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Journal articles on the topic 'Independent suspension'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Liu, Xiang, Jing-Shan Zhao, and Zhi-Jing Feng. "Compliant dynamics of a rectilinear rear-independent system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 5 (November 14, 2016): 785–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216631369.

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The rectilinear rear-independent suspension investigated in this paper could remain the wheel alignment parameters invariable in theory. However, its dynamics is much more complex than that of the existing suspensions because of its redundant constraints in structure. Considering the elasticity of the rectilinear rear-independent suspension, a rigid-flexible half-car dynamic model is established for the first time based on the discrete time transfer matrix method. At the same time, a rigid half-car dynamic model is established as a comparison. The natural frequency characteristics and dynamic response of the rectilinear rear-independent suspension under random road excitations are analyzed and compared with those of rigid half-car dynamic model. The results reveal that the suspension system has apparent influence to the dynamics of vehicle. The wheel alignment parameters will fluctuate within a narrow range which is mainly determined by the rolling vibration of vehicle. And the suspension system could reduce and filter the road excitations with high frequency and small amplitude. This provides a good effect on the ride comfort of vehicle. Dynamics analysis of the rectilinear rear independent suspension reveals that the proposed modeling approach could deal with the dynamics of rigid-flexible multibody systems with redundant constraints effectively.

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2

Sun, Li, Zhao Deng, and Qing Zhang. "Design and Strength Analysis of FSAE Suspension." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (December 9, 2014): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01408010414.

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China FSAE race introduced formula racing gradually in the university campus in order to make FSAE racing have better ride comfort, handling and stability. Design and strength analysis of FSAE suspension were also proposed. Firstly, according to the whole layout of FSAE racing, the suspension mode was selected, both front and rear suspension were unequal push rod type double wishbone independent suspensions. Secondly, the main parameters and the orientation structure of the front and rear suspension were preliminarily designed. The wheels alignment parameters were selected with all kinds of stiffness, damping coefficient, followed by cross arm length calculation. According to the design parameters, suitable rim and shock absorber were chosen to determine the structure of the suspension’s main components . Thirdly, the front and rear suspension models were set up by the SolidWorks 3D software. Finally, the analysis of static stress on the main components of FSAE racing using the simulation module was performed to form the car suspension system so that it meets the design requirements of the FSAE regulations. This paper could provide references for the real vehicle development.

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3

Tian, Guang, Yan Zhang, Jin Hua Liu, and Xin Jie Shao. "Double Wishbone Independent Suspension Parameter Optimization and Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 574 (July 2014): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.574.109.

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The wheeled armoredvehicle double wishbone independent suspension system, established the double wishbone suspension arm model, and optimized analysis. Optimization results show that: the suspension parameters optimization design, the front suspension performance has been greatly improved.

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4

Butler, Jason E. "Suspension dynamics: moving beyond steady." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 752 (July 4, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.278.

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AbstractThe dynamics of flowing, concentrated suspensions of non-colloidal particles continues to surprise, despite decades of work and the widespread importance of suspension transport properties to industrial processes and natural phenomena. Blanc, Lemaire & Peters (J. Fluid Mech., 2014, vol. 746, R4) report a striking example. They probed the time-dependent dynamics of concentrated suspensions of rigid and neutrally buoyant spheres by simultaneously measuring the oscillatory rheology and the sedimentation rate of a falling ball. The sedimentation velocity of the ball through the suspension depends strongly on the frequency of oscillation, though the rheology was found to be independent of frequency. The results demonstrate the complexities of suspension flows and highlight opportunities for improving models by exploring suspension dynamics and rheology over a wide range of conditions, beyond steady and unidirectional ones.

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5

Zhang, Hailong, Ning Zhang, Fuhong Min, Subhash Rakheja, Chunyi Su, and Enrong Wang. "Coupling Mechanism and Decoupled Suspension Control Model of a Half Car." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1932107.

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A structure decoupling control strategy of half-car suspension is proposed to fully decouple the system into independent front and rear quarter-car suspensions in this paper. The coupling mechanism of half-car suspension is firstly revealed and formulated with coupled damping force (CDF) in a linear function. Moreover, a novel dual dampers-based controllable quarter-car suspension structure is proposed to realize the independent control of pitch and vertical motions of the half car, in which a newly added controllable damper is suggested to be installed between the lower control arm and connection rod in conventional quarter-car suspension structure. The suggested damper constantly regulates the half-car pitch motion posture in a smooth and steady operation condition meantime achieving the expected completely structure decoupled control of the half-car suspension, by compensating the evolved CDF.

