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1
Fern, Glen Matthew. "Ferrocenes of Substituted Indenyl Ligands." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1266.
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This thesis describes the preparation and characterization of a variety of methyl-, trimethylsilyl-, and diphenylphosphino-substituted indenes. The indenes were then used in the preparation of bis(indenyl)iron(II) complexes. The bis(indenyl)iron(II) complexes were characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P-NMR, UV/visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and mass spectrometry. The cyclic voltammetry shows an approximately linear relationship between the oxidation potential and the type of substituent and its ring position, but with increasing substitution leads to lower than expected oxidation potentials. The UV/visible spectra show two absorption bands in the visible region. The position of the bands are essentially unaffected by methyl-substitution, but the low energy band red-shifts with trimethylsilyl- and diphenylphosphino-substitution. Di(2-methylindenyl)iron(II), bis(4,7-dimethyl-indenyl)iron(II), bis(1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)indenyl)iron(II), rac-bis(1-diphenyl-phosphinoindenyl)iron(II), rac-bis(1-diphenylphosphino-3-methylindenyl)iron(II), and rac-bis(1-diphenylphosphino-2,3-dimethylindenyl)iron(II) were characterized by X-ray crystallography.The planar chiral ferrocenylphosphine bis(1-diphenylphosphinoindenyl)iron(II) is observed to undergo a facile ring-flipping isomerization from the meso isomer to the racemic isomer in THF at ambient temperature. The isomerization is slowed by the addition of the noncoordinating solvent chloroform, but is accelerated by the addition of LiCl. Rate and activation parameters for the isomerization have been determined to be: kobs = 1.6 x 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ at 23 ℃, ΔH‡ = 58 ± 4 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔS‡ = −140 ± 15 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹. Deuterium labeling of bis(1-diphenylphosphinoindenyl)iron(II) in the 3- and 3ʹ-position ruled out the isomerization proceeding by [1,5]-proton shifts or dissociative mechanisms. The proposed mechanism for the isomerization proceeds via coordination of two THF ligands with ring-slippage of one of the indenyl ligands until it is coordinated through the phosphine. Coordination of the indenyl ligand by the other face leads to the formation of the other isomer.The heterobimetallic complexes (bis(1-diphenylphosphinoindenyl)iron(II))-cis-dichloropalladium(II), (bis(1-diphenylphosphinoindenyl)iron(II))-cis-dichloro-platinum(II), and [(cyclooctadiene)(rac-bis(1-diphenylphosphinoindenyl)iron(II))-rhodium(I)] tetraphenylborate were prepared. Attempts to prepare dichloro(bis(1-diphenylphosphinoindenyl)iron(II))nickel(II) lead to the formation of trans-dichloro(bis(1-diphenylphosphinoindene))nickel(II). The complex (bis(1-diphenyl-phosphinoindenyl)iron(II))-cis-dichloropalladium(II) is able to catalyze the cross-coupling of bromobenzene with n-/sec-butylmagnesium chloride. However. the reaction is not selective with isomerization of the alkyl group and reduction of the halide occurring via a β-hydride elimination mechanism.
2
Carlsson, Anette. "Indelt soldat - och sen ... : Vad hände med de indelta soldaterna efter de fått avsked? En studie över avskedade soldater från Väse socken i Värmland." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72104.
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Tomkinson, Jeremy. "Silica induced rearrangements of aryl and thienyl cyclopropanes." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261951.
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Ransom, Paul. "Indenyl and diazene chemistry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2c500159-0002-4602-9837-9335bb7c837c.
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Fellinghaug, Asbjørn Alexander. "Phrase searching in text indexes." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-8880.
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Phrase searching in text indexes Compare different approaches to perform phrase searching, and consider a new approach whereas bigrams is considered as index term. This master thesis focus at the challenges within phrase searching in large text indexes, and to assess alternative approaches to cope with such indexes. This goal was achieved by performing an experiment, based on the theory of using bigrams consisting of stopwords as additional index terms. Realizing the characteristics within inverted index structures, we utilized stopwords as indicators for severe long posting lists. The characteristics of stopwords proved valuable, and they were collected based on a already established index for a subset of the TREC GOV2 collection. In alternative approaches we outlined two state of the art index structures, specifically designed to cope with phrase searching challenges. The first structure - nextword index - followed a modification of the inverted index structure. The second structure - phrase index - utilized the inverted structure in using complete phrases as index terms. Our bigram index focused on the same manipulation of the inverted index structure as the phrase index, using bigrams of words to rastically cut posting lists lengths. This was one of our main goals, as we identified stopwords posting list lengths to be one of the primary challenges with phrase searching in inverted index structures. Using stopwords to create and select bigrams proved successful to enhance phrase searching, as response times substantially improved. We conclude that our bigram index provides a significant performance in crease in terms of query evaluation time, and outperforms the standard inverted index within phrase searching.
6
Yin, Xiang. "Synthesis of Indenes and Indanes by Gold(I)-Catalyzed Decarbenation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665105.
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Els derivats de 7-substituts de 1,3,5-cicloheptatrienes reaccionen amb catalitzadors d'or (I) catiònic que donen carbens d'or (I) per una reacció retro-Buchner en què dos enllaços C-C en Norcaradienes són trencats per Au (I). Aquesta nova estratègia obvia l'ús de derivats diazo sensibles a xocs i genera carbens metàl·lics reactius in situ que poden experimentar diverses transformacions més, com ara la ciclopropanació d'alquens externs i reticulats i les reaccions tipus Friedel-Crafts intramoleculars. Per ampliar la gamma de mètodes sintètics i aplicacions disponibles per a aquests intermedis útils, en la present tesi doctoral hem desenvolupat noves transformacions induïdes per l'or (I) que condueixen a la ràpida construcció de marcs importants i han estudiat el mecanisme de manera experimental i mitjançant càlculs DFT.Los derivados de 1,3,5-cicloheptatrienos 7-sustituidos reaccionan con los catalizadores de oro (I) catiónicos, dando carbenos de oro (I) mediante una reacción retro-Buchner en la que dos enlaces C-C en norcaradienos se rompen con Au (I). Esta novedosa estrategia evita el uso de derivados de diazo sensibles al choque y genera carbenos metálicos reactivos in situ que pueden sufrir diversas transformaciones adicionales, como la ciclopropanación de alquenos externos y atados y reacciones de tipo Friedel-Crafts intramoleculares. Para ampliar la gama de métodos sintéticos y aplicaciones disponibles para estos intermedios útiles, en la presente Tesis doctoral hemos desarrollado nuevas transformaciones inducidas por el oro (I) que conducen a la construcción rápida de estructuras importantes y hemos estudiado el mecanismo de forma experimental y mediante cálculos DFT.
7-substituted 1,3,5-cycloheptatrienes derivatives react with cationic gold(I) catalysts gave gold(I) carbenes by a retro-Buchner reaction in which two C-C bonds in norcaradienes are cleaved by Au(I). This novel strategy obviates the use of shock-sensitive diazo derivatives and generates reactive metal carbenes in situ which can undergo further diverse transformations, such as cyclopropanation of external and tethered alkenes and intramolecular Friedel-Crafts-type reactions. To broaden the range of synthetic methods and applications available for these useful intermediates, in the present Doctoral Thesis we have developed new gold(I)-carbenes induced transformations leading to the rapid construction of important frameworks and studied the mechanism experimentally and by DFT calculations.
7
Cullison, Scott Alan. "The chemistry of indenyl titanium trihalides." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1139529.
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The interaction of TiX4 (X= Cl and Br) with 1-(trimethylsilyl) indene or 1(tributylstannyl) indene results in the formation of the crystalline trihalide complexes (rl5C9H7 )TiX3 in excellent yield. Isolation of these complexes has provided pathways for the monoalkyl complexes (TI5-C9H7 )TiX2 reaction of (r15-C9H7 )TiX3 (X = Cl and Br) withtrimethylaluminum resulted in the formation of the crystalline monomethyl complexes (Tl5C9H7 )TiX2R in good yield. Isolating these complexes free of the dimethyl derivativeproved difficult in normal alkylating solvents, but the pure monomethyl species were isolated in high yields when the reaction was performed in pentane. The chloride and bromide analogues have been stucturally characterized. Attempts to isolate thetrimethylsilylmethyl complexes (rl5-C9H7)Ti(CH2SiMe3)X2 (X = Cl and Br) as puremonoalkyl species were also successful, albeit in low yield. This set of four compounds provides a set of monoalkyl indenyl titanium species in which there are small alkyl groups or large alkyl groups as well as different halides. These complexes may prove to be excellent catalysts for the polymerization of olefins.Department of Chemistry
8
FUENTES, ALAIN DOMINGUEZ. "DATABASE SELF-TUNING WITH PARTIAL INDEXES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=29775@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Os índices parciais são estruturas de acesso no nível físico dos bancos de dados que permitem definir um subconjunto das tuplas de uma tabela, através de uma expressão condicional. Nesta dissertação estuda-se a identificação e subsequente criação automática de índices parciais que possam contribuir na melhoria do desempenho de um sistema de banco de dados. É proposto um algoritmo que examina, para cada consulta relevante, os conjuntos de atributos indexáveis para os quais a criação de um índice parcial poderia influenciar o otimizador de consultas na geração de planos mais eficientes. É realizada uma mineração de padrões de atributos indexáveis para se obter atributos correlacionados segundo a frequência das consultas na carga de trabalho considerada. Chega-se a uma proposta para um conjunto de índices parciais candidatos também se considerando uma heurística de benefícios. Realiza-se uma análise de sintonia fina em função da seleção de uma configuração de índices parciais e índices completos. A implementação das técnicas e algoritmos propostos nesta pesquisa é feita no framework DBX, que permite instanciar técnicas de sintonia fina local e global para bancos de dados relacionais.
