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1
Gandee, Sarah. "(Re-)Defining Disadvantage: Untouchability, Criminality and ‘Tribe’ in India, c. 1910s–1950s." Studies in History 36, no. 1 (February 2020): 71–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643019900089.
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In contemporary India, the arena of identity politics and ‘reservations’ is highly contentious, with groups clamouring for official recognition within the categories of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe or Other Backward Class. This article sheds new light on the wider processes of inclusion and exclusion among these categories by delineating the contested position of the so-called ‘criminal tribes’ within this framework. Until the 1920s, these criminalized communities were generally positioned as a separate group alongside ‘untouchable’ and ‘tribal’ communities, each of which was considered to have faced particular forms of disadvantage which demanded certain protections and ‘uplift’. Between the 1920s and 1950s, however, this distinct status was withdrawn amid debates over the boundaries, purpose and indeed responsibilities of representation within the evolving framework of group rights. While there was continued recognition of their distinct status in debates over definitions of disadvantage (in terms of a shared history of criminalization), this did not translate into official recognition as a separate category of disadvantaged citizen after independence, thereby complicating these communities’ ability to access the preferential policies inaugurated by the independent constitution in 1950. The article challenges the idea that these political categories are innate or fixed, and simultaneously historicizes the demands of the denotified (ex-‘criminal’) and nomadic tribe movement, which today campaigns for a separate constitutional classification within the ‘reservations’ regime.
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Devy, G. N. "Thinking of Crime: The State, Migrant Population and the Missing Justice." Social Change 51, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211012102.
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This lecture discusses the ‘idea of crime’ as it was understood by the colonial establishment and also as understood by the present government. In 1871, Lord Mayo introduced the bill leading to the infamous Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) which led to the segregation of a certain set of professions and lifestyles from the rest of society. The segregation was given a concrete form with the creation of penal settlements by the colonial government. The communities brought under the provisions of the CTA are now known as Denotified and Nomadic Tribes, not to be mistaken with adivasis. Mostly nomadic in habit, these tribes have suffered the worst humiliation in the history of modern India. In recent decades, the idea of crime has also been associated with non-state actors in order to deal with terrorism. However, the provisions of laws made towards this objective, such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967, are being used speciously to restrain social activists and thinkers. This has raised many questions in recent years. The theme of this lecture outlines the gap between the idea of crime and the idea of justice that needs to be bridged in the interests of deepening democracy in India.
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Kumar, Ambuj. "Denotified Tribes in India: A Sociological Study." Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 11, no. 4 (2020): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-5828.2020.00048.0.
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Hinchy, Jessica. "Conjugality, Colonialism and the ‘Criminal Tribes’ in North India." Studies in History 36, no. 1 (February 2020): 20–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643019900103.
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The Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of 1871 was a project to geographically redistribute and immobilize criminalized populations on the basis of family units. Family ties were a key site of contestation between criminalized people and the colonial state, as well as cooperation, or at least, situationally coinciding interests. This article’s focus on the family goes against the grain of existing literature, which has primarily debated the historical causes of the CTA and the colonial construction of the ‘criminal tribe’. This article explores a particular type of family tie—marriage—to provide a new vantage point on the minutiae of everyday life under the CTA, while also shedding light on the history of conjugality in modern South Asia. In 1891, the colonial government in north India launched a matchmaking campaign in which district Magistrates became marriage brokers. Colonial governments showed an uneven concern with marriage practices, which varied between criminalized communities and over time. In the case of ‘nomadic’ criminalized groups, colonial governments were more concerned with conjugality, since they attempted more significant transformations in the relationships between individuals, families, social groupings and space. Moreover, criminalized peoples’ strategies and demands propelled colonial involvement into marital matters. Yet the colonial government could not sustain a highly interventionist management of intimate relationships.
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Koreti, Shamrao. "Socio-Cultural History of the Gond Tribes of Middle India." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 6, no. 4 (April 2016): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2016.v6.659.
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Gould, William, and Andrew Lunt. "Labour and Penal Control in the Criminal Tribes ‘Industrial’ Settlements in Early Twentieth Century Western India." Studies in History 36, no. 1 (February 2020): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643019900081.
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One of the key problems with the official archival sources for India’s so-called ‘Criminal Tribes’ is that there is very little that captures the everyday lives of communities who were subjected to the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA), beyond the penal institution. This article explores how we can tease out new material on the work, politics and movements of erstwhile Criminal Tribes by looking at reformatory ‘industrial’ settlements, established between the 1910s and 1930s in Bombay Presidency, as a means of employing communities notified under the CTA in public works and other large-scale industrial projects. Along with identifying the administrative rationale for these settlements, their locational significance and longevity, this article explores the particular forms of surveillance that were developed around industrial work, and the experiences of labour within them. It argues that definitions of ‘criminality’ were, to some extent, negotiated around cultures of work, which drew in ideas about the family unit, traditions of movement and migration, the relationship between cities and their hinterland, and the requirements of capitalist industrial enterprise.
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Subramanian, Divya. "Legislating the Labor Force: Sedentarization and Development in India and the United States, 1870–1915." Comparative Studies in Society and History 61, no. 04 (October 2019): 835–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417519000288.
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AbstractScholars have treated British colonial rule in India and the internal colonization of the United States in the nineteenth century as analytically distinct moments. Yet these far-flung imperial projects shared a common set of anxieties regarding land and labor. This paper seeks to conceptualize the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 in India and the Indian Appropriation Acts of 1851–1871 in the United States as part of a congruent effort to manage and define the labor force in the context of the intensified expropriation of land. In the complement to agricultural improvement programs, British and American colonizers sought to rehabilitate itinerant populations to create a labor pool endowed with suitable qualities for unleashing the productive capacity of land. While in India the cumulative effect of criminal tribes legislation was inclusive in that members of criminal tribes were purportedly reformed in preparation for joining the colonial labor force, reservation policy in the United States excluded Native Americans from lands that were the preserve of white labor while simultaneously laying the groundwork for assimilation.
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HINCHY, JESSICA. "Gender, Family, and the Policing of the ‘Criminal Tribes’ in Nineteenth-Century North India." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 5 (February 3, 2020): 1669–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x19000295.