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6

Liu, Xiang, Jingshan Zhao, Jie Zhang, and Wei Chen. "Elastokinematics of a rectilinear rear independent suspension." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 230, no. 14 (August 5, 2016): 1904–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407015625143.

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The rectilinear rear independent suspension investigated in this paper benefits from its excellent kinematic characteristics. Because of the over-constraints of the rectilinear rear independent suspension as a rigid-flexible coupled multi-body system, its elastokinematics are heavily dependent on the compliance characteristics. This paper proposes an efficient approach to establish its elastokinematic model based on the transfer matrix method. First, the overall system transfer equation of the rectilinear rear independent suspension is established. Then, the statics equation is obtained by introducing external loads and expanding the overall system transfer equation. Different configurations of rubber bushings are discussed with respectg to the natural frequency and the static deflections. Comparisons between numerical simulations and kinematic and compliance tests not only verified the approach but also demonstrated the excellent wheel alignment capacity of the rectilinear rear independent suspension.

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7

Dong, Jihao. "Performance analysis of independent suspension coil spring." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1629 (September 2020): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1629/1/012052.

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8

Mamat, Normaisharah, Kasrul Abdul Karim, Zulkiflie Ibrahim, Tole Sutikno, Siti Azura Ahmad Tarusan, and Auzani Jidin. "Bearingless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Independent Control." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 6, no. 2 (March 21, 2015): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v6.i2.pp233-241.

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Bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (BPMSM) combines the characteristic of the conventional permanent magent synchronous motor and magnetic bearing in one electric motor. BPMSM is a kind of high performance motor due to having both advantages of PMSM and magnetic bearing with simple structure, high efficiency, and reasonable cost. The research on BPMSM is to design and analyse BPMSM by using Maxwell 2-Dimensional of ANSYS Finite Element Method (FEM). Independent suspension force model and bearingless PMSM model are developed by using the method of suspension force. Then, the mathematical model of electromagnetic torque and radial suspension force has been developed by using Matlab/Simulink. The relation between force, current, distance and other parameter are determined. This research covered the principle of suspension force, the mathematical model, FEM analysis and digital control system of bearingless PMSM. This kind of motor is widely used in high speed application such as compressors, pumps and turbines.

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9

Pan, Gong Yu, Teng Yue Xu, and Yun Chen. "Fuzzy Logic Controller for Truck Active Suspension and Related Optimal Control Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.821.

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A 5-DOF active suspension model is established to study the trucks vibration performance, and a fuzzy logic controller has been designed in Matlab/Simulink. The simulation result shows that the control system on the trucks body suspensions can not only reduce the vibration of body but also the vibration level of the drivers seat, which improves the maneuverability and stability of the truck. Considering that the active suspension has complex structure and high cost, it is necessary to find a way to reduce the cost of production. The independent active control on front suspension or rear suspension has been studied and the effectiveness of the different control methods have been compared in detail.

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10

Chen, Yi Jie, Ya Jun Wang, Hai Jie Ju, Dan Ning, and Guan Hui Zheng. "Research on the Mathematical Model of the Double Wishbone Independent Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 1017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.1017.

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The paper put forward to research the mathematical model of double wishbone independent suspension. First,the nonlinear elastic performance of oil gas spring was deduced through real gas state equation. After that, Kinematics principle of double wishbone independent suspension was researched, it was help for understanding how to design the guide mechanism of suspension. In the end,the external influence factors on suspension were analyzed, the conclusion could be used as a reference for design of the device.

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11

Bu, Wenshao, Panchao Lu, Chunxiao Lu, and Yi Pu. "Independent Inverse System Decoupling Control Strategy of Bearingless Induction Motor." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 7 (November 4, 2020): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096513666200129124104.

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Background: In the existing inverse system decoupling methods of bearingless induction motor, the inverse system model is more complex, and it is not easy to realize the independent control of the magnetic suspension system. In this paper, in order to simplify its inverse system model, an independent inverse system decoupling control strategy is proposed. Methods: Under the conditions of considering the current dynamics of torque windings, the state equations of torque system and those of magnetic suspension system are established, and the independent inverse system model of torque system and that of the magnetic suspension system are deduced. The air gap fluxlinkage of the torque system that is needed in the magnetic suspension system is identified by an independent voltage model. After the independent inverse model of torque system and that of magnetic suspension system are connected in parallel, they are connected in front of the original system of a bearingless induction motor. After this, the torque system is decoupled into two second-order integral subsystems, i.e. a fluxlinkage subsystem and a motor speed subsystem, while the magnetic suspension system is decoupled into another two second-order integral subsystems, i.e. the α- and β-displacement component subsystems. The design of the additional closed-loop controller is achieved through the pole assignment method. Result: The obtained inverse model of the magnetic suspension system is independent of the fluxlinkage orientation mode of torque system, and thus the flexibility of the independent control for the torque system and magnetic suspension system is increased. The simulation results have shown that the system has good static- and dynamic-decoupling control performance. Conclusion: The proposed independent inverse system decoupling control strategy is effective and feasible.

