Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inculturation – Histoire'

L’évangélisation du Mai-Ndombe, dans la province de Bandundu, au Congo-Kinshasa, a commencé le 4 octobre 1907. Appartenant à ses débuts au Vicariat Apostolique du Congo Indépendant, puis, à partir de 1919, au Vicariat Apostolique de Léopoldville avant d’en être séparé en 1953, pour former le Vicariat Apostolique d’Inongo, le territoire du district du Mai-Ndombe a été érigé en diocèse d’Inongo, le 10 novembre 1959. Lus de cent ans après la venue des premiers missionnaires, la situation religieuse se présente d’une façon contrastée : l’implantation de l’Eglise, avec un clergé autochtone bien en place, la naissance d’une congrégation religieuse diocésaine, les nombreuses vocations sacerdotales et religieuses, le nombre croissant des catholiques (440 878 sur une population de 1 036 667), d’une part; la recrudescence de la sorcellerie, la quête populaire de guérison, le foisonnement de nouveaux mouvements religieux en marge des Eglises et la pauvreté, d’autre part. En retraçant l’histoire de l’évangélisation du Mai-Ndombe, cette thèse examine une nouvelle proposition de la foi élaborée dans la perspective de l’inculturation. Partant des obstacles que rencontre l’évangélisation, étudiant le processus de l’inculturation, elle propose une pastorale inculturée qui prend appui sur une compréhension de l’Eglise comme famille de Dieu et dont les communautés ecclésiales vivantes sont la parfaite illustration. Elle sort, en outre, l’inculturation du « tout cultuel » pour en faire une quête de Dieu au quotidien. Ce qui la rend accessible à tous
The evangelization of Mai-Ndombe region in the Bandundu province in Congo-Kinshasa began on 4 October, 1907. The area of the district of Mai-Ndombe, which first belonged to the Apostolic Curacy of the Congo Independent State, then after 1919 to the Apostolic Curacy of Léopoldville before breaking apart in 1953 to become the Apostolic Curacy of Inongo, became the Diocese of Inongo on 10 November, 1959. More than a hundred years after the first missionaries arrived, the religious situation is contrasted with, on the one hand the presence of the Church with a well established native clergy, the start of a diocesan religious congregation, numerous religious and priesthood vocations, the growing number of Catholics (440 878 out of a population of 1 036 667), and on the other hand the upsurge of witchcraft, the popular quest for curing, the proliferation of new religious movements outside the Church, and poverty. By tracing the history of the Mai-Ndombe evangelization, this thesis studies a new approach to faith devised from the inculturation viewpoint. Considering the obstacles met by evangelization and studying the process of inculturation, the thesis suggests inculturation Pastoralia which relies on the understanding of the Church as the family of God whose living church communities are the perfect illustration. In addition, the thesis extracts inculturation from the “all religious” to make it a quest of God in everyday’s life, which opens it to everyone

Le contenu de cette thèse est commandé par son intitulé même qui exige de balayer autant que possible l’histoire de la liturgie chrétienne autour de quelques idées-forces. Nous avons ainsi découvert que, de son origine au cours de la dernière Cène ainsi que dans sa formation et son expansion par la suite, la liturgie chrétienne a été modelée par divers facteurs. On remarque, là où il a connu un succès franc et pérenne, que le christianisme se caractérise par une réelle transculturalité, sa capacité de s’adapter aux diverses cultures qu’il rencontrait, avec, dès ses origines, un pluralisme liturgique et, même, différentes familles liturgiques, s’appuyant sur les différentes cultures. Si en Occident, cette logique s’est réalisée au point où la liturgie a fait un avec les cultures des peuples et même de devenir la culture de ces peuples et sociétés, christianisme et chrétienté étant identifiés à Occident, elle ne fut pas toujours respectée en pays de mission où la liturgie occidentale fut imposée sans considération de spécificités culturelles locales. Pour remédier à cette situation, le Concile Vatican II prescrit que l’évangélisation et la liturgie s’adaptent aux valeurs et génies des différents peuples pour véritablement les pénétrer en profondeur. De l’axe central de cette thèse il découle donc ce triple constat selon lequel l’histoire de la liturgie s’est orientée par rapport à la pratique ou au rejet de l’inculturation : Une première période où, né dans la culture juive, le christianisme en a été l’une des expressions mais a pu s’incarner positivement dans les différentes cultures des peuples d’Occident. Une deuxième période où les théologies et méthodes missionnaires ont ignoré la nécessité de l’inculturation, avec un bilan mitigé et, même, plutôt déficitaire sur le plan de l’évangélisation. Une dernière période où à la faveur des réformes du concile Vatican II, la théologie de l’inculturation est élaborée et systématisée, ce qui a permis l’émergence de rites africains, notamment le rite zaïrois Tout en demeurant dans la famille liturgique romaine, ces rites ont leurs caractéristiques qui reflètent et intègrent les valeurs traditionnelles africaines, avec une liturgie et, finalement, un christianisme, qui prend un vrai sens aux yeux des peuples
As its title suggests, this thesis aims at surveying the whole history of the Christian liturgy, organizing its content around a few key ideas. We have found that, from its inception during the Last Supper and throughout its historical development, the Christian Liturgy has been shaped by several factors. It is to be noted that whenever Christianity made a successful and lasting impact, it was due to its transcultural ability to adapt to the diverse cultural environments it wished to integrate. From its origins, it was characterized by liturgical pluralism and even by different liturgical traditions anchored in different cultures. In western societies, this principle was followed so strictly that the Christian liturgy became associated with western cultures and peoples and, eventually, came to be identified with them. Yet missionaries often failed to apply this principle to other countries where they imposed western liturgy taking no account of local customs. As a remedy, Vatican II decided that cultural and local specificity should be taken into account by missionaries to add depth to their ministry. The triple axis of the thesis is therefore based on the historical development of the Christian liturgy along pragmatic and inculturation lines: A first phase when, arising from its Jewish culture, Christianity spread to the West and integrated western cultures and peoples positively. A second phase when missionaries’ methods and theologies disregarded cultural specificity, with uncertain, or rather negative, results in evangelical terms. A third phase, in the wake of Vatican II, which favoured systematic inculturation, enabling the emergence of African rituals such as the Zairian rite. While grounded in the Roman liturgical tradition, these rites were moulded by traditional African values making the liturgy, and Christianity as a whole, more meaningful to these peoples

