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Chandra, Pankaj, Sandeep Srivastav, and Bipin Shah. "Innovation, Incubation, and Incubator." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 2 (April 2003): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030208.
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This panel discussion was a part of a programme ‘From Incubation to Enterprise’ which was conducted by Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad's (IIMA) Centre for Innovation, Incubation, and Entreprenuership (CIIE) on January 4, 2003. Professor Pankaj Chandra of IIMA led the discussion. The distinguished panelists were Mr Sandeep Srivastav and Professor Bipin Shah. Their experience and insight on the subject helped in understanding the process of incubation leading to enterprise. The panel discussion addressed the following questions: What is incubation? What is innovation? What is the process of incubation that is needed for commercializing an innovation? What role does an incubator play? The following important points were made by the panelists: An innovative entrepreneur should adapt to the demand of the market. The adaptation may be with regard to technology, marketing, business idea or business plan. The concept of incubation originated from the medical field. The concept of incubators is applied more to project ideas which have a high degree of uncertainty. The aim of the incubators is to facilitate the survival of such companies and also to nurture these companies for growth and success. Incubators play the role of risk-sharing and providing credibility to an idea as it progresses from being an idea to some kind of product. It minimizes uncertainty and increases the success rate of an enterprise that is at a very nascent stage. The difference among promotional efforts and hand-holding is that promotional effort is the assistance given for setting up a business whereas, in an incubator, it is more of hand-holding. The biggest benefit of being in an incubator is that it insulates you from the outside environment and hence an innovator can just concentrate on getting his idea fool-proof for the market. Incubators even provide the network, linking the innovators with societal resources. The network is of two kinds - knowledge network and social network. The role of venture capitalists in enterprise building is to provide linkages for a budding entrepreneur. But not many people are ready to give money at an idea level Professor Pankaj Chandra concluded the discussion by saying that the incubator is not just for supporting the innovator but also for ensuring that the idea is converted into an enterprise.
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MORRIS, SARA R. "AVIAN INCUBATION: BEHAVIOUR, ENVIRONMENT, AND EVOLUTION." Wilson Bulletin 114, no. 1 (March 2002): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0148:aibeae]2.0.co;2.
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SOCKMAN, KEITH W. "Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment, and Evolution." Condor 105, no. 1 (2003): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[164:b]2.0.co;2.
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Brown, Chris. "Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment, and Evolution." African Zoology 37, no. 2 (October 2002): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2002.11657187.
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Sockman, Keith W. "Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment, and Evolution." Condor 105, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.1.164.
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Al-Dajani, Haya, Evangelos Dedoussis, Erika Watson, and Nikolaos Tzokas. "Graduate Entrepreneurship Incubation Environments." Industry and Higher Education 28, no. 3 (June 2014): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2014.0205.
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The benchmarking framework developed in this study is specifically designed for higher education institutions to consider when developing environments to encourage entrepreneurship among their students, graduates and staff. The objective of the study was to identify key success factors of Graduate Entrepreneurship Incubator Environments (GEIEs) that nurture, encourage and promote entrepreneurship in higher education. Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in five leading UK entrepreneurial universities were used to collect data on GEIEs. The framework is a non-prescriptive tool which can be used by universities as a practical mechanism for plotting and monitoring progress towards an enabling environment for entrepreneurial graduates.
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Soeb, Md Janibul Alam, Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun, Shamima Shammi, Minhaj Uddin, and Rukon Ahmed Eimon. "Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost Incubator to Evaluate Hatching Performance of Egg." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 3, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.7.2662.
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In this study, a poultry egg incubator was designed, fabricated, and tested to evaluate its hatching performance. The incubator consists of a microcontroller with egg turner trays and incubating chamber of 116 nos. of egg capacity. The hatchability of the developed incubator was 79.3% and 87.1% hatchability during manual and automatic trials respectively. The temperature in the developed incubator was within the acceptable incubation temperature ranges from 37.6 °C to 38.6 °C. The average relative humidity in the developed incubator was maintained at 63.6% at manual and 55-65% at automatic trial. The eggs were turned manually approximately at 6 hours of interval. On the other hand, in the automatically controlled trial, it was done by egg turner maintaining exactly 6 hours of interval. It is noted that the percentage of hatching in rice husk incubators is below 55% which is much below comparing with the developed incubator. Also, the newborn chickens in rice husk incubators are unhealthy as they don’t get a sufficient amount of heat. Besides, in the sand incubation technique, kerosene-based hurricane lamps are used which produce Carbon Dioxide. The developed incubator is environment friendly because it doesn’t produce any by-product that is responsible for harming the environment. Also, after the successful trials, we have found the benefit-cost ratio was 1.42 which was quite satisfactory. The egg incubator can maintain the optimum conditions for the hatching of the chicken eggs and is capable of incubating and hatching the chicken eggs effectively. If the developed incubator is commercially supplied to the end-user, it will be a beneficial process of hatching for the farmer of Bangladesh.
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Soeb, Md Janibul Alam, Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun, Shamima Shammi, Minhaj Uddin, and Rukon Ahmed Eimon. "Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost Incubator to Evaluate Hatching Performance of Egg." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 3, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ej-eng.2021.6.7.2662.
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In this study, a poultry egg incubator was designed, fabricated, and tested to evaluate its hatching performance. The incubator consists of a microcontroller with egg turner trays and incubating chamber of 116 nos. of egg capacity. The hatchability of the developed incubator was 79.3% and 87.1% hatchability during manual and automatic trials respectively. The temperature in the developed incubator was within the acceptable incubation temperature ranges from 37.6 °C to 38.6 °C. The average relative humidity in the developed incubator was maintained at 63.6% at manual and 55-65% at automatic trial. The eggs were turned manually approximately at 6 hours of interval. On the other hand, in the automatically controlled trial, it was done by egg turner maintaining exactly 6 hours of interval. It is noted that the percentage of hatching in rice husk incubators is below 55% which is much below comparing with the developed incubator. Also, the newborn chickens in rice husk incubators are unhealthy as they don’t get a sufficient amount of heat. Besides, in the sand incubation technique, kerosene-based hurricane lamps are used which produce Carbon Dioxide. The developed incubator is environment friendly because it doesn’t produce any by-product that is responsible for harming the environment. Also, after the successful trials, we have found the benefit-cost ratio was 1.42 which was quite satisfactory. The egg incubator can maintain the optimum conditions for the hatching of the chicken eggs and is capable of incubating and hatching the chicken eggs effectively. If the developed incubator is commercially supplied to the end-user, it will be a beneficial process of hatching for the farmer of Bangladesh.
