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Journal articles on the topic 'Indentured labour'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Sharma, Umesh, and Helen Irvine. "The social consequences of control: accounting for indentured labour in Fiji 1879-1920." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 13, no. 2 (2016): 130–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-04-2015-0039.

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Purpose This is a study of the social consequences of accounting controls over labour. This paper aims to examine the system of tasking used to control Indian indentured workers in the historical context of Fijian sugar plantations during the British colonial period from 1879 to 1920. Design/methodology/approach Archival data consisting of documents from the Colonial Secretary’s Office, reports and related literature on Indian indentured labour were accessed from the National Archives of Fiji. In addition, documented accounts of the experiences of indentured labourers over the period of the st

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2

Dr. Suresh Chandra Maurya. "Conflict and Solidarity Between Coolie and Creole in Trinidad: A Study of Selected Novel The Dispossessed." Voice of Creative Research 7, no. 1 (2025): 240–46. https://doi.org/10.53032/tvcr/2025.v7n1.27.

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The paper explores explorative nature of the indenture labour system as it applies to workers brought from India to Trinidad between 1845 and 1917. It examines working conditions in Trinidad’s sugar industry shortly after World War II. The indentured labourers are doubly dispossessed on the plantation. First dispossession occurs when they are displaced from their homelands, and second dispossession takes place when they are thrown out of work at the plantations in the wake of the failing economy. The paper raises the issues of cross culture, creolization, grinding poverty, victimization, degra

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3

Bates, Crispin, and Marina Carter. "Trust in the Indian Labour Diaspora." Journal of Migration History 7, no. 2 (2021): 143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00702003.

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Abstract This paper investigates the role of trust relationships through a re-examination of the activities of intermediaries (recruiters) in the Indian indentured labour system of the Indian Ocean in the colonial era. A review of the utilisation of trust in development discourse and its applicability to the literature of colonial subaltern migration and to a specific historical context is undertaken. The paper demonstrates that informal trust networks are critical to an understanding of the operation of indenture, that the appraisal of their functioning and effectiveness necessitates the cons

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4

STANZIANI, ALESSANDRO. "Local Bondage in Global Economies: Servants, wage earners, and indentured migrants in nineteenth-century France, Great Britain, and the Mascarene Islands." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 4 (2013): 1218–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000698.

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AbstractThis paper compares the definitions, practices, and legal constraints on labour in Britain, France, Mauritius, and Reunion Island in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It argues that the way in which indentured labour was defined and practised in the colonies was linked to the definition and practice of wage labour in Europe and that their development was interconnected. The types of bondage that existed in the colonies were extreme forms of the notion, practices, and rules of labour in Europe. It would have been impossible to develop the indenture contract in the British and Fre

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5

Latha Tadaka, Charu. "Indian Indentured Labour Migration to Mauritius." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 10, no. 05 (2025): 1593–98. https://doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2025.v10i05.010.

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The 19th century has witnessed the movement of factors of production on a very large scale specially marked my movement of men, primarily the movement of labour class. Migration was majorly an outcome of poverty. Peasant migration was a combination of poverty and end of the feudal forms of exploitation. Poverty, lack of livelihood and the requirement of labour my colonizers contributed to the internal and international migration to plantations and mines on a large scale. The British Parliament passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833 to abolish slavery throughout British Empire1 . After abolit

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6

Shunmugaraja, J. "British Colonialism and Tamil Society: Obliterations and Exodus." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 7, no. 3 (2023): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v7i3.5834.

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The British were the forerunners of publicizing indentured labour system in the globe. In the beginning the structure was tentatively observed in their American Colony Jamestown. Initially, the whites had also comprised with the indentured labourers category. After the black population arrived in 1619, who had subdued by the indentured labour system were mercilessly hounded by their white masters. Slavery, thus, replaced indentured system in the New World. In Mauritius, such an exigency had arisen when slavery was abolished in 1834. The exploitative experiences of their past urged them to take

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7

Maurer, Jean-Luc. "The Thin Red Line between Indentured and Bonded Labour: Javanese Workers in New Caledonia in the Early 20th Century." Asian Journal of Social Science 38, no. 6 (2010): 866–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853110x530778.