Cette thèse analyse l'influence sociale et éthique de l'Anglicanisme dans la société rwandaise, notamment à travers les œuvres et les institutions qui dépendent de l'Eglise anglicane au pays des Mille Collines. Cette thèse interroge l'évaluation des caractéristiques de la foi transmise pour en mesurer les faiblesses et fournir aux fidèles anglicans des instruments susceptibles de les aider à jouer le rôle prophétique dans leur société. Elle propose aux Rwandais et en particulier aux croyants anglicans des stratégies adéquates pour un développement holistique et apporte une contribution pour aider à la reconstruction et au rétablissement de ce pays meurtri par le génocide de 1994 et ses conséquences. Pour entrer dans la dynamique du travail, les trois parties de cette thèse abordent les sujets suivants : les débuts de la mission anglicane au Rwanda, les défis de la rencontre des religions traditionnelle et chrétienne au Rwanda et les œuvres, l'organisation et les perspectives d'avenir de l'Anglicanisme au Rwanda
This thesis analyses the ethical and social influence of Anglicanism in Rwandan society, particularly through the social works and institutions that depend on the Anglican Church in the country of a Thousand Hills. This thesis questions the characteristics of transmitted Faith in order to assess its weaknesses and to provide the Anglican faithfuls with tools that are likely to help them play the prophetic role in their society. It puts forward to the Rwandans, especially to Anglican believers appropriate strategies for a holistic development. It also suggests a contribution to help towards the reconstruction and recovery of the country that was stricken by the 1994 genocide and its aftermaths. The three parts of this thesis tackle the following topics: the beginnings of the Anglican mission in Rwanda, the challenges of the encounter of traditional and Christian religions in Rwanda and the social works, the organisation and future prospects of Anglicanism in Rwanda

Au cours de l’entre-deux-guerres, certains textes pontificaux, tels Maximum Illud (1919) de Benoît XV et Rerum Ecclesiae (1926) de Pie XI, ont marqué un tournant très important dans la réflexion missiologique, donnant non seulement une nouvelle impulsion aux missions elles-mêmes mais encore suscitant une nouvelle pratique de l’art chrétien dans les pays de mission. Après avoir été foncièrement européocentrique, la politique iconographique des missionnaires s’efforça désormais d’aboutir à la création d’un art sacré mieux adapté à l’imaginaire, aux langages d’images et aux sensibilités diverses des pays de mission. Forts de ces orientations et surtout encouragés par la prédisposition de l’art local à offrir à la pensée chrétienne de nobles formes d’expression, les missionnaires de la Société des Missions Africaines œuvrèrent activement pour l’émergence de l’art chrétien au Bénin. Les caractéristiques particulières que présente, dans ce pays, l’émergence de l’art chrétien et la richesse des collections d’objets de facture chrétienne par rapport à celles des autres pays d’Afrique méritaient qu’on leur consacre une recherche approfondie. Outre la constitution d’un corpus iconographique, la thèse propose la contextualisation des œuvres, l’examen de leurs diverses fonctions et l’analyse des paradigmes successifs répondant à la nouvelle perspective missiologique : l’inculturation
Papal texts such as Maximum Illud (1919) by Benedict XV or Rerum Ecclesiae (1926) by Pius XI show that the interwar period represented a watershed in missiological thought which gave a new impetus to missions. Hence a new strategy concerning Christian art in “mission countries” was adopted. Because it had beforehand been centred on Europe, the missionaries’ iconographical policy then consisted in creating a form of sacred art which fitted the various cultural characteristics of “mission countries” better. Armed with these tendencies and above all encouraged by the fact that local art could give noble expressions to Christian thought, the missionaries of “La Société des Missions Africaines” worked for the emergence of Christian art in Benin. Christian art in Benin is highly distinctive and the collections of this country boast a significant number of objects of Christian craftsmanship which deserve a thorough research work. Thus, as well as putting an iconographical corpus together, this thesis will describe the background of the works, examine their various functions, and analyse their successive paradigms which correspond to the new missiological perspective: inculturation

Le concept clé de l’Église-Famille de Dieu, thème porteur de la théologie africaine actuelle, est le prolongement de la figure de l’Église que les Africains ont dégagée à partir du deuxième Concile de Vatican, pour les Églises d’Afrique. Il se comprend et se situe dans le contexte de l’évangélisation inculturée africaine . Ce présent mémoire fait la genèse du concept dans le développement de l’Église du Burkina implantée par les Missionnaires d’Afrique qui ont voulu fonder des communautés ecclésiales, solidaires, fraternelles, adultes et responsables en leur assurant les conditions de leur développement par elles-mêmes. En relisant le développement de l’Église-Famille de Dieu du Burkina depuis ses débuts, l’auteur met en évidence ses « actes instituant ». À la lumière du document conciliaire Ad Gentes, il pose les questions théologiques autour du développement de l’Église-Famille de Dieu avec le cas particulier de l’archidiocèse de Ouagadougou de 1977 à 2002.
The key concept of Church as the Family of God conveying current African theology is the continuation of the idea of the Church developed by Africans for African Churches as a result of the second Vatican Council. It may be understood and situated within the context of inculturated evangelization in Africa. This dissertation shows how the concept came into being in the Church of Burkina, established by the Missionaries of Africa who wanted to found ecclesiastical, supportive, fraternal, adult and responsible communities capable of taking the practical details of their development into their own hands. By going over the development of Burkina’s Church as the Family of God from its origin, the author highlights its “instituting actions”. In the light of the conciliar document Ad Gentes, he raises theological questions concerning the development of the Church as the Family of God using the specific case of the archdiocese of Ouagadougou between 1977 and 2002.