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Engler, Randall. "Heraeus cytomat® 6000 Series Incubators and Storage Systems from Kendro Laboratory Products." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 5, no. 2 (April 2000): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-5535-04-00060-7.
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There are a number of cases in high throughput screening systems where a controlled environment is desired. These include incubation periods for cell-based assays, incubation for protein detection assays such as ELISA or fluorescence assays, and branching assays for mRNA detection. In addition, as the density of wells in microplates increases and well volumes become smaller, evaporation becomes a concern in all assays. The cytomat® 6000 is a robot accessible, automated CO2 incubator used for cell-based High Throughput Screening systems. The incubator provides superior environmental conditions, due to the unique access door at the back of the instrument, the PlateShuttle (see Figure 3 ). This small access opening insures that the environment inside the system (temperature, humidity and CO2) is undisturbed as microplates are accessed ( Figure 2 ). The system provides high speed, random (bar-coded) access to all microplate formats for 24, 96, 384 and 1536 well microplates (up to 261-microplate capacity). Other cytomat configurations offer refrigerated and low humidity environments.
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Paraol de Matos, Guilherme, Milena Meridimi Teixeira, and Clarissa Stefani Teixeira. "An analysis of the pre-incubation process." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss6.2260.
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Innovation habitats have fostered entrepreneurship and assisted in the creation and development of innovative ventures. Among the existing innovation habitats, the pre-incubator has contributed to the creation of a successful business model. Thus, the current study aims to analyze the perception of the pre-incubated on the importance of pre-incubation in the development of their business. A case study was conducted through personal interviews with participants from the pre-incubator in Florianópolis. As a main result, it verified that the pre-incubator contributed to the development of the business model of its pre-incubated. In addition, it served as a learning environment on entrepreneurship and the business world. However, negative points also raised, such as management changes in the middle of the pre-incubation process. Finally, it noted that the environment positively evaluated by the informants, mainly as a place of knowledge sharing and development of their business models.
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Thibault, Michel, and Raymond McNeil. "Day- and night-time parental investment by incubating Wilson's Plovers in a tropical environment." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 879–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-103.
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With the use of a time-lapse video camera and infrared lamps, we quantified diurnal and nocturnal incubation sex roles in 17 pairs of Wilson's Plovers (Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus) breeding in northeastern Venezuela. More than 82% of nests reached the hatching stage. Between the laying of the last egg and hatching of the first one, parents devoted 83% of their time incubating. Males spent more time incubating than females. Males incubated mainly at night and females mostly during daytime. Males also spent significantly more time incubating during daytime than did females during nighttime. During incubation, females relieved males at dawn and males relieved females at dusk. By relieving each other under conditions of low light intensity, parents probably reduced nest predation. Outside the breeding season, the Wilson's Plovers forage almost exclusively during nighttime. In contrast, during the breeding season, males foraged mainly during daytime low tides, probably as a consequence of their nocturnal nest attendance. During short daytime periods, on cloudy days, incubating plovers, particularly the females, abandoned their eggs to forage.
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Siviter, Harry, D. Charles Deeming, M. F. T. van Giezen, and Anna Wilkinson. "Incubation environment impacts the social cognition of adult lizards." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 11 (November 2017): 170742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170742.
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Recent work exploring the relationship between early environmental conditions and cognition has shown that incubation environment can influence both brain anatomy and performance in simple operant tasks in young lizards. It is currently unknown how it impacts other, potentially more sophisticated, cognitive processes. Social-cognitive abilities, such as gaze following and social learning, are thought to be highly adaptive as they provide a short-cut to acquiring new information. Here, we investigated whether egg incubation temperature influenced two aspects of social cognition, gaze following and social learning in adult reptiles ( Pogona vitticeps ). Incubation temperature did not influence the gaze following ability of the bearded dragons; however, lizards incubated at colder temperatures were quicker at learning a social task and faster at completing that task. These results are the first to show that egg incubation temperature influences the social cognitive abilities of an oviparous reptile species and that it does so differentially depending on the task. Further, the results show that the effect of incubation environment was not ephemeral but lasted long into adulthood. It could thus have potential long-term effects on fitness.
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Korsheva, I. A., and I. V. Trotsenko. "The influence of incubator design features on the incubation result." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012039.
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Abstract This article shows the results of chicken eggs incubation by IUP-F-45 and BioStreamer 165HD. There were two different types of machines during two-lots of eggs incubation. The BioStreamer 165HD is equipped with such feature as flexible incubation environment tuning according to its technology of embryo feedback. The sensors control the temperature inside machine by using the temperature of egg shells. Also there are sensors which can monitor the humidity level by controlling and predicting the humidity loss of each egg lot and using the narrow-hatching window technology. The incubators are managed by controller and connected to one computer network. The eggs are set to cellular structure incubation tray. The pulsators are equipped with five wide blades to ensure the required air flow rate. In addition, the roof vents have been improved. The power of the heating elements has been increased, which provides a quick heating time for all eggs at the beginning of the incubation cycle. The larger diameter of the cooling coil creates a wider overall cooling surface. As a result of the research, it was found that the use of the BioStreamer incubator made it possible to increase the hatchability of eggs, to carry out the simultaneous hatching of young brood, reducing the hatching by 5.5 hours, to increase the yield of conditioned young chickens by 0.9% and its quality, to obtain a greater amount of meat products from broilers: the average weight of chickens increased by 2.7 per cent, the safety of brood - by 3.6 per cent.