Partial indexes are access structures on the physical level of the databases. They are indexes that allow the definition of a subset of tuples in a table through a conditional expression. This dissertation studies the identification and subsequent automatic creation of partial indexes that can contribute in improving the performance of a database system. We propose an algorithm that examines, for each relevant query, the indexable attributes set, for which the creation of a partial index could influence the query optimizer to generate plans that are more efficient. We perform data mining on indexable attributes patterns to obtain correlated attributes according to their frequency in queries within the particular workload. We obtain a proposal for a set of candidate partial indexes considering also a benefit heuristics. We may consider a self-tuning analysis of an index configuration with both complete and partial indexes. We have implemented techniques and algorithms proposed in this research into DBX, a framework that allows local and global self-tuning regarding relational databases.
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Mironova, Anastasia, and Lovisa Kynäs. "Ethical investing - why not? : An evaluation of financial performance of ethical indexes in comparison to conventional indexes." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-57115.
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Problem: Do ethical investments perform better than conventional investments? Purpose: To evaluate whether Shariah-compliant indexes and/or socially responsible indexes can improve financial performance of an investment portfolio. Sub-problem: What kind of relationship exists between socially responsible investments and faith-based investments, represented by Shariah-compliant investments? Sub-purpose: To discover how two types of ethical investments, socially-responsible and Shariah-compliant, are related. Method: Quantitative study, covering three types of investment styles of four index families during the period from 2000 until 2011. Financial performance evaluation through the Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio and Jensen’s alpha. Conclusions: Conventional, socially responsible, and Shariah-compliant indexes do not have any significant differences in financial performance on a global basis. However, Shariah-compliant indexes could slightly over-perform conventional and socially responsible indexes during financial downturns. In the same time socially responsible indexes were noticed to be the most volatile during the whole period of study, to compare with conventional and Shariah-compliant. Regarding relationships, high correlations were found between ethical indexes, as well as between ethical and conventional indexes.
10
Weiß, Thomas. "Indenyl-Metallkomplexe mit Metallen der Gruppe 4." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2001. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200100576.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese, das Reaktionsverhalten und
die Charakterisierung von neuartigen in Position 2 silylsubstituierten
Indenylkomplexen mit Metallen der Gruppe 4 des Periodensystems der Elemente.
Insbesondere konnten silylenverbrückte Komplexe synthetisiert werden, in
welchen bislang unbekannte indenylhaltige ansa-Zirconocendichloride und
Halbsandwichmetalldichlorid-Komplexe mit rigidem Ligandengerüst verwirklicht
sind. Diese zeigen besondere Eigenschaften als Katalysatoren in der homogenen
Ziegler-Natta-(Co)Polymerisation von Ethen und Propen. Die einfache
Zugänglichkeit von 2-Indenylsilanen konnte durch eine Eintopfsynthese erreicht
werden, bei welcher ausgehend von 2-Bromindenen sehr gute Ausbeuten erreichbar
sind. Zur Synthese der 2-Bromindene wurden verschieden substituierte Indene
verwendet. Durch Variation des Substituentenmusters ist es möglich die
Eigenschaften des Katalysators gezielt zu beeinflussen. Die positionsabhängige
Aufklärung der Substituenteneigenschaften von Me und/oder SiMe3 im Indengerüst
nimmt daher einen bedeutenden Anteil dieser Arbeit ein. Zu diesem Zweck wurden
neuartige substituierte Indenyltitantrichloride präparativ zugänglich gemacht
und in Kombination mit bekannten Indenyltitantrichloriden mittels
UV/VIS-Spektroskopie und Cyclovoltammetrie untersucht. Auf der Basis des
gewonnenen Datenmaterials gelang es die Wirkung der Substituenten auf die
Grenzorbitale von Indenyltitantrichlorid zu modellieren. Unterstützt wurde das
Arbeitsmodell durch Extended-Hückel-Rechnungen, wobei die
Koeffizientenverteilung im p-System des Indenylliganden als
eigenschaftsbestimmend erkannt wurde. Indenyltitantrichloride ermöglichen
zudem den Zugang zu Verbindungen des Typs (h5-Ind)TiCl2-OR mit R = Aryl,
(h5-Ind)TiCl2 [(Ind) = C9H7, (1-SiMe3C9H6)]. Diese Komplexe zeigen auffällige
strukturelle Übereinstimmungen und Ähnlichkeiten mit verbrückten
ansa-Amidohalbsandwichtitandichloriden.
11
Singh, Sanjaya. "Ranked selection indexes for linear preference queries." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5209.
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Data entities from various data sources could be ordered according to a variety of attributes associated with those entities. These orderings result in a ranking of entities in terms of the values in the attribute domains. In query processing, user preferences are desired to be tied to values of specific rank attributes. A way to incorporate such preference is by utilizing a function f that combines user preferences and rank attribute values and returns numerical value. Top-k queries seek to identify the tuples with the highest numerical value.
We consider the top-k selection query on relational database:
SELECT * FROM S ORDER BY f(t) LIMIT k.We propose efficient indexes on S to find the top-k tuples, for a given linear monotone preference function f . The efficiency of our approach depends on the number of dimensions: the number of rank attributes used to compute f . We present efficient algorithms for two dimensions. Our results for two dimensions improve upon Tsaparas et. al. Our approach is based on convex layers, which is more appropriate for linear preference function.Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
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GATTINI, LUCA. "QUALITY MEASUREMENT AND QUALITY IN PRICES INDEXES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/674.
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Rapid technical progress has increased the speed of quality change. Its impact has a large
scale effect on a broad set of variables and it has exacerbated a latent economic problem on
the measurement of true economic variables. For example, the reliability of the Consumer
Price Index (CPI) has been increasingly undermined since it has been argued that price
indexes suffer either an upward or a downward bias due to quality change in goods and
services. This paper is aimed to be a comprehensive survey on historical contributions to
modeling quality from a theoretical perspective. The fundamental contributions of several
economists are framed into a coherent building block. We construct a general framework
for quality adjustment in price index theory which helps to understand the importance of
economic theory for price index definitions. Supply and demand side models are analysed
and merged into Rosen (1974) model, the first well grounded attempt to construct a
general equilibrium explanation to quality choices. First, we address the issue of quality measures into price index theory. Then,
we present a survey of the relevant contributions to hedonic price modeling. We focus on
two main fields of applied analysis: (1) determining how the price of a unit of commodity
varies with the set of attributes; (2) estimating the demand and supply functions for the
attributes of products. The open issues on quality adjustment in consumer price indexes
will be analysed in the two applied papers, namely chapter 3 and chapter 4. They are two
applied original contributions to hedonic price literature. Chapter 3: In this paper we show that a real time measure of pure price change for different varieties
of non durable volatile and seasonal products is possible. Moreover, we introduce the idea
of unobservable elements captured by brand specific and by time specific dummies. In
order to compute a pure price index, a theoretically correct quality adjustment procedure
has been determined where quality is measured in terms of attributes (Griliches, 1971a,
1971b; Tauchen and Witte, 2001; Pakes, 2003; Ekeland et al. 2002, 2004; Triplett 2004)
and it is becomes a ’fundamental’ of the market. We have analyzed the prices of apples
and oranges traded in the General Milan Market for fruit and vegetables. We have used a
large amount of information from more than 8000 of observations collected between 2000
and 2004. We have found that quality is changed over time even if new goods/varieties
were not introduced. Price levels adjusted for qualitative levels, measured in terms of
the content of characteristics, are above the Laspeyres hedonic price index on average for
apples whilst the pure price index for oranges is close to the Laspeyres price index. Our
empirical analysis shows that a price index, which does not account for quality change, is
underepresiting inflation for apples and correctly measuring price changes for oranges. Chapter 4: The relevant literature dealing with the problem of quality measurement in passenger
cars (inter alias, Ohta and Griliches 1976, 1983; Lancaster (1966), Rosen (1974), Berry et
al. 1995; 2004) relies on general hedonic imputation methods for the assessment of the
quality adjusted price index. We deviate from this standard approach by computing a new
quality adjusted index for cars based on a weighted adjustment procedure which accounts
for attrition due to observable elements (Fitzgerald et al., 1998; Nevo, 2003; Horowitz and
Manski, 1998). By doing this, we are able to define a quality adjusted price index which
generates a more accurate identification of price index levels than the current state of the
art. We use data for the universe of new cars and their characteristics, sold between 2000
and 2007 in Italy, and we identify the basic reference unit. Based on this we study the
pricing behavior of the firms. We model a non random and non ignorable selection process
based on an entry/exit process of cars (Olly and Pakes, 1996) due to profit maximizing
firms in a differentiated product space. We find that the official index is overestimating
inflation since our results point to a mild deflation. However we show that traditional
hedonic techniques lead to an overestimation of quality improvement and consequently
they under-estimate inflation.