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AbstractThis short article presents a relatively unknown historical experience of indentured labour having seen thousands of Javanese workers being sent from the end of the 19th century to the outbreak of WWII by the colonial authorities of the Netherlands Indies to New Caledonia, a French colony in the south-west Pacific. Being drawn from a comprehensive study of historical sociology written in French and published in 2006, it summarises the reasons behind this odd labour migration movement and focuses on the recruitment and working conditions of these indentured labourers. Its main argument

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8

Kraijo, Matthijs. "Destined to Leave Hindustan for Suriname?" TSEG - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 19, no. 3 (2022): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52024/tseg.10894.

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This article investigates the post-indenture choice of Hindustani indentured labour migrants in Suriname either to settle in Suriname or repatriate to India between 1873 and 1940. Based on extensive demographic statistical analyses and the autobiography of Rahman Mohammed Khan, this research concludes that familial relations, especially those formed in Suriname, had a strong effect on the relative share of Hindustanis settling themselves in Suriname after their contract period. Additionally, this study convincingly proves that the Surinamese context had an important effect on the development o

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9

Pummy, Yadav. "Indian's Melancholy Conditions and their Resistance under Indenture." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 6 (2019): 63–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3587412.

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This paper focuses on the process of Indian labour migration and regulation of labour who have migrated to Malaya, British Guiana and Suriname during the period 18401940 under different recruitment systems. And how the recruitment process itself has inspired the reconstruction of social institutions and communities within a specific labour relationship among the labourers. This paper also talks about the racial discrimination among workers, gender relations as well as the pathetic condition of women on plantations. Here I have also discussed about the ways planters adopted to maintain dis

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10

Haines, Julia Jong. "Mauritian indentured labour and plantation household archaeology." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 55, no. 4 (2020): 509–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2020.1841966.

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11

Manchanda, Harshita. "Navigating the Idea of Postmemory and Material Memory Among the Girmitiyas and Their Descendants." Creativitas: Critical Explorations in Literary Studies I (June 20, 2024): 81–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13313291.

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The historical exploration of the indentured diaspora predominantly depends on the narratives and archives containing the official documentation pertaining to its history. The indentureship was a particular form of contracted labour that had limited documentation, and the discourse to this date remains absent in the public domain.  The idea of ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ has always been a conflicting one and has become a challenging one when it comes to indentured labour. Is it the place of fixed origins, the place where our ancestors were born, or is it an ever-changing

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12

Manchanda, Harshita. "Navigating the Idea of Postmemory and Material Memory Among the Girmitiyas and Their Descendants." Creativitas: Critical Explorations in Literary Studies 1, no. 1 (2024): 81–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13748442.

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The historical exploration of the indentured diaspora predominantly depends on the narratives and archives containing the official documentation pertaining to its history. The indentureship was a particular form of contracted labour that had limited documentation, and the discourse to this date remains absent in the public domain.  The idea of ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ has always been a conflicting one and has become a challenging one when it comes to indentured labour. Is it the place of fixed origins, the place where our ancestors were born, or is it an ever-changing

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Manchanda, Harshita. "Navigating the Idea of Postmemory and Material Memory Among the Girmitiyas and Their Descendants." Creativitas: Critical Explorations in Literary Studies 1, no. 1 (2024): 81–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14678842.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> The historical exploration of the indentured diaspora predominantly depends on the narratives and archives containing the official documentation pertaining to its history. The indentureship was a particular form of contracted labour that had limited documentation, and the discourse to this date remains absent in the public domain.  The idea of ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ has always been a conflicting one and has become a challenging one when it comes to indentured labour. Is it the place of fixed origins, the place where our ancestors were born

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14

Brown, Laurence. "Experiments in indenture: Barbados and the segmentation of migrant labor in the Caribbean 1863-1865." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (2005): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002500.

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Focuses on indentured and other labour migration from Barbados to other parts of the Caribbean starting in 1863. Within the context of the sugar estate-dominated agriculture of Barbados, as well as its high population density, the author describes the policies and decisions of the governors and local assemblies regarding emigration. He points out how the sugar industry's need for labourers remained dominant in the policies, but that the drought in 1863 caused privations and unrest among the labourers, resulting in more flexibility regarding allowance of indentured emigration schemes and recrui

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Brown, Laurence. "Experiments in indenture: Barbados and the segmentation of migrant labor in the Caribbean 1863-1865." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (2008): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002500.

