essas abordagens, mostrando, entre outros problemas, que muitos verbos que tomam argumentos dativos nao envolvem “posse”. Tendo mostrado que a abordagem baseada em posse falha em predizer quais verbos tomam dativos, buscamos uma caracterizacao semântica alternativa desses argumentos, procurando estabelecer uma comparacao dessa posicao sintatica com os objetos diretos. Apresentamos uma hipotese pouco explorada para o inglês, mas que parece ter respaldo translinguistico, de que dativos expressariam argumentos afetados. Essa proposta é criticada por alguns autores, pois “afetacao” parece ser um conceito difuso. Por isso, muitas vezes se diz que esta nao é uma nocao que possa ser empregada para cobrir classes coerentes de fenômenos, sendo substituida por outros conceitos, vistos como mais relevantes. Tomamos um caminho diferente desses trabalhos: a partir de uma semântica baseada na teoria de “reticulados”, buscamos articular o conceito de “afetacao” com outros geralmente empregados no estudo da semântica lexical dos verbos por meio de uma hierarquia implicacional. Assim, propomos que afetacao, mudanca, movimento, incrementalidade, “entrada” e “saida” de existência, afetacao psicologica, benefaccao e malefaccao sejam conceitos inter-relacionados, que estao em jogo na realizacao de argumentos. À luz dessa teoria, baseada na hierarquia implicacional que estabelece “graus” de afetacao, capturamos as observacões tradicionais sobre os dativos do inglês e as nossas observacões anteriormente levantadas sobre os dados do português brasileiro, bem como os dados que nao tinham uma explicacao natural em abordagens prévias. Nossa proposta, ainda, faz predicões a respeito da distribuicao de NPs com dativo marcado morfologicamente.This work aims to discuss the semantic characterization of dative arguments. We take “dative” to be NPs that are the first direct object in double object contructions (e.g., John gave Mary a book), some clitic pronouns (for example, Maria me deu o livro “Maria gave me the book”) and morphologically case-marked NPs (for instance, Hann gaf mér bókina “He gave me the book”). Mainly, we propose datives are arguments that are involved in events in which they are affected. We start this study from the classical accounts of dative arguments, according to which this syntactic function is suitable to express the possessor in an event of “(potential) change of possession”. We examine in detail the proposal regarding English dative alternation – mainly the so-called “prospective possessor” constraint – and how it could be extended to account for data from Brazilian Portuguese. This proposal implicates that, if the dative is the “possessor”, the direct object must be the possessed argument, describing, thus, the relationship between these two arguments and characterizing them. We point out some difficulties for these approaches, showing among other problems that some verbs that can take a dative do not involve change of possession. After showing that the possession-based approach fails to correctly predict the verbs which take dative arguments, we attempt to find an alternative semantic characterization of datives, establishing a comparison between this syntactic function and direct objects. We present an underexplored hypothesis for English, which seems to be supported by cross linguistic data, according to which datives express affected arguments. This proposal is criticized by some authors since “affectedness” seems to be a diffuse notion, which would not be useful to account for coherent classes of phenomena. Therefore, “affectedness” is usually replaced by other notions considered more relevant to argument realization. We take a different way from these works: based on a “lattice” theory, we attempt to articulate the concept of “affectedness” with other notions generally used by lexical semantic researches by means of an implicational hierarchy. As a result, we propose that “affectedness”, change, motion, incrementallity, “coming” and “letting” to exist, psych “affectedness”, benefaction and malefaction are interrelated concepts, which are involved in argument realization patterns. In the light of this theory, based on an implicacional hierarchy of “degrees” of affectedness, we account for the standard observations about English double object construction and our previous observations about data from Brazilian Portuguese. Moreover, our proposal makes additional predictions regarding the distribution of morphologically casemarked datives.
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Poullet, Pascal. "I) simulation de la turbulence par la methode des grandes echelles ii) resolution d'equations de la mecanique des fluides par la methode des inconnues incrementales." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112029.