13
Weiss, Thomas. "Indenyl-Metallkomplexe mit Metallen der Gruppe 4." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965025667.
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Liu, Kit-ming. "Hong Kong crime statistics and crime indexes." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31976025.
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Timperley, Stephen. "Corporate Social Responsibility Indexes: Measure for Measure." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2372.
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This thesis investigates criteria used by research agencies that publish ratings of business organisations in respect of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and the relationship of these criteria to underlying ethical principles. Companies are rated according to CSR criteria. Observation of different rating agencies' results for the same, or similar organisations, shows a significant variation in results. Variations in rating must result either from different criteria being applied or from criteria addressing similar topics being assessed in a different way. Criteria from different rating agencies are found to be comparable. Thus if rating criteria are derived from an ethical view of the responsibilities of business organisations, then inconsistent results may be explained by variations in the ethical basis of corporate social responsibility used by agencies. Subject companies are rated under broad categories such as corporate governance, human rights and the environment. These categories contain specific criteria. My investigation compares the criteria used by major rating agencies and identifies the ethical basis, if any, that can be attributed to each criterion. The study finds that there are clearly identifiable links between a number of criteria used by each rating agency and the ethical theories selected for evaluation. Further, there is sufficient difference between the agencies to characterise each in relation to one or more of the ethical theories selected. There is inconsistency, however, within each agency's basis of principles as well as between agencies, which indicates an unsatisfactory lack of explicit relationship between the general, and reasonably consistent, definition of corporate social responsibility and application of coherent ethical principles. In practical terms around 10% of all investments in the United States, representing 2.3 trillion dollars, are invested in ethical or screened funds that rely on these and similar rating agencies results to determine CSR performance of firms. The large variation in results demonstrated in my thesis suggests that very significant financial decisions are based, at least in part, on inconsistent data. I suggest in my conclusion that if agencies were to consider, justify and clearly state the ethical basis from which their criteria derive, then investment managers and their clients could be more certain that their CSR principles were being upheld.
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Gaffar, Ashraf. "Design of a framework for database indexes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64077.pdf.
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Cadario, Alessandro. "On fretting fatigue with a spherical indenter /." Stockholm : Department of Solid Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1818.
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Liu, Kit-ming, and 廖潔明. "Hong Kong crime statistics and crime indexes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976025.
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Wu, Man-kit Edward, and 胡文傑. "Improved indexes for next generation bioinformatics applications." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43224222.
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Marsh, Sarah Margaret Beatrice. "New amine-substituted cyclopentadienyl and indenyl ligands." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5012/.
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This thesis concerns the new amine-substituted cyclopentadiene and indene ligands C(_5)H(_5)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H and C(_9)H(_7)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H which can co-ordinate to a metal through all five carbon atoms of the five-membered ring (η(^5)) and/ or through the nitrogen (σ). Chapter 1 reviews the recent literature concerning Lewis-base functionalised cyclopentadienyl and indenyl ligands and their compounds with s-, p-, d- and f-block metals. Chapter 2 contains a brief review of possible synthetic routes to amine-substituted cyclopentadienyl and indenyl ligands with some examples from the recent literature, and a detailed account of the synthesis of C(_5)H(_5)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H and C(_9)H(_7)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H. The amino alcohol (^t)BuNH(CH(_2))(_3) OH was synthesised by the conjugate addition of (^t)BuNH(_2) to ethyl acrylate and reduction of the product ester (^t)BuNH(CH(_2))(_2)C0(_2)Et using LiAIH(_4). (^t)BuNH(CH(_2))(_3)OH was converted into (^t)BuNH(CH(_2))(_3)Br.HBr and (^t)BuNH(CH(_2)(_3)Cl.HCl by reaction with HBr or SOCI(_2). Reaction between (^t)BuNH(CH(_2))(_3)C1.HC1 and two equivalents of Na(C(_5)H(_5)) gave C(_5)H(_5)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H in good yield. Treatment of (^1)BuNH(CH(_2))(_3)C1.HC1 with excess NaOH followed by reaction with Li(C(_9)H(_7)) gave C(_9)H(_7)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H, also in good yield. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis of various main group and iron compounds of C(_5)H(_5)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H and C(_9)H(_7)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H. Lithium salts Li[C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H], Li[C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)]Li, Li[C(_9)H(_6)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H] and Li[C(_9)H(_6)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)]Li were prepared for use as reactive intermediates and Li[C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H] was characterised as its THF-adduct by (^t)H NMR spectroscopy. The silyl derivatives (Me(_3)Si)C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)NH(^t)Bu and (Me(_3)Si)C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)SiMe(_3) were synthesised and characterised by NMR spectroscopy, and (Me(_3)Si)C(_9)H(_6)(CH(_6))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H and (Me(_3)Si)C(_9)H(_6)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)(SiMe(_3)) were also synthesised. The anune-substituted ferrocene Fe{η(^5)-C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H}(_2) was synthesised and oxidised to the corresponding ferricenium ion which was isolated as its PF(_6)(^-) salt. Exploratory work was carried out into the preparation of heterobimetallic species by reaction between Fe{η(^5)-C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H}(_2) and MX(_2) (M = Co, Ni, X = CI, M = Mn, X = Br). The substituted bis(indenyl) iron(II) complex Fe{η(^5)-C(_9)H(_6)(CH(_2))(_3)N((^t)Bu)H}(_2) was also synthesised. Chapter 4 is an account of the chemistry of {η(^5) :σ-C(_5)H(_4) (CH(_2))(_3)N(^t)Bu}Ti(NMe(-2))(_2) which was synthesised by an aminolysis reaction between C(_5)H(_5)(CH(_2))(_3)NH(^t)Bu and Ti(NMe(_2))(_4) Reaction between this compound and various weak acids gave a range of new compounds including{η(^5):σ-C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(-3)N(^t)Bu} Ti(O(^t)Pr)(_2), {η(^5):σ-C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N(^t)Bu)(_2), {η(^5):σC, {η(^5):σ-C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N(^t)Bu}Ti(C(_5)H(_5))(NMe(_2)) , {η(^5):σ-C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N(^t)Bu}Ti(SnBu(_3))(_z) and the imido-bridged dimer [{η(^5):σ-C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N(^t)Bu}Ti(NHPh)](_2)(µ-NPh)2, the X-ray structure of which is reported. Chapter 5 describes the experimental procedures used, and chapter 6 gives lists of characterising data for each compound. Appendix A gives details of the methods used for magnetic susceptibility determinations; appendix B lists X-ray crystallographic data for [ {η(^5):σ-C(_5)H(_4)(CH(_2))(_3)N(^t)Bu}Ti(NHPh)](_2)(µ-NPh)(_2) and appendix C lists departmental colloquia attended.
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Wu, Man-kit Edward. "Improved indexes for next generation bioinformatics applications." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43224222.