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AbstractIn the South Asian setting, the fields of gender history and family history are still predominantly concerned with relatively elite social groups. Few studies have examined issues of gender and the family in the history of Dalit, low-caste, and socially marginalized communities, especially those that were labelled ‘criminal tribes’ from the mid-nineteenth century on. This article explores the ways in which gender patterned criminalized communities’ experiences of everyday colonial governance under Part I of the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) in the first two decades that it was enforced in northern India. In this early period, the colonial government did not closely regulate marriage practices, domestic arrangements, or the gendered organization of labour within communities categorized as ‘criminal tribes’. Nevertheless, notions of sexuality and gender underlay colonial knowledge of the ‘criminal tribes’, which emerged in dialogue with middle-class Indian gender and caste politics. Moreover, the family unit was the central target of the CTA surveillance and policing regime, which aimed to produce ‘industrious’ families. Officially endorsed forms of labour had complex implications for criminalized communities in the context of North Indian gender norms and strategies of social mobility. Gender power dynamics also shaped criminalized peoples’ interpersonal, embodied interactions with British and Indian colonial officials on an everyday basis. Meanwhile, different forms of leverage and evasion were open to men and women to cope with their criminalization and so the colonial state was experienced in highly gendered ways.
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Mukherjee, Sangeeta, and Sruthi P. "Women, Nature and Culture: An Ecofeminist Reading of the Matrilineal Culture of the Khasis, Jaintia and Garo Tribes of Meghalaya." Cultura de los cuidados, no. 58 (December 2, 2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/cuid.2020.58.15.
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Northeast India, the land of original inhabitants, follows a unique and fascinating culture and tradition as its inhabitants are closely attached to nature. Northeast India is one of those few places in the world, where matrilineal culture is still practiced. In Meghalaya, one of the northeastern states, the practice of matrilineality has been in existence for almost 2000 years among a few tribes. Khasi, Jaintia and Garo, the earliest ethnic communities of Meghalaya appear to be homogenous ones, as the youngest daughter becomes the custodian of the ancestral prospects. This practice where the womenfolk become the custodians of the cultural and natural artifacts has strong parallels in the theory of ecofeminism. By employing ecofeministic perspective to read the matrilineal culture of the tribes, the paper aims to make a parallel study on the ethnic women’s affinity towards nature. Ecofeminism celebrates the robust connect between women and nature and asserts that women serve as the advocates for nature rather than men. The paper, therefore, aims to investigate ecofeministic elements among the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo tribes of Meghalaya and tries to express an ecofeministic view concerning family, marriage, religion, and food culture of the Meghalaya tribes.
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Mujaffar Hossain. "Industries and Tribal: Erosion of Their Ethos." Creative Launcher 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.3.02.
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Tribal issue is a matter of global concern. In India around 8.8% of the total population consist of tribal. They are of primitive human civilisation of India. The major tribes in India are the Gonds, the Bhils, the Santals, the Oraons, the Minas and the Mundas. Eighty percent of the tribes are found in the central region of India. If we look back in the history of pre-independent India, the tribes’ position was not in much privileged; they are intended for the laborious job, a kind of slaves under the British colonials. Later on, a decade of independence, unfortunately there are virtually no alterations in the present socio-economic scenario of the tribe’s conditions. Tribes are treated as outsiders and unwanted in their own homeland by the modern capitalist’s society. In the process of national development tribes and their cultural identity is badly affected as compared to any other community as the second Five Year Plan was modelled on the idea of either industrialisation or perish, providing the front seat of debates and decision only to the economic issues. Tribal areas have been comprehended as the heaven of natural resources by the industrial houses and investors. As a consequence, thousands of industrial projects are installed by the investors in or near these tribal areas for the rude fabrics of the yields. And the tribes were disowned from their lands and homes; forced to migrate from their traditional sources of livelihood – Jal, Jungal and Zamin, leaving their culture, tradition and identity to a critical stage. This paper concentrates on the impact of industrialization in the tribal regions and their economic and social inclusion in the mainstream resulting in their dichotomy of existence and alienation.
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Misra, Sanghamitra. "The Customs of Conquest: Legal Primitivism and British Paramountcy in Northeast India." Studies in History 37, no. 2 (August 2021): 168–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02576430211042143.
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The discourse around indigeneity, customary rights of possession and claims to political autonomy in Northeast India conventionally traces the postcolonial protectionist legislation for ‘tribes’ to various acts passed under the late colonial state, the most significant precursor being seen as the Government of India Act, 1935. This article will argue that one can in fact trace the ‘original moment’ in the idea of customary law for ‘tribes’ much further back in history, to the early decades of the nineteenth century. This historical moment was anchored in the beginnings of the East India Company’s conquest of the Garo hills in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, in the appropriation of the land and revenue of the Garos and in the ethnogenesis of the ‘hill Garo’. The article will explore the ways in which the beginning of the invention of customary law and traditional authority in Northeast India under East India Company rule was impelled by the Company’s demands for revenue and was shielded and secured by the deployment of military power across the hills. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the strategies of imperial control first introduced in the region were reproduced across the rest of Northeast India, underscoring the significance of the Garo hills as the first ‘laboratory’ of colonial rule in the region as well as sharpening our understanding of the character of the early colonial state. The article thus takes as its task the historicization of the categories of ‘customary law’, ‘traditional/indigenous authority’ and the ‘hill tribe’, all of which form the basis of late colonial and postcolonial legislation on the ‘tribe’.
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Kapesa, K., W. Deepanita Devi, R. K. Bonysana, and Y. Rajashekar. "Anthropo-entomophagy and ethno-entomology among the ethnic Mao-Naga and Poumai-Naga tribes of Manipur, Northeast India." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0012.
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Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects, has a great deal of importance and history with many countries of the world however, its consumption species of insects and their value differ from community to community. Here, we aimed to study the ethnic traditional practices of entomophagy and its uses in traditional ethno-entomology practiced by the Mao-Naga tribe and the Poumai-Naga tribe from Senapati district of Manipur, Northeast India. We conducted individual semi-structured questionnaire surveys from different villages of both the tribes with ages varying from 22 to 70 years. The respondents comprise village elders, house makers and the youth. The study shows a total of 53 and 51 species of insects being consumed by the Mao-Naga and Poumai-Naga tribes respectively consisting of 9 orders and 18 families. The order Hymenoptera has the maximum number having 20 edible insect species from both the tribes. The order Diptera, Isoptera and Mantodea has the least edible insect of 1 species each from both the tribes. Besides entomophagy, some insect’s species were believed to have ethno-entomological uses.
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Singh, Chetan. "Conformity and conflict: tribes and the 'agrarian system' of Mughal India." Indian Economic & Social History Review 25, no. 3 (September 1988): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946468802500302.
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Tani, Rubu. "The Buffer Zone: British Perception of the Khampti and Singpho in the early 19th Century." Dera Natung Government College Research Journal 1, no. 1 (2016): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.56405/dngcrj.2016.01.01.09.