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Focuses on indentured and other labour migration from Barbados to other parts of the Caribbean starting in 1863. Within the context of the sugar estate-dominated agriculture of Barbados, as well as its high population density, the author describes the policies and decisions of the governors and local assemblies regarding emigration. He points out how the sugar industry's need for labourers remained dominant in the policies, but that the drought in 1863 caused privations and unrest among the labourers, resulting in more flexibility regarding allowance of indentured emigration schemes and recrui

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16

Thu Huong, Lê. "A New Portrait of Indentured Labour: Vietnamese Labour Migration to Malaysia." Asian Journal of Social Science 38, no. 6 (2010): 880–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853110x530787.

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AbstractThis paper discusses the recruitment procedure and the gradual loss of autonomy of low-skilled migrant workers in international labour migration, by using the example of Vietnamese workers’ trajectories to Malaysia. It argues that debates on indentured labour and all other forms of bonded labour remain relevant today as new manifestations of the practice are now concealed behind extensive economic exchanges and inter-state economic cooperation. A detailed study of the process of Vietnamese labour migration shows how migratory trajectories that start from ‘voluntary’ indebtedness eventu

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17

Martino, Enrique. "Dash-peonage: the contradictions of debt bondage in the colonial plantations of Fernando Pó." Africa 87, no. 1 (2017): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972016000693.

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AbstractDashin pidgin English means an ancillary gift to an exchange. What happened when thedashbecame attached to the indentured labour contracts that the Spanish Empire brought from Cuba to their last colony, Spanish Guinea? On the island of Fernando Pó, which came to be almost wholly populated by Nigerian labour migrants, the conditional gift in the form of a large wage advance produced a particularly intense contradiction. In the historiography of unfree labour, the excess wage advance is thought to create conditions for the perpetuation of bondage through debt. However, in imperial contex

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18

Carter, Marina. "Indian Indentured Migration and the Forced Labour Debate." Itinerario 21, no. 1 (1997): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300022695.

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The migrants who left India to work on colonial sugar plantations in the nineteenth century have been variously categorised as neo-slaves or as voluntary black settlers. This paper assesses some of the recent historical claims and revisionist interpretations of Indian indentured labour and takes up a number of themes based on the Mauritian case to highlight important aspects of this colonial labour diaspora.

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19

Vahed, Goolam. "The Protector, Plantocracy, and Indentured Labour in Natal, 1860–1911." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 1 (2018): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.1.101.

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Between 1860 and 1911, a total of 152,641 Indian indentured workers arrived in the then British Colony of Natal. The first group of workers who returned home in 1871 complained of ill-treatment and abuse by employers and the Indian government refused to sanction further allotments of labourers until the Natal government investigated their complaints. The ensuing Coolie Commission of 1872 called for the appointment of a Protector of Indian Immigrants, as one of several recommendations. The Natal Government duly complied as the Colony was desperate for labour. Such officials were also appointed

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20

Meer, Fatima. "Indentured labour and group formations in apartheid society." Race & Class 26, no. 4 (1985): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030639688502600403.

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21

Martínez, Julia T., and Claire Lowrie. "Introduction: Historicizing the Abolition of Chinese Indentured Labour." Slavery & Abolition 45, no. 3 (2024): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2024.2344387.

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22

Bose, Pinaki, Ryan A. Compton, and Arnab K. Basu. "Paying for freedom: Indentured labour and strategic default." Economic Modelling 89 (July 2020): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.11.023.

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23

Haider, Sanobar. "Tracing the Journey of the Indian Diaspora : Indentured Labour." Anthology The Research 9, no. 2 (2024): E24—E27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11209287.

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This paper has been published in Peer-reviewed International Journal "Anthology The Research"                URL : https://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/new/publish-journal.php?editID=8998 Publisher : Social Research Foundation, Kanpur (SRF International)                  Abstract : India proved to be a source of cheap labour during the British rule. The Indians at the same time saw a ray of hope in migrating to the British colo

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24

Naidoo, Pralini. "Joy in the Dirt." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 7, no. 2 (2022): 369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29688.

