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Hope, Sydney Frances. "Consequences of avian parental incubation behavior for within-clutch variance in incubation temperature and offspring behavioral phenotypes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104144.
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Parents can have large effects on their offspring by influencing the early developmental environment. In birds, a major way that parents can influence the early developmental environment is through egg incubation. Not only is incubation necessary for hatching success, but small changes of <1C in average incubation temperature have large effects on post-hatch offspring morphology and physiology. However, incubation is energetically costly and time-consuming for parents, and thus parents must allocate resources between incubation and self-maintenance. This can lead to differences in parental incubation behavior and egg temperatures among and within populations. Understanding which factors influence incubation, and the subsequent effects for offspring, is crucial for understanding parental effects, non-genetic drivers of phenotypic variation, and how environmental changes affect avian populations. I used wood ducks (Aix sponsa) as a study species to investigate how factors (disturbance, clutch size, ambient temperature) that influence parental demands may affect parental incubation behavior, physiology, and egg temperatures, and subsequently how egg temperatures affect offspring behavior and physiology. In a field experiment, I found that nest disturbance (i.e., capture) reduced both parent prolactin concentrations and the amount of time that parents spent incubating (Chapter 1). Further, ambient temperature was positively and clutch size negatively related to egg temperatures. Notably, in large clutches, differences in average incubation temperature among eggs within nests were large enough (i.e., >1C) to lead to different offspring phenotypes within broods (Chapter 2). Then, in a series of experiments in which I controlled incubation temperature, I provided evidence that lower average incubation temperatures lead to a reduced ability of ducklings to exit the nest cavity (Chapter 3), a more proactive behavioral phenotype (Chapter 4), a smaller body size, and a reduced efficiency in food consumption (Chapter 5), compared to those incubated at higher temperatures. Together, my dissertation illustrates how disturbances, clutch size, and ambient temperature can influence an important aspect of avian parental care, which has wide-ranging effects on offspring traits and fitness. This has broad implications for understanding the evolution of clutch size, development of behavior, and the effects of anthropogenic changes on wildlife.Doctor of Philosophy
Animal parents can have large effects on the development of their offspring. In birds, an important way that parents affect their offspring is through incubation, where parents physically warm their eggs to stimulate embryo development. Eggs must be incubated in order to hatch, but recent research has shown that small changes (<1C/2F) in average incubation temperature have major consequences for the quality (e.g., size, ability to thermoregulate) of offspring after they hatch. However, parents must balance how they spend their time and energy between incubation and other important activities (e.g., eating, avoiding predators), and thus incubation behavior and temperature can vary among birds. Understanding which factors affect incubation, and the consequences of altered incubation temperatures for the offspring, will help us to better understand how animals care for their offspring and how environmental changes may influence offspring development. I investigated how human disturbance, environmental temperature, and the number of eggs in the nest influenced parental incubation behavior and egg temperatures, and subsequently how egg temperatures affected offspring behaviors. By studying wood ducks (Aix sponsa) in the wild, I found that parents spent less time incubating after a human disturbance (i.e., capture) than before (Chapter 1), egg temperatures increased as environmental temperatures increased, and egg temperatures decreased as the number of eggs in the nest increased (Chapter 2). Further, in nests with many eggs (>12), some eggs experienced much lower average incubation temperatures (>1C/2F difference) than others in the same nest (Chapter 2). Then, by studying wood duck ducklings in an aviary, I found that ducklings incubated at lower temperatures were less successful at exiting a nest (Chapter 3), exhibited bolder and more exploratory behaviors (Chapter 4), were smaller, and consumed less food (Chapter 5), than those incubated at a higher temperature. Together, my dissertation shows that the number of eggs in a nest, environmental temperatures, and human disturbances can influence parental behaviors, which then affect offspring. This has broad implications for understanding why birds lay the number of eggs that they do, how animal behaviors develop, and how environmental changes (including those caused by humans) can affect wildlife.
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Dames, Ricardo Shane. "Best practices to create an enabling environment for SME incubation in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015031.
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The humble beginnings of business incubators date back to the 1970s in the USA and United Kingdom, where abandoned industrial buildings were converted to rent out to small businesses. South Africa (SA) was first introduced to business incubation in the 1980s when the Small Business Development Corporation (SBDC) established a number of business ‘hives’ and provided business space to entrepreneurs to operate their businesses. In their most basic form, business incubators provide a safe and nurturing environment for entrepreneurs to establish their small businesses. While in incubation, the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are supported with a number of services which assist their growth and development until they are able to exit the incubator as sustainable and viable businesses. Global incubator models have matured significantly, and now include assisting with business idea generation, accelerating business start-ups and commercialisation processes, and identifying high-growth orientated SMEs to assist them with gaining market access. The establishment of business incubators was a government-driven initiative, and more than 33 SME incubators exist in SA. Most of the incubators are government-funded, and have focused on the establishment and growth of SMEs to act as a catalyst to promote economic development and alleviate socio-economic challenges such as unemployment and poverty. Despite these noble objectives, incubation in SA has not been fully utilised, and a high SME failure rate still prevails in the country. One of the reasons for SME failure may be ascribed to the lack of an enabling SME incubation environment in SA. When compared to other developing countries such as Brazil with as many as 400 incubators, it is clear that the SA incubation industry still needs further development. The purpose of this study therefore was to ascertain the best practices of global business incubators in both developed and developing countries, and how SA incubators could learn from these best practices to create a more conducive and enabling SME incubation environment. Background literature on business incubation with a specific focus on best practices in world incubators in both developed and developing countries, was reviewed. Some of the literature reviewed included Aernoudt (2004), Buys and Mbewana (2007) and Chandra (2009). From the literature review, four main best practice areas were identified, namely strategic focus, sources of funding, incubator services, and the role of government. The study followed a qualitative approach, and an interview schedule was developed to seek the perceptions of incubator managers on how the four identified best practices can be utilised to create an enabling SA incubation environment. A survey was conducted by interviewing 14 incubator managers (twelve government and two private) in SA. Data was collected over a six-month period, using face-to-face and telephonic interviews. Data was analysed using the content analysis, constant comparison, grounded theory and case study methods. The biographical profiles of the incubator managers and incubators were presented in case studies. An initial analysis was made to identify themes and sub themes within the four best practices explored, using the constant comparison method. Thereafter a provincial comparative analysis was made, as well as a comparison of government funded versus privately funded incubators. The findings suggested that there is a relatively high turnover in incubator management, and that they often do not have incubator management experience. A provincial comparison of SA incubators revealed that their strategic focuses are greatly influenced by the industry prevailing in the various provinces. All SA incubators provide pre- and post incubation services, but few are utilising virtual incubation. Most SA incubators are government-funded, and some use a hybrid funding model. It was evident that most SA incubators are aware of government policies and programmes available to assist them on local, provincial and national levels. A comparison of the best practices of two developing countries and three developed countries, as well as suggestions made by SA incubator managers indicated that SA has indeed followed best practices from both developing and developed countries, but there are areas of non-alignment which provide scope for improvement, to create a more conducive and enabling incubation environment. This study recommends that incubators should have an entrepreneurial focus, and reposition and align their strategic focus with government policies and instruments. SA incubators must pursue opportunities for virtual incubation as well as linkages with academic institutions, in order to offer value-added services such as research, development and commercialisation of the product ideas. Incubators in SA must pursue a hybrid funding model with a combination of government and private funding, and generate some or their own income. With regard to the role of government, it is recommended that the roll-out of more industry-specific incubators be privatised, and that an overseeing body for incubation be established.