L’objectif de la présente recherche est d’analyser la « dichotomie » que l’on observe habituellement dans la pratique chrétienne de nombreux fidèles africains. Ils sont en effet partagés entre, d'une part, un fort et sincère attachement à l’Eglise catholique avec ses principes, et d'autre part, un recours aux pratiques rituelles des cultures africaines traditionnelles pour résoudre les problèmes de la vie quotidienne. Après un ressourcement dans l’histoire du laïcat en Pays beti, nous avons noté la réalité de ce problème. Mais nos investigations nous ont conduit à opérer un discernement dans l’herméneutique de cette question. Le problème de la « dichotomie religieuse» ne se pose plus de la même manière aujourd’hui qu’au sein de l’Église missionnaire ou même dans la période post-missionnaire des années 60. D’où la nécessité d’un redéploiement historique pour une bonne herméneutique de ce problème. Notre analyse nous conduit à des déplacements herméneutiques quant aux mobiles de ce malaise dans la pratique chrétienne des laïcs africains. Les défis d’une société moderne et même postmoderne ne sont plus seulement les conflits entre traditions ancestrales et culture christiano-occidentale. C’est en ce sens que l’on peut penser que le constat de « dichotomie » est beaucoup plus l’expression de ce malaise moderne que la désignation de la crise la plus fondamentale. Le principal défi du laïc aujourd’hui est l’adaptation du vécu de sa foi dans une société moderne aux interpellations multiformes. L’urgence pastorale est donc dans la prise en compte de la nouvelle donne socioreligieuse d’aujourd’hui. D’où la pertinence d’une « pastorale des signes des temps »
The purpose of this research is to analyze the "dichotomy" whose many African faithful are subjected in their Christian practices. In fact, they are divided between, on one hand, a strong and sincere commitment to Catholic Church with its principles, and on the other hand, an appeal to traditional African cultures and ritual practices to solve their daily life problems. A survey of the history of the laity in the Betiland provides us the framework on which we build our analysis. Our investigation reveals a hermeneutical problem. In dealing with the problem of ‘dichotomy’ in the Betiland, two periods are to be acknowledged: the Missionary Period (until 1960) and Post Missionary Period (until today). Because of these two periods, there is a need of re-assessing an historical reading of the problem. This reading leads us inevitably to hermeneutical shifts in assessing the reasons of the malaise whom the African layman is confronted in his Christian practice. As a matter of fact, our discovery is that the challenges of a modern and even post-modern society are not only conflicts between traditions and Western Christian culture. There are results of a more fundamental crisis: the crisis of secular world. From this standpoint, the word ‘dichotomy’ becomes more than the expression of a solely post-modern malaise. It becomes a word that expresses the main challenge of today’s secular world in search of the adaptation of faith in modern society as this society faces multi breakdowns; thus our interest of evaluating its use on pastoral field and its relevance in terms of a "pastoral care of the signs of the times"

Le culte chrétien en Côte d'Ivoire est célébré avec des chants, des musiques, des danses, des battements de mains, des mises en scènes chorégraphiques, des cris et des objets symboliques des cultures des peuples. Dans cette thèse, les éléments culturels africains se dénomment Rythme africain, et l'apport culturel africain dans le christianisme, l'inculturation. Ce travail traite des problèmes liés à l'inculturation du Rythme africain et surtout de ses conséquences sur la dynamique pastorale des églises chrétiennes en Côte d'Ivoire. Ces problèmes sont dus à une inculturation abusive qui déforme à la fois la réalité spirituelle africaine et le christianisme romain. Comme solution, cette thèse propose la formation approfondie et continue de cadres compétents pour l'encadrement des chantres et danseurs, la transcription correcte et crédible des oeuvres et quelques modalités pour l'introduction du tambour parleur "attoungblan" dans l'Eglise sur la base d'un nouveau langage alphabétique
In Côte d'Ivoire, the Christian workship is celebrated through music: singign, dancing, clapping of hands, choregraphy, yelling and symbolic items fom peoples' cultures. In this thesis, African cultural elements are referred to as African Rhythm and the African cultural contribution to Christianity as inculturation. This work deals with the problem resulting from the inculturation of African Rhythm and especially of its consequences over the pastoral dynamic of Christian churches in Côte d'Ivoire. These problems are due to an excessive inculturation which distorts both African spiritual reality and roman Christianity. As solution, this thesis suggests the thorough and continuous training of competent executives for the supervising of choristers and dancers, the correct and credible transcription of the musical works and some modes of introduction for the "attoungblan" talking drum into the Church on the basis of a new alphabetical language

Wallis et futuna sont deux minuscules archipels de l'oceanie centrale dont les habitants appartiennent au groupe des polynesiens de l'ouest. L'ere des "decouvertes" apporta tres peu d'informations sur ces deux societes traditionnelles. Aussi, l'etude de la periode des premiers contacts qui s'ouvre en 1801 s'avere particulierement importante -dans le livre premier? cette these s'est attachee a etudier selon l'approche ethno-historique les societes wallisienne et futunienne lors des premiers contacts puis a analyser la logique de la mise en place des populations allogenes le livre deuxieme s'articule autour de l'arrivee des peres maristes en 1837, la conversion massive des deux archipels a la religion catholique en 1842 et la christianisation progressive des coutumes - le livre troisieme retrace en effet l'age d'or de la mission mariste a wallis et futuna jusqu'aux protectorats francais de 1888 - le premier pere polynesien est ordonne a rome en 1865 - mais des ombres persistent et leur etude explicite les limites de l'inculturation des wallisiens ou des futuniens - l'originalite de l'histoire de wallis et futuna au xixe siecle repose dans la preservation du monde traditionnel dont cette these expose les motifs et les effets generalement benefiques
Wallis and futuna are two archipelageos of central oceania, whose inhabitants belong to the western polynesian group. The "discovery" era provided very little information on these two traditional societes. Therefore, the study of the period of the first contacts which opens up in 1801 proves to be of particular interest. In book one, this thesis has endeavoured to study the wallisian and futunian societes through on ethno-historial approach, at the time of the first contacts then to analysis the logic of the non-native populations settlement. Book two noots on the arrival of the marist fathers in 1837, the massive conversion of the two archipelagoes to roman catholicism in 1842 and the gradual christinization of the customs. Book three relates the golden era of the marist mission in wallis ad futuna. Until the setting up of two french protectorates in 1888. The originality of the history of wallis and futuna in the 19th century lies in the preserva tion of the traditional world whose motivations and effects, beneficial for the mostpart on the whole, are exposed in this thesis