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12

Wang, Xi Ting, Yi Feng Zhao, and Bin Jiao. "Simulation Analysis and Optimization Design of Double-Wishbone Independent Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.519.

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The parameter modeling for the front double-wishbone independent suspension of a vehicle is set up in the development environment of ADAMS, and then, the kinematics simulation analysis for original design parameters are processed. The contribution of design parameters to the sensitivity of the double-wishbone independent suspension is analyzed and the influence of design parameters on the performance of the suspension such as the wheel alignment parameters is investigated. The optimal design for the suspension is carried on by using the experiment design method, which not only realizes the requirement for good wheel alignment parameters, but also improves the sideways displacement of wheel obviously.

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13

Dong, Zhu Rong, Zhi Jun Deng, Shao Yun Ren, Hao Qiu, and Tom Zi Ming Qi. "Suspension Design and Research for Electric Vehicles with Independent Steering and Driving." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 1481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.1481.

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A new suspension using double-wishbone and coil spring type structure is designed for four-wheeled independent steering and driving electric automobile. Firstly, the simplified geometric model is built, and the ADAMS is used to set parametric model. Optimization design was carried out upon the suspension guiding mechanism. The design method of suspension spring stiffness and damping coefficient is presented. And the reasonability of the method is verified by simulation and experiment. The created suspension prototype complies with the design requirements. The suspension test-bed is designed, which can complete t various detection experiments during designing.

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14

Tian, Zhong Hui, Shu Fen Wang, and Yu Guang Li. "Optimization Design of Double Wishbone Front Independent Suspension Based on ADAMS." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 1235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.1235.

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Kinematics simulation model of double wishbone independent suspension of a car made in China was established based on ADAMS, and the curves of the alignment parameters of the suspension were analyzed. Aiming at the toe angle changed widely, taking the minimum variation of the wheel alignment parameters and sideway displacement as optimization goal, the multi-objective optimization of the suspension was calculated by using ADAMS/Insight. The simulation results showed the variation of toe angle reduced greatly, the performance of the suspension was improved to some extent, achieving the aim to optimization.

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15

Keivan, Ashkan, and Brian M. Phillips. "Rate-independent linear damping in vehicle suspension systems." Journal of Sound and Vibration 431 (September 2018): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2018.05.037.

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16

Živković, Vladica, Bogdan Nedić, and Stefan Đurić. "MANUFACTURING SPECIFICITY OF VEHICLE’S INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION SYSTEM PARTS." Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics 46, no. 1 (May 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/mvm.2020.46.01.03.

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17

Raghavan, Madhusudan. "Number and dimensional synthesis of independent suspension mechanisms." Mechanism and Machine Theory 31, no. 8 (November 1996): 1141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114x(96)84605-2.

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18

Yi, Kyongsu, and Karl Hedrick. "Dynamic Tire Force Control by Semiactive Suspensions." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 115, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899124.

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This paper presents a semiactive suspension control algorithm to reduce dynamic tire forces and it includes the development and application of observers for bilinear systems with unknown disturbances. The peak dynamic tire forces, which are greatly in excess of static tire forces, are highly dependent on the dynamic characteristics of vehicle suspensions. One way to reduce dynamic tire forces is to use advanced suspension systems such as semiactive suspensions. Semiactive control laws to reduce dynamic tire forces are investigated and a bilinear observer structure for bilinear systems with unknown disturbances is formulated such that the estimation error is independent of the unknown external disturbances and the error dynamics are stable for bounded inputs. The motivation for the development of a disturbance decoupled bilinear observer comes from the state estimation problem in semiactive suspensions. An experimental study on the performance of a semiactive suspension to reduce the dynamic tire forces is made via a laboratory vehicle test rig. The semiactive suspension has been implemented by using a modulable damper, accelerometers and a personal computer. Experimental studies show that the performance of the semiactive suspension is close to that of the best passive suspension for all frequency ranges in the sense of minimizing the dynamic tire forces and that the dynamic tire force can be replaced by the estimated one. The dynamic tire forces for both passive and semiactive control test cases are compared to show the potential of a semiactive suspension to reduce the dynamic tire forces.