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MacDonald, Elizabeth Catherine. "Songbird incubation dilemmas in the alpine: managing parent-offspring trade-offs in a variable thermal environment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42438.
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Small-bodied bird species exhibiting single-sex incubation must expend energy to create a buffered thermal environment for their eggs, while also meeting their own energetic requirements. The resultant trade-off between incubation and foraging is intensified in cold environments like the alpine, where energetic constraints are high. Ambient temperature influences incubation behaviour, with variable relationships across species, habitats and populations. I examined incubation rhythms of an alpine population of Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) in British Columbia across four years with different thermal regimes (2005 = moderate, 2006 = warm, 2010 = cold overnight, 2011 = cold during day) to determine whether incubating larks exhibited variable relationships between attentivity and temperature under different thermal conditions and how this related to management of the parent-offspring trade-off.
Early in the morning, females had to leave their nest to forage to reduce their energy deficit following 7 h of night incubation in near freezing conditions. Since temperatures at this time were still < 5˚C, embryos were at a high risk of potentially lethal chilling when females left the nest. From 06:00 to 08:00, incubating larks reduced attentiveness to 75% from 94% overnight. However, during this time period, females in 2010 spent more time off the nest as temperatures warmed than in other years. Throughout the study, adults took occasional “extended recesses” (incubation breaks lasting ≥ 59 min). These recesses were longer and more frequent in cold years, particularly 2011, and appeared to be largely related to harsh weather events. There are potential fitness consequences associated with these extended recesses, as egg hatching rate dropped to 81% in 2011 from 94% in the other years, and the incubation period was lengthened in two nests that engaged in multiple extended recesses.
Overall, this work demonstrated that incubating larks favour themselves when coping with difficult thermal conditions. Lark embryos appeared more tolerant to long periods of considerable cooling than previously thought, although, the reduced hatching rate in one cold year suggested there may be a limit to their cold tolerance.
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Porter, Pamela E. "Comparison between the subsurface environment of brown trout (Salmo trutta) redd and nonredd sites in two North Carolina streams." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101252.
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The gravel environment of 30 brown trout (Salmo trutta) redds and adjacent nonredd sites in two western North Carolina streams were studied during the incubation period in 1979-1980 and 1980-1981. Intragravel water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and percent oxygen saturation were highly correlated with surface water measurements, indicating that intragravel water is of surface origin. Permeability ranged from 250 to 149,350 cm/hr and averaged 6,150 cm/hr. Apparent velocity varied from 0 to 1,000 cm/hr and averaged 30 cm/hr. Permeability in redds was significantly greater than at nonredd sites. No significant differences in apparent velocity were found between redd and nonredd sites. No consistent differences in permeability or apparent velocity were found between streams or over time. Permeability and apparent velocity decreased significantly with depth.
Freeze cores were collected from redd and nonredd sites and divided into three 10-cm layers for analysis. Geometric mean diameter, sorting coefficient, fredle index, percent fines <2.00 mm, and percent porosity were highly variable and averaged 11.8 mm, 2.8, 4.2, 17.0 percent, and 19.0 percent, respectively. No significant differences were found among factors tested. Correlations between these gravel indices and permeability and apparent velocity were low. The gravel and intragravel environments appeared to be adequate for larval survival. Measurements did not reveal any clear trends during the incubation period. Brown trout did not by choice or redd construction appear to select or create (by redd construction) a subsurface environment different from the surrounding stream bed.M.S.
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Ling, Jonathan, and Gustav Lindstrand. "Optimizable Hydroponic Plant Incubator : Building a hydroponic plant incubator with a highly optimizable environment." Thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-295805.
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This report investigates how to build a compact, optimizable and at the same time user friendly hydroponic systemfor growing plants as efficiently as possible. Hydroponics grows plants using water with dissolved nutrients instead of soil, allowing faster and more efficient growth.The focus has been on the implementation and the usability of such a system, centering around monitoring and to some degree controlling important parameters for growth such as humidity, air temperature, nutrition concentration and light intensity, colour and exposure time. The plant is enclosed in a confined space with artificial lighting which allows thorough control of the light environment. In order to achieve the desired level of control over the growth parameters, several sensors along with a microcontroller were used. A touch screen with a custom built graphical user interface was also connected to allow the user to control and monitor important aspects of growth conditions. The conclusion drawn from this project is that there is ahigh order of optimizability within the boundaries of this project. The measured factors are easily read on an intuitive, easily navigated touch screen for direct feedback. Regarding the lights’ effect on plant growth, the conclusionis drawn that plants grow well with many types of lights, but more time is needed to thoroughly investigate different light exposure times, colour and intensity.I denna rapport undersöks hur man kan bygga ett kompakt, optimerat och samtidigt användarvänligt hydroponiskt system för att odla växter så effektivt som möjligt. Hydroponiska system får plantor att växa genom att användavatten med näring istället för jord, vilket tillåter snabbare och mer effektiv tillväxt. Fokuset i denna rapport har varit på implementeringen och användbarheten av ett sådant system, med tyngpunkt på övervakning och till viss grad styrning av viktiga faktorer i en plantas tillväxt såsom luftfuktighet, temperatur, näringskoncentration och ljusintensitet, färg och exponeringstid. Växten är innesluten i ett begränsat utrymme med artificiellt ljus, vilket tillåter genomgående kontroll av ljusmiljön. För att uppnå önskad kontroll av tillväxtparametrarna, användes ett flertal sensorer tillsammans med en mikrokontroller. Till detta kopplades en pekskärm med ett egen tillverkat användargränssnitt, som tillåter användaren att kontrollera och övervaka viktiga aspekter i tillväxten. Slutsatsen från detta projekt är att det finns en hög grad av optimerbarhet inom denna konstruktion. De uppmätta parametrarna kan enkelt avläsa ljusexponering, ljusintesitet och färg.
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Kalyva, Maria. "Fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments in Northern Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-130304.