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In the frontier history of British India, the Khamti and the Singpho tribes of Arunachal Pradesh occupy a very prominent place, as these two tribes were the first frontier tribes which came into a limelight after the expulsion of Burmese from Assam (1824-26 AD). The areas occupied by these tribes were strategically important from the military as well as from the commercial point of view. The Khamti and the Singpho tribes being amongst the last migrant tribes from the other side of patkai hills and who still had connection with their brethren inhabiting in the Burma. Therefore, British who had driven away the Burmese from Assam, wanted to use both the tribes as screen against the Burmese and their area as a buffer zone between Assam and Burma; the expulsion of Burmese from Assam did not only halted the imperial ambition of the Burmese but also hurt the national prestige of Burmese people. Therefore, the British were anxious and anticipating another reinvasion of Burmese in Assam. But in due course of time when British tried to encroach and invade in their ancestral domains; they undertook arms rebellion against the British respectively in 1839 and 1843 A.D.
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Jaiswal, Siddhi. "THE EXPLOITATION AND UNREST OF TRIBES IN INDIA: ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i04.022.
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Co-existing communities in India have widely varying levels of economic, social, and intellectual development, making the country a prime example of pluralism. The power dynamics among different groups, however, are ever-changing. The existence of both centralised governments and independent tribal groups throughout Indian history is well recorded. Adivasis is Sanskrit for "first peoples." If we want to put an end to the tribal conflict in India, we have to understand its roots. This paper will analyse the causes of tribal unrest in India and will determine the efficient remedies available to remove the tribal unrest in India.
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Bauman, Chad M. "Hindu-Christian Conflict in India: Globalization, Conversion, and the Coterminal Castes and Tribes." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 3 (August 2013): 633–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813000569.
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While Hindu-Muslim violence in India has received a great deal of scholarly attention, Hindu-Christian violence has not. This article seeks to contribute to the analysis of Hindu-Christian violence, and to elucidate the curious alliance, in that violence, of largely upper-caste, anti-minority Hindu nationalists with lower-status groups, by analyzing both with reference to the varied processes of globalization. The article begins with a short review of the history of anti-Christian rhetoric in India, and then discusses and critiques a number of inadequately unicausal explanations of communal violence before arguing, with reference to the work of Mark Taylor, that only theories linking local and even individual social behaviors to larger, global processes like globalization can adequately honor the truly “webby” nature of the social world.
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H, Sree Krishna Bharadwaj. "Rights of Indian tribal population and implementation of Forest Rights Act, 2006—a critical analysis." Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjs.v8i2.3868.
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The history of land acquisition including forests is not new in India. The same has been in existence since the conquest of British. A number of laws and policies were framed from time to time which restricted the rights of tribes and forest dwellers. Some laws even displaced them. The Forest Rights Act, 2006 was enacted to give recognition to rights of scheduled tribes and traditional forest dwellers. The paper intends to analyse the implementation of the Act and understand the impact of change it may have brought.
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PILIAVSKY, ANASTASIA. "The Moghia Menace, or the Watch Over Watchmen In British India." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 3 (November 12, 2012): 751–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000643.
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AbstractThis paper contributes to the history of ‘criminal tribes’, policing and governance in British India. It focuses on one colonial experiment—the policing of Moghias, declared by British authorities to be ‘robbers by hereditary profession’—which was the immediate precursor of the first Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, but which so far altogether has passed under historians’ radar. I argue that at stake in the Moghia operations, as in most other colonial ‘criminal tribe’ initiatives, was neither the control of crime (as colonial officials claimed) nor the management of India's itinerant groups (as most historians argue), but the uprooting of the indigenous policing system. British presence on the subcontinent was punctuated with periodic panics over ‘extraordinary crime’, through which colonial authorities advanced their policing practices and propagated their way of governance. The leading crusader against this ‘crisis’ was the Thuggee and Dacoity Department, which was as instrumental in the ‘discovery’ of the ‘Moghia menace’ and ‘criminal tribes’ in the late nineteenth century as in the earlier suppression of the ‘cult of Thuggee’. As a policing initiative, the Moghia campaign failed consistently for more than two decades. Its failures, however, reveal that behind the façade-anxieties over ‘criminal castes’ and ‘crises of crime’ stood attempts at a systemic change of indigenous governance. The diplomatic slippages of the campaign also expose the fact that the indigenous rule by patronage persisted—and that the consolidation of the colonial state was far from complete—well into the late nineteenth century.
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Stolyarov, Alexander A. "Problems of identity and separatism of ethnic minorities in the global world: case of Assam, India." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2022): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080023354-6.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the problem of separatist and protest movements among ethnic minorities in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, seeking to maintain their identity. Over the centuries, migration trends in the state have shaped a complex multiethnic and multicultural population. Amendments to the Citizenship Law in the 2000s led to an even greater unification of the local population in protest groups for political reasons. The first part of the article provides a brief overview of the historical prerequisites influencing the destabilization of the Assamese society in the modern world. The second part focuses on specifics of the protests in 1950s–60s. The third part revolves around the current state of affairs in the Assam society, tracing various forms of protest and identifying sides of the conflicts between: a) tribal communities in their struggle for inclusion in the category of Scheduled Tribes; b) tribes and non-tribal populations; c) tribes and immigrants; d) the unification of tribes against the state. A parallel between ethnic separatism in the Indian northeastern states and the European version is drawn. The article is based on publications in the English-language media and academic works of Indian researchers, in which a view of the problem from within the state is traced. The study concludes that before the problem with illegal immigrants, there was a number of several other reasons, due to which, over the centuries, many ethnic groups have sought to obtain autonomy.
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Bara, Joseph. "Colonialism, Christianity and the Tribes of Chhotanagpur in East India, 1845–1890." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 30, no. 2 (August 2007): 195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856400701499219.
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Kumar, Ashish. "Two Rājyas and a Dēvī: State Formation and Religious Processes in Central India (circa Fifth–Sixth Century ce)." Indian Historical Review 47, no. 2 (December 2020): 330–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620968010.