Le point de départ de cette thèse est le constat d'une crise matrimoniale actuelle chez l'ethnie mbala de la région du Kwango-Kwilu en République démocratique du Congo-ZaTre. L'institution du mariage mbala, fondée sur l'alliance des clans, des époux, des familles, revêtait autrefois un caractère religieux. Se retrouvant au cœur même de la société, elle assurait l'organisation sociale et religieuse et maintenait la cohésion et l'harmonie des rapports sociaux. Cette institution perd progressivement aujourd'hui sa signification religieuse au fur et à mesure que disparaît le caractère religieux de cette alliance lui-même effrité par l'éclatement des croyances traditionnelles. Nous avons voulu ici retracer quelques repères historiques de la vie traditionnelle du peuple mbala, en particulier ses us et coutumes liés à l'institution matrimoniale, puis quelques jalons de la colonisation et de l'évangélisation occidentales, jusqu'à l'indépendance de ce pays. Notre questionnement et nos analyses portent ensuite sur les changements liés à la crise socioreligieuse des Mbala et à ses répercussions sur les valeurs matrimoniales. Comment le peuple mbala tente-t-il d'interpréter cette crise ? Comment voit-il son passé, son présent, marqué depuis 1960 par des initiatives de modernité, comment envisage-t-il son avenir, plus particulièrement, le devenir du christianisme de même que le devenir du mariage mbala ? Quel sens religieux peut-il redonner ou entend-il redonner à celui-ci ? Pour répondre adéquatement à cette question théologique, nous ne pouvions faire l'économie d'une étude conceptuelle où se complètent les approches sociologique et théologique. Nous avons cerné des notions telles que culture, quête d'identité, acculturation, inculturation, et, surtout, dialogue interreligieux. Nous en arrivons à la conclusion que seul un dialogue interreligieux qui se développerait entre, d'une part, le christianisme tel que compris et vécu aujourd'hui et, d'autre part, ce qui reste des traditions mbala, permettrait de reconstruire et de redonner un sens religieux au mariage mbaia. Par notre thèse, nous faisons œuvre ici, pensons-nous, de théologie chrétienne africaine pastorale, et, par son orientation, nous pensons nous situer dans la théologie postérieure à la missiologie chrétienne occidentale, qui dépasse la perspective de la revendication et de la libération pour s'ancrer dans le courant avant-gardiste et prometteur de la théologie chrétienne africaine de la reconstruction.

La France et la Belgique organisent plusieurs expositions coloniales internationales et universelles de la fin du XIXe siècle à 1958. Ces deux puissances coloniales y développent une propagande multiforme pour justifier leurs « missions civilisatrices ». Les missionnaires catholiques et protestants participent à ces grandes fêtes. La consultation d’archives des congrégations religieuses (Spiritains, Jésuites…), de l’œuvre de la Propagation de la Foi, de fonds publics français, belges, suédois et du Saint-Siège permet de comprendre comment s’organisent les missionnaires pour participer à ces expositions en France et en Belgique. De l’exposition de 1897 (Tervuren) à celles de 1935 et 1958 (Bruxelles), en passant par Paris 1900, 1931 et 1937, les missionnaires s’exposent dans des pavillons qui s’agrandissent pour devenir de véritables complexes architecturaux. Les vecteurs de la mise en scène changent et s’adaptent : les objets « indigènes » sont délaissés au profit de dioramas, de statistiques stylisées et de cartes lumineuses. L’architecture du pavillon est en elle-même un discours comme le prouve le pavillon des missions catholiques de 1931. A travers ces évolutions de la mise en scène, ce sont des changements dans les représentations missionnaires du monde qui s’observent : les colonisés et leurs cultures sont de plus en plus valorisés et le lien avec la colonisation moins affirmé
France and Belgium organised several international and colonial exhibitions, as well as universal exhibitions or World Fairs, from the end of the 20th century to 1958. Through these world exhibitions, these two great colonial powers developed various forms of propaganda to account for their “civilizing missions”. Protestant and catholic missionaries took part in those great celebrations. By reading and working on archives of religious congregations such as the congregation of the Holy Spirit, The Jesuit, and the oeuvre de la Propagation de la Foi, but also the French, Belgian and Swedish national archives and the Holy Sea archives, I was able to understand how the missionaries organized themselves to take part in those exhibitions in France and Belgium. The missionaries organised exhibitions in ever growing pavilions which would become huge architectural complexes, from the 1897 exhibition (taking place in Tervuren) to the 1935 and 1958 exhibitions (taking place in Brussels), not forgetting the 1900, 1931 and 1937 Paris exhibitions. The way missionaries staged their work changed and evolved. Indeed, “indigenous” artifacts were gradually less displayed and missionaries used dioramas, stylish statistics and lit-up maps instead. The architecture of the pavilion was in itself telling, a good example of this being the 1931 pavilion of the Catholic missions. The way missionaries staged their exhibitions reflected the changes in their worldview. The colonized populations and their cultures were more and more emphasized, while the link with the colonization was less and less asserted and straightforward

Faith and culture enjoy a harmonious relationship. In the past centuries of Catholicism, evangelization did not take into cognizance the culture of a people. The translation and adaptation approaches were the dominant models missionaries often used in the context of evangelization. Sadly, these approaches failed to create adequate contact with the local cultures where the faith was transplanted. The distance between faith and culture has caused the Catholic faith to be foreign in many cultures across the globe including, North African countries and Japan. In Tiv society of central Nigeria too, Catholicism is yet to take concrete root.

Building on the worship experiences of educated emerging adult Catholics in institutions of higher education in Tivland, this dissertation uses the circle method and other related contextual approaches to contextualize Catholicism in Tiv culture. The data gathered from participant observation, one-on-one interviews, and focus groups discussions was narrowed to what most connects emerging adults with Catholic worship, and what the Catholic Church needs to know about them. The data revealed a constantly recurring notion of unappealing worship and inadequate catechesis on core doctrines. One way to connect their experiences of worship is by synthesizing cultural symbols with Catholic worship symbols.

Community formations, intensive catechesis, and service to the church are the three practical strategies that can synthesize faith and culture and ground the Catholic Church in Tiv culture. Pious organizations that bring emerging adults together as community will serve as forum to adequately catechize them by synthesizing Catholic symbols with cultural texts that are already familiar to them. This leads to a mutual enrichment of both Tiv cultural practices and Catholic worship symbols ultimately making emerging adults community theologians who can effectively articulating the faith to others including, those in rural communities.