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FRANCA, ROVER FIGUEIRO. "INDEXES AND MARGINS FOR VOLTAGE SECURITY ASSESSMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4283@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORApresenta-se uma abrangente ferramenta de avaliação das condições de segurança de tensão, composta de índices com significado físico / matemático, propícia para uso na operação em tempo real. A ferramenta identifica se a solução de tensão para uma carga conectada à barra i está na parte superior, na inferior e a distância ao máximo carregamento da curva V x P,Q. Neste trabalho a enfâse está no desenvolvimento da margem de potência, distância em MVA do atual ao máximo carregamento, assim como na análise do ângulo entre os vetores-gradiente dos fluxos de potência ativa e reativa chegando / saindo de barras de carga / geração. Mostra-se a evolução desses índices durante um horizonte de tempo correspondente a uma rampa de carregamento do sistema. A área Rio do sistema brasileiro foi escolhida para observação por ter seu desempenho fortemente influenciado pela coordenação entre os diversos recursos de controle internos e externos e, também por ser um grande centro de carga com sistema de suprimento radial. A implementação das lógicas desses recursos de controle, caracterizada pela escolha das barras controladas e faixas de tensão, refletiram a experiência acumulada na operação do sistema, respeitando-se todos os limites operativos Verifica-se a ocorrência de situações extremas que levariam o sistema ao colapso de tensão. Apresenta-se ainda um estudo de barras associadas à compensação série no tronco de transmissão entre Itaipu a Tijuco Preto, barras que apresentam índices com valores atípicos. Conclui-se que o método computacional de avaliação das condições de segurança de tensão é adequado para a operação em tempo real, quando é monitorada a evolução dos índices relativos a uma seqüência de diferentes pontos de operação.
This work presents a comprehensive and meaningful tool for voltage security assessment adequate for real time operational monitoring. With this tool it is possible to verify if the voltage is in the upper or in the lower region of the V, P,Q curve, as well as to quantify voltage stability margin. The emphasis of this work is on the development of margins, the distance in MVA from the current to the maximum loading, as well as on the analysis of the angle between the gradient vectors of active and reactive power flow leaving / arriving generation / load buses. It is shown the evolution of the indexes during a period of time that corresponds to a system-loading ramp. The Rio and Espírito Santo area of the Brazilian electric system was chosen for observation because its performance is strongly influenced by the co-ordination between the several types of internal and external existing controls. Also because this area represents a large load centre with an almost radial transmission system. The logic implementation of these control resources, characterised by controlled buses and voltage limits choice, respecting all the operational limits, reflected the operational experience acquired by system operators. It is verified the occurrence of extreme situations that could lead to voltage collapse in the network. It is also presented a study on the buses associated with series compensation on the Itaipu - Tijuco Preto bulk transmission path that present unusual values for the indexes. It is concluded that the computational method of voltage security assessment is adequate for real time operation, when the evolution of indexes related to different operation points are monitored.
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Arnold, Thomas Allan Quartermaine. "Group 4 indenyl complexes for ethylene polymerisation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:66107287-43c0-4158-88d0-8d71dd2a1b23.
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The aim of this project has been to develop the field of group 4 indenyl metallocene complexes based upon highly methylated ligands. Previous studies have shown that these compounds can be extremely active ethylene polymerisation catalysts, and, as such, are of both significant academic and commercial interest Chapter One introduces metallocene chemistry, discussing developments within the field and the effects of permethylation on indenyl rings. A synopsis of the rise of the ansa-bridge is provided, in addition to highlights from recent zirconocene chemistry. A feature on olefin polymerisation is included, spanning heterogeneous catalysts, homogeneous metallocenes and post metallocenes, as well immobilised complexes and their supports. Chapter Two charts updates to syntheses of bridged and unbridged permethylindenyl ligands. The developments have allowed for their use as viable industrial procedures. Chapter Three is an account of the group 4 organometallic chemistry of the indenyl ligands from Chapter Two. Four bridged metallocenes, including rac-SBI*ZrCl2 and meso-EBI*Zr(CH2Ph)2, are reported. In addition, six unbridged analogues comprising rac/meso-Ind#2MCl2 (M = Zr, Hf) and rac/meso-Ind#2(CH2Ph)2 are described as well as a half-metallocene. The complexes are characterised by single crystal X-ray diffraction and variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations have been performed, with representations of their optimised geometries and frontier MOs given. Chapter Four describes a reliable, reproducible procedure for immobilising group 4 complexes on the surface of solid supports; in total 19 catalysts are prepared. In addition to SSMAO, two new inorganic supports (LDHMAO and Solid MAO) are utilised. The latter has never previously been described in the academic literature. These catalysts have been characterised by IR, UV/visible and solid-state NMR spectroscopy in addition to SEM imaging. Zr K-edge EXAFS experiments were conducted and exceptionally clear data are reported. Chapter Five investigates the aforementioned complexes as both solution- and slurry-phase ethylene polymerisation catalysts. Numerous parameters are tested including temperature and time dependence and all of the catalysts produce high molecular weight polymer in the range 150-300,000 daltons. The activity of rac SBI*ZrCl2 in solution exceeds 22,500 kgPE/molZr/h/bar, and 7,500 kgPE/molZr/h/bar immobilised on Solid MAO. meso-EBI*Zr(CH2Ph)2 displays double the activity of its dichloride analogue. 1-hexene co polymerisation is carried out as part of a high throughput screening study and activities in excess of 30,000 kgPE/molZr/h/bar are reported. Scale-up polymerisation runs are also disclosed. The resultant polymer has been characterised by GPC, as well as X-ray diffraction, SEM, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy. Chapter Six provides the experimental details and characterising data for the previous chapters. An Appendix consists of crystal structure data while the Electronic Appendix contains the CIFs, DFT output files and the raw polymerisation data.
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Truong, Thanh. "Main-Memory Query Processing Utilizing External Indexes." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datalogi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-280374.
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Many applications require storage and indexing of new kinds of data in main-memory, e.g. color histograms, textures, shape features, gene sequences, sensor readings, or financial time series. Even though, many domain index structures were developed, very a few of them are implemented in any database management system (DBMS), usually only B-trees and hash indexes. A major reason is that the manual effort to include a new index implementation in a regular DBMS is very costly and time-consuming because it requires integration with all components of the DBMS kernel. To alleviate this, there are some extensible indexing frameworks. However, they all require re-engineering the index implementations, which is a problem when the index has third-party ownership, when only binary code is available, or simply when the index implementation is complex to re-engineer. Therefore, the DBMS should allow including new index implementations without code changes and performance degradation. Furthermore, for high performance the query processor needs knowledge of how to process queries to utilize plugged-in index. Moreover, it is important that all functionalities of a plugged-in index implementation are correct. The extensible main memory database system (MMDB) Mexima (Main-memory External Index Manager) addresses these challenges. It enables transparent plugging in main-memory index implementations without code changes. Index specific rewrite rules transform complex queries to utilize the indexes. Automatic test procedures validate the correctness of them based on user provided index meta-data. Moreover, the same optimization framework can also optimize complex queries sent to a back-end DBMS by exposing hidden indexes for its query optimizer. Altogether, Mexima is a complete and extensible platform for transparently index integration, utilization, and evaluation.
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Lopes, Rita Isabel Dória Gameiro. "Volatility derivatives and volatility indexes : an overview." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9048.
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Mestrado em FinançasNas últimas décadas, os derivados financeiros têm-se revestido de grande importância, como se deduz facilmente do facto de o número de transações nos mercados financeiros envolvendo este tipo de instrumentos apresentar grande crescimento. De entre a grande variedade de derivados, destaca-se, para efeitos deste trabalho, uma classe particular, a classe dos derivados sobre volatilidade, que têm sido objeto de estudo na última década, talvez devido ao papel relativamente significativo que vêm assumindo a nível dos principais mercados. Intimamente ligados aos derivados sobre volatilidade estão os índices sobre volatilidade, também aqui objeto de análise. O presente estudo consiste essencialmente na revisão possível, dadas as restrições de espaço, da vasta literatura que já existe sobre o tema, o que se procurará fazer ao longo de todo o texto. Adicionalmente, procurará levar-se a cabo uma pesquisa do impacte da última crise financeira e económica no volume de negócios com derivados sobre volatilidade, para o que se selecionará um particular tipo de produtos. Do levantamento realizado sobre os tópicos em questão, pareceu poder concluir-se que estes não suscitaram antes o interesse de estudiosos portugueses. Nesse sentido, será então este o primeiro contributo, ainda que modesto, para preencher a lacuna.
During the last few decades, financial derivatives became extremely important, a conclusion easily derived from the fact that the number of transactions involving such instruments has greatly increased in financial markets. A specific type of these products consists of the so-called volatility derivatives, which have been quite studied during the last few years and are now of great significance, having experienced a growing role in the world financial markets. Closely related to volatility derivatives are the volatility indexes. This study is based mostly on a review of the literature on the subject of volatility derivatives and volatility indexes, which is presented all over the text. Additionally, an attempt is made to analyze the impact of the current economic and financial crises on volatility derivatives trading, specifically in reference to certain particular futures. To the best knowledge of the author the topic of volatility futures has not been addressed before in the Masters in Finance context; this thesis is, in that sense, a first (very small) contribution to fill the gap.
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Rodrigues, Andre Luis Gunes. "Utilização de indentes conicos associados ao impacto para a quebra da noz macadamia." [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257364.