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The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments originating from human consumption has received increased scientific attention during the last decades due to concerns regarding their combined environmental effects. This concerns stress the need of studies quantifying dissipation rates of pharmaceutical in aquatic ecosystems. The aims of this study were: i) to assess the degradation rates of trimethoprim (TPR), diphenhydramine (DPH), diclofenac (DCL), oxazepam (OXZ) and hydroxyzine (HDZ) in laboratory incubations, and ii) to compare laboratory assessment of dissipation rates with previously measured in situ half-lives of these drugs in a pond ecosystem. I hypothesized that the dissipation of these five drugs dissolved, in laboratory incubations, is affected by common environmental parameters such as temperature, UV-light, organic solutes and presences of sediments. In line with my hypothesis, all substances were affected by my treatments. Here, main parameters affecting the dissipation of the drugs were UV light and to a lesser temperature (i.e. through microbial degradation). All drugs were found to be affected by sediment sorption, especially HDZ where 95 % of the applied pharmaceutical was adsorbed. Laboratory estimate with highest environmental relevance (low TOC and 3 °C water temperature or low TOC, sediments and UV light) seemed to predict field estimates fairly well for all of the drugs beside OXZ and DCL. Given the strong adsorption for sediments seen in the laboratory incubations, it seems likely that the mismatch between laboratory inferred half-lives and the in situ half-lives for OXZ was likely caused by sediment exchange processes releasing drugs initially adsorbed to the sediments into water column over time.
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Parker, Scott Landsborough. "Thermal and reproductive biology of the lizards sceloporus occidentalis and sceloporus graciosus along an environmental and geographical gradient." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2010.
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The thermal environment exerts a strong influence on many aspectsof squamate life history. Environmental temperatures constrain daily activity time, fecundity, growth rate, and also influences hatchling phenotype. Cold nest temperatures can slow the development of eggs deposited in the soil, cause developmental abnormalities or result in mortality of embryos.
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Bolin, Greta M. "Incubation humidity as an environmental stressor on the osmoregulatory developmental program of the chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11055/.
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Fetal programming results from stressors during fetal development and may influence the occurrence of disease later in life. Maternal nutritional status and/or environment can affect renal development by inducing limited nephron endowment at birth, which results in diseases such as hypertension and coronary heart disease in mammals. Birds are likely to be effective models for this process because, like mammals, they have high pressure cardiovascular systems, mammalian-type nephrons and are homeothermic. This project uses the chicken embryo to explore physiological responses of disrupted hydration state thereby providing insights into renal fetal programming. Under normal conditions the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and developing avian kidney work in unison to ensure a proper balance of ions and water within the egg. White leghorn chicken eggs were incubated at 37.5oC±0.5oC and either <35%, 55-60% (normal) or >85% relative humidity. Amniotic fluid serves as the drinking source for the embryo late in development; its composition is important to salt and water homeostasis. High amniotic fluid osmolality increased the blood osmolality for embryos exposed to low humidity incubation thereby indirectly influencing the renal developmental program of the embryos from this group. Indeed estimated filtering capacity was doubled in the low humidity group (6.77 ± 0.43 mm3) compared to normal (4.80 ± 0.33 mm3) and high (3.97 ± 0.30 mm3) humidity groups. The increased filtering capacity seen for those embryos from low humidity may indicate the ability for more efficient recovery of water if similarly stressed as an adult bird. All embryo populations maintained similar oxygen consumption (0.075 ml/min - 0.37 ml/min), hematocrit (15 % - 32 %) and hemoglobin values (4 g/dl - 9 g/dl), thus displaying control over these aspects of the internal environment despite the obvious environmental insult of extreme incubation humidity. These results signify the embryo's immature kidney, along with lower gastrointestinal tract, functions much like the adult form maintaining homeostasis, although the mechanisms may differ. The overall benefits of this research included better understanding of the role the kidney during embryonic development and determining whether environmental factors, such as humidity, leave an imprint on morphological and physiological aspects of the urinary system of the embryo and water compartments of the egg.
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Best, Zoey Ellen. "Environmental Factors Affecting Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) Nesting, Hatching, and Incubation Patterns in Broward County, Florida." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/446.
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Reproductive success in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles is strongly dependent on the effective placement and internal conditions of their nests. Embryos rely on optimal incubation conditions for proper development and growth, which determines how many hatchlings will emerge from the nest. The internal microclimate of each nest is delicately balanced and can be easily influenced by external environmental conditions. This study was designed to examine several environmental variables and determine their effects on sea turtle nesting numbers, hatching success, and incubation conditions in Broward County Florida. Over a span of 25 years (1991-2015), the Broward County Sea Turtle Conservation Program has collected data on each sea turtle nest laid in Broward County. This data was analyzed and plotted to visualize nesting and hatching trends, and regressions were fitted to make comparisons to historic air temperature, sea surface temperature, precipitation, and lunar illumination data. These regressions were tested for significance, and each environmental variable was found to have varying levels of impact on sea turtle nesting and hatching behavior. Of the environmental variables considered in this study, analyses suggest that sea turtles are most responsive to temperature, with sea surface temperature serving as the best proxy for predicting nesting behaviors. Air temperature over the incubation period was found to be the best indicator for hatch success percentage. Air temperature, sea surface temperature, and precipitation averages all significantly affected the length of the incubation period. The regression models created in this study could be used to examine the interactions between climatic variables, and to indicate what impacts can be expected by these various environmental factors. This information could be used to estimate the future effects of climate change on sea turtle reproduction, and to predict general reproductive success and future population trends.
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Bolin, Greta M. Burggren Warren W. "Incubation humidity as an environmental stressor on the osmoregulatory developmental program of the chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11055.
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Bottitta, Grace Evelyn. "Effects of body condition and environmental variability on incubation behavior and nest success of arctic-breeding common eiders ( Somateria mollissima)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57980.pdf.
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Leksell, Lina. "Early environmental effects on dominance in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-55304.
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The earth’s climate is rapidly changing. With climate change currently altering the environment, water temperature is an important environmental factor that will have various effects on fishes since they are ectotherms. As the changes are expected to be greatest during winter, when salmonid fishes incubate their eggs, one might expect substantial effects on egg development. In this experiment pairs of fish, matched by length, were compared. For each pair, one fish had experienced ambient cold temperatures (cold treatment) during embryogenesis and the other elevated temperatures (warm treatment, ca. 4-5 oC). The fish were tested in stream. Aggressive interactions were recorded and dominance was determined by scoring each fish’s position relative to where food was delivered from and the amount of food taken. Salmon from the cold treatment had a strong tendency to have a higher dominance score than salmon from the warm treatment. The individual with the highest dominance score was not consistently larger or smaller than the individual with the lower dominance score. The results support the hypothesis that salmonids exposed to a cold environment during embryogenesis will be more dominant. Due to climate change, it is expected that water temperature will continue to rise in the future, which in turn will alter the fish’s behaviour.Jordens klimat förändras snabbt. Med klimatförändringar som för närvarande förändrar miljön är vattentemperaturen en viktig miljöfaktor som kommer att ha olika effekter på fiskar eftersom de är ektoterma. Eftersom förändringarna förväntas vara störst under vintern, när laxfiskar inkuberar sina ägg, kan man förvänta sig betydande effekter på äggutvecklingen. I det här experimentet jämfördes fisk par, matchade med längd. För varje par hade en fisk upplevt kalla vattentemperaturer (kall behandling) under embryogenesen och de andra förhöjda temperaturerna (varm behandling, ca 4-5 oC). Fisken testades i strömakvarie. Aggressiva interaktioner registrerades och dominans bestämdes genom att poängsätta varje fisks position i förhållande till var mat levererades från och mängden mat som tagits. Lax från den kalla behandlingen hade en stark tendens att ha högre dominanspoäng än lax från den varma behandlingen. Individen med högsta dominanspoäng var inte konsekvent större eller mindre än individen med lägre dominanspoäng. Resultaten stöder hypotesen att salmonider utsätts för en kall miljö under embryogenes kommer att vara den mer dominerande. På grund av klimatförändringen är det förväntat att vattentemperaturen fortsätter att stiga i framtiden, vilket i sin tur kommer att förändra fiskens beteende.