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Dans ce travail, nous explorons deux domaines: la conception de nouvelles methodes de simulation d'ecoulements de fluides visqueux incompressibles et l'etude de la methode de simulation des grandes echelles (l. E. S. ) pour un ecoulement compressible en etat de turbulence homogene isotrope. Pour notre etude de la l. E. S. , nous filtrons le champ total des equations de navier-stokes 3d et modelisons l'action de la composante residuelle sur la composante resolue de plusieurs facons. De plus, a partir du concept de l'equation modifiee, une etude theorique sur notre schema numerique nous permet d'eclairer l'influence certaine de la discretisation sur les modeles de fermeture. Dans un contexte de developpement des methodes de galerkin non lineaire, les inconnues incrementales (i. U. ) ont ete introduites afin de hierarchiser les inconnues en differences finies. Dans un premier temps, nous verifions l'aspect de preconditionneur efficace des i. U. Sur differents problemes modeles elliptiques (dirichlet 2d et 3d, neuman 2d). Ensuite, apres avoir resolu theoriquement une equation non-lineaire stationnaire de type navier-stokes, nous developpons plusieurs methodes implicites de resolution et prouvons l'efficacite des i. U. Dans de nombreux cas. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous resolvons numeriquement les problemes de stokes et navier-stokes incompressibles 2d par un algorithme couplant une projection orthogonale et la methode m. A. C. Nous validons notre methode pour la cavite entrainee pour un nombre de reynolds de 5000. Finalement, nous abordons le developpement d'une nouvelle methode multi-niveaux adaptative par la creation d'une nouvelle hierarchisation d'un maillage m. A. C. , l'introduction d'estimateurs de dynamique globale de l'ecoulement. Ainsi, nous proposons de nouveaux schemas nous semblant adaptes a la dynamique des ecoulements de fluides incompressibles a grand nombre de reynolds
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Pröglhöf, Patrícia de Oliveira Nogueira. "Violência nas escolas e políticas públicas: um estudo sobre a formulação do Sistema de Proteção Escolar e Cidadania." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13582.
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Being several the understandings about what school violence means and, therefore, the possibilities of intervention by the public services, how are formulated the policies that deal with this phenomenon? Guided by this question, the present research is based on a large literature review and on a case study about the formulation process of the School Protection System, created in 2009 by the Government of the State of São Paulo. The results point that a reactive public policy model marks the setting of this policy and that its designing presents typical elements of an incremental public policy model. Although the initiative is capable of advancing and introducing some innovations on the way that public policies deal with the theme, the characteristics imprinted by its formulation process restrain the possibility that the policy contributes to more consistent changes in the reality of school violence.
Sendo diversos os entendimentos sobre o que significa violência nas escolas e, consequentemente, sobre as possibilidades de intervenção por parte do poder público, como são formuladas as políticas que lidam com esse fenômeno? Pautada por esta pergunta, a presente pesquisa estrutura-se a partir de uma ampla revisão da literatura e de um estudo de caso sobre o processo de formulação do Sistema de Proteção Escolar e Cidadania, criado em 2009 pelo governo do estado de São Paulo. Os resultados apontam que o surgimento da política foi marcado por um modelo reativo de políticas públicas e que o processo de seu desenho apresentou elementos típicos de um modelo de política incremental. Verificou-se que a iniciativa foi capaz de fazer avançarem práticas e de introduzir algumas inovações na forma como as políticas públicas lidam com o tema; no entanto, as características impressas por seu processo de formulação limitam a possibilidade de que a política contribua para a construção de mudanças mais consistentes na realidade da violência nas escolas.
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TACHIM, MEDJO THEODORE. "1) sur les formulations vitesse-vorticite des equations de navier-stokes en dimension deux. 2) implementation des inconnus incrementales oscillantes pour les equations de navier-stokes et de reaction-diffusion." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112211.