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I was born in South Africa, as were my parents and grandparents. We have descended from people who had been brought to South Africa through indenture, a colonial labour system that introduced alien agricultural methods and an alien workforce from India, to optimise monocultures like sugarcane. My very presence here is, therefore, entangled with colonialism’s domestication and mastery over land, plant, and people (Indigenous and indentured). I have never felt alien here. Why was that? What about the indenture stories of people, land and plant, beyond empire’s mastery and control—my ancestral wi

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25

BATES, CRISPIN, and MARINA CARTER. "Sirdars as Intermediaries in Nineteenth-century Indian Ocean Indentured Labour Migration*." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 2 (2017): 462–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000238.

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AbstractThe sirdar (also termed sardar and jobber in Indian historiography)—foreman, recruiter, at once a labour leader and an important intermediary figure for the employers of labour both in India and in the sugar colonies—is reassessed in this article. Tithankar Roy's thoughtful 2007 article looked at how the sirdars’ multiple roles represent an incorporation of traditional authority in a modern setting, giving rise to certain contradictions. In 2010 Samita Sen, conversely, developed Rajnarayan Chandavarkar's argument about the use of labour intermediaries in colonial India to reveal how, i

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De Silva, Kevin. "Continuities in Capitalism: Exploitation of Indentured and Migrant Labour." Caribbean Quilt 1 (November 18, 2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/caribbeanquilt.v1i0.19045.

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Kevin De Silva is a third year student at the University of Toronto. He is completing his undergraduate degree in Political Science and Caribbean Studies, winning in 2010 the United Network of Indo-Caribbean Toronto Youths (U.N.I.T.Y.) Scholarship. He is a member of the Caribbean Studies Students’ Union, and is chief editor of Caribbean Quilt. He has also contributed to the Stabroek News in Guyana on issues concerning environmental politics and diaspora.

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27

Carter, Marina. "The transition from Slave to indentured labour in Mauritius." Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (1993): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440399308575086.

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28

Shubhangi. "Tracing the Tunes That Travelled: Geet Gawai and A Study of Bhojpuri Folk Music in Mauritius." Criterion: An International Journal in English 15, no. 5 (2024): 378–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14109582.

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After the abolishment of slavery throughout the British Empire, under the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, a system of indentured labour was instituted in 1834 by the British Empire to combat the sudden labour shortage in enslaved colonies, ultimately resulting in forced migration. A significant majority of the Indians brought to foreign colonies (referred to as <em>girmitiya </em>/<em>coolie</em>/<em>jahajis</em> and <em>jahajins</em>) were Bhojpuri speakers from the states of Eastern Uttar Pradesh (then the United Provinces) and Bihar – two of the poorest provinces under colonial rule. W

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29

Shunmugaraja, J. "Hale ‘Tamil’ Indentured Labours: Initiation of Colonial Emigration from the Targeted Indian Villages, 1879 – 1922." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 8, no. 4 (2024): 79–96. https://doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v8i4.7278.

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Fiji is a small island country, situated in the Southern Pacific Ocean.The Fijian group of islands number 250, of which about 80 are inhabited. The first missionaries to arrive in Fiji were from Tonga. On landing in October 1835, they began their work at a time when the political state of Fiji was in formative stage. The annexation of Fiji had been urged by both Australia and England since 1869.In 1873 the Earl of Kimberly commissioned Commodore Goodenough, the squadron of the Australian station and E.L. Layard, then Britian’s Consul in Fiji, to investigate and report on the matter. On10 Octob

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30

Grubb, Farley. "Does Bound Labour Have To Be Coerced Labour?: The Case of Colonial Immigrant Servitude Versus Craft Apprenticeship and Life-Cycle Servitude-in-Husbandry." Itinerario 21, no. 1 (1997): 28–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300022683.

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Why are some forms of bound labour more coercive than others? Specifically, why was European indentured servitude in America more coercive than craft apprenticeship or life-cycle servitude-in-husbandry, despite the close similarity and derivative nature of these institutions? Concepts recently advanced in labour economics offer some preliminary answers to these questions. This investigation is exploratory in nature and focuses on three types of voluntary long-term labour contracts. However, the arguments and conclusions presented here may have wider applications and be useful for future resear

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31

Mathias, Regine. "Japan in the Seventeenth Century: Labour Relations and Work Ethics." International Review of Social History 56, S19 (2011): 217–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859011000502.