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19

Balaraju, A., and R. Venkatachalam. "A Study on Conventional versus Independent Suspension System of an Automobile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.827.

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the suspension system of an automobile helps to support the car body, engine and passengers, and at the same time absorbs shocks received from the ground while vehicle moves on rough roads. There are two types of suspension systems which are being used in the automobiles, namely, conventional suspension system and independent suspension system. in this paper it is aimed at studying the dynamic behaviour of the two types of suspension systems, using full car model.

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20

Smith, M. C., and G. W. Walker. "Interconnected vehicle suspension." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x6578.

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This paper introduces a class of passive interconnected suspensions, defined mathematically in terms of their mechanical admittance matrices, with the purpose of providing greater freedom to specify independently bounce, pitch, roll, and warp dynamics than conventional (passive) suspension arrangements. Two alternative realization schemes are described that are capable of implementing this class (under ideal assumptions). The first scheme incorporates an interconnected multilever arrangement consisting of four separate hydraulic circuits, which transforms the separate wheel station displacements to bounce, pitch, roll, and warp motions. Four separate mechanical admittances are connected across the transformed terminals of the multilever. The second scheme is kinematically equivalent to the first but the multilever part consists of four modular subsystems to achieve the same kinematic transformation. The purpose of the class is to allow a high degree of independence between the modes of vehicle motion, e.g. low warp stiffness independent of front and rear anti-roll stiffness. Practical issues that might be involved in implementing the realization schemes are discussed, as well as generalizations to two-and six-wheeled vehicles.

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21

Yang, Yi, Hu Huang, Yi Jun Wang, Xin Tian Liu, and Li Hui Zhao. "Optimization Design of Double Wishbone Independent Suspension Based on ADAMS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.252.

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This document explains and demonstrates how to establish a double wishbone independent suspension based on ADAMS and improve the vehicle’s handing stability and riding comfort by modify the hard point parameters of the suspension.

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22

Li, Zhan Yu, Zhu Rong Dong, Song Feng Liang, and Cheng Wei Han. "An Optimal Design of Scrub Radius for Automobile Suspension Based on Adams Simulate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.785.

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A four in-wheel-motor drive electric vehicle has four independent steering and independent suspension.This paper is to present a novel design of an independent suspension to reduce the uneven tire wear caused by scrub radius based on those independent suspension . Build a virtual model of the novel suspension in ADAMS and simulate. Verify the method by simulate

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23

Gan, Hui, and Ying Jie Zheng. "Kinematic Analysis and Structure Parameter Optimization of Automobile Wishbone Independent Suspension." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1409.

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Abstract A multi-body dynamics calculation model for air suspension guide mechanism of car is established, which analyses the motion model and its application of guide mechanism on car double wishbone independent suspension by using the basic theory of rigid body motion, and then carries out kinematics analysis to make the design work rational, simple and accurate. The establishment and optimized analysis of the structure parametric design model, which is used for the objective function of minimum variation of the caster angle, kingpin inclination angle, wheel camber, wheel toe-in angle and wheel tread, gets the reasonable and optimization design scheme of structure parameters for air suspension guide mechanism, and provides a theoretical basis for further improvement of this automobile suspension system.

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24

Mi, Tian, Gabor Stepan, Denes Takacs, and Nan Chen. "Shimmy model for electric vehicle with independent suspensions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 3 (May 23, 2017): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017701282.

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A 5-degrees-of-freedom shimmy model is established to analyse the dynamic responses of an electric vehicle with independent suspensions. Tyre elasticity is considered by means of Pacejka’s magic formula. Under the nonslip assumption for the leading contact point, tyre–road constraint equations are derived. Numerical simulation is conducted with different structural parameters and initial conditions to observe the shimmy phenomenon. Simulation results indicate that Hopf bifurcation occurs at a certain vehicle forward speed. Moreover, suspension structural parameters, such as caster angle, affect wheel shimmy. The linearized model of the system presents the stability boundaries, which agree with the simulation results. The results of this study not only provide a theoretical reference for shimmy attenuation, but also validate the effectiveness of the provided model, which can be used in further dynamic analysis of vehicle shimmy.

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25

Reiter, T., S. Penman, and D. G. Capco. "Shape-dependent regulation of cytoskeletal protein synthesis in anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cells." Journal of Cell Science 76, no. 1 (June 1, 1985): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.76.1.17.