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Ce travail se compose de deux parties. La premiere porte sur les equations de navier-stokes en dimension deux et en variables vitesse-vorticite, et la seconde sur la resolution numerique des equations de navier-stokes et de reaction-diffusion par la methode de galerkin non lineaire. Dans la premiere partie, (chapitre un et deux) nous proposons des formulations variationnelles des equations de navier-stokes en variables vitesse-vorticite en dimension deux. Nous montrons l'existence et l'unicite de la solution du probleme variationnel, puis nous montrons que cette formulation est equivalente aux equations de navier-stokes. Dans la deuxieme partie de cette these, nous abordons quelques aspects de l'approximation pour les grands temps des equations aux derivees partielles dissipatives, qui est un probleme tres important dans l'etude des ecoulements des fluides. Pour cela nous utilisons des methodes dites de galerkin non lineaire introduite par m. Marion et r. Temam. Le chapitre trois est consacre a la construction des bases hierarchiques des variables incrementales oscillantes dans le but d'implementer la methode de galerkin non lineaire dans le cadre des differences finies. Ce travail est une generalisation d'une etude initialement faite par m. Chien et r. Temam. Nous utilisons ensuite cette base pour resoudre numeriquement par la methode de galerkin non lineaire les equations de navier-stokes (chapitre quatre) et de reaction-diffusion (chapitre cinq)
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Bothorel, Grégoire. "The influence of brands’ omni-channel strategy on consumer’s behavior." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E031.
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Cette thèse étudie la communication omni-canal et vise à comprendre les effets de l’activation d’un canal de communication supplémentaire auprès d’un client connecté. Trois essais complémentaires étudient respectivement (I) l’impact marginal d’un canal de communication supplémentaire, (II) l’orchestration des canaux de communication dans un parcours client connecté et (III) l’hétérogénéité des réponses d’un portefeuille de clients. Ces essais sont construits sur des designs expérimentaux à grande échelle qui combinent des canaux traditionnels, numériques et mobiles (email, SMS, courrier et bannières en RTB). L’influence d’un canal de communication sur le comportement d’achat du consommateur est mesurée de manière causale grâce à l’incrémentalité. L’incrémentalité permet de mesurer et d’isoler la contribution réelle de chaque canal à la réponse comportementale du consommateur dans son processus décisionnel. Ce travail doctoral montre que l’activation d’un canal supplémentaire génère un incrément significatif de conversions online et offline et permet par ailleurs de comprendre l’origine de cet incrément de conversions. Au-delà d’enrichir la compréhension des modèles de communication à l’ère des canaux numériques, mobiles et programmatiques, cette thèse met en lumière les impacts d’un canal sur les parcours clients et la forte hétérogénéité des réponses comportementales d’un portefeuille de clients. Elle identifie également les sources de synergie entre les canaux et démontre le rôle clé de l’orchestration omni-canal pour tirer profit du potentiel de certains clientsThis thesis studies omni-channel communication and aims at understanding the effects of activating an additional communication channel towards a connected customer. Three complementary essays respectively study (I) the marginal impact of an additional communication channel, (II) the orchestration of communication channels in a connected customer journey and (III) the heterogeneity of responses across a customer portfolio. These essays are based on large-scale field experiments combining traditional, digital and mobile channels (email, SMS, mail and RTB display). The influence of a communication channel on consumer purchasing behavior is measured causally through incrementality. Incrementality makes it possible to measure and isolate the effective contribution of each channel to the consumer's behavioral response in his decision-making process. This doctoral work demonstrates that the activation of an additional channel generates a significant uplift of online and offline conversions and provides an understanding of the source of this uplift of conversions. Beyond deepening the comprehension of communication models in the era of digital, mobile and programmatic channels, this thesis highlights the impacts of a channel on customers' journeys and the strong heterogeneity of the behavioral responses of a customer portfolio. It also identifies the sources of synergy between channels and demonstrates the key role of omni-channel orchestration in leveraging the value potential of specific customers
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Frutos, Lara. "Escalas no Guarani Paraguaio: uma análise do modificador de grau -pa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-29062015-133628/.