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This article analyses the formation of state polities in central India, where according to Ashokan edicts, āṭavī tribes had been present in the third century bce. From several of these tribes, āṭavīka-rājās (forest kings) arose by the fourth century ce and the Gupta monarch Samudragupta reduced them to the position of servants. This article argues that the two ruling houses—the Parivrājaka and the Uchchakalpa—rose to power in the second half of the fifth century ce in eastern Madhya Pradesh from āṭavīka background and erected their state apparatus similar to that of their overlord Gupta rulers. In the epigraphs of the Parivrājaka rulers, Ḍāhala region, comprising much of eastern Madhya Pradesh with Tripur ī (near Jabalpur) as its centre, is mentioned as a part of their rājya. The Parivrājaka and the Uchchakalpa rājyas had common boundaries and the epigraphs indicate the presence of some territorial conflict between these two. The article proposes that both of these ruling houses, having being subordinated to the Guptas, made land grants to brahmanas and temples for the integration of their territories. The shrines of a local tribal goddess Piṣṭapurikādēvī received land grants from both the Parivrājaka and the Uchchakalpa rulers, and this paper argues that under the patronage of these same rulers, this goddess was absorbed into brahmanical pantheons as Lakṣmī—the consort of god Viṣṇu, due to the efforts of a non-brahmana individual, Chhōḍugōmika. The state formation, accompanied by cult assimilation in central India, therefore had been a complex and multilayered process.
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Hopkins, Benjamin D. "The Frontier Crimes Regulation and Frontier Governmentality." Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 2 (March 23, 2015): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911815000030.
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From the invention of imperial authority along the North-West Frontier of British India, subjects were divided between the “civilized” inhabitants populating the cultivated plains and the “wild tribes” living in the hills. The problem of governing this latter group, the “independent tribes,” proved a vexed one for the British Raj. The mechanism developed by imperial administrators to manage the frontier inhabitants was the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), first promulgated in 1872 and still in effect today. The FCR was designed to exclude the Frontier's inhabitants from the colonial judiciary, and more broadly the colonial sphere, encapsulating them in their own colonially sanctioned “tradition.” Exploring the use of the FCR as an instrument of governance from its first inception into the twentieth century, this article argues that it was key to shaping the nature of frontier rule, which in turn shaped the very nature of the colonial state itself.
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Francis, Delfin Lovelina. "Abstract C128: Prevalence of tobacco use, potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer among Irula tribes, Nilgiri hills, Tamilnadu, India." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): C128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-c128.
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Abstract Background: Despite remarkable world-wide progress in the field of diagnostic, curative and preventive medicine, still there are large populations of people living in isolation in natural and unpolluted surroundings far away from civilisation, maintaining their traditional values, customs, beliefs and myths. They are commonly known as tribes and are considered to be the indigenous people of the land. The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1911, defines a tribe as a “collection of families bearing a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not usually endogamous though originally it might have been so”. India has the second largest tribal population of the world next to the African countries. About half of the world’s autochthonous people live in India, thus making India home to many tribes which have an interesting and varied history of origins, customs and social practices. In spite of the tremendous advancement in the field of preventive and curative medicine, the health care delivery system in these primitive tribal people are still poor and need to be strengthened. Hence this study was contemplated with an aim to assess the prevalence of tobacco use, potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer among Irula tribes, Nilgiri hills, Tamilnadu, India. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to assess the tobacco use potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer among Irula tribes. Data was collected using a pretested Questionnaire, which included Demographic data, tobacco habits, its frequency and form. Oral examination was done by a single examiner. The data collected was analysed using SPSS version15. Results: Results showed that among 240 study population, showed 57% had no formal education, 34.5% had not visited dentist before. 64.5% had indigenous brushing habits. 52% of oral mucosal lesions and 6% malignant oral tumors were observed. A very high prevalence of periodontal disease, tobacco chewing, deep rooted beliefs and customs regarding dentition and dental treatment was observed in this community. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in the study population was due to tobacco usage and lack of awareness regarding the deleterious effects of the products used. Conclusion: The dangers from smoking and chewing tobacco are well documented within the literature but the public’s lack of knowledge of the risks is a concern. Health professionals are encouraged to ensure that the public is made aware of these risks, especially those within high-risk groups. Citation Format: Delfin Lovelina Francis. Prevalence of tobacco use, potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer among Irula tribes, Nilgiri hills, Tamilnadu, India [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C128.
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Chatterjee, Indrani. "Ādivāsīs,tribes and other neologisms for erasing precolonial pasts: An example from Northeast India." Indian Economic & Social History Review 53, no. 1 (January 2016): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464615619530.
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Kapai, Yuimirin. "Spatial Organisation of Northeast India: Colonial Politics, Power Structure and Hills–Plains Relationship." Indian Historical Review 47, no. 1 (June 2020): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620925591.
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The article examines the ideological framework and the principal concerns and interests that underline the colonial policy towards the hill ‘tribes’ of Northeast India. It elaborates on an argument that the colonial spatial ordering of the region privileges the valleys over the hills. The colonial rule establishes and maintains the structural imbalance of the region by making the plains the centres and by relegating the hills to the peripheral ‘others’, thereby perpetuating the power configuration implicit in the spatial organisation. Emphasis on paternalistic reasoning of the British policy towards the hills has clouded the stamp of indifference and insensitivity that underlay the policies. The policy also ‘excluded’ the hill peoples from access to education, engagement in modern economy, and development of infrastructures. The practice of reading the history of the British policy towards the hills appears to be essentially concerned with the elucidation of the hill peoples’ separatist attitude. By reading the history through the lens of categories such as centre-periphery, power relations and uneven development, the article contends that the colonial policy of segregation charts a historical trajectory, which is at variance with what the hegemonic discourse has established.
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Kiewhuo, Magdalene, Rollen Yanthan, Milepo Vese, Mary Swu, Medonguno Kiso, Meyisenla I. Imsong, Pazhüni Pfote, and Nandakumar R. "Genetic Polymorphismsin the Naga tribes of Nagaland with reference to Blood group." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2770.
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Northern India is one of the oldest geophysical regions of human evolution and migration in the world. Genetic and anthropological studies have shown that the peopling the subcontinent is characterized by a complex history, contributed from different ancestral populations. Genetic level studies of polymorphisms always associated with health and diseases of population becoming the need of hours. The present study was aimed to explore the relationship of ABO blood groups association of populations and to assess the prevalence of blood groups in different categories of Northern India and to compare our results with other studies conducted in India. Blood samples from 155 unrelated individuals was collected from Naga tribal settlements Blood groups of individuals were evaluated with the presence of antigen using monoclonal antibody by a standard blood typing are protocol, Gene frequencies was calculated by Hardy-Weinberg method. The blood group O 67 (43.23%) was the commonest group prevalent in donors followed by group B 45 (29.03%), A 33(21.29%) and AB 10 (6.45%). The Rh negative was not observed in female donors, whereas in male it was found to be 1.3%.Data among tribal suggest their common origin as well as a drift from an original population due to the possible founder effect among tribal Naga Ten Tribal
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Piliavsky, Anastasia. "The “Criminal Tribe” in India before the British." Comparative Studies in Society and History 57, no. 2 (March 20, 2015): 323–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417515000055.