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CHANDRASEKARAN, LATHA. "PREDICTING DISEASE INCIDENCE DUE TO CONTAMINATED INTRUSION IN A WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1155506232.
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Reddy, Anvesh. "Phosphorus Transport and Distribution in Kentucky Soils Prepared Using Various Biochar Types." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1210.
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Conserving the environment is an issue that is gaining popularity day by day. Phosphorus transfer from agricultural soils is an important environmental issue that is being closely observed as the transport of phosphorous to water bodies is adversely affecting water quality due to accelerated eutrophication. It is important to establish phosphorous models that accurately account for soil test phosphorous. Standard models like SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) were designed for serving this purpose. They are now used as the basis for developing new models that can more accurately account for the phosphorus transport, depending on local soil conditions and external factors like climate, addition of biochar or other soil amendments. Our research involved development of new methods from published data that are applied to different soils from Kentucky that are incubated for various time periods, with and without the addition of biochar amendments. Changes in the soil labile phosphorus content after phosphorus addition to and depletion from these incubated soils was measured to discern the effect of biochar on the rates of phosphorus transport. The measured labile phosphorus was further analyzed using statistical analysis software drawing comparisons among treatments without biochar, with low temperature biochar and high temperature biochar for specific soil-biochar combinations. Loamy sand soils with both pine chips and switch grass biochar types have shown slightly increased leeching of phosphorus upon addition of biochar whereas clay loam soils have not shown any significant change upon addition of biochar.
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Grenna, Marco. "Maternal effects in birds : the role of some environmental stressors on egg quality." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100044/document.
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L'étude porte sur l'allocation de ressources aux œufs d’oiseaux selon les caractéristiques du male partenaire ou de l’environnement. les données étudiées sont : taille de la ponte et caractéristiques des œufs (masse, masse des constituants, concentration de testostérone, lysozyme, ovotransferrin). les caractéristiques du male prises en compte sont s'il est choisi ou non par la femelle et son statut social. en plus, l’effet du bruit et d’un vaccination couple avec un surproduction des œufs sont pris en compte. Deux expériences ont été menées sur le canari domestique (Serinus canaria) en laboratoire, au sein du LECC de Paris Ouest Nanterre. Deux expériences ont eu lieu en milieu semi-naturel au DiSIT de l’Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale (Italie) sur la perdrix grise (Perdix perdix) et rouge (Alectoris rufa).Chez la perdrix grise, nous observons effets positifs de la préférence et du statut social sur la testostérone et sur le taux d’éclosion. cette hormone peut rendre les oisillons nidifuges plus compétitifs vis-à-vis des couvées voisines. Chez le canari, on observe un effet positif de la préférence sur le poids des œufs et sur le lysozyme, important substance antimicrobienne. en plus, on a trouvé un influence négative du bruit sur la sélection sexuelle et sur le numéro des œufs pondues.Chez la perdrix rouge, nous observons variations significatives des components de l’oeuf en relation a la surproduction des œufs (épuisement des ressources). En conclusion, la femelle n'est pas seule à déterminer les caractéristiques des œufs. le male partenaire et l’environnement ont aussi une influence sur leur composition et donc sur le développement des jeunesThe study focuses on the allocation of resources to eggs of birds according to the characteristics of the male partner or the environment. The data studied are: clutch size and egg characteristics (mass, mass constituents, testosterone, lysozyme, ovotransferrin). Male characteristics taken into account are if it is selected or not by the female and his social status. In addition, the effect of noise and a vaccination coupled with an overproduction of eggs are taken into account.Two experiments were conducted on the domestic canary (Serinus canaria) in the LECC laboratory of Paris Ouest Nanterre.Two experiments were carried out in semi-natural condition to DiSIT laboratory of the Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale (Italy) on grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa).In the grey partridge, positives effects of preference and social status are observed on testosterone and hatchability. This hormone can make precocial chicks more competitive with neighboring broods.In canaries, there is a positive effect of preference on egg weight and lysozyme, an important antimicrobial substance. In addition, a negative influence of noise is found on sexual selection and number of eggs laid.In the red-legged partridge, significant changes in the egg components are observed in relation to the overproduction of eggs (depletion).In conclusion, the female is not only to determine the characteristics of eggs. The male partner and the environment also have an influence on their composition and therefore on the development of chicks
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Roy, Chowdhury Taniya. "Tracking Carbon Flow during Methane Oxidation into Methanotrophs using 13C-PLFA Labeling in Pulsing Freshwater Wetlands." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1339084813.
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Thierry, Anne-Mathilde. "Statut endocrinien et effort de reproduction chez un oiseau marin longévif, le manchot Adélie, dans un environnement changeant." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059812.
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L'étude des mécanismes endocriniens est particulièrement intéressante du fait du rôle majeur des hormones dans la régulation des interactions entre la physiologie d'un organisme, son comportement, et les modifications de son environnement. Cette thèse s'est intéressée aux relations entre le statut hormonal, les performances de reproduction et le succès reproducteur d'un oiseau marin longévif, le manchot Adélie Pygoscelis adeliae, dans un contexte environnemental soumis à des changements. Le statut endocrinien de manchots mâles a été manipulé en utilisant des implants dégradables sous-cutanés diffusant l'hormone d'intérêt ou un inhibiteur de sa sécrétion. Les effets d'une modification des niveaux d'hormones sur l'investissement parental pendant l'incubation ont été mesurés à l'aide d'observations directes et d'oeufsfactices enregistrant les paramètres d'incubation. Les niveaux de corticostérone - hormone dite de stress, de prolactine - hormone des soins parentaux, et de testostérone - hormone liée aux comportements sexuels et à l'agressivité, ont été manipulés. Les effets d'une augmentation des niveaux de corticostérone sur les performances et le succès reproducteur pendant la période de l'élevage des poussins ont également été mesurés. Enfin, les conséquences d'une légère élévation des niveaux de corticostérone pendant l'ensemble de la saison de reproduction en termes de comportement et de succès reproducteur ont été examinées. Une augmentation des niveaux de corticostérone a globalement diminué les performances et le succès de reproduction. D'autre part, une modification des niveaux de prolactine ou de testostérone a affecté la durée etles paramètres d'incubation, suggérant une implication de ces deux hormones dans le contrôle de la phénologie de la reproduction. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse mettent l'accent sur le fait que la relation entre statut endocrinien et performances de reproduction est dose, état et contexte dépendante. Nos résultats illustrent le rôle majeur des hormones étudiées dans la régulation de l'effort reproducteur, et soulignent également l'importance de considérer les interactions entre les organismes et leur environnement.