Ce travail s'attache à mettre en lumière les liens inévitables entre une architecture exprimant un message universel et les terroirs culturels au milieu desquels elle s'édifie. Prenant le cas jugé exemplaire de la mission catholique à Taiwan, du milieu du XIXe siècle à nos jours, l'analyse des archives missionnaires, ainsi que l'étude de quelques monuments emblématiques, montrent les modalités de l'adaptation chrétienne à un contexte multiculturel insulaire en mutation rapide. La résistance et la malléabilité propres de l'art architectural permettent une étude originale et détaillée de ce va-et-vient constant entre la perception évolutive par les missionnaires du terroir formosan, et la réception, elle-même évolutive, du message chrétien par cette société particulière. En plusieurs étapes, cette recherche plonge au cœur de l'œuvre des Missions Etrangères de Paris dans le diocèse de Hualien, durant les années cinquante et soixante, ancrant les idées directrices de cette thèse dans la réalité d'un terrain suffisamment circonscrit pour en donner une image exhaustive. Le but poursuivi est de montrer comment un bâtiment dédié au culte peut être un objet pertinent, pour la compréhension des rapports entre les cultures et des dynamiques de la mondialisation actuelle
This study aims at bringing to light the links that are bound to exist between an architecture expressing a universal message and the cultural landscapes where the architecture is built. With the exemplary case of the Catholic mission in Taiwan, from the mid nineteenth century to today, the analysis of the missionary archives, combined with research on several emblematic buildings, will show the modality of the Christian adaptation to this multicultural background of an island undergoing rapid change. The resilience and the malleability specific to the architectural art provide for an original and detailed study of this constant toing and froing between the evolutive perception by the missionaries of the Formosan landscape, and the reception, itself evolutive, by this particular society of the Christian message. Gradually, this thesis immerses itself in the heart of the work of the Paris Foreign Mission Society, in the diocese of Hualien, during the nineteen fifties and sixties, grounding the major concepts in the reality of a field limited enough to make it possible to provide an exhaustive image. The aim is to prove how a place of worship can be relevant for a better understanding of cultural exchanges and the momentum of the current globalization process

Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2000
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Christian faith knows and worships one God known in the Son and in the Holy Spirit. In his revelation, the Father is depicted as being from Himself, the Son as eternally begotten from the Father and the Holy Spirit as eternally proceeding from the Father and the Son. This is what Christian thought means by the doctrine of the Trinity. Although Christian orthodoxy holds the doctrine of the Trinity, the intellectual tools used to capture and convey it vary depending on the epoch, cultural context as well as availability of alternative intellectual images. This point is demonstrated well in Western Christianity. Western theologies exhibit three models of the doctrine of the Trinity: 'God as Essence', 'God as an absolute Subject', and 'God as Community in Unity'. These models can be explained by the influence of specific philosophical presuppositions preferred in certain contexts and at certain times. 'God as Essence' is constructed from the point of view of neo-Platonism, 'God as an absolute Subject' uses the infrastructure of German Idealism, while 'God as Community in Unity' recovers and applies the conceptual tools of the second-century Greeks. Taking note of the theological methodology of Western Christianity and recognising the intellectual resources in the African heritage, African inculturation theology has argued for the use of the conceptual framework of African peoples in the development of theology for African audiences. In an attempt to make a statement to the effect that African Negroes are not neo-Platonists, German Idealists or the Greeks of the second century, and to demonstrate that the African Negroes do have a different ontology that can be deciphered, interpreted, and systematized in one common way, African inculturation theology has posited a simple identity between the African notions of God and God known in the Christian faith. This research assesses and finds inadequate the notion of a simple identity between the African concepts of God and the Christian understanding of God. In view of this it appeals to African inculturation theology to critically and creatively deal with the African Christians' understanding of God. This call means at least two things. Firstly, Nyasaye, Mulungu, Modimo and so on are to function as the conceptual gates for the Christian view of God. This calls for 'Christianisation' of the African notions of God. Secondly, a 'Christianised' Nyasaye, for example, must for the Luo people mean God known in the Son and the Holy Spirit. The 'Christianised' Nyasaye must then make use of native metaphysics for the purpose of indigenising or grounding it in the cultural milieu of the situation of reception. To achieve this goal, this research has located and proposed the NTU metaphysics, which is used widely by African Negroes. According to this metaphysics, God is not just a static 'substance', an authoritarian 'absolute Subject', or a mere relationship; God is 'Great Muntu'. The Son is God because he derives wholly from the whole NTU of the only 'Great Muntu'. The Holy Spirit is God because he has the NTU shared by both the 'Great Muntu' and the Son. The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit are persons because the 'genuine muntu' in them is the 'Great Muntu', who alone is the ultimate person. Thus the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit are persons in the ultimate sense.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Christelike geloof ken en aanbid een God in die Seun deur die Heilige Gees. In sy openbaring leer ons die Vader ken as synde uit Homself, die Seun as van ewigheidheid verwek deur Vader, en die Heilige Gees as van ewigheid uitgaande van die Vader en die Seun. Dit is wat die Christelike geloof bedoel met die leer van die Triniteit. Alhoewel die Christlike ortodoksie gekenmerk word deur die leer van die Triniteit, varieer die intellectuele vorm wat dit aanneem en waarin dit oorgedra word afhangende van die tydperk, kulturele konteks sowel as die beskikbaarheid van altematiewe intellektuele aparatuur. Laasgenoemde kom duidelik na vore in die geskiedenis van die Westerse Christenheid. In die geskiedenis van die Westerse teologie vertoon die leer van die Triniteit drie gestaltes nl. 'God as Essensie', 'God as absolute Subjek', en 'God as Gemeenskaap in Eenheid'. Dit hou verband met die voorkeur vir spesifieke filisofiese voorverondersellings in sekere kontekste en tye. 'God as Essensie' is die resultaat van neo-Platoniese voorveronderstellings, 'God as absolute Subjek' dra die kenmerke van die Duitse Idealisme, terwyl 'God as Gemeenskap in Eenheid' terggryp op en gebruikmaak van die konseptuele aparatuur uit die Griekse denke van tweede eeu. Na aanleiding van die teologiese metode van die Westerse Christendom en met erkenning van die intellectuele moontlikhede van die Afrika erfenis, argurnenteer die Afrika inkulturasie teologie ten gunste van die gebruik van Afrika konsepte vir die ontwikkeling van 'n teologie vir Afrika. In 'n poging om die eie en gemeenskaplike aard van die ontologie van Afrika in onderskeid van die neo-Platoniste, Duitse Idealiste en Griekse filosofie van die tweede eeu, aan te toon, het die Afrika inkulturasie teologie op 'n simplistiese wyse 'n identeit tussen Afrika Godsbeelde en die God van die Christelike geloof geponeer. In hierde navorsing word hierde identifikasie beoordeel en van die hand gewys. Derhalwe word 'n appel gemaak op die Afrika inkulturasie teologie om krities-kreatief om te gaan met die Afrika Christene se verstaan van God. Hierde oproep het ten minste twee implikasies. In die eerste plek moet Nyasaye, Mulungu, Modimo, ens. dien as konseptuele poorte vir die Christlike Godsverstaan. Dit impliseer 'n 'Christianisering' van die Afrika Godsbeelde. Tweedens bring dit mee dat 'n 'gechristianiseerde' Nyasaye by voorbeeld, vir Luo volk impliseer dat God geken word in die Seun en die Heilige Gees. Vervolgens moet gebruik gemaak word van inheemse metafisika met die oop op die verinheemsing of fundering van hierdie 'gechristianiseerde' Nyasaye in die kulturele milieu van die resepsie gemeenskap. Om hierdie doel te bereik, word in hierde studie gebruik gemaak van die NTU metafisika, wat algemen in Afrika voorkom. Volgens hierde metafisika is God nie net 'n statiese 'substansie', n' outoritere 'absolute Subject' of 'n blote relasie nie, maar God is die 'Groot Muntu'. Die Seun is God omdat Hy volkome uitgaan uit die totale NTU van die enigste 'Groot Muntu'. Die Heilige Gees is God omdat Hy die NTU het wat die 'Groot Muntu' en die Seun gemeenskaplik besit. Die Vader, die Seun en die Heilige Gees is persone omdat die 'egte muntu' in hulle die 'Groot Muntu' is, wat allen die absolute persoon is. Derhalwe is Vader, Seun en Heilige Gees persone in absolute sin.