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Petrucci, Francesco. "The incubation process of mid-stage startup companies: a business network perspective." IMP Journal 12, no. 3 (November 12, 2018): 544–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imp-07-2017-0043.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to preliminary attempt to deal with the phenomenon of business incubation from the industrial network perspective (Hakansson et al., 2009). The study draws on the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) insights on new business formation and development in business networks as a starting point to shed light on the incubator–incubatee relationship content and development to see how this specific relationship influences the development process of a mid-stage business venture. The author believes that the IMP tradition – with its focus on interactions in business relationships – can positively contribute to implementing this neglected topic of incubation research. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a longitudinal case study describing a mid-stage start-up venture initiating and developing a business relationship with a private business incubator. The relationship is explored through an abductive research design grounded in the IMP ARA model of analysis. The investigation focuses on how the incubation process unfolds through resources’ and actors’ interactions at different scales of analysis: the focal dyad, the incubation internal environment and the surrounding network. Particular “contextual” emphasis is put on new venture’s prior relationships. The study reveals three main findings. Findings Business incubation results as an emergent, and interdependent, process of interaction that develops among the incubator, the incubatee and external networked actors. In this perspective, the paper aims to re-discuss the role of the incubator in the process of forming and developing a new company considering its minor role in the wider developmental setting surrounding the incubatee. Research limitations/implications The paper introduces IMP concepts to business incubation debates, which can positively challenge and provide novel explanations about the recurring gaps of the literature. Further research should provide more detail on the role and functioning of interactive incubation in a business network context, addressing complex topics such as incubation performance and outcomes. Further research should also deepen and discuss the role of incubation relationships within the set of initial relationships of a new venture. Practical implications This analysis can be used to revise the general approach to the management and configuration of business incubators. Present insights could be helpful, in fact, to design more effective incubation offerings and models, as well as develop best managerial practices targeted at interacting with new venture especially in the resource dimension, both within and outside the incubation environment. Originality/value The incubation dyad, as a unit of analysis, has been scarcely addressed in incubation research. This is central for addressing the role of interactions, relationships and networks in incubation, all elements which have been too scarcely investigated. In addition, the paper deals with a private business incubator, a particular model which is in need for more research. Finally, the case of an established new venture which decides to enter a business incubator at a later stage of its development represents a peculiar case which does not fit classical research typically focused on new ventures “born and raised” entirely in incubation.
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Ricklefs, Robert E. "Avian Incubation: Behaviour, Environment, and Evolution D. Charles Deeming." Auk 119, no. 4 (October 2002): 1210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4090257.
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Halim, Fandi, Gunawan, and Agustina. "Digital-Based Incubator Framework Modelling for University." International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeei.2020010102.
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A business incubator is an entity which supports a developing business through providing resources and services and has become more common as the number of entrepreneurs increases. This is especially in the university environment for its ability to become a product or service for students entrepreneurs. The research is aimed at modeling a digital-based business incubator framework for universities who intend to establish their own incubators. Research was conducted by analyzing previous models and research. The framework consists of 4 stages which include: preparation, pre-incubation, incubation, and post-incubation. Each stage has its own activity to help prepare an outcome for the next stage. Also considered are its success factor.
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Theodorakopoulos, Nicholas, Nada K. Kakabadse, and Carmel McGowan. "What matters in business incubation? A literature review and a suggestion for situated theorising." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 21, no. 4 (November 11, 2014): 602–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-09-2014-0152.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to provide a critical assessment of the literature on business incubation effectiveness and second, to submit a situated theoretical perspective on how business incubation management can provide an environment that supports the development of incubatee entrepreneurs and their businesses. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a narrative critical assessment of the literature on business incubation effectiveness. Definitional issues, performance aspects and approaches to establishing critical success factors in business incubation are discussed. Business incubation management is identified as an overarching factor for theorising on business incubation effectiveness. Findings – The literature on business incubation effectiveness suffers from several deficiencies, including definitional incongruence, descriptive accounts, fragmentation and lack of strong conceptual grounding. Notwithstanding the growth of research on this domain, understanding of how entrepreneurs and their businesses develop within the business incubator environment remains limited. Given the importance of relational, intangible factors in business incubation and the critical role of business incubation management in orchestrating and optimising such factors, it is suggested that theorising efforts would benefit from a situated perspective. Originality/value – The identification of specific shortcomings in the literature on business incubation highlights the need for more systematic efforts towards theory building. It is suggested that focusing on the role of business incubation management from a situated learning theory perspective can lend itself to a more profound understanding of the development process of incubatee entrepreneurs and their firms. Theoretical propositions are offered to this effect, as well as avenues for future research.
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Gao, Yuchen, and Yimei Hu. "The upgrade to hybrid incubators in China: a case study of Tuspark incubator." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 8, no. 3 (October 2, 2017): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-05-2017-0021.
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Purpose This study aims to explore key factors and specific ways for the upgrade to hybrid incubators in the context of China. A hybrid incubator means that a technology-based business incubators (TBIs) can implement various distinct value creation processes with the integration of the advantages of non-for-profit and for-profit TBIs at same time as Chinese government now requires government-sponsored non-for-profit TBIs to be profitable self-sustainability with less dependent on direct public subsidies, aiming to motivate these TBIs to provide higher quality services for their tenant new technology-based firms (NTBFs). Design/methodology/approach This study conducts a single in-depth case-study of Tuspark Incubator (located in Tsinghua Science Park [TSP]) with categorical analysis. Findings Three factors, i.e. incubation subdivision, intermediary platform and proactive approach, are found to be essential for a formerly government-sponsored TBI’s upgrading. Incubation subdivision enables Tuspark Incubator to create multiple incubation processes with incubator characteristic variables of both non-for-profit and for-profit incubators; with the establishment of intermediary platform, Tuspark Incubator provides specialized business support and high-quality networking from relevant specialized service organizations external to the incubator; more proactive approach with equity investment on incubating firms from Tuspark Incubator help to generate social welfare and financial profit at the same time. Practical implications For the incubators’ managers, incubation subdivision enables TBIs to operate for-profit and non-for-profit processes at the same time and provides different specific needs; more open intermediary service platforms can leverage the full potential of the actors in innovation system and help TBIs to save resource when upgrading to hybrid incubators; proactive approaches nurture learning climate and entrepreneurship environment to enhance the successful rate on NTBFs inside incubators and provide main profit source for incubators. For policy makers, using proactive approaches including creating a good milieu for incubation on technology-based start-ups and the design of public guidance funds is increasingly crucial. Originality/value This research is a pioneering study on the key factors and specific ways for the upgrade of government-sponsored non-for-profit TBIs in China to hybrid for-profit and non-for-profit incubators.
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Meister, Alexander Dominik, and René Mauer. "Understanding refugee entrepreneurship incubation – an embeddedness perspective." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 1065–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0108.