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Hsu, Jui-Yuan, and 許瑞源. "Airflow Simulation of Air Conditioning Environment for Artificial Incubation Room." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5sxfcc.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
冷凍空調工程系所
93
Air quality/purification issues for the environment of traditional poultry industry were never been taken seriously. The environmental sanitation has been ignored in the past which allows virus or bacterium threatens the local poultry production and industries. It results by transmitted the diseases and infection to each other within the farms, therefore causes enormous of damages and lost profits to the business. The practical utilization of air conditioning technology and its application provides better air quality and air purification for varieties of environmental conditions, especially during fertilized egg and the hatching process. It definitely will show as an important factor that influences the success rate on hatches and overall processing environment. Recently, modernized artificial incubation and hatching facilities were using air conditioning system to regulate temperatures; although often overlooked when it comes to indoor airflow, temperature, humidity and its air quality. The research will focus and inducted a three-dimensional computer simulation analysis on airflow distribution for the environments of artificial hatching area. By using Flow Solution Software FLOVENT to calculate the statistics of air distribution including temperature and speed field tests …etc. From the statistics knowing that continuous environment changing conditions and varies of stable state in three-dimensional space. This significant study and airflow simulation 「The Ideal Air Conditioning Environment for Artificial Incubation Room」will be able to comprehend the airflow pattern in artificial incubation room. The purpose of this research is utilizing the airflow simulation, by adjusting the angle of the fan. Regarding to an ideal design of artificial incubation room, the optimal design is by tilted the fan to a 45 degrees angle for constant temperature and air distribution. Additionally, by install and combine humidity control with dehumidifier, ultraviolet light sterilizer, air filtration and suitable ventilation to achieve the ideal air conditioning environment.
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Dutiro, Gloria. "The benefits of collaboration in the entrepreneurship incubation environment in South Africa." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23848.
Full textAbstract:
Small to medium enterprises are the key contributors to national economic growth; however, they need a robust enabling environment that provides the necessary support for the emerging entrepreneur. Incubation is system of support designed to nurture new businesses in a controlled environment. The main objective of this study was to gain insights into the extent of collaboration in the business and technology incubator environment in South Africa. Collaboration is an essential means of creating synergies that produce results; the desired outcome in this context is national economic growth. A qualitative research study was carried out with decision makers in the incubation environment, using a questionnaire that covered the challenges, the extent of networking and rivalry within the incubation milieu. This research found that due to a number of barriers there is a general lack of collaboration in the South African incubation environment. The study highlighted the benefits of collaborative efforts and created the basis for areas of further research.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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(14238712), Suhashini Hewavisenthi. "Influence of incubation environment on the development of the flatback turtle (Natator depressus)." Thesis, 1999. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Influence_of_incubation_environment_on_the_development_of_the_flatback_turtle_Natator_depressus_/21699935.
Full textAbstract:
During the Australian summers of 1995/1996, 1996/1997 and 1997/1998, the embryonic development of Natator depressus was investigated in the laboratory and in natural nests at the major eastern Australian rookery of Peak Island.
Eggs were incubated under different thermal and hydric conditions on vermiculite substrates. No eggs hatched at 25°C, but eggs incubated between 26 -33°C hatched successfully. Within this range, the thermal environment significantly influenced the water exchange of eggs, incubation duration, nutrient mobilisation of embryos, hatching size and energy reserves. The pivotal temperature for sex determination in this population was close to 29.5°C with a possibly narrow transitional temperature range of 1 Celsius degree. Sexually biased differences were observed at hatching; male hatchlings produced at 26°C and 29°C were larger, but had less energy reserves than females which were produced at 32°C. Thermosensitive developmental stages at masculinising temperatures were different to those at feminising temperatures. For the 26 to 32°C temperature shift, the thermosensitive period was confined to a single developmental stage. Determination of ovaries took place at a later stage than that of testes.
The influence of the hydric environment depended greatly on the range of substrate water potentials used in experiments. Nutrient mobilisation of embryos, size and energy reserves of hatchlings were dependent on total egg water exchange over the range of 2% gain to 29% loss (at ~ -180 to -3500 kPa) of initial egg weight, but independent within the narrower range of 6% gain to 19% loss (at ~ -200 to -650 kPa). Hatching was affected only when eggs lost more than 21% of their initial egg weight (at ~ -1300 kPa). The pivotal temperature for sex determination was not influenced by the hydric environment (~ -180 to -2000 kPa).
A significant effect of clutch on morphological and physiological aspects of developing embryos indicated that genetic/maternal factors influenced these traits. Dietary sources of the female possibly contribute to maternal factors, through processes such as preferential accumulation of specific fatty acids such as oleic acid into the egg yolk. A high proportion of egg yolk lipids (35%) suggests considerable maternal investment. Only 26% of these lipids were used for embryogenesis whereas 74% remained in the form of hatchling fat bodies or residual material in the yolk sac.
Eggs in natural nests incubated over a temperature range of 25.5 to 36.5°C and experienced an average increase in temperature of 7 Celsius degrees during incubation. Water content of sand surrounding nests at the beginning of incubation varied from 2.6 to 7.8%. Hatching and emergence success were not influenced by the position of the nest on the beach, but were positively related to clutch size. Neither clutch size nor hatching and emergence success varied significantly between subsequent clutches of a female. Seasonal changes in the sex ratio of hatchlings are likely to take place at Peak Island, with an overall female biased sex ratio.
A tolerance to high incubation temperatures and severe moisture stress by N. depressus eggs may be reflected in the short incubation duration of this species relative to other species of sea turtles.
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Li, Kuen-Tzan, and 黎坤瓚. "The Feasibility Study of Scaffold Fabrication in the Cells Incubation Environment for Tissue Engineering Using Rapid Prototyping Technology." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88498644095122986215.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
93
This research combines the concept of rapid prototype and bioreactor for making scaffold in suitable for the environment that the cell surviving. The purpose lies in expecting to be able to combine the making of the porous scaffold and cultivation of the cell, can continue putting into medium and seeding into the cell after the completing of the scaffold. With the advantage of the bioreactor, it can increase transmission of the medium and reactant. Therefore, enable cell the fast growth at the scaffold. At the same time, this research uses PCL/PLGA (85/15) two kinds of different biodegradable materials to make porous scaffold by rapid prototype system. The materials were soaked in 37℃ PBS and studied the degradation of the materials in vitro. Explain the speed of degradation of the materials via the terms, such as losses of weight , reducing of the molecular weight. Because PLGA (85/15) material comparatively hydrophilic, cause degradation of PLGA (85/15 ) faster than PCL in speed. In addition make porous scaffold with different kinds of porosity, for test the adhesion of osteoblast cell lines(MG-63) by MTT.