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AbstractThis paper challenges the broad consensus in current historiography that holds the Indian stereotype of criminal tribe to be a myth of colonial making. Drawing on a selection of precolonial descriptions of robber castes—ancient legal texts and folktales; Jain, Buddhist and Brahmanic narratives; Mughal sources; and Early Modern European travel accounts—I show that the idea of castes of congenital robbers was not a British import, but instead a label of much older vintage on the subcontinent. Enjoying pride of place in the postcolonial critics' pageant of “colonial stereotypes,” the case of criminal tribes is representative and it bears on broader questions about colonial knowledge and its relation to power. The study contributes to the literature that challenges the still widespread tendency to view colonial social categories, and indeed the bulk of colonial knowledge, as the imaginative residue of imperial politics. I argue that while colonialusesof the idea of a criminal tribe comprises a lurid history of violence against communities branded as born criminals in British law, the stereotype itself has indigenous roots. The case is representative and it bears on larger problems of method and analysis in “post-Orientalist” historiography.
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Patnaik, Pratyusna. "Does Political Representation Ensure Empowerment? Scheduled Tribes in Decentralised Local Governments of India." Journal of South Asian Development 8, no. 1 (April 2013): 27–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174113476998.
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BAJRANGE, DAKXINKUMAR, SARAH GANDEE, and WILLIAM GOULD. "Settling the Citizen, Settling the Nomad: ‘Habitual offenders’, rebellion, and civic consciousness in western India, 1938–1952." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 337–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000136.
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AbstractThis article explores the politics of civic engagement during India's long decolonization between 1938 and 1952 for communities—the erstwhile ‘criminal tribes’—whose lifestyles were complicated by controls on their movement before and shortly following India's independence. It argues that their varied and contingent strategies of mobilization increasingly identified community particularities—notably, their marking as ‘criminals’ and a history of movement—as a basis for negotiating their problematic inclusion within the evolving citizenship frameworks of the late colonial, then post-colonial, state. These early forms of civic consciousness set the parameters for later strategies that sought to mobilize communities by engaging with ‘universal’, ‘differentiated’, and indigenized conceptions of civic responsibility and rights. The most surprising finding of this research is that these strategies (via anti-colonialism) often embraced and celebrated forms of illegality and criminality. The romanticism of the dacoit (bandit)-cum-freedom fighter charged Dhaku Sultan-like figures with political heroism. In the context of independence and the founding of the Constitution, strategies turned to the (un)realized promises of freedom and citizenship rights. The final part of the article turns to the implications of ‘denotification’ for the so-called criminal tribes in the early 1950s, which provided both obstacles and avenues to strategies of mobilization after independence.
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Sankar, Nandini Ramesh, and Deepsikha Changmai. "Between Solidarity and Complicity: The Politics of Representation in Bhimayana." Journal of Asian Studies 79, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 303–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911819001177.
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The solidarity between socially marginalized groups in India is often compromised, directly or indirectly, by their own internecine complicity with structures and histories of systematic social violence. We look at this problem through a close analysis of the graphic novel Bhimayana, which brings together key events from the life of B. R. Ambedkar—the architect of the Indian Constitution who was born into the “untouchable” Mahar caste—and the artwork of the Gond tribal artists Durgabai and Subhash Vyam. While there is considerable affinity in terms of socioeconomic disadvantages between the tribes and the lower castes of India, these affinities are strained by contradictions that problematize the principle of solidarity. We argue that the intrusion of complicity and guilt into performances of solidarity finally serves to strengthen the political empowerment of these groups by making it possible to acknowledge their implication in the history of social harm.
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Deborah Daolapogy, Nazimur Rahman Talukdar, and Parthankar Choudhury. "Ethnozoological use of primates in northeastern India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 11 (September 26, 2021): 19492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6873.13.11.19492-19499.
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Ethnozoological practices to cure various diseases have a long history. Communities that reside near the forest collect wild animals and their derivatives to prepare medicines and get relief from diseases. Northeastern India is home to many tribes with vast traditional ethnobiological knowledge, and there are many reports of zootherapeutic uses in the region. In an attempt to understand primate-based ethnozoologic use in the area a literature survey was carried out using different sources. The findings revealed that Hoolock hoolock was the most used species among the primates (48 %), followed by Macaca assamensis (20 %) and Macaca mulatta (10 %). Among the materials used, the flesh of primates was the most dominant (43 %), followed by the blood (20 %) and brain (14 %). This paper highlights the negative effects of ethno-medicinal uses of primates to draw the attention of conservationists and encourage conservation education to address the damage to primates in the name of health care. Government agencies are also requested to strengthen health care systems to discourage the killing of valuable primate species.
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Sarkar, Vivek, Cuckoo Mahapatra, Pratyush P. Mohapatra, and Manoj V. Nair. "Additions to the cicada (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae) fauna of India: first report and range extension of four species with notes on their natural history from Meghalaya." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 16021–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5668.12.9.16021-16042.
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In order to broaden our understanding about cicada diversity of northeastern India, a comprehensive survey was conducted in the year 2017, in Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills of Meghalaya and an occasional opportunistic survey was carried out in northern West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. During these surveys, we came across four species of cicadas, viz., Meimuna duffelsi, Dundubia annandalei, Balinta tenebricosa, and Orientopsaltria fangrayae, which were not reported from India earlier and among them the genus Orientopsaltria is being reported for the first time from the country. This work provides an account of the taxonomy, natural history, distribution, and acoustics of these four species of cicadas along with their attribute to the culture and customs of the indigenous tribes of the landscape.
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Kar, Bodhisattva. "Nomadic capital and speculative tribes: A culture of contracts in the Northeastern Frontier of British India." Indian Economic & Social History Review 53, no. 1 (January 2016): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464615619533.
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Muralidharan, Shrikanth, Astha Chauhan, Srinivasa Gowda, Rutuja Ambekar, Bhupendra S. Rathore, Sakshi Chabra, Afsheen Lalani, and Harsh Harani. "Assessment of orthodontic treatment need among tribal children of Indore division, Central India." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 91, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-795.
