Journal articles: 'India-Pakistan Conflict'

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Mitra, Joy. "India-Pakistan Conflict :." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 4, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v4i1.47.

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The intractable conflict in Kashmir has spoilt the India-Pakistan equation on multiple planes. This intractability has in fact poisoned the entire spectrum of the bilateral relations throughout history. Repeatedly through history India and Pakistan have taken actions that have led them to mutually unsatisfactory and damaging consequences. International relations literature has generally looked at these events in isolation in a post-facto explanation of the rationality behind such actions. But that fails to account for the repeated failure of these states to avoid the lose-lose scenario typical of the prisoner’s dilemma. This paper will try to account for this lacuna by looking at the psychology of the two actors involved in this intractable conflict. It fills that void in international relations literature by looking at India-Pakistan relationship under the lens of prospect theory exploring how the two states of India-Pakistan made their choices through the history and with each event how their perspectives evolved or did not. Evaluation of their psychological status is followed by an analysis of the India-Pakistan dialogue process. The argument being that the dialogue process has failure in-built in it as it fails to address the perceptual loss of assets for Pakistan.

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Impiani, Impiani. "Escalation of Military Conflict Between India and Pakistan in The Post Lahore Declaration (1999 – 2019): Security Dilemma Perspective." Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional 21, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/global.v21i2.403.

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This paper describes the military conflict escalation between India and Pakistan in the period after 1999 Lahore Declaration. After several major wars, military conflicts between the two countries continued to this day. Previous studies on the India-Pakistan conflict only discussed the causes of this conflict and efforts to resolve conflicts. The studies are divided into three major perspectives, namely; security, domestic politics, and political economy, but none has explained how this military conflict is relatively lasting. Using security dilemma as an analytical framework, this paper will explain the variables of the security dilemma that have contributed to the escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. The security dilemma creates a circumstance where offensive action preferable by both states rather than defensive efforts. The main argument of this paper s that India and Pakistan see each other's behavior -such as the development of military defense capability, nuclear weaponry development, and alliance trends- as threats so that they are always remains in the security dilemma situation.

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Shinta, Tri. "Analisis Teori Fungsionalisme pada Integrasi Kawasan Asia Selatan (Studi Kasus Konflik India-Pakistan di wilayah Kashmir)." Jurnal Sentris 1, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v1i1.4176.181-195.

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South Asia is a complex region. It is marked with the emergence and continuity of the conflict. India-Pakistan conflict is one of them. This conflict begun on 1947 and the biggest of conflict divided into three conflicts. Functionalism according to David Mitrany in “A Working Peace System” believes that Region Integration is trusted to make the conflict lower and good relation among state. This perception applied on 1985 in South Asia, which known with SAARC (The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation). The fact, this conflict still continues till today. However, this paper seeks for the analysis of how’s functionalism theory explain the conflict of India-Pakistan on the regional integration: is that the conflict form an ideal integration of Sout Asia and decline the conflict, or conversely. Furthermore, the result of this research describes that Functionalism is not success on explaining South Asia integration, which means the India-Pakistan conflict still exist and the real integration among member states still not exist yet.

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Harshe, Rajen. "India-Pakistan Conflict over Kashmir." South Asian Survey 12, no. 1 (March 2005): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152310501200104.

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Gillani, Aleem, Syed Waqas Haider Bukhari, and Kanwal Hayat. "The Three Images of War and Indo-Pak Conflicts: An Investigation of Causal Factors." Research Journal for Societal Issues 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.56976/rjsi.v5i2.109.

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The agenda of decolonization is animosity. Using Kenneth Waltz’s three images of war (individual, state level, and systemic), this article thoroughly examines the three major conflicts that have broken out between India and Pakistan. Since both countries gained independence from the British, ties between India and Pakistan, have been tense. South Asian instability directly results from repeated conflicts between the two countries. The dread of a nuclear conflict that could wipe out all human civilization is a new factor in the India-Pakistan conflict, exacerbated by the spread of nuclear weapons in the region. Foreign strategists and actors from both nations have tried to understand what drives tensions between these longtime adversaries. However, only some have looked at the Indo-Pak conflict from three images of war. This research uses Waltz’s three images of war as a prism to analyse the wars that have broken out between India and Pakistan and offer suggestions for how the two war-weary neighbors can avert another catastrophic conflict. The article is grounded in qualitative research. It investigates the past to find relationships and causes that have modern-day relevance. Structural Realism (Neorealism), primarily articulated by Kenneth Waltz, serves as the theoretical foundation for this investigation. Additionally, this article speculates the likelihood of future confrontations between India and Pakistan based on Waltz’s three conceptions of war.