Depuis 2000, par la Déclaration du Millénaire, les peuples sont invités à opter pour ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler le « développement humain durable », considéré comme un défi du 21ème siècle. Plusieurs années après, en matière de développement en Afrique, les résultats obtenus restent très en deçà des aspirations. Il s’impose alors une réflexion sur les facteurs qui conditionnent le succès d’un effort pour le « développement humain durable » en terre africaine. Notre hypothèse est que, le « burkĩndlem » moaaga, informé des exigences de l’éthique chrétienne, peut devenir le lieu d’une herméneutique pour un développement humain efficient. Dans la perspective chrétienne, le fondement anthropologique à la base du développement humain durable se trouve dans le concept d’« imago Dei » attribué à l’homme dans la Révélation biblique. Informer le burkĩndlem moaaga de l’enseignement de la Révélation chrétienne au sujet de l’homme considéré comme« image de Dieu », tel est l’objectif de notre démarche
In 2000, through the Millennium Declaration, peoples are invited to opt for what is called the "sustainable human development". Several years later, in matter of development in Africa, the results are far below expectations. Then, it is necessary to lead reflection on the factors that influence the success of an effort to a "sustainable human development" on African soil. Therefore, our hypothesis is that whenever the Moaaga "burkĩndlem" is informed of the requirements of Christian ethics, it can become the place of a hermeneutics for efficient human development. In the Christian perspective, the anthropological foundation at the base of sustainable human development is the concept of "imago Dei" attributed to man in the biblical Revelation. In this regard, the Christian burkĩndlem appears as highly significant in the African context and is more than suggestive. The objective will be, for the burkĩmba Christians, to attain their full capacity as human beings in order to be open to the salvation that Christ, Son of God and fully man, has brought by grace

Chan Chiu-yuen Lawrence.
Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-65).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Introduction
Chapter Chapter One
Chapter A. --- Root of Pentecostalism: the Black Heritage
Chapter B. --- Transcending Race & Class
Chapter a. --- History of the Marginalized Black Slave in America
Chapter i. --- Social Context in America: Slavery & Racism
Chapter ii. --- Formation of Black church
Chapter b. --- The Outpouring of the Spirit: Transcending Race and Class
Chapter Chapter Two --- Transforming Christianity: Inculturation
Chapter a. --- The Concept of Inculturation
Chapter b. --- Worship in the Azusa Street Revival
Chapter c. --- African Heritage
Chapter d. --- Worship
Chapter e. --- Spirit Possession
Chapter Chapter Three --- Yielding Detraditionalization
Chapter a. --- Marginalization of Women in Mission
Chapter i. --- Masculine Domination of Missionary Societies
Chapter ii. --- Traditional Roles of Women
Chapter iii. --- Opposition of a Single Woman as a Missionary
Chapter iv. --- Resistance of Setting-up of Women's Board
Chapter v. --- Unjust Criticisms from Masculine Organizations
Chapter vii. --- Widow Case
Chapter b. --- Patriarchal Christian Tradition
Chapter c. --- Pentecostal Women in Mission
Chapter d. --- The Power of Holy Spirit: Detraditionalization
Conclusion
Bibliography

This dissertation titled The History of the Catholic Church in Lesotho 1862-1989 has three chapters. The first chapter deals with the formation of the seventy-seven missions in Lesotho, and the establishment of the four dioceses of Lesotho the seventy-seven mission had all been formed during the period mentioned in the title, and those formed after appear in the appendix. The second chapter deals with the socio-political involvement of the Catholic Church in Lesotho, this part deals with the authority of the bishop and the Church government and again with the role of the bishop and his relationship to the Oblate authority. In this part four bishops are taken to illustrate this point, and this covers the period from 1930 to 1966. In short this deals with the internal affairs of the Church, and its finances. And we go on to deal with the involvement of the Church in the party politics which led to independence of the country. The last chapter deals with the church under the indigenous clergy, which actually is inculturation its problem and attempted solution.
Christianity, Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
M. Th. (Church History)