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Introduction. India is home to many tribes which have an interesting and varied history of origins, customs and social practices. Oral health care in tribal areas is limited due to shortage of dental manpower, financial constraints and the lack of perceived need for dental care among tribal masses.Objective To assess orthodontic treatment need among tribal children of Indore division, Central India.Methods. A cross-sectional house to house survey was carried out among 800 tribal children aged 5 to 15 years old in two major tribal districts of Indore division. Permissions and consent were obtained from local administrative authorities, ethical committee and parents respectively. A structured proforma was used to record demographic data. Examination for dentofacial anomalies was conducted according to WHO 1997 survey methods. Descriptive tables and analytical tests like ANOVA, post-hoc and chi-square test were employed.Results. The mean age was 9.75(±2.43) years. The mean DAI score among 12 to 15 years old children was 23.19±5.22. Female exhibited higher (24.51±5.34) mean DAI score compared to males (22.12±4.87) (p<0.05). The Patelia tribes (24.38±5.13) reported higher mean DAI score than Bhilala (23.02±5.69) and Bhil tribe (22.73±4.79) (p<0.005).Conclusion. The tribal children had minor malocclusion with no or slight treatment need. Categorization of orthodontic treatment need according to malocclusion severity is particularly important for the planning of corresponding public policies. The isolation of the villages, lack of transportation options imposes limitations on the availability of health professionals to provide dental services.
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MURHEKAR, M. V., K. M. MURHEKAR, V. A. ARANKALLE, and S. C. SEHGAL. "Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection among the Nicobarese – a mongoloid tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India." Epidemiology and Infection 128, no. 3 (June 2002): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880200691x.
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Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory of India, is home to six primitive tribes. Preliminary serological studies carried out earlier among the four accessible tribes revealed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyper-endemic among them. The present study was carried out to understand important modes of transmission and to identify possible risk factors associated with HBV infection among the Nicobarese tribe. The epidemiology of HBV infection in these islands appears to be distinct with a high prevalence of the chronic carrier state (22·2%) associated with a comparable proportion of the population being anti-HBs positive (26·3%). More than half of the HBsAg and anti-HBs negative individuals have anti-HBc antibodies. Age, past history of hospital admission, intramuscular injections and number of carriers in the tuhet were found to be significantly associated with exposure to hepatitis B virus. Horizontal transmission through close contact with carriers and perinatal route appears to be an important mode of transmission of HBV in this community. Besides this, use of unsafe injections represents an independent risk factor for acquiring HBV infection in this population. Introducing HBV vaccine in the infant immunization programme and improving injection safety would help to control the infection in the tribal community of these islands.
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Willis, John M. "MAKING YEMEN INDIAN: REWRITING THE BOUNDARIES OF IMPERIAL ARABIA." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 1 (February 2009): 38a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743808090466.
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This article argues that the Aden Protectorate constituted one of the westernmost parts of India in terms of its political–legal identity and its place in the cultural project of imperial India. Although the port of Aden was governed as part of the Bombay Presidency until 1937, the tribes of the Aden Protectorate were treated as independent native states similar to the princely states of India. Using the sultanate of Lahj as a case study, the article shows the extent to which the colonial state used the Indian model to elaborate a history of the sultanate as an independent political entity, a status that was then institutionalized in historical texts, ethnographic knowledge, and state rituals. The article concludes with an analysis of the protectorate's participation in the 1903 Coronation Durbar in Delhi as a means of demonstrating its place in the British imagination of a socially and politically fragmented India that extended beyond geographical South Asia.
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Tselera, Oleg Sergeevich. "Federally administered tribal areas: British colonial legacy in postcolonial age." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201872211.
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The following paper analyzes the role of administrative experience of the British Empire on Northwest boundary of the British India in 19 - the first half of the 20th centuries in Pakistan political policy choice concerning the federally administered tribal areas in the second half of 20 - the beginning of the 21st centuries. At the same time special attention is paid to the British colonial practices which saved the value during a post-colonial era in the tribes zone. The author also pays attention to the role of colonial experience in asymmetrical conflict settlement with the USA involvement in Afghanistan territory as well as to features of interaction of Washington and Islamabad in the tribes zone. The author concludes about perspectives of colonial knowledge in federally administered tribal areas administration during a post-colonial era taking into account historical experience of the British colonial administration on Northwest boundary of British India during the age of empires. The paper also reveals the impact of postcolonial practices on the history of modern Pakistan and on the choice of its way to reform the FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas), as well as the role of other regional players in the reform of the FATA.
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Parshina, L. S. "Regional analysis of aspirant states in India." Regional nye issledovaniya 74, no. 4 (2022): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2021-4-4.
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The article examines the history of the formation of the administrative-territorial structure of India and the constitutional foundations of the formation of new states. Investigated the aspirant states in India, presented a figure of their location on the territory, identified the principles on which they are based (ethnolinguistic, economic development of the territory, rationalization of management, cultural and historical) and two groups of principles are defined – «cultural and historical» and «economic and administrative». Shown that the movements for the creation of new states are contrary to the official ethnolinguistic principle. Presented the typology of the aspirant states which is composed according to a number of socio-economic, demographic and natural characteristics that affect the population quality life (population density, urban population, Human Development Index, Multidimensional Poverty Index, share of scheduled castes and tribes, unemployment, access to clean drinking water, forestry area, production of major crops, household electrification, road density, number of cities with a population more than 500,000) for each district in the aspirant state. The relationships between the internal division of states into cultural, physical-geographical, historical and administrative regions and proposals for the creation of new states are determined.
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Francis, D. L. "Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Cancer Among Malayali Tribes, Yelagiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 13s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.27000.
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Background: Health is a state of complete wellbeing free from any discomfort and pain. Despite remarkable world-wide progress in the field of diagnostic, curative and preventive medicine, still there are large populations of people living in isolation in natural and unpolluted surroundings far away from civilization, maintaining their traditional values, customs, beliefs and myths. India has the second largest tribal population of the world next to the African countries. About half of the world's autochthonous people live in India, thus making India home to many tribes which have an interesting and varied history of origins, customs and social practices. Aim: The current study was conducted to assess the tobacco use, awareness and its effect on health among Malayali tribes, Yelagiri Hills, Tamil nadu, India. Methods: The inhabitants of the 14 villages of the Yelagiri hills, who have completed 18 years and residing for more than 15 years present on the day of examination and who were willing to participate in the study were included. Data were collected from a cross-sectional survey, using a survey proforma, clinical examination and a pretested questionnaire which included demographic data, tobacco habits. An intraoral examination was carried out by a single examiner to assess the oral health status using WHO Oral Health Surveys - Basic Methods Proforma (1997). SPSS version 15 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Results showed that among 660 study population, 381 (57.7%) had no formal education. Among the study population 75% had the habit of alcohol consumption. Of those who had the habit of smoking, 26% smoked beedi, 10.9% smoked cigarette, 65% chewed raw tobacco, 18% chewed Hans and 28% had a combination of smoking and smokeless tobacco usage. The reason for practicing these habits were as a measure to combat the cold, relieving stress and body pain after work, and the lack of awareness of the hazards of the materials used. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in the study population was due to tobacco usage and alcohol consumption and lack of awareness regarding the deleterious effects of the products used. Conclusion: From the results of this study it may be concluded that the Malayali tribes were characterized by a lack of awareness about oral health, deep rooted dental beliefs, high prevalence of tobacco use and limited access to health services.