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Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Oliveira FerrazDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T15:13:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_AndreLuisGunes_M.pdf: 2152247 bytes, checksum: b112b59fce9531a4f53a0fadb3dc33b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
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Dechaume, Antoine. "Analyse asymptotique et numérique des équations de Navier-Stokes : cas du canal indenté." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30023.
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Ce travail à pour sujet la problématique de la modélisation de la couche limite dans le cadre d'écoulements incompressibles. Cela nécessite de prendre en compte l'interaction forte entre la couche limite et le reste de l'écoulement, qui mène au couplage fort de ces deux modèles. Avec les méthodes classiques d'analyse asymptotique des problèmes de perturbation singulière, telle que la Méthode des Développements Asymptotiques Raccordés (MDAR), de tels modèles peuvent être construits. La forme et mise en oeuvre complexes de ces modèles, le cadre restreint pour lequel ils peuvent s'appliquer, et la difficulté d'exprimer l'approximation globale en assemblant les solutions locales, sont autant d'inconvénients que l'on souhaite dépasser. C'est pour cela qu'une autre méthode d'analyse asymptotique est ici utilisée, la Méthode des Approximations Successives Complémentaires (MASC), qui permet de s'affranchir de ces inconvénients. Elle met en avant l'existence d'une approximation globale du problème, d'où en découle la méthode qui permet de la construire. L'emploi de développements asymptotiques généralisés, contrairement à la MDAR qui est basée sur des développements réguliers, donne aux modèles obtenus une portée plus générale et une forme plus simple. Grâce à la MASC, selon la situation physique, deux types de modèles peuvent être obtenus. Les premiers sont similaires dans leur résolution à ceux obtenus classiquement. Cela consiste à résoudre un système d'équations parabolique couplé à un système elliptique. Le second type de modèle est complètement elliptique, et conduit à l'approche Navier-Stokes Réduit (NSR). Du fait du traitement implicite de l'ellipticité propre à ce type de modèle, on peut espérer avoir la possibilité d'étudier des écoulements décollés présentant des interactions amont plus importantes. Notamment, dans le cadre de l'écoulement en canal bi-dimensionnel, le modèle obtenu est exactement celui de NSR. Aucune justification basée sur une analyse asymptotique ne permettait jusqu'alors d'assurer la validité d'une telle approche. .This work deals with the problems of incompressible boundary layer modeling. The strong interaction between the boundary layer and external flow is to be accounted for, which leads to the coupling of these two models. Such models can be obtained with the classical methods of singular perturbation asymptotic analysis, such as the Method of Matched Asymptotic Expansions (MMAE). The complex shape and implementation of these models, the restricted cases for which they apply, and the difficulty to obtain global approximations from local ones, are many of the drawbacks we wish to transcend. This is the reason why a new asymptotic method is used, the Successive Complementary Expansions Method (SCEM), which avoids these limitations. The SCEM is based on the assumption of the structure of a global approximation, and then infers a method of constructing this approximation. The use of generalized asymptotic expansions, contrary to the MMAE which is based on regular expansions, leads to more general and simpler models. Thanks to the SCEM, according to the physical situation, two types of models can be obtained. .
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Swinburn, Steven James. "Studies in indene and indole synthesis." Thesis, Bangor University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409656.
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Bedon, Nicolas. "Langages reconnaissables de mots indexés par des ordinaux." Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00620480.
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Cette thèse traite des langages reconnaissables de mots indexés par des ordinaux. Plusieurs classes d'automates qui reconnaissent de tels mots ont été introduites par Büchi. Elles diffèrent par la longueur des mots reconnus par les automates. Nous en utilisons quatre: la classe pour les mots de longueur , celle pour les mots de longueur inférieure à , où n est un entier naturel, celle pour les mots de longueur dénombrable, et celle pour les mots de longueur quelconque. Nous y ajoutons la classe des automates de Kleene traditionnelle, sur les mots finis. Nous remontrons que ces différentes définitions d'automates sont équivalentes, c'est-à-dire que données deux de ces classes et un automate d'une des deux, la restriction du langage reconnu par l'automate aux mots du domaine le plus petit des deux classes est la restriction du langage reconnu par un automate de l'autre classe au même domaine. Nous donnons également une présentation unifiée de la déterminisation pour chacune des classes qui reconnaît au plus des mots de longueur dénombrable. Les semigroupes finis sont un formalisme équivalent aux automates pour définir des ensembles de mots finis. Perrin, Pin et Wilke ont introduits des structures algébriques adaptées à l'étude des langages de mots de longueur , qui, quand elles sont finies, sont équivalentes aux automates. Nous généralisons l'approche algébrique de la théorie des langages reconnaissables de mots de longueur aux mots de longueur inférieure à , puis aux mots de longueur dénombrable. Pour cela, nous définissons deux structures algébriques, les -semigroupes et les -semigroupes, qui, quand elles sont finies, sont équivalentes respectivement aux automates pour les mots de longueur inférieure à et aux automates pour les mots de longueur dénombrable. Comme pour le cas des mots de longueur , une algèbre syntaxique peut être canoniquement associée à chaque langage reconnaissable. Nous définissons le produit de Schützenberger et le produit en couronne sur les -semigroupes. Nous étendons également le théorème des variétés d'Eilenberg aux mots de longueur dénombrable. Finalement, nous remontrons l'équivalence entre langages reconnus par automates et langages définis par énoncés de logique monadique du second ordre quand on s'intéresse aux mots de longueur dénombrable. Le théorème d'équivalence de Schützenberger entre langages sans étoile et semigroupes finis apériodiques est étendu aux mots de longueur inférieure à , et le théorème d'équivalence entre langages sans étoile et langages définis par énoncés de logique du premier ordre de l'ordre linéaire de McNaughton et Papert est étendu aux mots de longueur quelconque.
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Eriksen, Christofer Magnus. "Technical Condition Indexes for Ship Engine Auxiliary Systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11470.
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The topic of my individual Master Thesis study is the expansion of the Technical Condition Index (TCI) concept, developed at the Department of Marine Technology at NTNU, as to encompass the following Ship Engine Auxiliary Systems; Fuel Oil System, Lubricating Oil System and Cooling Water System. The first chapter is a literature study on condition monitoring techniques, including an introduction on the role of TCI’s and condition monitoring within a successful maintenance organization. FMECA analysis concluded during the candidate’s Specialization Project revealed three major common component groups subject to condition monitoring for the purpose of establishing TCI’; valves, pumps and heat exchangers. In order to reduce complexity and cost implications, TCI’s and the condition monitoring techniques providing input data should be based on standardized methods, applicable to all components within one such major group. For valves in the systems studied such standardized methods generally applicable to all valves could not be identified. The variety of valve types is vast, while common root-cause failure mechanisms are few, indicating that if valves truly are considered sufficiently critical to justify condition monitoring based on TCI’s, methods must be developed individually each system to be monitored. For pumps, TCI’s are proposed to be based on a combination of vibration monitoring and process parameter analysis. Vibration monitoring should be based on measurement of vibration velocity, given in mm/s-RMS at bearings. ISO standards classification threshold values are proposed utilized in the transfer functions for calculating TCI’s. TCI’s based on process parameter analysis of pumps should utilize the Head – flow test at duty point. This method requires repeatable measurements flow rate and pressure difference over the pump. TCI’s for heat exchangers are proposed to be based exclusively on process parameter analysis, where the parameter to be monitored is the reduction in the overall heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient is calculated from measurement of inlet and outlet temperature of both mediums flowing through the heat exchanger as well as mass flow rate and knowledge of the specific heat capacity of at least one of the two mediums. Technical Condition Indexes proposed have been implemented into TeCoMan software for the Engine Fuel Oil System, and exemplified by calculation of aggregated higher level TCI’s using fabricated data. Detailed description of the TeCoMan software and how to efficiently include a planned condition monitoring programme to calculate TCI’s is included.
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Fischer, Frank. "Indenyl-Ruthenium-Thioaldehyd-Komplexe Synthese, Struktur und Additionsreaktionen /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980713900.
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Grimsmo, Nils. "Dynamic indexes vs. static hierarchies for substring search." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9225.