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Purpose Recent years have seen a wave of immigration in western countries. Entrepreneurship can foster refugees’ integration in the labour market. Hence, the authors observe an emergence of incubators with social purpose, addressing the key challenges of refugee entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is to look at the particularities and the impact of business incubation on entrepreneurial development and embeddedness of refugee entrepreneurs in the host country by applying the theoretical lens of mixed embeddedness theory. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a qualitative case study approach exploring one business incubation model for refugee entrepreneurs in Germany. For a multi-stakeholder perspective, the data were collected through a participatory focus group workshop and semi-structured interviews of refugee entrepreneurs and incubator stakeholders (e.g. incubator management, mentors and partners) contributing to the incubation. The data collection extends over the duration of five months of the incubation programme. Findings The empirical results emphasise the impact of the business incubator on refugee entrepreneur’s development and embeddedness. In this analysis, the authors identify key themes of a particular incubation process addressing the lack of embeddedness and barriers to refugee entrepreneurs in the host country. From the results, the authors elaborate a particular business incubation process framework of refugee entrepreneurs. Originality/value The findings enhance the understanding how business incubation contributes to the embeddedness of refugee entrepreneurs in their new hosting environment. Thus, this research contributes to the existing literature by extending incubation model frameworks towards refugee entrepreneurship and embeddedness perspectives. Furthermore, the study emphasises the role of the incubator in the context of the dimensions of the mixed embeddedness of the refugee entrepreneurs.
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Voisey, Pamela, Paul Jones, and Brychan Thomas. "The Pre-Incubator: A Longitudinal Study of 10 Years of University Pre-Incubation in Wales." Industry and Higher Education 27, no. 5 (October 2013): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2013.0168.
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This paper describes a longitudinal study of over 10 years of university pre-incubation in Wales, using case studies of incubated businesses to track their performance since 2001. Surviving ‘graduated’ businesses were investigated and quantitative and qualitative data were gathered to profile the current status of these businesses and assess their development following the incubation process. It was noted that the off-site location was beneficial in recruiting both graduate and non-graduate clients and gave rise to a proactive and enabling business environment. Overall, a positive contribution by the pre-incubator was found, in terms of turnover generated and jobs created in an area of economic underperformance.
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Chandra, Aruna. "Business incubation in Brazil: Creating an environment for new ventures." Enterprise Development and Microfinance 20, no. 1 (March 2009): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2009.004.
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Tucker, John K., and Gary L. Paukstis. "Hatching Success of Turtle Eggs Exposed to Dry Incubation Environment." Journal of Herpetology 34, no. 4 (December 2000): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565267.
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Qualls, Fiona J., and Richard Shine. "Geographic variation in lizard phenotypes: importance of the incubation environment." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 64, no. 4 (August 1998): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb00345.x.
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Glen, F., A. C. Broderick, B. J. Godley, and G. C. Hays. "Incubation environment affects phenotype of naturally incubated green turtle hatchlings." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 5 (September 19, 2003): 1183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008464h.
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A comparison of body size and flipper size was carried out on green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings produced from natural nests at two beaches on Ascension Island, South Atlantic and one beach in northern Cyprus in the Mediterranean (N=18 nests; N=180 hatchlings). Hatchlings from Ascension Island were significantly larger and heavier than hatchlings in Cyprus, a likely consequence of maternal size effects. Incubation temperature appeared to influence body size of hatchlings on Ascension Island with higher temperatures producing smaller hatchlings. Both hind and fore-flipper area scaled positively with body size. In proportion to body size, hind-flipper area appears relatively consistent among the Atlantic populations but is smaller than hatchlings measured in Hawaii.
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Reichling, Steven B., and William H. N. Gutzke. "Phenotypic consequences of incubation environment in the African elapid genusAspidelaps." Zoo Biology 15, no. 3 (1996): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1996)15:3<301::aid-zoo8>3.0.co;2-f.
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Gatto, CR, B. Matthews, and RD Reina. "Role of incubation environment in determining thermal tolerance of sea turtle hatchlings." Endangered Species Research 44 (April 8, 2021): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01111.
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Warming global temperatures are predicted to reduce population viability in many oviparous ectothermic taxa, with increased embryonic mortality likely to be a main cause. While research on embryonic upper thermal limits is extensive, sea turtle hatchling thermal tolerance has received less attention and our understanding of how incubation conditions influence hatchling thermal tolerance is limited. Here, we report green turtle Chelonia mydas hatchling hydration and thermal tolerance following incubation in dry and wet conditions. We used packed cell volume and total protein as indicators of hydration and measured the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of hatchlings in air. Neither hydration nor thermal tolerance was directly influenced by moisture treatment. However, hatchlings from moister nests had longer incubation durations (wet: 60.11 d vs. dry: 54.86 d), and, using incubation duration as a proxy for incubation temperature, hatchlings from cooler nests had significantly lower CTmax (wet: 39.84°C vs. dry: 40.51°C). Thus, despite not directly influencing thermal tolerance, moisture treatment influenced nest temperature indirectly; hatchlings that experienced warmer conditions in dry nests had a higher thermal tolerance than hatchlings from cooler and wetter nests. Ectothermic neonates may have greater plasticity in their thermal tolerance than previously thought, but their ability to adapt to increasing temperature is likely limited. Additionally, common management techniques to reduce nest temperatures, such as watering and shading nests, may only reduce embryonic mortality at the cost of decreased hatchling thermal tolerance and increased hatchling mortality during emergence. Nesting-site management interventions designed to reduce embryonic mortality will need to consider mitigation of the possible effects of those interventions on hatchling mortality.
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Hopwood, Mark J., Nicolas Sanchez, Despo Polyviou, Øystein Leiknes, Julián Alberto Gallego-Urrea, Eric P. Achterberg, Murat V. Ardelan, et al. "Experiment design and bacterial abundance control extracellular H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentrations during four series of mesocosm experiments." Biogeosciences 17, no. 5 (March 16, 2020): 1309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1309-2020.
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Abstract. The extracellular concentration of H2O2 in surface aquatic environments is controlled by a balance between photochemical production and the microbial synthesis of catalase and peroxidase enzymes to remove H2O2 from solution. In any kind of incubation experiment, the formation rates and equilibrium concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as H2O2 may be sensitive to both the experiment design, particularly to the regulation of incident light, and the abundance of different microbial groups, as both cellular H2O2 production and catalase–peroxidase enzyme production rates differ between species. Whilst there are extensive measurements of photochemical H2O2 formation rates and the distribution of H2O2 in the marine environment, it is poorly constrained how different microbial groups affect extracellular H2O2 concentrations, how comparable extracellular H2O2 concentrations within large-scale incubation experiments are to those observed in the surface-mixed layer, and to what extent a mismatch with environmentally relevant concentrations of ROS in incubations could influence biological processes differently to what would be observed in nature. Here we show that both experiment design and bacterial abundance consistently exert control on extracellular H2O2 concentrations across a range of incubation experiments in diverse marine environments. During four large-scale (>1000 L) mesocosm experiments (in Gran Canaria, the Mediterranean, Patagonia and Svalbard) most experimental factors appeared to exert only minor, or no, direct effect on H2O2 concentrations. For example, in three of four experiments where pH was manipulated to 0.4–0.5 below ambient pH, no significant change was evident in extracellular H2O2 concentrations relative to controls. An influence was sometimes inferred from zooplankton density, but not consistently between different incubation experiments, and no change in H2O2 was evident in controlled experiments using different densities of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus grazing on the diatom Skeletonema costatum (<1 % change in [H2O2] comparing copepod densities from 1 to 10 L−1). Instead, the changes in H2O2 concentration contrasting high- and low-zooplankton incubations appeared to arise from the resulting changes in bacterial activity. The correlation between bacterial abundance and extracellular H2O2 was stronger in some incubations than others (R2 range 0.09 to 0.55), yet high bacterial densities were consistently associated with low H2O2. Nonetheless, the main control on H2O2 concentrations during incubation experiments relative to those in ambient, unenclosed waters was the regulation of incident light. In an open (lidless) mesocosm experiment in Gran Canaria, H2O2 was persistently elevated (2–6-fold) above ambient concentrations; whereas using closed high-density polyethylene mesocosms in Crete, Svalbard and Patagonia H2O2 within incubations was always reduced (median 10 %–90 %) relative to ambient waters.