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Kapur, S. Paul. "The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry." Canadian Journal of Political Science 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 966–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423906339960.

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The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry, T.V. Paul, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.The rivalry between India and Pakistan has clearly been both deep and enduring. The two sides have fought four wars since attaining independence in 1947, and have waged a low-intensity conflict in the disputed territory of Kashmir since the late 1980s. And despite recent improvements in Indo-Pakistani relations, their fundamental political and territorial disagreements remain unresolved. However, it is not obvious why the two countries' relationship has been so stubbornly antagonistic. The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry, edited by T.V. Paul, addresses this issue. Specifically, the volume asks: Why has the Indo-Pakistani rivalry been so persistent, even compared to other long-standing conflicts? How have factors at the international, state and leadership levels contributed to this outcome? And why are the prospects for achieving a negotiated settlement of the rivalry so dim?

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Wang, Wei. "South Asia’s Security Dilemma: How India and Pakistan Lost Policy Flexibility in the Kashmir Conflict." SHS Web of Conferences 148 (2022): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214803018.

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The South Asian subcontinent has seen many conflicts and wars over Kashmir, and Kashmir is at the heart of the conflict between India and Pakistan. Historically, India has gained the upper hand in many conflicts. However, both sides remain in a “security dilemma.” This security dilemma is not limited to the military, but is an all-encompassing “security dilemma.” Currently, such as territorial conflicts, security challenges, energy shortages, resource scarcity, arms race, and geopolitical wrangling has led to India-Pakistan relations remaining rife with suspicion and mistrust. The most difficult issues can be resolved if the two countries review and revise their policies and postures and make progress in building bilateral trust. This paper will examine the impact of the Kashmir conflict on the security dilemma between India and Pakistan and will discuss how both sides have lost flexibility in the security dilemma, which, by default, demands further studies on the subject.

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Muteen, Abdul, Muhammad Masood Anwar, and Ghulam Yahya Khan. "Conflicts, Political Distance and Import Volume of Pakistan, a Gravity Model Estimation." Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/sbsee.v4i2.2373.

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Purpose: This article, analyze causal relation of conflicts, political distance and Pakistan's import flows. The severity of interstate military conflicts is higher between Pakistan and India. While the animosity and chauvinism between Pakistan and India increase the intensity of both armed and verbal conflicts. Comparing interstate-armed conflicts and interstate military verbal conflicts, the former has more severity than later. Methodology: The Gravity model is used to analyze the relationship between conflicts, political distance and Pakistan's import volume. The panel data consist on 171 countries and 1980 to 2013time period. Findings: Conflict between Pakistan and India, the interstate-armed conflicts are less impactful than interstate military verbal conflicts on import volume. The other important finding is the changing role of political distance. Political distance significantly reduces Pakistan's import volume when we regress interstate military conflicts and political distance between Pakistan and its importing partners. Interstate military conflicts between Pakistan and India and political distance between Pakistan and its importing partners show less intensity to reduce Pakistan's imports. Implications: Pakistan replaced the United States of America with China as major partners that share a significant proportion of its import market due to close political preferences. At the same time, there was no significant trade between Pakistan and India because both countries indulge in military conflicts.

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Malik, Prolay. "The Influence of Cashmir Territory on The India-Pakistan Diplomatic Relations." International Journal of Science and Society 2, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i1.77.

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Conflict between India and Pakistan in Kashmir issue unresolved until recently seemed to have sunk from the international community. However the presence of kashmir issue has become one of the things that are the focus India-Pakistan for many - years. The diplomatic relations between India - Pakistan determined by Kashmir case. In this research, the author uses the Nation – state analysis level which focused on decision making in any situation. This research uses realism perspective in international relations and theory of National Security. Kashmir is an area that lies between India and Pakistan. This area is famous for its natural riches contained therein. The soil is fertile, the rivers that flow throughout the year and their biological minerals make this region a source of conflict India and Pakistan. The conflict began when India and Pakistan officially separated since the announcement of the independence of both sides pidak in 1948. This separation is prolonged impact on the border region, especially in Kashmir, which is fertile. Realism have the assumption that one alternative way conflict resolution is a War. It was then known by the term “Civis Pasum Para Bellum” which is means if yo want to make peace them, be prepared for war. Based on the assumption of the theory of realism, the best way conflict resolution between India and Pakistan is a war

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Prolay Malik. "The Influence Of Cashmir Territory On The India-Pakistan Diplomatic Relations." ENDLESS : International Journal of Future Studies 4, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endless.v4i2.183.