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This report explores the problem of substring search in a dynamic document set. The operations supported are document inclusion, document removal and queries. This is a well explored field for word indexes, but not for substring indexes. The contributions of this report is the exploration of a multi-document dynamic suffix tree (MDST), which is compared with using a hierarchy of static indexes using suffix arrays. Only memory resident data structures are explored. The concept of a ``generalised suffix tree'', indexing a static set of strings, is used in bioinformatics. The implemented data structure adds online document inclusion, update and removal, linear on the single document size. Various models for the hierarchy of static indexes is explored, some which of give faster update, and some faster search. For the static suffix arrays, the BPR cite{SS05} construction algorithm is used, which is the fastest known. This algorithm is about 3-4 times faster than the implemented suffix tree construction. Two tricks for speeding up search and hit reporting in the suffix array are also explored: Using a start index for the binary search, and a direct map of global addresses to document IDs and local addresses. The tests show that the MDST is much faster than the hierarchic indexes when the index freshness requirement is absolute, and the documents are small. The tree uses about three times as much memory as the suffix arrays. When there is a large number of hits, the suffix arrays are slightly faster on reporting hits, as there they have better memory locality. If you have enough primary memory, the MDST seems to be the best choice in general.
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Bjørklund, Truls Amundsen. "Experimentation with inverted indexes for dynamic document collections." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9645.
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This report aims to asses the efficiency of various inverted indexes when the indexed document collection is dynamic. To achieve this goal, we experiment with three different overall structures: Remerge, hierarchical indexes and a naive B-tree index. An efficiency model is also developed. The resulting estimates for each structure from the efficiency model are compared to the actual results. We introduce two modifications to existing methods. The first is a new scheme for accumulating an index in memory during sort-based inversion. Even though the memory characteristics of this modified scheme are attractive, our experiments suggest that other proposed methods are more efficient. We also introduce a modification to the hierarchical indexes, which makes them more flexible. Tf-idf is used as the ranking scheme in all tested methods. Approximations to this scheme are suggested to make it more efficient in an updatable index. We conclude that in our implementation, the hierarchical index with the modification we have suggested performs best overall. We also conclude that the tf-idf ranking scheme is not fit for updatable indexes. The major problem with using the scheme is that it becomes difficult to make documents searchable immediately without sacrificing update speed.
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Noriega, Motta Julio Amilcar. "Portable transparent indenter instrumentation for material surface characterization." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4765.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 105 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-98).
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Bachir, Imad A. M. "Title-derivative printed indexes for Arabic periodical articles." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281761.
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Lechevalier, François. "L'analyse factorielle conjointe d'une famille de triplets indexés." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10157.
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CAHEN, JEAN-MARC. "Processus empiriques indexes par des ensembles et applications." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066505.
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Nous etudions le comportement local des increments des processus empiriques uniformes. En dimension 1, nos resultats generalisent ceux de hong (1992), stute (1982), deheuvels et mason (1991) et deheuvels (1992). Nous concentrons alors notre travail sur des applications pour des donnees multivariees. Celles-ci portent sur l'etude des estimateurs a noyau et des estimateurs par la methode des voisins les plus proches
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Pons, Odile. "Statistique des processus ponctuels indexés par le temps." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112476.
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Cette thèse présente quelques résultats asymptotiques de la statistique des processus ponctuels indexés par le temps. La première partie approfondit; l'étude de tests et d'estimateurs non-paramétriques établis pour les données de survie censurées. La seconde partie généralise les mêmes notions au cas bidimensionel et propose un test d'indépendance pour des données de survie censurées. Enfin, la troisième partie adapte le modèle de régression de Cox à un processus ponctuel dont l'intensité de base est périodique et à des processus de régression qui satisfont des propriétés d'ergodicité et de ϕ-mélange. L'intensité de base est estimée à l'aide d'un estimateur de type répartition empirique ou de type histogramme ; ces estimateurs sont asymptotiquement Gaussiens et équivalents, ainsi que les estimateurs associés des coefficients de régression. Ces résultats sont finalement appliqués à l'étude d'un comportement alimentaireThis thesis is devoted to the asymptotic properties of statistics for time dependent counting processes. The first part studies and extends nonparametric estimators and tests used in survival data analysis. The second part generalizes them to the two-dimensional case and proposes a test of independence between two censored survival times. Then, the third part is an adaptation of Cox's regression model to a counting process having a periodic underlying intensity and to regressor processes satisfying ergodic and ϕ-mixing properties. The underlying intensity is estimated using an empirical distribution-type estimate and a histogram-type estimate. These estimates are asymptotically Gaussian and equivalent, as well as the associated regression parameters estimates. Finally, these results are applied to a feeding pattern analysis
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Canahuate, Guadalupe M. "Enhanced Bitmap Indexes for Large Scale Data Management." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1244047153.
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López, Pérez Sara. "Contribució a l'Estudi dels Receptors de Serotonina. Molècules Basades en Indens i Indans." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1654.
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El punt de partida de la present Tesi Doctoral se situa entorn a l'estudi d'estructures basades en (Z)-estilbens: disseny, síntesi i examen de quimioteques dirigides a l'obtenció de nous compostos bioactius a nivell de sistema nerviós central (SNC), en el marc d'una col·laboració amb la indústria farmacèutica. Així, el projecte es va iniciar amb una recerca bibliogràfica per la selecció del scaffold, la qual ens posà de manifest com els (Z)-arilmetilidenindens constituïen un conjunt de compostos amb diferents perfils farmacològics.
Valorant aquests antecedents, la dificultat radicava en l'elecció de l'estructura prototipus. Els (Z) arilmetilidenindens podien ésser un inici ja que el fragment estructural cis estilbè s'integra en el scaffold. A més, la química de sistemes basats en indens i l'estudi de les seves propietats biològiques estaven menys explorats que la d'altres famílies de compostos, la qual cosa permetria desenvolupar temes específics d'investigació amb probabilitat raonable d'èxit.
Concretament, se sintetitzaren els cis-indens I i les seves formes reduïdes II, basats en una selecció estructural, a partir de les indolilsulfonamides per substitució de l'indol per l'indè, i que incorporaven el grup sulfonamido en la posició 5.
L'accés a les indenilsulfonamides II es portà a terme inicialment mitjançant una via específica, de cinc etapes, on els àcids (sulfonilamino)indenilacètics eren els intermedis claus, els quals es prepararen, després d'examinar diferents alternatives sintètiques, per reacció aldòlica.
Els assajos d'afinitats pel receptor 5-HT6 mostraren valors diferents, sent moderats pels compostos I i augmentant de forma important per les indenilsulfonamides II. A més, cal destacar la funcionalitat agonista d'aquests derivats, ja que en els darrers anys, la majoria de lligands descoberts per aquest receptor havien estat identificats com antagonistes.
Per aquesta raó, i tenint en compte que els canvis responsables de l'augment d'afinitat enfront el receptor 5-HT6 venien limitats per la química de l'indè, ens plantejàrem la síntesi d'altres estructures mitjançant una ruta més general de quatre etapes, on la sulfonilació es duia en la darrera etapa, sent les inden-5-amines els precursors de nous lligands II diversificats en la posició 5.
Les noves indenilsulfonamides II exhibiren afinitats variables pel receptor 5 HT6, destacant dos compostos que s'identificaren com a potents agonistes selectius amb excel·lents perfils farmacològics in vitro (Ki ≥ 4,5 nM).
Alhora, s'ha estudiat la influència de la cadena N,N-dimetilaminoetil de la posició 3 sobre l'indè, amb a la preparació d'indenilsulfonamides restringides III i derivats simplificats, en base als requeriments estructurals establerts prèviament per augmentar l'afinitat dels lligands pel receptor 5 HT6. La síntesi d'aquests compostos es portà a terme mitjançant una via de tres etapes, a partir de les indanones convenientment substituïdes per preparar les indenamines precursores, aplicant la reacció aldòlica anteriorment emprada, adaptada a les lactames.
Aquestes indenilsulfonamides restringides III exhibiren elevades afinitats pel receptor 5-HT6 actuant com antagonistes, tot i que amb potències moderades a nivell micromolar. D'altra banda, l'absència de la amina bàsica en els compostos estructuralment simplicats no implicava pèrdua d'afinitat, indicant com els grups N,N aminoetil o l'amina restringida sobre la posició 3 de l'indè no eren necessàris per mantenir l'afinitat pel receptor.
Finalment, també s'ha portat a terme el canvi de la cadena aminoetílica per un grup guanilhidrazona rígid, que ens ha permès la identificació de les indanilguanilhidrazones sulfonamides IV com a potents i selectius antagonistes del receptor 5-HT6 amb elevades afinitats, a nivell nanomolar.
Aquest conjunt de nous lligands basats en indens podrien ser útils eines d'elucidació d'aspectes funcionals i usos terapèutics d'altres lligands del receptor 5-HT6 en el tractament de malalties del SNC tals com l'ansietat, depressió o altres desordres mentals. Així, com l'interès que representen els agonistes enfront alteracions alimentàries tals com l'obesitat o la bulímia.