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SummaryIn Japan, the transformation of labour relations from medieval forms of serfdom, lifelong service, and corvée labour to short-term contracts and wage labour was already under way by the seventeenth century. In the second half of the seventeenth century short-term employment based on contracts became common. Indentured labour gradually changed into wage labour. Government policies included enabling greater mobility for the workers, while also trying to set limits to migration flow to the cities. Some Confucian scholars welcomed this new form of labour relations; others condemned them. Th

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32

Quinlan, Michael, and Tracey Banivanua-Mar. "Violence and Colonial Dialogue: The Australian-Pacific Indentured Labour Trade." Labour History, no. 95 (2008): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516327.

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33

Anderson, Clare. "Convicts and Coolies: Rethinking Indentured Labour in the Nineteenth Century." Slavery & Abolition 30, no. 1 (2009): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390802673856.

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34

MALHERBE, V. C. "Indentured and Unfree Labour in South Africa: Towards an Understanding." South African Historical Journal 24, no. 1 (1991): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582479108671684.

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35

Sweet, Julie Anne. "Indentured Servitude: Unfree Labour and Citizenship in the British Colonies." Journal of American History 109, no. 3 (2022): 656–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaac373.

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36

van der Linden, Marcel. "The Growth of a European Network of Labor Historians." International Labor and Working-Class History 90 (2016): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000156.

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The first conference of the European Labour History Network (ELHN) took place on December 14–16, 2015, in Turin, Italy. It was, for the time being, the culmination of a development that has been going on for a number of years. Increasingly European labor historians work together across borders. Since the 1970s the number of research projects comparing two or more national cases has grown considerably, while in recent years transnational connections have attracted more attention as well. Likewise, labor historians now take Europe's imperial, colonial, and neocolonial past very seriously, and th

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Ribeiro da Silva, Filipa. "Political Changes and Shifts in Labour Relations in Mozambique, 1820s–1920s." International Review of Social History 61, S24 (2016): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859016000468.

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AbstractThis article examines the main changes in the policies of the Portuguese state in relation to Mozambique and its labour force during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, stemming from political changes within the Portuguese Empire (i.e. the independence of Brazil in 1821), the European political scene (i.e. the Berlin Conference, 1884–1885), and the Southern African context (i.e. the growing British, French, and German presence). By becoming a principle mobilizer and employer of labour power in the territory, an allocator of labour to neighbouring colonial states, and by grant

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38

Beckles, Hilary McD. "Plantation Production and White “Proto-Slavery”: White Indentured Servants and the Colonisation of the English West Indies, 1624-1645." Americas 41, no. 3 (1985): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007098.

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Two dominant features of agricultural history in the English West Indies are the formation of the plantation system and the importation of large numbers of servile labourers from diverse parts of the world—Africa, Europe and Asia. In Barbados and the Leeward Islands, the backbone of early English colonisation of the New World, large plantations developed within the first decade of settlement. The effective colonisation of these islands, St. Christopher (St. Kitts) in 1624, Barbados 1627, Nevis 1628, Montserrat and Antigua 1632, was possible because of the early emergence of large plantations w

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Adams, Ron. "Indentured labour and the development of plantations in Vanuatu : 1867-1922." Journal de la Société des océanistes 42, no. 82 (1986): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jso.1986.2822.

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Martínez, Julia T. "Retaining Chinese Indentured Labour in Interwar British and French Pacific colonies." Slavery & Abolition 45, no. 3 (2024): 521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2024.2344392.

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41

Major, Andrea. "‘Hill Coolies’: Indian Indentured Labour and the Colonial Imagination, 1836–38." South Asian Studies 33, no. 1 (2017): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2017.1300374.

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42

Harris, Karen L. "Sugar and Gold: Indentured Indian and Chinese Labour in South Africa." Journal of Social Sciences 25, no. 1-3 (2010): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2010.11892873.

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43

Faruqee, Ashrufa. "Conceiving the coolie woman : Indentured labour, Indian women and Colonial discourse." South Asia Research 16, no. 1 (1996): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026272809601600104.

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RAHIKAINEN, MARJATTA. "Compulsory Child Labour: Parish Paupers as Indentured Servants in Finland, c. 1810–1920." Rural History 13, no. 2 (2002): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793302000092.