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YIN, DA-XIANG, and 尹大湘. "The Influence of Entrepreneurial Environment, Organizational Resources, Firm Characteristics on Tenant Firms’ Performance：A Case Study of the Shih Chien University Innovation Incubation Center." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fm9ruz.
Full textAbstract:
碩士實踐大學
企業管理學系碩士班
105
Taiwan's industrial structure mainly consists of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). To help SMEs and new start-ups in obtaining more external technology and resources, and aid the development of enterprises, the government of Taiwan has promoted the establishment of incubation centers. Many studies have confirmed that incubation centers are an effective mechanism that encourage innovation. This study is based on an Shih Chien University Innovation Incubation Center. It intends to discuss the provision status of supporting services, usage status of incoming firms, entrepreneurial environment, organizational resources of the incubation center, and how the attributes of incoming firms impact incubation performance. By using secondary data collection and depth interviews, the following four propositions are summed up: Proposition 1. The industry environment has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial performance. Proposition 2. Resource demand is the main reason for new start-ups to join the incubation center, and this demand will further affect entrepreneurial performance. Proposition 3. Different characteristics of incoming firms have different effects on incubation performance. Proposition 4. The industrial relationship between the professional domains of the incubation center and the incoming firms is conducive to improving the incubation performance. The conclusions of this study are as follows: Conclusions 1. In the entrepreneurial environment, the industrial environment is an important factor that influences the establishment and survival of startups. Conclusion 2. Improvement in cultivation content and resource acquisition ability of incubation centers can promote the performance of new ventures. Conclusion 3. Providing resources and know-how that cater to the characteristics of incoming firms can effectively improve incubation performance. Conclusion 4. Focused cultivation of related industries that hold certain advantages can effectively improve the incubation performance of incoming firms.
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(9865025), LD Thornton. "Defining ‘incubation leadership’: Identifying important behavioural traits in managers of Australian business incubation environments." Thesis, 2013. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Defining_incubation_leadership_Identifying_important_behavioural_traits_in_managers_of_Australian_business_incubation_environments/13405472.
Full textAbstract:
"The small businesses sector is a significant contributor to the Australian economy, accounting for almost half of all industry employment and over a third of industry value in 2010/11. Business incubators are critical in providing start-up small businesses with an environment that allows them to stabilise and succeed. The success of the incubation facility itself is dependent on a number of factors, including the skills and abilities of its manager. Perhaps one of the most important of these is appropriate leadership, given the relationships that often occur between incubator managers and their incubatee clients. This study examined whether incubatees’ entrepreneurial attitude orientation influenced the relationship between leadership behaviours of incubator managers and the incubatee goals for their incubatees’ business. Then, the study examined the role of leadership behaviour and entrepreneurial attitude orientation as critical characteristics for managers of successful Australian business incubator environments. Finally, the study collected qualitative data on effective leadership behaviours as perceived by incubator managers and incubatees. The literature review on leadership and entrepreneurial attitude orientation resulted in the development of a new conceptual model. Through this, it was possible to test research questions across the network of business incubators in Australia. The conceptual model examined which combination of leadership behaviours and entrepreneurial attitude orientation elements were important qualities that should be expressed by managers of Australian business incubators. This model gave rise to a series of research questions. Firstly, to what extent are leadership qualities and entrepreneurial attitude orientation elements impacted by the nature of followers (incubatees) and the situation (incubatee goals)? Secondly, taking into account the mixture of leadership and entrepreneurial attitude orientation qualities, which of these are important in influencing the Australian business incubator environment? Lastly, how well do the leadership and entrepreneurial attitude orientation items from the traditional organisational literature (management of large firms) map across to managers of the Australian business incubator environment? A survey research methodology was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from forty-four incubator managers and ninety-six incubatees sampled across a range of Australian business incubator types. A new survey was developed, comprised of items from a Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) scale and an incubatee goals scale. Data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study arrived at factors with approximate factorial equivalence to those originally theorised. A combination of correlation, regression and thematic matrices were then employed to test the proposed conceptual model, that is, to examine the relationships between leadership, entrepreneurial attitude orientation and incubatee goals. A number of key findings emerged from this study. Business owners who exhibit a strong entrepreneurial attitude orientation are generally expected to perform better because of their business approach. Again, this was supported by the results from this study, which showed a significant and positive correlation between innovation, personal control, and business achievement. However, higher levels of entrepreneurial attitude (entrepreneurial attitude orientation) and inspirational motivation (transformational leadership) were associated with lower levels of customer and employee relations. An explanation of the findings showed customer relationships were significant and negatively correlated with entrepreneurial attitude. Also, having an insight into leadership effectiveness could be considered as a possible source of competitive business advantage, especially for incubatees. This appeared to be supported by the current study, where the interrelationships between leaders, followers and the situation influence the incubatee in achieving business survivorship through ‘incubation leadership’."--Abstract.
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Austin-Bythell, Suzanne H. "Life history and environmental influences on avian incubation and parental care in songbirds." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37480.
Full textAbstract:
Patterns of nest attendance behavior by breeding birds represent a parent-offspring
trade-off in which adults balance self-maintenance with parental care decisions.
Incubation, in particular, is of interest because adults must provide an environment
suitable for embryonic development through nest-building and contact-incubation.
We evaluated how adult incubation constancy and nest visitation rates varied with
life and natural history traits of temperate and tropical bird species. We found that
constancy did not differ by latitude or with nest survival rate. A strong negative
correlation between incubation constancy and egg mass relative to adult body mass
was present. Birds with low constancy tended to have larger relative egg masses
and higher basal metabolic rate. Because adult incubation constancy is relatively
plastic (i.e., varies with ambient temperature), birds with larger relative eggs may
respond to lower cooling rates rather than direct selection for higher or lower
constancy. We then assessed if rates of nest visitation (trips to nests by adults
during incubation and nestling phases) followed the predictions of the Skutch
hypothesis. Skutch suggested that birds nesting in environments with high levels
of nest predation would reduce numbers of trips to their nests so as to minimize the
risk of visual detection by nest predators. We found support for the basic pattern
predicted by Skutch. We also extended his hypothesis to predict other behavior
associated with nesting, such as responses of parents to intruders at the nest.