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Bhattacharjee, Srijani. "‘Forest Conservation without Conservancy’: A Study on the Strategic Aspects of the Inner Line Reserve in Colonial Assam." Indian Historical Review 47, no. 2 (December 2020): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620968009.
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The article tries to understand how forest conservation in colonial Assam was used to facilitate British political administration in the region. It highlights on the Inner Line Forest Reserve situated in the frontier region of Lushai Hills and the Cachar district of the province that was established more with the purpose to protect the tea gardens of Cachar from Lushai raids than with any plans of forest conservation. ‘Inner Line’ was the name given to this buffer forest zone as it served the purposes of Inner Line Regulation than any conditions of colonial forest administration in India. The article has attempted to trace the background of Inner Line Regulation in the region and its implementation in the hill areas of the territory. It endeavours to understand why the application of colonial forest administration in Lushai Hills was kept at its minimum level. The article tries to comprehend that the creation of Inner Line Reserve was another British management mechanism to tackle the tribes of Lushai Hills.
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Mandala, Vijaya Ramadas. "Contesting the Colonizer or Hopeless Submission? Colonialism, Indigeneity, and Environmental Thinking in India, 1857–1910." Asian Review of World Histories 9, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 189–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340093.
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Abstract This article examines in detail how the forms of national or indigenous consciousness emerged in the sphere of Indian political ecology between 1857 and 1910. The subjects of “ecological indigeneity” and “dispossession” formed as defining characteristics in the articulation of this ecopolitical thinking. The scholarship to date has produced voluminous writings on the political, economic, and social dimension of the histories of colonial unrest, but it has not adequately addressed the issue of how the subtext of environmentalism greatly mattered in shaping some of the resistance movements. Focusing on the period between the 1857 revolt and 1910, this study evaluates three groups – (1) the 1857 Indian rebels and the Gonds; (2) the ādivāsī tribes of Bastar in 1910; and (3) the early Indian Congress Nationalists in the 1880s – to elucidate the emergence of environmentalism and indigenous dispossession in colonial India, which became foundational in critiquing British interventionist policies.
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DASGUPTA, SANGEETA. "‘Heathen aboriginals’, ‘Christian tribes’, and ‘animistic races’: Missionary narratives on the Oraons of Chhotanagpur in colonial India." Modern Asian Studies 50, no. 2 (July 24, 2015): 437–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000025.
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AbstractThrough a description of the interactions of Christian missionaries in Chhotanagpur with the Oraons, this article illustrates the different ways in which the missionaries grappled with and restructured their notions of the ‘tribe’ and the ‘Oraon’ across the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Oraon, I argue, was initially recognized in terms of his heathen practices, his so-called compact with the Devil, and his world of idolatry and demonology. But, by the end of the nineteenth century, he increasingly became, in missionary language, an animistic aboriginal tribe, a ‘primitive’ within an evolutionary schema. As the missionaries searched for an authentic Oraon language, for myths, traditions and histories, an array of categories—heathen, savage, race, tribe, and aboriginal—seemingly jostled with one another in their narratives. Indeed, the tension between religion and race could never be resolved in missionary narratives; this was reflected in colonial ethnographic literature that drew upon and yet eventually marginalized missionary representations. I conclude by referring to a case in the 1960s filed by Kartik Oraon against the Protestant convert David Munzni before the Election Tribunal at Ranchi, which was ultimately resolved in the Supreme Court, that raised the question whether religion or race determined tribal identity.
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Bates, Crispin N. "Regional Dependence and Rural Development in Central India: The Pivotal Role of Migrant Labour." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007733.
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The problem of regional underdevelopment, particularly in tribal India, has long been recognized and more than one political party has campaigned on this issue. The Indian constitution and state and central government development plans have included special clauses aimed at assisting those groups, the tribals or adivasis, who are most affected by the problem. Reports have been commissioned and investigations conducted, but rarely have these ended in constructive or relevant action. The work of anthropologists over a number of generations since the 1920s has perhaps done most to tell us of the real depth of the problem as it has affected central India. Foremost amongst them was W. V. Grigson, the aboriginal tribes enquiry officer of the government of the Central Provinces and Berar, whose 1944 report stands as the most comprehensive study available of the condition of the tribal peoples of this region at the end of the colonial period.
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Brown, Mark. "Postcolonial penality: Liberty and repression in the shadow of independence, India c. 1947." Theoretical Criminology 21, no. 2 (January 13, 2016): 186–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480615625762.
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This article reports primary archival data on the colonial penal history of British India and its reconfiguration into the postcolonial Indian state. It introduces criminologists to frameworks through which postcolonial scholars have sought to make sense of the continuities and discontinuities of rule across the colonial/postcolonial divide. The article examines the postcolonial life of one example of colonial penal power, known as the criminal tribes policy, under which more than three million Indian subjects of British rule were restricted in their movements, subject to a host of administrative rules and sometimes severe punishments, sequestered in settlements and limited in access to legal redress. It illustrates how at the birth of the postcolonial Indian state, encompassing visions of a liberal, unfettered and free life guaranteed in a new Constitution and charter of Fundamental Rights, freedom for some was to prove as elusive as citizens as it had been as subjects.
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Satyanarayana, P. "SUBALTERN STUDIES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i4.2016.2748.
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This paper explores the roots of the term ‘Subaltern’. The form of literature is backed by the history from time to time. The participation of the tribes in revolutions against the then ruling agencies escapes from the history proper. The unwritten languages of the tribes are posing a challenge. They are undermined. The 80 languages have not been brought to the pages of constitution of India. A language spoken by 10, 000 people have to be recognized as a language. There is a dire necessity of the study of folklore. In the multicultural society there is a need for projecting the life-s style and culture of the tribal population. The human rights speak volumes of betterment and welfare of the tribals on the norms of equality, fraternity and liberty. The evaluation of Subaltern studies has been traced right from the past to the present context in the paper to the extent possible. Mahasveta Devi’s visison is presented along with illustrations of her reasoning. The need for emergence of trends is emphasized in view of the humanitarian outlooks. The Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states are taken up for tracing the subaltern element with a few episodes emanating from history and folklore. Thus the retrospects and the prospects gauged in the paper will justify the Subaltern Studies.