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Este trabalho apresenta uma análise semântica dos verbos e adjetivos do Guarani Paraguaio baseada nos pressupostos da Semântica Formal. Mais especificamente, este trabalho se propõe a analisar a interação de verbos e adjetivos com um morfema de grau da língua, a partícula . São analisados neste trabalho adjetivos, verbos e construções causativas com verbos deadjetivais a partir de suas possíveis leituras com o morfema . Demonstra-se aqui que o morfema funciona como um modificador da relação de predicação entre o adjetivo ou o evento e um argumento nominal. Essa relação está dada em termos de uma estrutura de graus, de acordo com a semântica escalar proposta por Kennedy (1999b) e Kennedy & McNally (2005). Essas teorias partem do pressuposto de que adjetivos mapeiam entidades em graus de estruturas abstratas de uma propriedade, as escalas, e por isso adjetivo contém uma variável de grau d em sua entrada lexical. Essa variável é quantificada através de um morfema de grau. Proponho aqui que além do modificador que satura a variável de grau dada no seu léxico, o adjetivo também pode receber um modificador de grau quando houver uma escala de quantidade, dada composicionalmente de acordo com o modelo de Bochnak (2010). Nesse sentido, não atuaria sobre a variável de grau dada pelo léxico do adjetivo, mas sobre uma escala de quantidade construída na sintaxe. Em relação a verbos, modificaria a relação de mapeamento do evento sobre entidades, medido por uma estrutura de graus. Uma das vantagens desta proposta é que isso permitiria que adjetivos fossem modificados simultaneamente por e outros modificadores de grau que atuam sobre a escala de intensidade de adjetivos, o que de fato ocorre na língua. Para sustentar minha hipótese de análise, apresento alguns dados do Guarani Paraguaio em que o morfema co-ocorre com outros intensificadores de grau. Em relação aos verbos deadjetivais, mostrarei que estes não possuem uma leitura atélica como os verbos deadjetivais do Inglês e do Português Brasileiro. Isso serve de evidência para concluir que não modifica a escala de propriedade dada pelo adjetivo formador do verbo, mas que atua no mapeamento do evento na estrutura de graus dada por seu argumento nominal. Em suma, este trabalho mostra que opera sempre sobre escalas de quantidade e nunca sobre a variável de grau do léxico de verbos e adjetivos.This dissertation presents a semantic analysis of verbs and adjectives Paraguayan Guarani based on the assumptions of Formal Semantics. More precisely, this study aims to analyze the interaction of verbs and adjectives with the particle , a degree morpheme of the language studied here. In this dissertation, I analyze adjectives, verbs and causative constructions with deadjectival verbs and the possible readings of the modification of towards these predicates. It is shown here that the morpheme acts as a modifier of the relationship between the adjective or the event and a nominal argument. This relation is described in terms of a degree structure, according to the semantic of scales proposed by Kennedy (1999b) and Kennedy & McNally (2005). This theory is based on the assumption that adjectives map entities onto degrees of abstract structures of properties - the scales and, for this, adjectives have a degree argument in their lexical entry. The degree variable is saturated by a degree morpheme. I propose here that besides the modifier that saturates the degree variable of the lexicon, the adjective can also be modified by another degree modifier that operates on a quantity scale, which is compositionally given, according to Bochnak (2010). In this sense, does not saturate the degree variable given by the lexicon of the adjective or the verb, but it applies to a quantity scale that is built in syntax. Regarding verbs, modifies the mapping of the event onto entities, which is measured by a degree structure. One of the advantages of this account is that it allows that and other degree intensifiers modify adjectives simultaneously. And it actually happens in Guaraní. In order to support my analysis, I present some data of Paraguayan Guaraní that illustrate how combines to other degree modifiers. I also show that deadjectival verbs cannot have an atelic reading similar to Brazilian Portuguese and English deadjectival verbs. This is used as an evidence to point out that does not modify the property scale of the verb introduced by the adjective, but it only acts on the mapping of the event onto the degree structure of its nominal argument. In conclusion, this work shows that always operates on quantity scales and never on the degree variable of the lexicon of verbs and adjectives.
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Sidorov, Kirill. "Structure aspectuelle et prédication secondaire (résultative et dépictive)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA177/document.