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AlRashidi, Monif, and Mohammed Shobrak. "Incubation Routine of Saunders's Tern Sternula Saundersi in a Harsh Environment." Avian Biology Research 8, no. 2 (June 2015): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815515x14278073403454.
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Kimura, Ryuto, Tomohiko Sato, Yumi Sato, Natsuki Sugiura, Erika Kodama, Mami Sibata, Haruka Ogura, and Shota Inoue. "The effect of omotehama environment on incubation of Loggerhead sea turtles." Young Scientists Journal 6, no. 13 (2013): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-6102.107621.
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Krnel, Kristoffer, Goran Dražič, and Tomaž Kosmač. "Degradation of AlN Powder in Aqueous Environments." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 4 (April 2004): 1157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0150.
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The reactivity of AlN powder in an aqueous environment was studied by measuring the pH and the temperature during the hydrolysis of the powder at room and elevated temperatures. The influences of the powder concentration and the starting pH of the slurry were also investigated. The results of the measurements at room temperature show that there is an incubation time before the start of the AlN hydrolysis reactions. Once this incubation time is over, the pH and the temperature of the slurry start to increase, indicating the onset of the reactions. A higher starting temperature not only speeds up the reaction of the AlN powder with water, but it also shortens the incubation time. In addition, the starting temperature influences the morphology of the reaction product: at temperatures below 60 °C, the final product of the hydrolysis is crystalline Al(OH)3, whereas at higher temperatures (above 60 °C), crystalline AlOOH is formed. At very low pH values (pH = 1), the reaction of AlN powder with water is prevented (i.e., the incubation time is very long), whereas in an alkaline environment, the incubation time is approximately the same as in distilled water, but the reaction is accelerated.
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Shepard, Jeffrey. "Incubation Process Case Study." Management and Organizational Studies 5, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/mos.v5n3p43.
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The purpose of this case study is to create a profile of business incubators by exploring various aspects concerned with their operations. While tracing the history, development and current practices of business incubators, the aspects explored include the identification of: the nature of clients served, incubator mission, incubator staffing/personnel, incubator management, incubator resources, and incubator facilities/technology. The main motivation behind this case study is to compile an exhaustive profile of business incubators into one paper.This case study mainly utilized secondary research. By using questionnaires, a survey conducted among managers of selected business incubators in the United States was done. The exploratory nature of this study prompted the use of open ended questions.Findings concerning incubator mission are that current incubators mainly provide professional services of increased complexity as opposed to earlier incubators. Regarding personnel, modern incubators have formal organization structures characterized by the aspect of co-learning. While earlier incubators primarily offered cheap rental space, modern incubators share resources via a complex network of virtual connectivity. On technology, sophisticated technological communication interfaces such as the internet are vital, previous incubators relied on outdated technology. Concerning management, modern incubators require highly adaptive managers capable of addressing specific needs due to the constantly changing business environment. Other findings include the fact that clients are predominantly small business owners and students. Further, managers mainly provide direct services to clients such as mentoring, coaching, and training.
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Wells-Berlin, Alicia M., Harold H. Prince, and Todd W. Arnold. "Incubation Length of Dabbling Ducks." Condor 107, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.4.926.
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AbstractWe collected unincubated eggs from wild Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Gadwall (A. strepera), Blue-winged Teal (A. discors), and Northern Shoveler (A. clypeata) nests and artificially incubated them at 37.5°C. Average incubation lengths of Mallard, Gadwall, and Northern Shoveler eggs did not differ from their wild-nesting counterparts, but artificially incubated Blue-winged Teal eggs required an additional 1.7 days to hatch, suggesting that wild-nesting teal incubated more effectively. A small sample of Mallard, Gadwall, and Northern Shoveler eggs artificially incubated at 38.3°C hatched 1 day sooner, indicating that incubation temperature affected incubation length. Mean incubation length of Blue-winged Teal declined by 1 day for each 11-day delay in nesting, but we found no such seasonal decline among Mallards, Gadwalls, or Northern Shovelers. There is no obvious explanation for the seasonal reduction in incubation length for Blue-winged Teal eggs incubated in a constant environment, and the phenomenon deserves further study.
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Montgomerie, Robert D., and Ralph V. Cantar. "The Influence of Weather On Incubation Scheduling of the White-Rumped Sandpiper (Calidris Fuscicollis): a Uniparental Incubator in a Cold Environment." Behaviour 95, no. 3-4 (1985): 261–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853985x00154.
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AbstractWe studied the incubation scheduling of 8 white-rumped sandpipers (Calidris fuscicollis), a species in which only the female incubates. Because the female is small and nests in the high arctic, these birds are probably under more cold stress than birds nesting in the temperate zone. We examined the individual and collective effects of several weather variables on a female's incubation behaviour to ascertain what amount of the variability within a day was directly attributable to weather conditions. Birds made an average of 25.1 off-nest trips each day, averaging 10.5 min each. This resulted in spending, on average, 82.5% of their time incubating eggs. There was a clear within-day cycle in incubation scheduling; birds made more and longer trips in the middle of the day and, as a result, spent more total time off the nest in that period. Birds adjusted their hour-by-hour schedules to weather largely by altering the number of trips made, and less so by adjusting trip length. There was a circadian rhythm in recess time/h, explaining at least 11% of the variation in recess time/h. When the circadian rhythm was controlled statistically, weather accounted for an average of 38% of the explainable variation in recess time/h. The relative importance of each weather variable on the recess time/h was (in descending order of importance): wind speed, air temperature, solar radiation, barometric pressure, and relative humidity. Weather (primarily wind speed and temperature) exerted its strongest effects early and late in the bird's active day (0400-2300 h). On cold and windy days, birds increased the time spent on their nests early and late in the day, and made more trips than usual in the middle of the day, when air temperature was highest. We suggest that the incubation scheduling of these birds conformed to the long-term predictability of the daily weather cycle by following a circadian rhythm of behaviour modified by a response to concurrent weather that would have reduced egg cooling.