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Sharda, Ratan. "Struggle Against the Empire: Other Organisations and Cultural Nationalism." Indian Historical Review 49, no. 1_suppl (June 2022): S120—S138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836221112700.
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Dr B. R. Ambedkar noted that any freedom struggle or political change needs a base of cultural renaissance, reforms—both social and religious. Our retaliation against colonialists began from the very moment they tried to colonise India. Beginning with the Battle of Colachel that took place in 1741, there were uprisings from tribes in North East, Bengal and central India. Kuka Sikhs were the first to promote swadeshi, with the insistence on wearing hand woven clothes. This freedom struggle had many streams—earlier battles all over Bharat, revolutionary actions, organised arm struggle like Azad Hind Fauj (INA) and many streams of political thought that worked under the larger umbrella of the Indian National Congress while some worked independently. We had Home Rule League, Hindu Mahasabha, Swaraj Party and Congress Socialist Party (CSP). It was a long drawn struggle that was built on dharmic renaissance and cultural nationalism sparked by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. After working with revolutionaries and Congress party and studying history, Dr K. B. Hedgewar identified the problem of Bharat as a fractious Hindu society and the collective amnesia inculcated by the British. He decided to create a non-political organisation by first preparing battle-worthy citizens and founded the RSS. Contrary to critics’ claims, RSS too contributed to freedom struggle. Most important was its role on the eve of Independence in protecting Hindu-Sikh brethren from mindless violence and rehabilitating them when the leaders were busy celebrating the country’s independence on 15 August in 1947.
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MISRA, SANGHAMITRA. "Peasants, Colonialism, and Sovereignty: The Garo rebellions in eastern India." Modern Asian Studies 55, no. 5 (February 1, 2021): 1681–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x20000426.
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AbstractThis article studies two seismic decades in the history of the Garo community, marked out in colonial records as among the most violent and isolated people that British rule encountered in eastern and northeastern India. Through a densely knit historical narrative that hinges on an enquiry into the colonial reordering of the core elements of the regional political economy of eastern and northeastern India, it will train its focus on the figure of the rebellious Garo peasant and on the arresting display of Garo recalcitrance between 1807 and 1820. Reading a rich colonial archive closely and against the grain, the article will depart from extant historiography in its characterization of the colonial state in the early nineteenth century as well as of its relationship with ‘tribes’/‘peasants’ in eastern and northeastern India. A critique of the idea of primitive violence and the production of the ‘tribe’ under conditions of colonial modernity will occupy the latter half of the article. Here it will argue that the numerous and apparently disparate acts of headhunting, raids, plunder, and burning by the Garos on the lowlands of Bengal and Assam were in fact an assembling of the first of a series of sustained peasant rebellions in this part of colonial India—a powerful manifestation of a community's historical consciousness of the loss of its sovereign self under British rule.
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A. Manave, Ankita, Bhupesh Patel, and Preeti Pandya. "A Review on Ethnomedicinal Claims of Desmodium Triquetrum(L.) DC." International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga 05, no. 06 (2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47223/irjay.2022.5610.
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Desmodium triquetrum(L.) DC.is synonym ofTadahagitriquetrum(L.) H.Ohashibelongs to the family Fabaceae.Desmodiumtriquetrum (L.) DC. is traditionally used in common cold, sore throat, hemoptysis due to lung diseases, hepatomegaly, enteritis, traumatic injury, etc. Aim:The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on ethnomedicinal claims ofDesmodium triquetrum(L.) DC. from published literatures, books related to ethnobotany and ethnomedicine. Materials and Methods:All the available information on Desmodium triquetrum(L.) DC.was collected via published literatures, books like Medicinal plants of Gujarat, Reviews on Indian medicinal plants, The wealth of India NISCAIR, etc. The obtained information was distributed into part-wise ethnomedicinal claims,region-wise traditional claims, local names in different languages, and therapeutic indications. Result:It has been found to be reported in more than 23 states in India, widely distributed in western parts of India common in Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat etc.Its root, leaves, and the whole plant has been recommended in 19 different diseases both externally and internally. The whole plant has maximum application in 12 different diseased conditions, followed by root and leaves in 4 and 3 diseases respectively. Conclusion:Desmodium triquetrum(L.) DC. is widely used for treatment of chronic cough and tuberculosis and also, the leaves have been used as a substitute for tea by hill tribes in upper Assam. As the findings, Desmodiumtriquetrum (L.) DC. need to explore with the help of detailedinvestigation,especially through pharmacological properties.
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TREMBLAY, XAVIER. "Irano-Tocharica et Tocharo-Iranica." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 68, no. 3 (October 2005): 421–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x05000248.
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This paper attempts a periodization and dialectal attribution of Iranian loan words found in Tocharian A and B, two Indo-European languages attested in c. 10,000 fragments unearthed in Chinese Turkestan since 1892. More than 100 loan words are scritinized and classified in eight sections, according to their origin: Old Iranian (probably issued from the common ancestry of the ‘Sakan’ languages, Khotanese, Tumshuqese and Waxi), three different stages of Khotanese, ‘Śaka’, (the language of the Iranian invaders of northern India), Parthian, Bactrian and Sogdian. Tocharians had dealings with all neighbouring Iranian peoples, but Khotanese and its ancestors clearly exerted the most durable influence. No loan word from more remote dialects (e.g. Persian and Ossetic) can be evidenced. The predominance of war-related and political vocabulary among the loan words and the direction of borrowing, overwhelmingly from Iranian to Tocharian, both point to a political ascendancy of Sakan-speaking tribes, and later of Bactria, on Tocharians.
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Giunchi, Elisa. "The Armed Pashtun: The Smuggling of Small Firearms to the Frontier (1890-1914)." Oriente Moderno 102, no. 1 (September 16, 2022): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340278.
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Abstract Afghanistan is the country in the world with the most SALW (small arms and light weapons). Contrary to what is usually assumed, the proliferation of modern firearms in the country did not start in the 1980s, but at the end of the 19th century, when Pashtun tribes acquired modern rifles and ammunition through a variety of means, mostly through smuggling. The paper investigates the illegal arms trade from the Gulf to the north-western Indian Frontier, an area of crucial importance for British imperial strategists and the Government of India, at a time of great power rivalry and a relative decline of Britain’s global influence.