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Ce travail aura pour but d’explorer l’interface sémantique-syntaxe des « constructions » avec les prédicats secondaires, résultatifs et dépictifs. Une attention particulière sera donnée au problème du choix des sujets (ou des hôtes) de prédication pour ces deux types de prédicats, ainsi qu’à la classe aspectuelle lexicale du verbe à la base de la construction.Dans la première partie, nous introduisons divers patterns de la construction résultative et expliquons le principe de base qui régit la syntaxe de ces constructions, à savoir la Restriction sur l’objet direct. D’abord nous réviserons la sémantique des adjectifs gradables, étant donné que les propriétés de l’échelle d’une propriété introduite par l’adjectif définissent la structure événemen-tielle/aspectuelle des constructions résultatives, notamment la distinction entre les constructions résultatives à contrôle et à marquage exceptionnel casuel. Après avoir écarté un nombre de prétendus contre-exemples à la Restriction DOR, nous réaffirmerons sa validité, notamment en tant que diagnostic de l’inaccusativité en anglais. Après avoir étudier le problème des objets non-sélectionnés, nous verrons pourquoi le russe n’a pas ce type de construction, et, conjointement, pourquoi il ne doit pas être classifié comme une langue satellite-framed, étant donné que le paramètre qui autorise les constructions résultatives dans une langue est également responsable pour la classification des langues en satellite-framed ou verb-framed.La deuxième partie sera consacré aux prédicats dépictifs, notamment aux contraintes qui pèsent sur le choix du contrôleur pour ce type de prédication secondaire, ainsi qu’aux propriétés des adjectifs dépictifs en comparaison avec d’autres types d’adjoints participant-oriented. Nous étudions la distribution des adjectifs formes longues et formes courtes en russe, conditionnée par les propriétés d’accord qui les distinguent et esquissons un processus historique à l’origine de leur distribution dans la langue d’aujourd’huiThe aim of this dissertation is to explore the syntactic-semantic interface of ‘constructions’ which contain secondary predicates – either depictive or resultative. The main problems will be to deal (i) with the selection of the subjects (or hosts) of these types of predicates and (ii) with the aspectual class of the verbs used in these sentences.In the first part, the various patterns implied in resultative clauses will be examined, leading to the conclusion that the basic principle that governs the syntax of these clauses can be identified with the ‘Restriction on direct objects’ – or RDO. First, the semantics of gradable adjectives will be revisited, taking into account the scalarity properties these adjectives contain, which determine the eventive/ aspectual structures of resultative sentences and the distinction between Control structures and Exceptional Case Marking sentences. After invalidating many would-be counter-examples to the RDO, its validity will be reasserted, notably as a diagnostic of unaccusativity in English. Next, after analysing the problem of unselected object arguments, the reason will be shown why Russian does not possess this type of structure, and why it cannot be characterised as a ‘satellite-framed’ language either – given that the parameter which allows specific resultative structures in any language also determines its classification as satellite-framed or verb-framed.The second part of the dissertation is devoted to depictive predicates – in particular (i) to the constraints that determine the choice of the Controller in this type of secondary predication, and (ii) to the relevant properties of depictive adjectives in contra-distinction to other types of adjuncts, often identified as ‘participant-oriented’. Finally, the distribution of those Russian adjectives which possess long and short forms, which is conditioned by specific agreement or concord properties, is examined, leading to a tentative reconstruction of a diachronic process which has led to their distribution in today's Russian
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Kuo, Liang-wen, and 郭亮彣. "Policy Incrementalism or Policy Punctuations：Evidence on Functions and Subfunctions Budget Outlay Data of Taiwan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82879294992871033525.
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碩士逢甲大學
財稅所
95
Jones et al.（1995, 1997, 1998）extended punctuated equilibrium theory（hereafter PET） to US national budgeting, thus opening a series of " policy incrementalism " or " policy punctuations ". This study expands the discussion of PET to the budgetary output panel data of Taiwan for 21 budget sub-functions for the period 1968-2005 . Following Jone and Margetts（2003）, we to see whether the distribution is normally distributed as predicted by incrementalism model, or leptokurtic as hypothesized by punctuated equilibrium model, use the Kolmogorov-Smirov test（K-S test）and the Shapiro-Wilk test（S-W test）. First, the newly developed Panel SURADF unit root test advanced by Breuer et al.（2001）is used to investigate the time-series properties of real budgets. A multivariate Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedastic（ARCH）model/Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedastic（GARCH）modelis then employed to examines whether Taiwan’s function and sub-function budgetary expenditures have the characteristics espoused by PET or just follow the rules of incrementalism. The empirical result shows that twenty-one expenditures are all nonstationary, seven of which are autocorrelated. In the short term, it also shows that seven expenditures cohere with incrementalism and AR model fits data much better than AR/GARCH model . In addition, although eleven expenditures have the effect of ARCH in the beginning, the model turns out not be autocorrelated through GARCH model adjustment, which is white noise. In the long term, Taiwan''s functions budget is characterized by AR of incrementalism and budgeting of incrementalism.