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We examine changes in protein synthesis that accompany suspension (i.e. shape alteration) of anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cells using a newly developed cell fractionation procedure based on detergent extraction. Using this procedure, a cell can be divided into four distinct and independent fractions: soluble, cytoskeleton, chromatin and nuclear matrix-intermediate filament. This fractionation procedure is used to investigate protein synthetic events associated with the release from anchorage-dependent growth, characteristic of transformed cells. Suspension results in several unexpected events in both anchorage-dependent (3T3) cells and anchorage-independent (SVPy 3T3) cells. Suspension of 3T3 cells results in a reduction of total protein synthesis; however, two proteins are enhanced in their amount of synthesis. Suspension of SVPy 3T3 results in about 20 proteins proceeding through short and long-term alterations in the rate of synthesis. The synthesis of some of these proteins is inhibited, others undergo a transient decrease in synthesis upon suspension and then increase above their rate in the anchored state, while the synthesis of others steadily increases after suspension. Suspension of anchorage-dependent cells results in a fraction specific shift in the rates of protein synthesis. Possible roles for these fraction-specific proteins are considered.

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26

Babii, A. "Parameters investigation for independent pendular suspension of sprayer boom." Scientific journal of the Ternopil national technical university 96, no. 4 (2019): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/visnyk_tntu2019.04.090.

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27

Liu, Xiang, Jing-Shan Zhao, Jie Zhang, and Zhi-Jing Feng. "Elastokinematics and compliance of a rectilinear rear independent suspension." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 230, no. 2 (May 8, 2015): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407015582279.

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28

Sun, Yishan, and Zhicheng Wu. "Study on Optimization Target of Camber of Independent Suspension." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 398 (August 20, 2018): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/398/1/012011.

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29

Pintado, Publio, and Miguel-Angel Castell. "Independent Suspension, Self Steered Axle, and 4WS for Busses." Vehicle System Dynamics 31, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/vesd.31.3.137.2014.

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30

Berlin, J., C. Rügenhagen, M. Rippert, and S. Erdogan. "Effects of Culture Conditions on Isoflavonoid Levels of Transformed and Non-Transformed Cultures of Lupinus -a Comparison of Suspension and Hairy Root Cultures." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1991): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-9-1004.

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Abstract Some highly productive suspension and hairy root cultures were found among several transformed cultures of Lupinus polyphyllus and L. hartwegii. A transformed suspension culture Lupo 30150 and a root culture Luha 15834 containing the highest specific isoflavone glucoside content were characterized and compared with normal phytohormone-dependent lines with respect to product stability as well as to their responsiveness to external triggers, e.g. response to changes in the medium. While phytohormone-dependent suspension cultures lost their initial ability to form increased levels of isoflavonoids on phytohormone-free medium, the transformed phytohorm one-independent suspension Lupo 30150 remained a highly productive line, despite the fact that its specific levels decreased to 60% of the initial values during several years in liquid medium. Highest stability of product patterns and levels were noted for the transformed root culture. Phytohorm ones had little effect on growth and isoflavonoid levels in suspension cultures, while they reduced both strongly in root cultures. In the presence of 2,4-D the root culture changed into an aggregated low producing suspension culture from which the root state was recovered on phytohorm one-free medium. As long as the root state was main tained, isoflavonoid levels could not be distinctly improved by media variation while specific isoflavonoid levels of suspensions were increased by stress factors such as phosphate depletion. When suspensions were transferred to fresh medium phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was greatly induced within 24 h, while the activity remained nearly unchanged in root cultures.

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31

Jin, Jia Qi, and Jiao Jiao Li. "Research on Kinematic Performance Simulation of Double-Wishbone Independent Suspension Based on CATIA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.433.

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The vector and coordinate transformation method are applied to establish the constrain equations of the key points. Based on the existing data of suspension, applying the software CATIA, 3-D suspension model was established. The kinematic performance simulation of double-wishbone suspension model was calculated by setting the rational wheel-hop range. Based on the software MATLAB, the kinematics performance variation curves of the wheel alignment parameters were obtained, the variation laws were analyzed and the reasonableness of data were valuated.

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32

Liu, Xin Tian, Li Hui Zhao, Hu Huang, Yan Song Wang, and Hao Chen. "Influence of Outer Rubber Bushing Stiffness of the under Control Arm on Multi-Link Independent Suspension Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.578.