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Liu, J., N. Jiao, and K. Tang. "An experimental study on the effects of nutrient enrichment on organic carbon persistence in the western Pacific oligotrophic gyre." Biogeosciences 11, no. 18 (September 23, 2014): 5115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5115-2014.
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Abstract. Carbon sequestration in the ocean is of great concern with respect to the mitigation of global warming. How to hold the fixed organic carbon in the presence of tremendous numbers of heterotrophic microorganisms in marine environments is the central issue. We previously hypothesized that excessive nutrients would ultimately decrease the storage of organic carbon in marine environments. To test this, a series of in situ nutrient enrichment incubation experiments were conducted at a site (17.59° N, 127.00° E) within the western Pacific oligotrophic gyre. Five treatments were employed: glucose (Glu), algal exudation organic material (EOM), nitrate (N) and phosphate (P), N and P in combination with glucose and a control with no added nutrients. The results showed that the dissolved organic carbon consumption rates and bacterial community specific growth rates were enhanced by inorganic nutrient enrichment treatments during the initial 48 h incubation. At the end of 14 days of incubation, about one-third (average 3.3 μmol C kg−1) more organic carbon was respired in the glucose-enriched incubation with the addition of inorganic nutrients compared to that without. In contrast, when nutrients were limiting, glucose could not be efficiently used by the bacteria and thus it remained in the environment. These results suggest that repletion of inorganic nutrients could facilitate microbial consumption of organic carbon and thus has a significant impact on carbon cycling in the environment.
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Vester, Jan Kjølhede, Mikkel Andreas Glaring, and Peter Stougaard. "Improving diversity in cultures of bacteria from an extreme environment." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 8 (August 2013): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0087.
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The ikaite columns in the Ikka Fjord in Greenland represent one of the few permanently cold and alkaline environments on Earth, and the interior of the columns is home to a bacterial community adapted to these extreme conditions. The community is characterized by low cell numbers imbedded in a calcium carbonate matrix, making extraction of bacterial cells and DNA a challenge and limiting molecular and genomic studies of this environment. To utilize this genetic resource, cultivation at high pH and low temperature was studied as a method for obtaining biomass and DNA from the fraction of this community that would not otherwise be amenable to genetic analyses. The diversity and community dynamics in mixed cultures of bacteria from ikaite columns was investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA. Both medium composition and incubation time influenced the diversity of the culture and many hitherto uncharacterized genera could be brought into culture by extended incubation time. Extended incubation time also gave rise to a more diverse community with a significant number of rare species not detected in the initial community.
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Cirule, Iveta, and Inga Uvarova. "Open Innovation and Determinants of Technology-Driven Sustainable Value Creation in Incubated Start-Ups." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030162.
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Business incubators ensure networking and facilitate Open Innovation (OI) collaborations both inside the incubator among entrepreneurs and outside with external stakeholders. Recently, the sustainability and the promotion of environment-friendly businesses has become an important focus for the business incubators. Sustainability-oriented business incubation is a relatively new and emerging topic both for scholars and BI practitioners. This paper aims to explore the theoretical groundings for the business incubation perspectives in facilitating sustainable value creation through OI approaches and to test research instruments exploring determinants of the technology-driven sustainable value creation in incubated start-ups in Latvia. Through the pilot survey, this study will also increase the awareness on the importance of the OI and the creation of sustainable value, and provides the preliminary results to be considered by scholars and practitioners. Results show that climate change, as a planetary boundary, positively stimulates incubated start-ups to improve their technology-driven sustainable value creation. However, sustainability ambition, if negatively influenced by the incubator location, negatively affects the technology-driven sustainable value creation. These results on the sustainability scale within the business incubation of start-ups contribute to the new theoretical concepts, related to integration of the sustainability issues and OI practices within business incubation.
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Colombelli-Négrel, Diane, and Sonia Kleindorfer. "Prenatal environment affects embryonic response to song." Biology Letters 13, no. 8 (August 2017): 20170302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0302.
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Early environmental enrichment improves postnatal cognition in animals and humans. Here, we examined the effects of the prenatal acoustic environment (parental song rate) on prenatal attention in superb fairy-wren ( Malurus cyaneus ) embryos, the only songbird species with evidence of prenatal discrimination of maternal calls and in ovo call learning. Because both adults also sing throughout the incubation phase, we broadcast songs to embryos and measured their heart rate response in relation to parental song rate and tutor identity (familiarity, sex). Embryos from acoustically active families (high parental song rate) had the strongest response to songs. Embryos responded (i) strongest to male songs irrespective of familiarity with the singer, and (ii) strongest if their father had a high song rate during incubation. This is the first evidence for a prenatal physiological response to particular songs (potential tutors) in the egg, in relation to the prenatal acoustic environment, and before the sensitive period for song learning.
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Maital, Shlomo, Shmuel Ravid, D. V. R. Seshadri, and Alon Dumanis. "Toward a Grounded Theory of Effective Business Incubation." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 33, no. 4 (October 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920080401.
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Business incubators are found all over the world. Yet, to date, no viable integrative theory of effective business incubation exists. This essay outlines a grounded theory of incubation, driven by case studies, empirical results, and field work, based on three main principles that generalize across countries and cultures. They are: The paradox of market emulation: Successful incubators both emulate market conditions and shield their ‘infants’ from them. Managing this paradox is fraught with difficulty, not the least because it is often not explicitly recognized. Resolving the key make-or-break constraint: In every country, there are many constraints that hinder ultimate business success of incubator projects, but there is one key constraint that always ‘resonates’, i.e., that dominates the attention and concern of project managers. In India, this constraint is funding. In Israel, where the VC industry is mature and liquid, funding is not a major constraint (though as always and everywhere, raising money is a major challenge), but experienced managerial capacity is the resonating factor. Hence, a theory of incubation should include principles that guide identification of the key ‘resonating’ constraint and provide direction toward reducing or eliminating it. Alignment with local and national cultures: Culture is a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs, and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behaviour. Culture is how values drive behaviour. In national studies of incubation, it is strongly evident how powerfully national culture acts as a mediating variable between, for instance, incubator operations and processes and the national and global business environment. Hence, a theory of incubation should include answers to the following question: How can incubator processes align well with elements of national and local culture, in order to: reinforce those aspects of the culture that act positively to help incubator projects attain success mitigate or eliminate those aspects of culture that act negatively, and lead to failure? It is hoped that this work will stimulate other scholars to seek even more important general principles, leading to a powerful general theory of business incubation.