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This article challenges the interpretations by Viviana Zelizer and Clark Nardinelli of bound labour by farmed-out parish pauper children. Using the case of Finland, supported by the example of Sweden, it is argued that the exploitation of parish pauper children may have increased in the nineteenth century due to increasing adoption of a monetary economy in the countryside. As the productivity of a growing child fell short of his or her consumption, while the poor relief authorities strove to keep the compensation for this as low as possible, peasant farmers solved the discrepancy by over-explo

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Knight, G. Roger. "Coolie or Worker? Crossing the Lines in Colonial Java, 1780–1942." Itinerario 23, no. 1 (1999): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530000543x.

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In the historical context of colonial Indonesia, Coolie as a way of designating labour has been associated primarily with indentured, migrant, plantation workers in the so-called Outer Islands, principally Sumatra, where coolies from Java and southern China were the mainstay of the workforce on the island's tobacco, rubber and palm oil ‘estates’ from the 1880s through to the end of the colonial era more than half a century later.

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Singh, Anand. "Skills Transfer in the Context of Migration: A Case for a Redefinition through the South African Landscape." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 15, no. 2 (2015): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1501500201.

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This paper is about the notion of skills transfer in South Africa and the influences that emanate from outside the country. It takes the position that while the concept is recent, skills transfers actually predate its introduction into academic discourse. This is because the skills that slaves and indentured labourers carried with them across continents were not ascribed with the recognition it deserved. The discussion here emphasizes that slavery and indentured labour were characteristically imbued with skills that were requisite to build the infrastructures for which colonial empires became

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Matloff, Norman. "Immigration and the tech industry: As a labour shortage remedy, for innovation, or for cost savings?" Migration Letters 10, no. 2 (2013): 201–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v10i2.144.

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The two main reasons cited by the U.S. tech industry for hiring foreign workers--remedying labour shortages and hiring "the best and the brightest"--are investigated, using data on wages, patents, and R&D work, as well as previous research and industry statements. The analysis shows that the claims of shortage and outstanding talent are not supported by the data, even after excluding the Indian IT service firms. Instead, it is shown that the primary goals of employers in hiring foreign workers are to reduce labour costs and to obtain "indentured" employees. Current immigration policy is ca

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Emmer, P. C. "Caribbean Plantations and Indentured Labour, 1640–1917: A Constructive or Destructive Deviation from the Free Labour Market?" Itinerario 21, no. 1 (1997): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300022713.

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In surveying the negative effects of the expansion of Europe it seems difficult to find an area which was worse affected than the Caribbean. The autochthonous population of Amerindians had been decimated on a scale unknown elsewhere. Rather than becoming an attractive refuge for migrant Europeans, the Caribbean became the home of plantation agriculture, which ruthlessly destroyed the existing environment and small scale farming. To top it all, the Caribbean plantations needed a constant influx of labourers. The success of Caribbean exports created a paradox: the region was in constant and incr

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Rai, Ram Prasad. "Displacement as a Diasporic Experience in V.S. Naipaul's A House for Mr Biswas." Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 2 (2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v5i2.18435.

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The term ‘displacement’ has a strong connection with diaspora literature that studies the experiences of pain and pleasure of the people in the diaspora. People in the diaspora do not have comfortable life. Since they are away from their homeland, it is not easy for them to get integrated into the new main stream society. Because of several variations such as language, culture, custom, religion, belief etc., they are to face difficulties in the host-land. They come across the feeling of displacement through alienation, homelessness, identity crisis etc. that are interconnected in the diaspora.

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Adams, Estherine. "“At Work, in Hospital, or in Gaol”: Women in British Guiana’s Jails, 1838–1917." Labour History 125, no. 1 (2023): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/labourhistory.2023.21.

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This article argues that labour, particularly female labour, was central to the expansion of colonial Guiana’s post-emancipation penal system between 1838 and 1917. It highlights the intersection of coerced labour and colonialism in the post-emancipation period, by centring the lives of incarcerated women to understand the nature of state governance in colonial spaces. It argues the plantocracy leveraged the expansion of prisons not to control crime but to control labour. As the newly constructed prisons filled, colonial and local authorities explained increased incarceration rates as a legiti

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