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Multi-link independent suspension is built according to the hard point parameters of a car. According to the multi-body dynamics and Suspension Kinematics theory, with the working condition of wheel travel and braking, the suspension performance is analyzed and discussed by changing rubber bushing stiffness of under control arm. The conclusion is drawn that axial stiffness of rubber bushing has almost no effect on the suspension performance, but radical stiffness has a little effect and torsion stiffness has the biggest effect on the suspension performance of these three parameters.

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33

Zuo, Jia, Ying Shi Tang, Wei Cai Wang, and Jian Chao Fu. "Optimization of Hardpoints of Independent Air Suspension Based on ADAMS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.360.

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According to the problem that serious wear tire occurring in the process of producing a small number of certain urban buses, the paper applied adams software to build a virtual prototype topologic model based on former independent air suspension, and then the paper made a simulation analysis of the independent air suspension kinematics, to optimize the absolute value of the front wheel track and the absolute value of wheelbase change. Finally, the tests demonstrate that the optimization design method worths promoting

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34

Xu, Jin Li, and Wang Song. "Analysis and Research on Vehicle Handling Stability of the Trapezoidal Link Rear Independent Suspension by ADAMS/CAR." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.352.

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Taking the trapezoidal link rear independent suspension which is designed for Crossover as the object of study, the multi-body dynamic analysis software ADAMS/CAR is used to establish the kinematics model and carry out the simulation analysis. And then, study the influence of the suspension system on the vehicle handling stability and make the evaluation under the conditions of wheel travel, applied load and body roll, which provides a basis for optimizing the suspension and improving the handling stability of the trapezoidal link rear independent suspension to the Crossover.

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35

Li, Xiaogao, Ning Zhang, and Nan Chen. "Research on the influence of electric vehicle driven system on vehicle shimmy based on numerical calculation." MATEC Web of Conferences 272 (2019): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927201041.

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A 6 degrees of freedom shimmy model for four in-wheel motors independent drive electric vehicle with independent front suspension is established, and numerical analysis and simulation are used to study the dynamic response of vehicle shimmy. The influence of electric vehicle driving system on shimmy is studied by comparing with fuelengined vehicle, and the influence of vehicle structural parameters such as the caster angle, the inclination angle of front suspensions and the centre of gravity of vehicle on shimmy are studied too. It shows that as the in-wheel motor in drive system increases the weight of wheel, the amplitude of each degree of freedom in electric vehicle are larger than in fuel-engined vehicle when vehicle shimmies. The influence of the caster angle and the centre of gravity of vehicle on vehicle shimmy is obvious, but the inclination angle of front suspension have little influence.

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DRATLER, D. I., W. R. SCHOWALTER, and R. L. HOFFMAN. "Dynamic simulation of shear thickening in concentrated colloidal suspensions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 353 (December 25, 1997): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097007167.

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Stokesian Dynamics has been used to investigate the origins of shear thickening in concentrated colloidal suspensions. For this study, we considered a monolayer suspension composed of charge-stabilized non-Brownian monosized rigid spheres dispersed at an areal fraction of ϕa=0.74 in a Newtonian liquid. The suspension was subjected to a linear shear field. In agreement with established experimental data, our results indicate that shear thickening in this system is associated with an order–disorder transition of the suspension microstructure. Below the critical shear rate at which this transition occurs, the suspension microstructure consists of two-dimensional analogues of experimentally observed sliding layer configurations. Above this critical shear rate, suspensions are disordered, contain particle clusters, and exhibit viscosities and microstructures characteristic of suspensions of non-Brownian hard spheres. In addition, suspensions possessing the sliding layer microstructure at the beginning of supercritical shearing tend to retain this microstructure for a period of time before disordering. The onset of this disorder is due to the formation of particle doublets within the suspension. Once formed, these doublets rotate, due to the bulk motion, and disrupt the long-range order of the suspension. The cross-stream component of the centre-to-centre separation vector associated with the two particles forming a doublet, which is zero when the doublet is perfectly aligned with the bulk velocity vector, grows exponentially with time. This strongly suggests that the evolution of these doublets is due to a change in the stability of the sliding layer configurations, with this type of ordered microstructure being linearly unstable above a critical shear rate. This contention is supported by results of a stability analysis. The analysis shows that a single string of particles is subject to a linear instability leading to the formation of particle doublets. Simulations were repeated with different numbers of particles in the computational domain, with the results found to be qualitatively independent of system size.

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Hardy, M. S. A., and D. Cebon. "An Investigation of Anti-Lock Braking Strategies for Heavy Goods Vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 209, no. 4 (October 1995): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_213_02.