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Blumberg, Mark S., Sean J. Lewis, and Greta Sokoloff. "Incubation temperature modulates post-hatching thermoregulatory behavior in the Madagascar ground gecko, Paroedura pictus." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 18 (September 15, 2002): 2777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.18.2777.
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SUMMARY All vertebrates regulate body temperature within narrow limits, regardless of their physiological capabilities. When do these limits develop, and can they be modified by manipulations of the developmental thermal environment? We addressed these questions by incubating the eggs of the Madagascar ground gecko, Paroedura pictus, at three temperatures and by assessing thermoregulatory behavior in hatchlings. Thermoregulatory behavior was assessed using a two-choice shuttle paradigm, and skin temperatures were measured non-invasively using infrared thermography. The shuttling behavior of hatchlings was systematically affected by the temperature at which they were incubated, and follow-up tests suggested that this effect persisted for at least three weeks post-hatching. The body temperature data from the shuttling experiment were used to model thermoregulatory behavior in a complex thermal environment; the model predicted systematic effects of incubation temperature on thermal preference. The specificity of the alteration in thermoregulatory behavior by incubation temperature is compelling and provides evidence for powerful pre-hatching influences on a fundamental, life-sustaining behavioral process.
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Junaid Ahmad, Ali. "A mechanisms-driven theory of business incubation." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 20, no. 4 (May 27, 2014): 375–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-11-2012-0133.
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Purpose – Following recommendations by scholars for further research on the business incubation process, the purpose of this paper is to build new theory on incubation using the social mechanisms approach – a well-developed body of theory on social processes. Design/methodology/approach – A critical review of dominant theoretical approaches in the area highlighted that researchers in the past have not studied incubation as a social “process.” In order to study a social process such as incubation, a case is made for the value of social mechanisms theory. In order to study incubation as a social mechanism, an inductive-qualitative research design based on ethnography was used. Data were collected over six months each at two Dublin-Ireland-based business incubators. Findings – Results highlight the significant role of a positive relational bond between the incubator manager and client entrepreneurs. Incubation is triggered in a sophisticated normative environment under the prevalence of ground rules, subtle signals and the interplay of personal histories. These contribute to the incubation mechanism's non-linearity, thereby, making the prediction of outcomes difficult. Originality/value – A contribution of this research comes in the form of a new conceptualization of incubation based in mechanisms reasoning. The mechanisms approach was found to be versatile and helped in extending the work of previous researchers who proposed advancements in the area based on dyadic theory, social capital theory and social network theory. Further, a new, and it is argued, more fruitful direction for incubation process-related research is also highlighted; one which takes on board the often glossed over idiosyncrasies of incubation as a social mechanism for promoting early stage entrepreneurship.
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Shalhoub, Zeinab Karake, and Lubna Al Qasimi. "Crafting the environment for high tech incubation projects: the case of Dubai." International Journal of Management Practice 1, no. 1 (2004): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmp.2004.004872.
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Tezak, Boris, Blair Bentley, Mikaela Arena, Samantha Mueller, Taylor Snyder, and Itzel Sifuentes-Romero. "Incubation environment and parental identity affect sea turtle development and hatchling phenotype." Oecologia 192, no. 4 (April 2020): 939–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04643-7.
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Rehman, Asad Ur, Virginie Busignies, Marcela Coelho Silva Ribeiro, Nayara Almeida Lage, Pierre Tchoreloff, Virginie Escriou, and Christine Charrueau. "Fate of Tableted Freeze-Dried siRNA Lipoplexes in Gastrointestinal Environment." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111807.
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The incorporation of siRNA into nanocarriers is mandatory to facilitate its intracellular delivery, as siRNA itself cannot enter cells. However, the incorporation of these nanocarriers into oral, solid dosage forms and their fate in the gastrointestinal environment is yet to be explored. In the present work, the fate of, (i) naked siRNA, (ii) freshly prepared siRNA lipoplexes, and (iii) tableted siRNA lipoplexes, in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids was studied. The siRNA, either released from or protected within the lipoplexes, was quantified by gel electrophoresis and siRNA efficacy was assessed in cell transfection. The freshly prepared lipoplexes kept their siRNA load and transfection efficiency totally preserved during 1 h of incubation in simulated gastric fluid at 37 °C. However, in simulated intestinal fluid, despite no release of siRNA from lipoplexes after 6 h of incubation, gene silencing efficacy was dramatically decreased even after 1 h of exposure. The lipoplexes obtained from tablets efficiently protected siRNA in simulated gastric fluid, thus preserving the gene silencing efficacy, whereas their incubation in simulated intestinal fluid resulted in a marked siRNA release and decreased gene silencing efficacy. These results provided a detailed explanation for understanding the fate of siRNA in gastrointestinal conditions, when simply loaded in lipoplexes or formulated in the form of tablets.
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NOAKES, C. J., C. B. BEGGS, P. A. SLEIGH, and K. G. KERR. "Modelling the transmission of airborne infections in enclosed spaces." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 5 (February 14, 2006): 1082–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806005875.
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The Wells–Riley equation for modelling airborne infection in indoor environments is incorporated into an SEIR epidemic model with a short incubation period to simulate the transmission dynamics of airborne infectious diseases in ventilated rooms. The model enables the effect of environmental factors such as the ventilation rate and the room occupancy to be examined, and allows the long-term impact of infection control measures to be assessed. A theoretical parametric study is carried out to demonstrate how changes to both the physical environment and infection control procedures may potentially limit the spread of short-incubation-period airborne infections in indoor environments such as hospitals.
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Asadova, B. "Salinity Factor Effect on Barley Seedlings Incubation." Bulletin of Science and Practice 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/74/11.
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Stress factors limit the development of living organisms, especially plants, and reduce their productivity. In this regard, the study of the effects of stress factors on plants and the discovery of adaptation mechanisms play an important role in the regulation of stress in the cell. From a biological point of view, stress is considered to be any change in the external environment that impairs the normal development of the plant or changes it in a negative direction. Stresses cause changes in the physiological activity of plants, weaken the process of biosynthesis in the cell, disrupt normal life and ultimately can cause plant death.