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Conflict between India and Pakistan in Kashmir issue unresolved until recently seemed to have sunk from the international community. However the presence of kashmir issue has become one of the things that are the focus india - pakistan for many - years. The diplomatic relations between India - Pakistan determined by Kashmir case. In this research, the author uses the Nation – state analysis level which focused on decision making in any situation. This research uses realism perspective in international relations and theory of National Security. Kashmir is an area that lies between India and Pakistan. This area is famous for its natural riches contained therein. The soil is fertile, the rivers that flow throughout the year and their biological minerals make this region a source of conflict India and Pakistan. The conflict began when India and Pakistan officially separated since the announcement of the independence of both sides pidak in 1948. This separation is prolonged impact on the border region, especially in Kashmir, which is fertile. Realism have the assumption that one alternative way conflict resolution is a War. It was then known by the term “Civis Pasum Para Bellum” which is means if yo want to make peace them, be prepared for war. Based on the assumption of the theory of realism, the best way conflict resolution between India and Pakistan is a war.

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Rana, Ameer Hamza. "Aerospace Power Development in India and Implications for Pakistan." BTTN Journal 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.61732/bj.v2i2.59.

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This paper evaluates the trends of aerospace military power development strictly in the India-Pakistan conflict setting. It analyzes the combat potential of aerospace technologies and explores how they add to the net war-fighting strengths of the respective India and Pakistan militaries. The primary question is to identity the gap in aerospace domain between India and Pakistan while making recommendations for Pakistan. The study finds serious efforts of aerospace military power development by India which challenges the military security of Pakistan. Pakistan has the leverage in employing drones for multiple roles against India but their potential remains limited due to minimal space infrastructure for navigation and communication. The study uses the comparative method to analyze the profiles of India and Pakistan for aerospace development trends and to assess the emerging threats for Pakistan. It further enables us to foresee the evolving nature of future conflicts because aerospace technologies are likely to remain at the core of possible war in future.

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Abbasi, Azhar Mahmood, Ayaz .., and Munawar Ali Mahar. "WATER DISPUTES IN SOUTH ASIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BANGLADESH AND PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i3.262.

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The problem of improper water management and water resources is very common in developing countries and especially in South Asia. Three out of seven countries including Bangladesh, Nipal and Pakistan are involved in Water sharing conflicts with each other. This research paper highlights the water disputes and various water sharing treaties in South Asia especially in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, with a comparative evaluation of past and future trends, followed by suggestions for a sustainable future cooperation. The paper will also have focused on the historical water conflicts of Indian state with the other South Asian countries especially with Pakistan and Bangladesh. The first part of the paper deals with water issues erupted between India and Pakistan such as Bagliar Dame water issue, Kishanganga water conflict, and Wullar Barrage etc and treaty signed to resolve the water disputes between these two states such as Indus Water Treaty. The second part of the paper highlight the water disputes between India and Bangladesh and also focuses on the Accord signed between the two states including the Teesta water Treaty, and Farraka agreement etc. At the end, the paper will provide the comparison of both Pakistan and Bangladesh’s water disputes with India. Key Words: Water disputes/Issues/Conflict, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Water Resources, Kishanganga, Wullar Barrage, Teesta, Farraka Accord/Treety, Indus water treaty.

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Munir, Kishwar, Iram Khalid, and Wajeeh Shahrukh. "Water conflict between Pakistan and India: Implications to regional peace and security." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.2.19.

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Pakistan and India are water stressed countries and the seed of water conflict between the two has been sowed by the Punjab boundary commission at the time of Partition. Trans-boundary water treaties have played a significant role in resolving the water disputes though the mechanism of conflict resolution varies and structurally fails to address the future problems that may arise. Indus Water Treaty (IWT) has been examined as an efficacious Model of conflict resolution and induced cooperation from 1960s to 1980s. Pakistan claimed that India is violating IWT by building dams and diverting waters of Western Rivers flowing from India to Pakistan. Therefore, the research attempts to answer the following questions. What is the cumulative effect of Indian dams being constructed on the Western Rivers? Can India Unilaterally withdraw the treaty? What would be the implications if India violates the treaty? Holistic content analysis of qualitative method and conflict theory has been used to investigate the water conflict between Pakistan and India. The key findings are that violation of treaty by India is perceived as security threat by Pakistan and also increase its economic concerns. The tension between the two neighbours over water sharing can lead to water war which poses serious threats to regional peace and security.

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Kadir, Jawad. "Perceiving the Enemy Differently: A Psycho-cultural Analysis of Pakistan–India Conflict." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 6, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797019842445.