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An articulated lorry was instrumented in order to measure its performance in straight-line braking. The trailer was fitted with two interchangeable tandem axle sub-chassis, one with an air suspension and the other with a steel monoleaf four-spring suspension. The brakes were only applied to the trailer axles, which were fitted with anti-lock braking systems (ABS), with the brake torque controlled in response to anticipated locking of the leading axle of the tandem. The vehicle with the air suspension was observed to have significantly better braking performance than the steel suspension, and to generate smaller inter-axle load transfer and smaller vertical dynamic tyre forces. Computer models of the two suspensions were developed, including their brakes and anti-lock systems. The models were found to reproduce most of the important features of the experimental results. It was concluded that the poor braking performance of the steel four-spring suspension was mainly due to interaction between the ABS and inter-axle load transfer effects. The effect of road roughness was investigated and it was found that vehicle stopping distances can increase significantly with increasing road roughness Two alternative anti-lock braking control strategies were simulated. It was found that independent sensing and actuation of the ABS system on each wheel greatly reduced the difference in stopping distances between the air and steel suspensions. A control strategy based on limiting wheel slip was least susceptible to the effects of road roughness

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Hou, You Shan, Hui Xin Song, and Chao Wang. "The Mechanical Characteristics Study on an Interconnected Anti-Rolling Suspension System." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.676.

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The heavy-duty special vehicles easily roll during steering, anti-rolling technology becomes a critical technology to the heavy-duty vehicles. Aiming at the rolling problem of a full load heavy vehicle in the process of steering, an interconnected anti-rolling suspension system with adjustable damping was designed, the nonlinear mathematical models of both hydro-pneumatic independent suspension and interconnected anti-rolling suspension system were established. The mechanical characteristics of two kind of suspension were studied through digital simulation method, discussing the system parameter changes affection on the performance of interconnected anti-rolling suspension system. The study results indicate that the interconnected anti-rolling suspension system bitterly improves vehicles rolling resistance in contrast to the oil-gas mixed independent suspension, the study results provide theoretical basis for the anti-rolling s design of heavy-duty vehicles.

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Liu, Xiang, Jie Zhang, and Jingshan Zhao. "Comparative Analysis on a Rectilinear Independent Suspension with Traditional Ones." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 8, no. 2 (April 14, 2015): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0632.

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Wang, Xiaoming, Huan Wang, Yuan Sun, Xiangyuan Mao, and Shengpeng Tang. "Process-independent construction stage analysis of self-anchored suspension bridges." Automation in Construction 117 (September 2020): 103227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103227.

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Németh, Balázs, Dániel Fényes, and Péter Gáspár. "Independent wheel steering control design based on variable-geometry suspension." IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, no. 11 (2016): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.08.063.

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42

Khode, S. S. "A Review on Independent Suspension System of Light Commercial Vehicle." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 17, no. 10 (March 2017): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-17010061419.

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Zi, Xiaolin, Xiang Liu, Jie Zhang, and Jing Shan Zhao. "Synthesis of a rectilinear independent rear suspension and experiment research." International Journal of Vehicle Performance 1, no. 3/4 (2014): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvp.2014.069118.

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Jagirdar, V., M. Dadar, and V. Sulakhe. "Wishbone Structure for Front Independent Suspension of a Military Truck." Defence Science Journal 60, no. 2 (March 25, 2010): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.60.337.

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Jin, Jia Qi, and Jiao Jiao Li. "Kinematic Performance Analysis of the Double Wishbone Independent Front Suspension." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.348.

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The vector method is applied to study the kinematic performance of the double wishbone independent front suspension.The model of the right front suspension is established in this paper, on this basis, the local motion reference frames of the upper and lower arms are established by using the coordinate transformation method. Therefore, the space relations between of the arms can be transformed into the plane motion of their respectively local reference frame by this method. Furthermore, the variable law of the wheel alignment parameters with the swing angle φ of the lower arm, is obtained through establishing the constrain equations of the key points.

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Ingelfinger, Dietmar, and Manuel Liedke. "Lightweight Chassis Frame with Independent Wheel Suspension for Lightweight Trucks." ATZ worldwide 114, no. 9 (August 24, 2012): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-012-0214-9.

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Liu, Xin Tian, Yan Song Wang, Li Hui Zhao, Hu Huang, and Hui Guo. "Influence of Outer Rubber Bushing Stiffness of the Lateral Rod on Multi-Link Independent Suspension Performance." Advanced Materials Research 211-212 (February 2011): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.211-212.57.