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Buchan, Robert Bruce. "Transformative incrementalism: a grounded theory for planning for transformative change in local food systems." Thesis, 2017. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/8989.
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Local Food Systems (LFS) is a relatively new concept in geographical and planning research. Academic, professional, and public interest in LFS is in part a reaction against the social, environmental, and economic effects of a dominant Production Agriculture paradigm (Lyson, 2004), and growing concern with the potential impacts of climate change on the food supply (Ostry, Miewald, and Beveridge, 2011). While there is a growing public and policy interest in making transformative change in LFS, there is a lack of theoretical work that addresses how change processes in food systems occur.
In this study, a classic Glaserian grounded theory research project investigated the subject area of local food system planning. The primary research goal was the development of a theory grounded in the experience of practitioners, elected officials, and members of the public. The emergent theory, called Transformative Incrementalism (TI) describes the social process underlying planning initiatives focused on achieving significant (transformative) change in local food systems.
The data for this research project are drawn from interviews with 29 elected officials, public stakeholders, and planning staff in five communities with local food system initiatives. In addition, 10 member checking interviews were also conducted. The core category identified in the emergent TI theory was Power, with Values, Praxis, and Outcomes being other main themes. From this research, Power could be defined as the ability, through authoritative and non-authoritative influence, to have an effect on a person, process, action, or outcome. Values act as sources of power to the extent that they motivate and drive the actions of individuals and groups. Praxis includes activities designed to create, use, and maintain power, such as building relationships with other people that will give ongoing support for food planning initiatives. Outcomes include broader system and social changes resulting from local food system planning processes and activities.
The main findings from this dissertation underscore the fact that the role of power has been largely ignored in the planning literature (Friedman, 2011; Flyvbjerg, 2012; Assche, Duineveld, and Buenen, 2014). Power is the main driver of change; therefore, a lack of understanding about what power is and how it operates would seem to compromise the ability of planning efforts to be effective. This research identifies and illustrates the interrelationship between the political, public, and bureaucratic spheres of actors, and examines how values, praxis, and outcomes are pivotal to transformative change in food planning initiatives. Transformative change is achieved through a long process of incremental efforts (programs, policies, and actions) by actors within the public, political, and bureaucratic groups whose values and beliefs converge and align over time. The incremental efforts are intended to support a transformative change goal.Graduate
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Yeo, David P. "School division/district amalgamation in Manitoba: a case study of a public policy decision." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/3030.
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On November 8, 2001, the Government of Manitoba announced that the number of school divisions and districts in the province would be reduced from 54 to 37. With that policy announcement, Manitoba embarked upon the most significant restructuring of school board governance arrangements since the late 1950s.
The purpose of the research was to examine the school division amalgamation initiative as a case study in policy-making by the Government of Manitoba. The study investigated the nature of this initiative, including its origin, development, eventual conclusion and implementation. The fundamental question addressed by the study was this: Why was school division amalgamation an idea whose time had come in Manitoba? Discussion of amalgamation had been active within the Progressive Conservative administration of Gary Filmon since the early 1990s, but despite the recommendation in 1995 of a provincially established Boundaries Review Commission to move forward with government directed amalgamation, the idea languished until a newly-elected provincial government under Gary Doer, leader of the New Democratic Party, assumed power in 1999.
The theoretical framework used in addressing the question posed relied primarily upon the work of John Kingdon (Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies) who contends that there must be a timely convergence of three key aspects of policy formation: problems, solutions and politics. Therefore, the study examined the key role of elected officials in promoting certain policy ideas and their impact on the decisions of government at specific times. It also compared and contrasted the differing policy approaches taken by the Filmon and Doer regimes on this question, and assesses the opportunities and constraints which explain the differences found.
The study relied on extant public documents and other primary sources, and especially the expressed view or position of certain elected officials and supporting staff gained through one-on-one in-depth interviews. The focus of the analysis was an attempt to assess the interplay of problem, solution, and politics, and whether or not it reveals what Kingdon has called a “window of opportunity” for decisive action by government.