Despite apparently early departure from the nest site, adults with higher visitation
rates remained conspicuous around the nest site. Thus, while the flight initiation
distance from the human observer was earlier than expected, conspicuousness of
behavior was associated with nest visitation rate. Finally, we assessed how an
environmental variable, photoperiod, might influence rate of embryonic
development in a wild songbird, Sylvia atricapilla. We exposed eggs throughout
the incubation period to daily photoperiods consisting of 4 hours of light and 20
hours of dark (4L), 12 hours light and 12 hours dark (12L), 20 hours light and 4
hours dark (20L) and a skeleton photoperiod with two 1-hour pulses of light that
framed a 20-hour day. We found that the skeleton treatment group differed
significantly from our 4L and 12L, but not the 20L treatment groups. The skeleton
photoperiod accelerated embryonic development. We suggest that photoperiod
may influence incubation period in wild birds and could account for some portion
of the widely observed latitudinal variation in incubation period of songbirds. We
encourage others to assess how photoperiod interacts with parental attendance
patterns to affect embryonic development.Graduation date: 2013
Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from March 13, 2013 - March 13, 2015
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Hsieh, Ming-Yan, and 謝明諺. "Can Technical Assistances of Incubator Facilitate Star-ups’ Innovation? An External Environment Perspective." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85y72x.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺南大學
經營與管理學系科技管理碩士班
103
The purpose of this study is to explore whether environmental turbulence and imitative pressure respectively moderate the relationship between incubator’s technical facilitates and incubated start-ups’ innovation performance. This study draws on questionnaires from 116 Taiwan’s incubated start-ups and applies regression analysis to investigate the main argument. The results show that the incubator’s technical facilitate has a positive effect on incubated start-ups’ innovation performance. Second, environmental turbulence has a positive effect on incubated start-ups’ innovation performance. Third, however, environmental turbulence negatively moderates the relationship between incubator’s technical assistances and incubated start-ups’ innovation performance. Fourth, imitative pressure has a positive effect on incubated start-ups’ innovation performance. Fifth, nevertheless imitative pressure negatively moderates the relationship between incubator’s technical assistances and incubated start-ups’ innovation performance. Consequently, this study suggests not only the evidence of the relationship between incubator’s technical assistances and incubated start-ups’ innovation performance, but also respectively explores the moderating effects of environmental turbulence and imitative pressure which are neglected in the incubator literature.
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Cope, R. Scott. "Responses of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) embryos to intragravel incubation environments in selected streams within the Stuart - Takla watershed." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4448.
Full textAbstract:
Before impacts of forest harvesting can be identified, the
natural physical and biological influences on incubation processes
must be understood within interior British Columbia watersheds. The
early Stuart stock of sockeye salmon {Oncorhynchus nerka) utilize
the most northerly nursery habitat of the Fraser River sockeye
stocks. This has led to speculation that production may be limited
by high overwinter incubation mortality. An in situ incubation
study was conducted on four adjacent tributaries of the Stuart Takla
watershed (Kynock, Forfar, Gluskie, Bivouac creeks), during
the 1993 and 1994 broodyears.
The study objective was to estimate overwinter survival of
sockeye salmon embryos within various redd micro-environments. It
was hypothesized that spawning salmon select incubation sites based
on environmental cues to optimize egg to fry survival. Egg to
pre-emergent , fry bioassays, in conjunction with microhabitat
environmental monitoring, were implemented to define a range of
natural spawning conditions and their relative contribution to fry
recruitment.
Results demonstrate that high quality, relatively invariant
incubation environment resulted in the lack of classical relations
observed in previous studies between incubation parameters and
survival.. Physical processes (i.e. hydraulic regime, bedload
characteristics) and biological processes (i.e. mass cleaning by
high densities of spawning adults) result in uniformly high quality
gravel conditions with permeabilities, surface water interchange,
and intragravel dissolved oxygen levels associated with high
incubation success. Alternative hypotheses of random egg deposition
and unlimited high quality habitat were rejected due to;
1) observed spatial preferences and, 2) expansion/contraction of
range under different annual population sizes.
Sockeye salmon successfully spawned over a wide range of
habitats. High density spawning habitat was the downstream end of
pools at the pool riffle interface. Habitats utilized to a lesser
degree included; riffles, stream margins, intermittent side
channels and portions of the off-channel habitat. Survival rates
between these habitat types were not significantly different in
contrast to predictions generated from optimality models. This was
due to the definition of "marginal" habitat. In situ redd
simulations showed similar intragravel conditions, in both low
density (i.e. assumed marginal) and high density (i.e. assumed
preferred) areas. Spawning adults avoided truly marginal areas with
intragravel dissolved oxygen levels below 3.0 mg/1.
A number of adaptations which would optimize incubation
success in northern environments were identified within the early
Stuart stock of sockeye salmon. Early Stuart sockeye risk energy
depletion and seasonal maximum temperatures during migration and
spawning. By spawning early in the season (Jul. - Aug.), early
Stuart sockeye enjoy advanced embryological development prior to
the onset of low water temperatures. Embryos rapidly accumulate the
thermal units necessary to hatch, thereby becoming mobile in time
to avoid freezing and desiccation as water-levels decline and reach
seasonal minima. Embryos and alevins of the early Stuart stock can
apparently tolerate temperature conditions previously considered
lethal. Fry successfully emerge in the spring after accumulating
less thermal units than any other Fraser river stock. The trade off
against this strategy is the effect of unusually stressful
migration conditions on the quality and viability of the gametes.
Evidence of this trade off was obtained in 1994, when egg survival
rates were very low for spawners that arrived late and had suffered
severe thermal stress during migration.
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Tapson, Bradley. "The City Sublime: Enabling the Arts by Engaging With the Urban Environment." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/31447.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the ways in which architecture can be used to enhance and support creativity in music by engaging with the urban environment. The investigation will take the form of designing a community scaled performing-arts incubator in downtown Toronto. The arts incubator program is familiar across North America, but often takes the form of either a pastoral retreat or an urban revitalization tool with a focus on community development. This thesis aims to combine both ideas and create an arts-focused facility within the urban environment. Elements of the creative process of music are translated to program-specific, arts-focused design elements that are then described by their relationship to each other and to the city. This thesis aims to create a series of spaces that will enhance the capability of urban musicians to practice their craft and in turn elevate the cultural identity of the place.
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Mohammad, Shafiee Maryam. "Architecture for Science: Space as an Incubator to Nurture Research." 2014. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/33.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis will study how scientific research environments should be designed, specifically addressing the issues beyond mere needs of research scientists. Assuming that the purpose of research is to create new knowledge and foster discoveries, as well as positively influence the community in its processes and results, this thesis will explore the potential of the influence of this building typology that has not been previously considered enough. The objectives of the thesis are on one hand, the changes in science disciplines and their reflections in the evolution among this building type, on the other hand, the impacts of research environment on scientific evolution. The question is, beyond support, can architecture promote and nurture science and enlighten scientists toward a new understanding of scientific activities? Based on this research, it is assumed that good science happens in spaces that are transparent and dynamically communicative. The methodologies, which will be used to address these objectives, include literature review, exploration of case studies, surveys and interviews with scientists about their use of the laboratory buildings, and the design of a prototype building for scientific research.