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DEVASIA, T., B. LOPMAN, J. LEON, and A. HANDEL. "Association of host, agent and environment characteristics and the duration of incubation and symptomatic periods of norovirus gastroenteritis." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 11 (December 8, 2014): 2308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814003288.
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SUMMARYWe analysed the reported duration of incubation and symptomatic periods of norovirus for a dataset of 1022 outbreaks, 64 of which reported data on the average incubation period and 87 on the average symptomatic period. We found the mean and median incubation periods for norovirus to be 32·8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 30·9–34·6] hours and 33·5 (95% CI 32·0–34·0) hours, respectively. For the symptomatic period we found the mean and median to be 44·2 (95% CI 38·9–50·7) hours and 43·0 (95% CI 36·0–48·0) hours, respectively. We further investigated how these average periods were associated with several reported host, agent and environmental characteristics. We did not find any strong, biologically meaningful associations between the duration of incubation or symptomatic periods and the reported host, pathogen and environmental characteristics. Overall, we found that the distributions of incubation and symptomatic periods for norovirus infections are fairly constant and showed little differences with regard to the host, pathogen and environmental characteristics we analysed.
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Ghina, Astri, and Ina Sinaryanti. "The Learning Evaluation of Business Incubator's Role in Developing Technology-Based Startups at Technology Business Incubator." Asian Journal of Technology Management (AJTM) 14, no. 1 (2021): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2021.14.1.3.
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Abstract. Technology-based startup plays a vital role in improving the Indonesian economy. There are thousands of units of technology-based startups, though most of them are not adequately sustainable. The inadequacy is attributed to the fact that the products or services created are not in line with market needs and do not help understand business processes. Universities play an essential role in developing startups through business incubators to compete in the digital age. There is no conducive learning environment for business incubators in Indonesia, though the national standards are used. This research evaluates the learning process in a Technology Business Incubator in Bandung University using case study methods. Data is collected by performing in-depth interviews with three incubator managers and seven startup founders or tenants who have completed the incubation process. The business industry consists of education, design, printing, and fishery, while thehe interviews cover the process before, during, and after incubation, including the tenant's selection criteria and stages, learning processes in incubators and facilities, after graduation programs, and measurement of the impacts. The results show that the practices fit the ideal conditions, including training-focused and knowledge sharing session programs or skills, knowledge provisions, and expertise improvement programs for tenants, rental system facilities for graduates, and commercialization support. Furthermore, there are opportunities to improve several aspects, including developing tenant admission selection criteria, effective learning approaches, coaching, networking, and broader funding, graduation criteria, monitoring for graduates, and a more comprehensive range of impact measurement. This research helps guide business incubators to prioritize developing aspects of services. Moreover, evaluation using the mixed method is open for further investigation. Keywords: Business incubator, pre-incubation, main incubation, post-incubation, startup, learning evaluation
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Guan, Chenghua, and Shengxue Jin. "Does the Type of Funding Affect Innovation? Evidence from Incubators in China." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 2548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032548.
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Technology business incubation is vital for the promotion of innovative development and plays an essential role in economic development and social stability. This paper empirically studies the impact of fund types on incubator innovation and its mechanisms using China’s incubator data from 2015 to 2019 and the fixed effect model. It is found that incubation funds, venture capital, and fiscal subsidies can significantly promote incubator innovation, with venture capital having the most substantial boost, followed by incubation funds and fiscal subsidies. Analysis of these mechanisms reveals that the promotion of incubator innovation by different funds relies primarily on R&D expenditure and on the scale of technology services expenditures. Further analysis shows that the effect varies according to the incubator, and that a reduction in the proportion of a comprehensive incubator fund or in the proportion of subsidy for a professional incubator does not contribute to enterprise innovation. This paper provides empirical evidence to support China in its improvement of the financing mechanisms for entrepreneurship and the promotion of sustainable economic and social development.
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Magiera, Anna, Jaroslaw Markowski, Jan Pilch, and Stanislaw Blazewicz. "Degradation Behavior of Electrospun PLA and PLA/CNT Nanofibres in Aqueous Environment." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8796583.
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The aim of the work was to compare the degradation behavior of electrospun nanofibres obtained from pure poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in aqueous environment. The nanofibres in the form of mats were manufactured using the electrospinning technique (ES) with potential biomedical application. To investigate the degradation behavior, one-component and composite (containing CNTs) nanofibres were compared using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical testing. The changes in their morphology, structure, and selected physical and mechanical properties during incubation up to 14 days were analysed. Two types of CNTs differing in concentration of surface functional groups were used to modify the PLA nanofibres. PLA and composite nanofibres (PLA + CNT) during incubation underwent swelling and partial degradation due to the penetration of water into polymer matrix. Changes in the mechanical properties of composite mats were higher than those observed for pure PLA mats. After 14-day incubation, samples retained from 47 to 78% of their initial tensile strength, higher for PLA samples. Morphological changes in pure PLA nanofibres were more dynamic than in composite nanofibres. No significant changes in crystallinity, wettability, and porosity of the samples occurred.
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Steele, Ariel L., and Daniel A. Warner. "Sex-specific effects of developmental temperature on morphology, growth and survival of offspring in a lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 2 (April 4, 2020): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa038.
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Abstract The developmental environment plays a pivotal role in shaping fitness-relevant phenotypes of all organisms. Phenotypes are highly labile during embryogenesis, and environmental factors experienced early in development can have profound effects on fitness-relevant traits throughout life. Many reptiles exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), whereby temperature during embryonic development permanently determines offspring sex. The leading hypothesis for the adaptive significance of TSD posits that egg incubation temperature differentially affects the fitness of males vs. females so that each sex is produced at its optimal temperature. The goal of this research is to address this hypothesis by quantifying the sex-specific effects of incubation temperature on phenotypes and survival in a lizard (Agama picticauda) with TSD. By incubating eggs under constant and fluctuating temperatures, we demonstrated that incubation temperature affects fitness-relevant phenotypes in A. picticauda; but males and females had similar reaction norms. However, females produced from female-biased incubation temperatures had greater survival than those from male-biased temperatures, and male survival was lowest for individuals produced from a female-biased temperature. In addition, eggs incubated at male-biased temperatures hatched earlier than those incubated at female-biased temperatures, which may have sex-specific consequences later in life as predicted by models for the adaptive significance of TSD.