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Rear multi-link suspension is built according to hard point parameters of a car. After the inner rubber bushing stiffness of the lateral rod is changed, the suspension performance were analyzed under the simulation test of parallel wheel travel, loading brake force and discussed with multi-body dynamics and Suspension Kinematics theory. The conclusion is drawn that under the test of loading brake force and wheel travel, changing the axial and torsion stiffness of rubber bushing has no effect on the suspension performance, changing the radial stiffness has a little effect on the camber angle, total track and toe angle. But the change of the radial stiffness has significant effect on the ride rate and wheel rate.

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Alfadhli, Abdulaziz, Jocelyn Darling, and Andrew Hillis. "The Control of an Active Seat Suspension Using an Optimised Fuzzy Logic Controller, Based on Preview Information from a Full Vehicle Model." Vibration 1, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration1010003.

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The use of suspension preview information obtained from a quarter vehicle model (QvM) to control an active seat has been shown by the authors to be very promising, in terms of improved ride comfort. However, in reality, a road vehicle will be subjected to disturbances from all four wheels, and therefore the concept of preview enhanced control should be applied to a full vehicle model. In this paper, different preview scenarios are examined, in which suspension data is taken from all or limited axles. Accordingly, three control strategies are hypothesized—namely, front-left suspension (FLS), front axle (FA), and four wheel (4W). The former utilises suspension displacement and velocity preview information from the vehicle suspension nearest to the driver’s seat. The FA uses similar preview information, but from both the front-left and front-right suspensions. The 4W controller employs similar preview information from all of the vehicle suspensions. To cope with friction non-linearities, as well as constraints on the active actuator displacement and force capabilities, three optimal fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) are developed. The structure of each FLC, including membership functions, scaling factors, and rule base, was sequentially optimised based on improving the seat effective amplitude transmissibility (SEAT) factor in the vertical direction, using the particle swarming optimisation (PSO) algorithm. These strategies were evaluated in simulation according to ISO 2631-1, using different road disturbances at a range of vehicle forward speeds. The results show that the proposed controllers are very effective in attenuating the vertical acceleration at the driver’s seat, when compared with a passive system. The controller that utilised suspension preview information from all four corners of the car provided the best seat isolation performance, independent of vehicle speed. Finally, to reduce the implementation cost of the “four suspension” controller, a practical alternative is developed that requires less measured preview information.

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Setz, Luiz Fernando Grespan, and Sonia Regina Homem de Mello-Castanho. "Determining the Lanthanum Chromite Zeta Potential in Aqueous Media." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.1145.

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Lanthanum Chromite may used as interconnect for SOFC’s applications due its particular intrinsic properties as stability in both oxidant and reducing environments and electrical conductivity. However to manufacture these devices that generally present complex shapes as grooved plates and fine pipes, they are necessary the use of the conformation techniques such as screen printing, slip casting, tape casting, extrusion moulding, etc. that are related with colloid processing. Independent of the processing techniques chosen the control of the suspension conditions is important to obtain reproducibility and homogeneous products as final result. In this sense, all contribution to understand the behaviour of the LaCrO3 fine particles in liquid suspension as the surface state using the Zeta’s Potential concepts may supplies information by the forecast of the behaviour during the shaped processing. The aqueous suspensions behaviour was studied utilizing doped lanthanum chromite powders, attained by combustion synthesis. The eletrophoretic mobility measurements of particles in suspension, prepared with the different conditioned powders were made. The electrolyte compositions as function of the pH varying from 2 to 12 were tested. The Zeta potentials and the stability conditions for stable suspensions prepared were determined. The viscosity curves are also appraised.

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Chi, Cheng, Ying Xu, Gang Xu, Biyun Cheng, and Jianhao Shen. "Modular design and analysis of the x-by-wire center point steering independent suspension for in-wheel electric vehicle." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 6 (June 2018): 168781401877758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018777587.

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In this article, a new design scheme of x-by-wire steering suspension system is proposed, which aims to solve the adaptation problem of the traditional steering system, suspension system, and the electric wheel. It meets the requirement of four-wheel independent steering function with large scale. The design keeps wheel steering center axis to coincide with the virtual wheel kingpin, thereby realizing the application of the center point steering independent suspension system in electric wheels. In addition, modular design is adopted to reduce the coupling between the system and the car body, thereby realizing the generalization of the front and rear steering suspension system, and it also decreases the number of components. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis and parameter design of the self-aligning torque of the suspension are carried out. The multi-body dynamics model of system is established, and the performance is simulated in both time domain and frequency domain. The comparison test shows that the center point steering independent suspension has higher feasibility. Finally, a prototype of the system is developed, which provides a new idea for the designing of chassis for electric vehicles.

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