The study showed that, indeed, the window of opportunity for amalgamation occurred with the convergence of three forces by 2001: pervasive indicators of a problem; promotion of amalgamation as a policy solution previously tried in Manitoba and elsewhere; and the election of a new government in 1999 which was receptive to pursuing some degree of change with respect to school division governance and organization.May 2008
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Geiger, Matthew. "Incrementalism: Re/inserting into the homogenous, block by block development of Houston's 4th Ward, or, How to put out a gentri-fire." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/20553.
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The current state of the 4th ward is one of atrophy and gentrification. The existing housing stock, as well as existing demographic and community structures are being replaced block by block with a drastically different, homogeneous housing type and demographic. Considering its place in the city, this new housing stock is very understanding of the density necessary for the future of this area, but has no reference to the existing housing types or demographic. The desire to maintain and rebuild what is left of the 4th ward, and its community, is faced with the necessity of densification and diversification. And to do this, we have to resist the urge to replicate the aesthetic icons of the past, such as the shotgun house. Through analysis, we see that the housing types of the 4th ward, rather than being defined by stylistic choices, are actually defined by their form in relation to use and proximity, and on a larger scale, by their varied, incremental patterns of development. It is these quantitative aspects of the 4th ward, at the scale of the city lot & the urban block, that can be preserved and incorporated into the inevitable densification of the area.
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Counihan, Christopher H. "An Incremental Intervention In Jakarta: An Empowering Infrastructural Approach For Upgrading Informal Settlements." 2017. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/500.
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Incrementalism is a growing movement within multiple design disciplines that approaches design with sustainable, social, and resilient aims structured around participatory, infrastructural, and phased approaches to design. Carefully considered structural and independent infrastructural frameworks allow infill and accretion according to the demands and needs of individuals and communities. This paper outlines the theories, case studies, and conditions driving incrementalism. My research has informed my project proposal for an incremental upgrade of a slum located in Jakarta using a phased, soft infrastructural, resident facilitated upgrade and development strategy creating new housing units, productive landscapes, and urban form. Incremental development will foster the social aims of my project, while affordably, equitably, and efficiently upgrading the standards of living for slum dwellers within the Waduk Pluit community.
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Depelteau-Paquette, Marie. "Le pouvoir du premier ministre dans la nomination du haut personnel de l’État au Canada : vers un processus plus transparent et moins discrétionnaire, comme en Grande-Bretagne ?" Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7119.
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Ce mémoire vise à évaluer les réformes consistant à encadrer le pouvoir de nomination que confère la prérogative royale au premier ministre. Notre étude s’inspire largement de l’institutionnalisme historique en science politique et des analyses en termes de « path dependency ». Selon cette approche, lorsque les décideurs amorcent une trajectoire de politique publique, leurs décisions subséquentes auront tendance à suivre la même direction. À partir des documents gouvernementaux et des transcriptions de comités parlementaires, ainsi que de l’exemple de la Grande-Bretagne, ce travail cherche à évaluer si les réformes visant à contraindre le pouvoir de nomination du premier ministre canadien ont suivi une trajectoire « path dependent ». Nos conclusions nous amènent plutôt à constater qu’en ce qui concerne les nominations, le Canada est plus monarchique que la Grande-Bretagne. Pour le Canada, l’impression générale qui se dégage à la fin de ce mémoire n’en est pas une de « path dependence » mais plutôt d’incrémentalisme disjoint.This paper aims to assess the reforms that regulate the appointment power conferred by the Royal Prerogative to the Prime minister. Our study is largely based on historical institutionalism in political science and analysis in terms of “path dependency”. This theory argues that once policymakers begin a course of public policy, their subsequent decisions will follow the same direction. Based on governmental documents, transcripts of parliamentary committees and the example of Great Britain, this work seeks to assess whether the reforms to constrain the appointment power of the Prime Minister of Canada validates the “path dependence” approach. Our findings leads us rather to see that with regard to appointments, Canada is more monarchical than Great Britain. Our general conclusion is that the Canadian approach is not “path dependent” but can be better described as “disjointed incrementalism”.
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Pouliot, David. "Analyse de la propriété d'incrémentalité dans le modèle de calcul du programme de branchement." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7236.
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García-Chamizo, Juan Manuel. "Semicoberturas heterogéneas de regiones bidimensionales morfológicamente no restringidas: modelado conexionista aplicado." Doctoral thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/4155.
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