The background of this thesis is the study of structures based on (Z)-stilbenes: design, synthesis and testing of libraries designed to obtain new bioactive compounds in central nervous system, in collaboration with the pharmaceutical industry. So the structure proptotype, the (Z)-arylmethylideneindenes were chosen as the structural fragment cis-stilbenes integrated into the scaffold could form a set of compounds with different pharmacological profiles. In addition, chemical-based systems indenes such as I and the study of their biological properties were less explored than other families of compounds, which permit the development of specific topics of research with responsible likelihood of success.
By developing an indole-to-indene core change, we have synthesized the cis indenes I and their reduced forms II, which incorporate the sulfonamido group in 5 position. These compounds have presented affinity for serotonin 5-HT6 receptor (Ki ≥ 20 nM). The novel indenylsulfonamides II exhibited variable binding affinities for the 5-HT6 receptor and the in vitro profiles of the most active compounds revealed them to be selective 5 HT6 receptor agonists in the low-nanomolar range (Ki ≥ 4.5 nM).
Moreover, we have studied the influence of the N,N-dimethylaminoethyl side chain on the indene 3-position. Preparation of a few examples of ring-constrained III type indenylsulfonamides and the structurally simplified counterparts, based on previously established structural requirements for enhancing the affinity of indene based ligands towards the 5-HT6 receptor, gave access compounds which exhibited a high binding affinity and functioned as antagonists, although with moderate potency at the micromolar level.
Finally, changing the N,N-(dimethylamino)ethyl side chain for a conformationally rigid guanylhydrazone moiety on the indene 3 position led to the identification of novel indanylguanylhydrazone sulfonamides IV with excellent binding affinities and an antagonistic response at the 5-HT6 receptor in the nanomolar range.
The ensemble of indene-based frameworks constituted by the (aminoethyl)indenylsulfonamide agonists II, the conformationally rigid antagonists III and the structurally simplified counterparts, as well as the indanylsulfonamide guanylhydrazone antagonists IV (see Figure 1) resulted in a range of compounds which may be useful biological tools for the fundamental understanding of the 5-HT6 receptor.
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Chan, Ping-chiu. "The review of Hong Kong air pollution index : its accuracy, adequacy and representativeness /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734650.
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Parmeter, Christopher F. "Two-tier frontier and generalized kernel estimation of hedonic price indexes." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Memik, N. Hayal. "An evaluation of the changing approaches to children's play spaces." Ankara : METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604764/index.pdf.
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Braganholi, Danilo Faustino [UNESP]. "Análise de polimorfismos INDELs na identificação humana." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134358.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Os marcadores STR são os mais utilizados na rotina de identificação humana e genética forense, entretanto, os marcadores INDELs vem chamando a atenção dos pesquisadores desta área, pois sua análise pode ser uma ferramenta interessante por serem analisados com um fragmento menor que os STR e apresentarem baixa taxa de mutação, podendo ser utilizados na identificação de indivíduos e na avaliação de ancestralidade. Neste trabalho, caracterizamos as populações brasileiras dos estados de São Paulo e Espírito Santo pela análise de marcadores INDEL através de dois sistemas: 38 HID-INDELs, verificando a eficiência forense nas duas populações e comparando os dados com os de STRs rotineiramente utilizados na população de São Paulo; e 46 AIM-INDELs, avaliando as proporções de ancestralidade nas duas populações, e comparando os dados com os de marcadores uniparentais na população do Espírito Santo. Ambos os métodos foram eficientes para suas respectivas finalidades, sendo que o sistema 38 HID-INDELs apresentou alto poder de discriminação, para Espírito Santo (PD = 0,9999999999999990) e para São Paulo (PD = 0,999999999999994); e o sistema 46 AIM-INDELs confirmou a miscigenação das populações estudadas, e neste caso, com maior ancestralidade genética de europeus, em comparação a africanos e nativo-americanos. Além disso, inserimos o marcador amelogenina no sistema multiplex 38 HID-INDELs como uma ferramenta complementar para identificação de sexo de amostras degradadas.
The STR markers are the most used in routine of human identification and forensic genetics, however, INDEL markers has attracted the attention of those researchers in this area, because their analysis can be an interesting tool to be analyzed with a smaller fragment that STR and to present low mutation rate, may be used to identify individuals and evaluating ancestry. In this work, we characterized the Brazilian populations of the states of São Paulo and Espírito Santo by INDEL markers analysis through two systems: 38 HID-INDELs, checking the forensic efficiency in this two populations and comparing the data with STRs routinely used in São Paulo population; and 46 AIM-INDELs, assessing the proportions of ancestry in this two populations, and comparing the data with uniparental markers in Espírito Santo population. Both methods were effective for their respective purposes, the 38 HID- INDELs system showed high discrimination power to Espírito Santo (PD = 0.9999999999999990) and to São Paulo (PD = 0.999999999999994); and the 46 AIM- INDELs system confirmed the mixing of the populations studied, and in this case , with greater genetic ancestry of europeans, compared to africans and native americans. In addition, we insert the amelogenin marker in the 38 HID-INDELs multiplex system as a complementary tool to identificate the sex of degraded samples.
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Braganholi, Danilo Faustino. "Análise de polimorfismos INDELs na identificação humana /." Araraquara, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134358.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Regina Maria Barretto CicarelliBanca: Raquel Mantuaneli Scarel Caminaga
Banca: Celso Teixeira Mendes Júnior
Banca: Rogério Nogueira de Oliveira
Banca: Maria Leonor Rodrigues de Souza Botelho Gusmão
Resumo: Os marcadores STR são os mais utilizados na rotina de identificação humana e genética forense, entretanto, os marcadores INDEL s vem chamando a atenção dos pesquisadores desta área, pois sua análise pode ser uma ferramenta interessante por serem analisados com um fragmento menor que os STR e apresentarem baixa taxa de mutação, podendo ser utilizados na identificação de indivíduos e na avaliação de ancestralidade. Neste trabalho, caracterizamos as populações brasileiras dos estados de São Paulo e Espírito Santo pela análise de marcadores INDEL através de dois sistemas: 38 HID - INDELs, verificando a eficiência forense nas duas populações e comparando os dados com os d e STRs rotineiramente utilizados na população de São Paulo; e 46 AIM - INDELs, avaliando as proporções de ancestralidade nas duas populações, e comparando os dados com os de marcadores uniparentais na população do Espírito Santo. Ambos os métodos foram efici entes para suas respectivas finalidades, sendo que o sistema 38 HID - INDELs apresentou alto poder de discriminação, para Espírito Santo (PD = 0,9999999999999990) e para São Paulo (PD = 0,999999999999994) ; e o sistema 46 AIM - INDELs confirmou a miscigenação d as populações estudadas, e neste caso, com maior ancestralidade genética de europeus, em comparação a africanos e nativo - americanos. Além disso, inserimos o marcador amelogenina no sistema multiplex 38 HID - INDELs como uma ferramenta complementar para ident ificação de sexo de amostras degradadas.
Abstract: The STR markers are the most used in routine of human identification and forensic genetics, however, INDEL markers has attracted the attention of those researchers in this area, because their analysis can be an interestin g tool to be analyzed with a smaller fragment that STR and to present low mutation rate, may be used to identify individuals and evaluating a ncestry. In this work, we characterize d the Brazilian populations of the states of São Paulo and Espírito Santo by INDEL markers analysis thr ough two systems: 38 HID - INDEL s, checking the forensic efficiency in this two populations and comparing the data w ith STRs r outinely used in São Paulo population; and 46 AIM - INDELs, assessing the proportions of ancestry in this two populations, and comparing the data with uniparental markers in Espírito Santo population. Both methods were effectiv e for their respectiv e purposes, the 38 HID - INDEL s system showed high discrimi nation power to Espírito Santo ( PD = 0 .9999999999999990 ) and to São Paulo (PD = 0.999999999999994 ) ; and the 46 AIM - INDEL s system confirmed the mi xing of the populations studied, and in this case, with greater genetic ancestry of e uropeans, compared to af ricans and n ative a mericans. In addition, we insert the amelogenin ma rker in the 38 HID - INDEL s multiplex system as a complementary tool to identificate the sex of degraded samples.
Doutor
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He, Meng. "Succinct Indexes." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3583.
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This thesis defines and designs succinct indexes for several abstract data types (ADTs). The concept is to design auxiliary data structures that ideally occupy asymptotically less space than the information-theoretic lower bound on the space required to encode the given data, and support an extended set of operations using the basic operators defined in the ADT. As opposed to succinct (integrated data/index) encodings, the main advantage of succinct indexes is that we make assumptions only on the ADT through which the main data is accessed, rather than the way in which the data is encoded. This allows more freedom in the encoding of the main data. In this thesis, we present succinct indexes for various data types, namely strings, binary relations, multi-labeled trees and multi-labeled graphs, as well as succinct text indexes. For strings, binary relations and multi-labeled trees, when the operators in the ADTs are supported in constant time, our results are comparable to previous results, while allowing more flexibility in the encoding of the given data.