The central thesis of this study is that Newbigin‟s thought and writing can contribute to understanding the church as an integral part of Indian society, in terms of both her identity and role. Newbigin‟s writing, subsequent to his return to the West after more than three decades in India, often sought to address what he saw as the Western church‟s loss of confidence in its role and position in a post-enlightenment, post-Christendom society. This study tries to work with this material, as well as what was written during his time in India. The second chapter and the third chapter give consideration to the two central elements in Newbigin‟s understanding of the church‟s mission and identity: the eschatological renewal of the whole earth that will occur at the return of Christ and the connection of this end to Christ‟s death on the cross. As the third chapter will consider, while he locates the focus of the church‟s mission in relation to the end, the death of Christ indicates the way in which this mission will be carried out. The remainder of the third chapter will consider the implication of this for the church‟s mission in relation to the presence of poverty and marginalisation in Indian society and its movement towards a consumer economy. The fourth chapter will consider the place of the church in relation to India‟s long and rich culture, suggesting ways in which the church is to become an incultured community. The fifth chapter will address the issue of the relationship of the church to the followers of other faiths. Through interaction with some Indian theologians it will be shown how Newbigin gave attention to the church as both open to the movement of the Spirit beyond the boundaries of the church, while also emphasizing the church as central to our knowing Christ. The sixth chapter will draw out the ways in which Newbigin was consciously engaging with the post colonial context of the church, particularly in his interpretation of the relationship between the Spirit and the church.
Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology
D. Th. (Missiology)

The growth of the Church in Africa, namely at numerical level, is tremendous. However, we notice that her impact on society and public life is not so visible as the growth is, since Christian values are embodied by Christians. Yet, the Church has huge human resources, pastors, missionaries, lay leaders and theologians. The challenge for the Church in Africa is to incarnate and inculturate these values and the living message of the Gospel. In this thesis we question the co-operation between the Church and mission agencies, between native pastors and western missionaries. We notice that since 150 years, there has been a huge gap between these two entities. This is due to the fact that Theology and Missiology look like two lines that never meet. This situation leads us to revisit not only the current paradigm Church-Mission but also the current link between Theology and Missiology.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D.Th. (Missiology)

The point of departure in this dissertation is the situation in the Marzahn-Hellersdorf region of East-Berlin, where, 17 years after the political turnaround, only three new Christian communities have established themselves., However it is, known that there have been many attempts at church planting during these years. In this district there seems to be a high percentage of people who are resistant towards western theology or ecclesiology respectively. That is why the focus of the dissertation is on those people who live in an a-religious context surrounded by post-socialistic influences. Social scientific approaches and methods have been integrated and utilised as part of this practical-theological research project. The benefit of this was the developing of aspects of a practical-theological perspective that could be used for a specific ecclesiology with special reference to church planting. Ultimately, three hypotheses have been developed. The implications of these hypotheses could serve as essential material for prospective church planting efforts in the area.
Practical Theology
M. Th. Missiology

The thesis consists of seven chapters with each chapter focusing on a particular aspect of the research topic. Chapter One deals with conventional preliminaries such as aim of study, method of approach, literature overview and other introductory material. Chapter Two is an an overview of the foundations of Bishop Dwane's spirituality and his church's struggle for autonomy. It also covers the origins, the nature and the purpose of Ethiopianism as the central thread in Dwane's theologizing and family history. Chapter Three reflects the attitude of the Anglican Church to African traditional culture as reflected in three historical phases - the era of total onslaught on African culture and religion, the period of accommodation, and the phase of turning a blind eye to these matters for as long as Anglicanism remains intact. Chapter Four contains Dwane's views on various cultural issues culminating in his decision to indigenize his Ethiopian Episcopal Church's liturgy and other forms of worship by incorporating traditional healers into the church and invoking the presence of Qamata and the ancestors in worship. Chapter Five analyses Dwane's prophetic spirituality as evidenced by his advocacy role in fighting for justice and human rights in this country. He relentlessly fought for the rights of those who were victimized by the government of the day, and those who were willfully discriminated against. Chapter Six is on the evolution of an authentic Xhosa spirituality, in particular, and African spirituality in general, in the Ethiopian Episcopal Church. While the main focus of the study is the evolution of Xhosa spirituality, it should be emphasized that the thrust of Dwane's theologizing extended to the evolution of other African spiritualities in the broader church. Chapter Seven is a general conclusion that highlights the main elements of Dwane's spirituality and the heritage he left behind in this regard.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Text in German
This thesis analyses the contextual concepts for Mission in Europe as developed by European churches between 1979 and 1992 by examining their interpretation of European culture and history (,,Europabild") and the corresponding understandings of mission. The main thrust of the Roman Catholic concept of the ,,New Evangelization of Europe" is to understand European-humanist culture as having grown out of christian (Roman Catholic) roots and to interpret the Church as Soul of Europe. Accordingly, New Evangelization means to call Europe back to the Church in order to keep its culture from ruin and to revitalize it. The European branch of the Lausanne Movement took some clues from the Roman Catholic concept, but interpreted them in its own way since 1984. Here European culture is understood in the basic theological tension between ,,bridge" and ,,barrier" for the Gospel in Europe. The aim of mission is the conversion of Europeans to the biblical and present Jesus Christ who is able to give new life and new hope for individual Europeans and European culture. The Conference of European Churches has coined and discussed the concept of ,,Mission of the Churches in a Secularized Europe" since 1986. The Protestant ,,wing" tends to be less critical towards secularized European culture than Orthodox theologians seem to be. Nevertheless both affirm an understanding of mission as encounter with present time European culture in which God is seen at work in various and mysterious ways. Finally the author formulates his conclusions and perspectives for a transforming (of) mission in Europe. The Body of Jesus Christ in Europe needs to be as deeply rooted in biblical revelation as in biblical spirituality in order to live as a missionary and alternative community in the middle of European culture, and in order to not repeat past european-christian inculturations, but to repent and invite Europeans to turn to Jesus Christ to explore fresh ways of life, hope and reconciliation in the middle of European diversity.
Diese Arbeit fragt nach den theologischen und historischen Grundlinien kontextueller Missionskonzepte filr Europa, wie sie zwischen 1979 und 1992 in den Kirchen Europas entwickelt wurden. In einer ein:f:Uhrenden Standortbestimmung werden zunachst Diskontinuitat und Kontinuitat eines auf Europa bezogenen Missionsverstandnisses in der Missions- und Kirchengeschichte dargestellt. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit werden in einem historisch-theologischen Untersuchungsgang die verschiedenen Missionskonzepte fUr Europa nach ihrem Europabild und dem korrespondierenden Missionsverstandnis befragt. Im romisch-katholischen Programm der ,,Neuevangelisierung Europas", das seit 1979 von Papst Johannes Paul II. inspiriert wird, geht es darum, die christliche (romisch-katholische) Kirche als Wurzel und Seele der europaisch-humanistischen Kultur zu erkennen und sich ihr neu zuzuwenden, um so die europaische Kultur vor dem Zerfall zu bewahren. Der europaische Zweig der evangelikalen Lausanner Bewegung hat Impulse aus der romischkatholischen Kirche aufgenommen und seit 1984 in einer Reihe von Konferenzen in eigener Weise fortgefuhrt. Hier wird die Kultur Europas in der Spannung zwischen Silnde und Erlosung und somit als Herausforderung und Chance fUr eine speziell auf die europaische Situation ausgerichtete Mission verstanden. Ziel der Mission ist es, die Europaer zur Umkehr zu Jesus Christus einzuladen, der alleine Grund fUr neues Leben und neue Hoffnung in der Kultur Europas sein konne. Die Konferenz der Europaischen Kirchen, der ein gro.Ber Teil der protestantischen und orthodoxen Kirchen Europas angehOrt, beschaftigt sich seit 1986 in einer Reihe von Studienkonsultationen mit der ,,Mission der Kirchen in einem sirkularisierten Europa". Die protestantischen Delegierten stehen der sirkularisierten Kultur Europas weniger kritisch gegeniiber als die orthodoxen Vertreter. Insgesamt versteht man Mission in Europa als Begegnung mit der europaischen Kultur der Gegenwart, in der man Gottes Wirken entdecken konne. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen werden in einem Schlussteil Grundlinien fur ein erneuerte und erneuernde Mission in Europa formuliert. Die missionarische Gemeinde in Europa heute braucht die Verwurzelung in der biblischen Offenbarung und in biblischer Spiritualitat, um als Mit-, Gegenund Fur-Kultur inmitten von Europa nicht zu einer Riickkehr zu vergangenen christlichen Inkulturationen, sondern zur Umkehr zum lebendigen Christus einzuladen, der neues Leben und neue Hoffnung schenkt und Versohnung inmitten aller europaischen Verschiedenheit moglich macht.
Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology
D.Th. (Missiology)