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Fang, Yu-yang, and 方瑜揚. "Incubator for Community Art: the Experience Research of the Art Action "Art as Environment A Cultural Action on Tropic of Cancer" at Taihe community, Meishan Township, Chiayi County." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90961012312592505951.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南華大學
建築與景觀學系環境藝術碩士班
100
According to the concept of new genre public art ,this study aims to explore the role of artists , participating in “A Cultural Action on Tropic of Cancer during 2006~2008”. Taking art action framework and Taihe artists experience as a reference , We put forward some suggestions to planners about their role , cognitions and work contents. In this study, we found the artists have changed theirselves contribute to the framework of art action. Moreover, Taihe tea culture have indeed some achievements due to these art projects. To sum up ,while changing their attitude, which means “Intersubjectivity”, and trying to involve theirselves in the community, artists not only empower the community but also reflect on their own. In the other hand ,artists is similar to community workers---or we could call them "community artists"? In addition to making folk life more aesthetic , community-art practice , It’s so called “new genre public art” which takes art as media based on communication and public interests, , also provides artists opportunities of reflection and growth for both artists and the mass to be mutual understanding with each other. Therefore We propose the conception of “Incubator for Community Art”to describe the framework of environment at arts action. No matter “ community artist” or “interactive art action”, neither of them is completely comprehensive for the community work . At last, We look forward to point out a possibility－Maybe Twenty years later, everyone could be an is agent to create more wonderful homeland.
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Boyer, Anne-Sophie. "Microbial infection of avian eggs : a threat to all synchronously incubating species? Case study of New Zealand's little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1365.
Full textAbstract:
Microbial infection of eggs was originally investigated in terms of human health only. Recently, however, it was found that it can also cause early embryo mortality in birds, mainly through trans-shell infection prior to incubation. Trans-shell infection is highly dependent upon environmental conditions, egg temperature and egg properties such as shell quality and antimicrobial defences. Microbial infection of eggs is more likely to occur in synchronously incubating species as first laid eggs can be exposed for up to several days prior to full incubation. One example of a population that seems at particular risk of egg microbial infection is New Zealand’s little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) from Tiritiri Matangi Island. This bird lays two eggs on average three days apart, and is believed to begin full incubation only after the second egg has been laid. Both eggs are laid in particularly humid and soiled nests and contain only low levels of lysozyme, an important antimicrobial protein. The aims of this study were therefore to 1) obtain a first examination of the rates of shell and trans-shell microbial infection of chicken eggs in New Zealand and assess the effects of cleaning on those rates, 2) investigate the role of microbes in hatching failure of little blue penguin eggs and 3) investigate other factors affecting little blue penguin egg viability. This study revealed that shell infection in chicken eggs significantly increased with exposure and significantly decreased with cleaning; however, trans-shell infection was only marginally affected by exposure and cleaning. On Tiritiri Matangi Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, nest type, egg order and shell cleaning did not affect hatching success, suggesting that nest conditions and microbial infection prior to incubation were not a major cause of egg mortality in this population. Temporary abandonment during incubation, however, was very frequent in the second half of the breeding season and fatal to most eggs. These temporary abandonments seemed to be caused by resource limitations, an aspect that should be investigated in future studies.
31
Henri, Aidan Jean. "The effect of acid mine drainage on the hatching success of branchiopod crustaceans from selected South African pans." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11357.
Full textAbstract:
M.Sc. (Zoology)Pans are endorheic wetlands, and are abundant in South Africa in a band from the western Free State into Mpumalanga. The pan environment experiences daily and seasonal fluctuations in physico-chemical conditions. The physico-chemical variables are influenced by the local climatological and hydrological conditions, and are all inter-related. An imbalance of one variable can have countless effects on the others. The physico-chemical composition of the water ultimately determines the existence of the biota in such wetlands. Branchiopod crustaceans are a unique group of fauna which have various morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations which enable them to survive in these variable environments. One such adaptation is the production of dormant egg banks. These eggs reside within the sediment through the dry phase and hatch during a following wet phase when conditions are favourable. Due to the endorheic nature of pans they are more vulnerable to anthropogenic stress. Anthropogenic activities are having profound effects on the integrity of these ecosystems. Agricultural and mining activities have some of the largest influences. The impacts that the following activities have include: the over utilisation of water, decreased periods of inundation, erosion and sedimentation, effluent discharge and direct habitat destruction. Many wetlands as a result are experiencing a rapid loss in biodiversity. Mining activities are on the increase especially in the Highveld region of southern Africa. Many of these wetlands are already (and will be in the future) affected by mining activities, making the effect of acid mine drainage (AMD) on the biota a priority concern. In conjunction with the uniqueness and vulnerability of pan ecosystems it is necessary to find new ways of monitoring such environmental impacts in the shortest time possible with minimal efforts, for the benefit of both the environment and researchers involved. This study therefore aimed to assess the diversity of branchiopod crustaceans hatching from egg banks of selected pans and obtain a reference community structure. It also aimed to assess the impacts AMD could have on the hatching success of branchiopods from these egg banks with the objective to determine whether these egg banks are still viable after exposure. To achieve the stated aims and objectives, sediment samples were collected from selected pans in mining regions of the country. Regions selected included Chrissiesmeer in the Mpumalanga province, Wesselsbron in the Free State province and Delareyville in the North West province. The sediment was used for hatching experiments in the laboratory. Pan sediment was exposed to three different treatments which included two salt solutions (1000 mg/l and 1500 mg/l respectively) and AMD. The salt solutions served as controls while the AMD served as an exposure. The number of nauplii hatching was counted in the controls and compared to the number of nauplii hatching in the AMD. The diversity of nauplii was also assessed and compared between controls and the AMD. The recovery potential of eggs exposed to AMD was also assessed by exposing the sediment treated with AMD to distilled water after its removal to get a better understanding on the effects of AMD at the community level. Results from the control treatments indicated that most pans have a range of taxa hatching that follow patterns of pan succession. Between the 1000 mg/l and 1500 mg/l controls there was no treatment that proved superior to the other. Representatives of all four orders of branchiopoda hatched from the experiments. The North West and Free State pans were the most diverse and had had the greatest abundances of individuals hatching. Spatially all three provinces differed in the diversity of individuals hatching from pans, as there were distinct differences in the taxonomic compositions. Although taxonomic composition of pans grouped together per province, pans from just a single province were largely dissimilar. Results from the AMD treatments indicated that AMD has a negative effect on the hatching ability of branchiopod crustacean eggs. Eggs that were initially exposed to AMD were unable to hatch in its presence. The recovery experiments indicated that recovery after exposure is limited as recovery only occurred in a few pans. The taxonomic composition of nauplii in the pans where recovery took place was altered and less diverse than the taxonomic composition found in the respective control treatments. Overall it was found that hatching experiments can be used as a monitoring tool in lieu of field sampling. Hatching experiments showed that AMD is detrimental to the branchiopod egg banks, inhibiting the ability of eggs to hatch in its presence. Recovery can take place but the recovery potential is low. Since the recovery potential of the egg banks is low, pans which are affected by AMD could experience extinction of the entire branchiopod community in years to come. As branchiopod communities are unique among pans, and serve as an important food source for many aquatic bird species, their extinction will bring about further losses in biodiversity.
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Özyurt, Baris. "Identifikation von Genen und Mikroorganismen, die an der dissimilatorischen Fe(III)-Reduktion beteiligt sind." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B66A-8.
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