Using our techniques, we improve several previous results. We design succinct representations for strings and binary relations that are more compact than previous results, while supporting access/rank/select operations efficiently. Our high-order entropy compressed text index provides more efficient support for searches than previous results that occupy essentially the same amount of space. Our succinct representation for labeled trees supports more operations than previous results do. We also design the first succinct representations of labeled graphs.
To design succinct indexes, we also have some preliminary results on succinct data structure design. We present a theorem that characterizes a permutation as a suffix array, based on which we design succinct text indexes. We design a succinct representation of ordinal trees that supports all the navigational operations supported by various succinct tree representations. In addition, this representation also supports two other encodings schemes of ordinal trees as abstract data types. Finally, we design succinct representations of planar triangulations and planar graphs which support the rank/select of edges in counter clockwise order in addition to other operations supported in previous work, and a succinct representation of k-page graph which supports more efficient navigation than previous results for large values of k.
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Hsueh, Nai-Chen, and 薛乃真. "Synthesis of Substituted Aryl-Dihydronaphthalenes and Indenes." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zcut74.
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碩士高雄醫學大學
醫藥暨應用化學系碩士班
106
Carbocycles are the basis for many important structures. In particular, five- and six-membered carbocycles have been recognized as important frameworks in medicinal chemistry and bioactive natural products with privileged characteristics. Among them, dihydronaphthalenes and indenes compounds have attracted considerable attention. This study was divided into the synthesis of substituted aryl dihydronaphthalenes and synthesis of indenes compounds. Using a simple two-step and one-pot synthetic route for the preparation of substituted aryl dihydronaphthalenes starting from 2-allylbenzaldehydes via Grignard 1,2-addition and Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed intramolecular olefin cyclization has been developed. Indene compounds were prepared via olefin isomerization, 1,2-addition reaction follow by cyclization.
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CHEN, CHIAO-LAN, and 陳巧嵐. "The Effect of Financial Indexes and Sentiment Indexes to Portfolio Performance." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9k795e.
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碩士國立中正大學
財務金融系研究所
105
Stock is the most acceptable financial instrument for investors, and most investors use financial indexes as the construction portfolio. The purpose of this study is to explore whether the sentiment indexes influence the portfolio performance in OTC from 2006 to 2016. In this study, the seven financial indexes, such as EPS, Profit Margin, Asset Turnover, ROE, Interest Protection Multiples, Earnings Growth Rate and Cash Flow Ratio, and the three sentiment indexes, such as ∆MARGIN, ∆SHORTIR, SHORTSLS to construct two screening mechanism. Then, through VBA to select the different selection period of the portfolio, and calculate the rate of return. Finally, through the T test analysis whether the sentiment indexes influence the portfolio performance in OTC from 2006 to 2016. The results revealed：(a) The Investment performance of the two screening mechanisms is better than the OTC index. (b) Sentiment Indexes have no significant effect on portfolio performance, meaning that there is no impact. After the assessment may be the OTC company relative to the listed company in the sentiment indexes of the activities less enthusiastic.
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Wang, Yih-Chang, and 王益昌. "Empirical Study of Relationship between Building Materials Indexes and Construction Industry Indexes." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6qevt6.
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博士國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
106
The construction industry is one of the essential pillars of our national economy in Taiwan despite the production value of this industry has been replaced by the high-tech industry. The construction and building products are made from various building materials such as cement, steel, sand, and gravel. Along with the people's increasing attention for living security and ecological environmental protection, quality and innovation of building materials have been gradually emphasized in recent years. Moreover, the development of construction industry is highly related to real estate expansion. For these reasons, the objective of this dissertation is to examine potential linear and non-linear dynamic paired interactions among indexes of building materials, construction industry and real estate market using Taiwan stock market data. Various time series statistical techniques, including unit root tests, cointegration models, and causality tests are applied to discovery these paired relationships. This empirical work consists of four research topics. The first topic is to study linear and non-linear dynamics between building materials index (cement index and steel index) and construction index. Although linear cointegration tests show no cointegration between these two types of indexes, nonlinear cointegration test based on non-linear threshold error-correction model detects the presence of significant cointegration relationship. Besides, this dissertation finds that non-linear Granger causality between construction index and cement index is bi-directional but steel index exerts non-linear Granger causality on construction index in both the long run and the short run. The second topic is to focus on the dynamics between building materials indexes and real estate market index (real estate investment trust (REIT) index is used as a proxy variable). Using four different cointegration techniques, it fails to find evidence of cointegration. The standard linear Granger tests detect a bi-directional causality between cement and REIT index returns, and a unidirectional non-linear causality from REIT to steel index returns. However, the non-linear Granger causality tests only detect the existence of a unidirectional non-linear causality from REIT to cement or steel index returns. The third topic is to examine the dynamics between construction index and real estate market index. This dissertation still does not find evidence of the linear or non-linear cointegration relationship between them. However, the result of linear Granger tests and non-linear Granger tests show existence of a bi-directional causality between these two index returns. The final topic is to explore the dynamics between real estate market index and aggregate stock market index in the Taiwan stock markets. The results of linear and non-linear cointegration tests show the non-existence of cointegration relationship. The standard Granger tests show weak evidence of Granger causality from the REIT to stock index returns but fail to provide evidence of reversed Granger causality. Moreover, the results from non-linear Granger tests indicate the non-existence of non-linear causality between real estate market and stock market. The findings of this dissertation have important practical implications for investors and policymakers seeking to promote investment strategy and sustainable development in construction industry chain.
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White, Alan G. "Economic and financial indexes." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10137.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the theoretical underpinnings and practical construction of select economic
and financial indexes. Such indexes are used for a variety of purposes, including the
measurement of inflation, portfolio return performance, and firm productivity.
Chapter 1 motivates interest in economic and financial indexes and introduces the principal
ideas in the thesis.
Chapter 2 focuses on one potential source of bias in the Canadian consumer price index
(CPI) that arises from the emergence of large discount/warehouse stores—the so-called outlet
substitution bias. Such outlets have gained market share in Canada in recent years, but
current CPI procedures fail to capture the declines in average prices that consumers enjoy
when they switch to such outlets. Unrepresentative sampling, and the fact that discount
stores often deliver lower rates of price increase can further bias the CPI. Bias estimates
for some elementary indexes are computed using data from Statistics Canada's CPI production
files for the province of Ontario. It is shown that the effect on the Canadian CPI of
inappropriately accounting for such discount outlets can be substantial.
Another area in which indexes are frequently used is the stock market. Several stock
market indexes exist, including those produced by Dow Jones and Company, Standard and
Poor's Corporation, Frank Russell and Company, among others. These indexes differ in two
fundamental respects: their composition and their method of computation—with important
implications for their usage and interpretation. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of a stock
index by asking what, in fact a stock market index is—this is tantamount to considering the
purpose for which the index is intended, since stock indexes should be constructed according
to their usage. Because stock indexes are most commonly used as measures of returns on
portfolios, the main considerations in constructing such return indexes are examined.
Chapter 4 uses the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) as a case study to examine
its properties as a return index. It is shown that the DJIA is not the return on a market
portfolio consisting of its thirty component stocks: in fact the DJIA measures the return
performance on a very particular (and unusual) investment strategy, a fact that is not well
understood by institutional investors. An examination of some other popular stock indexes
shows that they all differ in their computational formula and that each is consistent with a
particular investment strategy. Numerical calculations reveal that the return performance of
the DJIA can vary considerably with the choice of basic index number formula, particularly
over shorter time horizons.
Given the numerous ways of constructing stock market return indexes, the user is left to
determine which is 'best' in some sense. The choice of an appropriate (or 'best') formula for
a stock market index is formally addressed in chapter 5. The test or axiomatic approach to
standard bilateral index number theory as in Eichhorn & Voeller (1983), Diewert (1993a),
and Balk (1995) is adapted here. A number of a priori desirable properties (or axioms) are
proposed for a stock index whose purpose is to measure the gross return on a portfolio of
stocks. It is shown that satisfaction of a certain subset of axioms implies a definite functional
form for a stock market return index.
Chapter 6 evaluates the various stock indexes is use today in terms of their usefulness
as measures of gross returns on portfolios. To this end the axioms developed in chapter 5
are used to provide a common evaluative framework, in the sense that some of the indexes
satisfy certain axioms while others do not. It is shown that the shortcomings of the DJIA as
a measure of return arise from its failure to satisfy a number of the basic axioms proposed.
Notwithstanding this, each index corresponds to a different investment strategy. Thus, when
choosing an index for benchmarking purposes an investor should select one which closely
matches his/her investment strategy—a choice that cannot be made by appealing to axioms
alone.