This project seeks to determine, to what extent the culture of early Israel (1250-1000 BC) is similar to African cultures, more specifically, to that of the Lemba. However, a comparison between the cultures of early Israel and those of certain African tribes is not the primary objective in this case. This project is neither an anthropological study nor does it intend to mainly focus on the Lemba as such -though this may appear to be the case. This endeavour primarily fits into the ambit of Old Testament Studies. The investigation into the Lemba is meant to be subsidiary to the point of contingence between their culture and Old Testament customs and traditions, and how this information affects the interpretation of the Old Testament and its teaching in Africa. A number of comparisons between the early Israelite religion as reflected in the Old Testament and the Lemba are drawn. Though the qualitative research (inductive approach) is employed in the field work, the greatest part of the data on religious perspectives and practices is mediated by the theory of a phenomenological approach as advocated by Ninian Smart on matters of experience, mythology, ritual, and ethical/judicial dimensions. Therefore, the approach is also deductive. The Lemba is a very specific group with claims about Israelite/Judaic origins. Their early departure from Israel (according to them ca 586 BC) can mean that there are remnants of a very ancient type oflsraelite religion, now valuable when juxtaposed to that of early Israel. This study takes Lemba traditions seriously, but finally does not verify or falsify Lemba claims - but the outcomes in this thesis may take this debate a step further. Their claims make them special and extremely interesting to study from the point of view of oral cultures. Their oral culture is constitutive of their world-view and self-understanding or identity. It incorporates the role of oral traditions, history and historiography and parallels are drawn between orality in early Israelite and Lemba religions. The reciprocity between orality and inscripturation of traditions, yielding valuable information on what may have happened in the developent of traditions in Israel, are also attended to in this project. Nevertheless, this project is primarily a search for the understanding and relevance of the Old Testament in Afiica and is, therefore, a selective and not an exhaustive comparison between the Lemba and early Israel. And so, taking cognisance of the hermeneutic of contextualisation in Africa in particular, a teaching module syllabus for Old Testament Studies is developed, of which the very strands of religion among the Lemba and early Israel are constitutive for teaching Old Testament Studies in present-day African cultures (and perhaps elsewhere).
Biblical and Ancient Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Studies)

This project seeks to determine, to what extent the culture of early Israel (1250-1000 BC) is similar to African cultures, more specifically, to that of the Lemba. However, a comparison between the cultures of early Israel and those of certain African tribes is not the primary objective in this case. This project is neither an anthropological study nor does it intend to mainly focus on the Lemba as such -though this may appear to be the case. This endeavour primarily fits into the ambit of Old Testament Studies. The investigation into the Lemba is meant to be subsidiary to the point of contingence between their culture and Old Testament customs and traditions, and how this information affects the interpretation of the Old Testament and its teaching in Africa. A number of comparisons between the early Israelite religion as reflected in the Old Testament and the Lemba are drawn. Though the qualitative research (inductive approach) is employed in the field work, the greatest part of the data on religious perspectives and practices is mediated by the theory of a phenomenological approach as advocated by Ninian Smart on matters of experience, mythology, ritual, and ethical/judicial dimensions. Therefore, the approach is also deductive. The Lemba is a very specific group with claims about Israelite/Judaic origins. Their early departure from Israel (according to them ca 586 BC) can mean that there are remnants of a very ancient type oflsraelite religion, now valuable when juxtaposed to that of early Israel. This study takes Lemba traditions seriously, but finally does not verify or falsify Lemba claims - but the outcomes in this thesis may take this debate a step further. Their claims make them special and extremely interesting to study from the point of view of oral cultures. Their oral culture is constitutive of their world-view and self-understanding or identity. It incorporates the role of oral traditions, history and historiography and parallels are drawn between orality in early Israelite and Lemba religions. The reciprocity between orality and inscripturation of traditions, yielding valuable information on what may have happened in the developent of traditions in Israel, are also attended to in this project. Nevertheless, this project is primarily a search for the understanding and relevance of the Old Testament in Afiica and is, therefore, a selective and not an exhaustive comparison between the Lemba and early Israel. And so, taking cognisance of the hermeneutic of contextualisation in Africa in particular, a teaching module syllabus for Old Testament Studies is developed, of which the very strands of religion among the Lemba and early Israel are constitutive for teaching Old Testament Studies in present-day African cultures (and perhaps elsewhere).
Biblical and Ancient Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Studies)