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By using an interdisciplinary approach, this article seeks to examine Pakistan–India partition and their on-going rivalry which is a permanent threat to the South Asian regional security. This article analyses the Pakistan–India conflict through a fresh psycho-cultural framework to explain both states’ endless competitive urge to outpace each other. I will describe the attributes of the indigenous ‘culture of conflict’ in both countries and use them as an ‘analogy’. This article develops a conflict theory to explain the rationale behind such an emotion-laden rivalry between the two nations. The conflict theory presented in this article (which can be termed as Sharike-Bazi [Culture of Conflict]) explains that peoples’ conflict behaviours in Pakistan and India are rooted in their earliest socialisation within primary kinship institutions. In Pakistan and India, the indigenous ‘culture of conflict’ emanates from the segmentation of the most pervasive and influential institutions, the kinship institutions. The moralities of conflict behaviour learned within these institutions are extrapolated to every other institution in the outside world. Therefore, psychologically, the indigenous ‘culture of conflict’ creates certain moral views affecting the conflict behaviour of people as well as policymakers. It provides them with cultural moralities to pursue this zero-sum interstate conflict.

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Khairunnisa, Briliant Windy. "RESOLUSI KONFLIK PAKISTAN DAN INDIA DALAM PEREBUTAN WILAYAH KASHMIR DAN PELUANG MEDIATOR BAGI INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmiah Widya Sosiopolitika 3, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jiwsp.2021.v03.i02.p04.

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Abstract The conflict between Pakistan and India on the border of the two countries in the dispute over the Kashmir region has been going on for years. Although many efforts have been tried to reconcile the two countries, the conflict continues to cause a lot of harm to the indigenous people of Kashmir which continues to this day. As a country that has good relations with Pakistan and India, Indonesia can be declared as a neutral country and has a large enough opportunity to become a mediator between the two countries as a conflict resolution effort. This article aims to discuss the efforts to resolve the conflict between Pakistan and India in the dispute over the Kashmir region and the opportunities that Indonesia has to become a mediator between the two countries. The research method in this study uses exploratory qualitative and data collection techniques in the form of literature studies based on secondary data. The results of the study indicate that Indonesia has an opportunity to become a mediator in the resolution of the Kashmir conflict. Keywords : Conflict Resolution, Pakistan-India Conflict, Kashmir, Indonesia, Mediator.

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Khan, Rubina, Muhammad Muzaffar, and Ghulam Mustafa. "Pakistan-India Water Conflict: A Causal Analysis." ANNALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PERSPECTIVE 3, no. 1 (May 18, 2022): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/assap.v3i1.141.

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This exploratory research aims to explore and access the factors which are involved in Pakistan’s water conflict with India and how they are challenging the political existence of Pakistan. As human survival and economic progression are profoundly and directly linked with its accessibility and usability of it. Water is becoming a source of growing distress among nations around the globe. But in this research paper, the water conflict discussed is between the two neighboring nuclear-armed nations (India and Pakistan) with fraught relationships, who have fought three wars, and deeply doubt each other. Both the countries signed a trilateral water treaty with the collaboration of the World Bank in 1961. Though the treaty is usually presented among the few successful examples of water treaties in the world, it is facing threats for the last two decades. This study recommends that government must consider the warning issued by the UN in 2013 regarding the water crisis, Pakistan will face in the coming decade. Government must focus on the timely completion of mega dams and must take all necessary steps required to minimize the domestic and commercial water loses on war footings.

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Das, Tuhin K. "Assessment of Conflict between India and Pakistan." Asian Journal of Peacebuilding 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18588/202011.00a114.

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Joshi, Shashank. "India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation." Asian Affairs 43, no. 1 (March 2012): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2012.642556.

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Lee, Steven H., and Sumit Ganguly. "Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947." International Journal 57, no. 4 (2002): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203701.

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Hasan, S. "India and Pakistan: Common Identity and Conflict." Refugee Survey Quarterly 24, no. 4 (January 1, 2005): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdi085.

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Mehra, Parshotam. "Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947." Indian Historical Review 29, no. 1-2 (January 2002): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698360202900231.

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Hagerty, Devin T., and Sumit Ganguly. "Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947." Foreign Affairs 81, no. 3 (2002): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033221.

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Khan, M. Yunus. "BOUNDARY WATER CONFLICT BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN." Water International 15, no. 4 (January 1990): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508069008691649.

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Dar, Javaid Ahmad. "Kashmir Conflict: A Case for UN Intervention." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (July 12, 2020): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2017.0501.0023.

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The study explores the causes and consequences of Kashmir conflict which has always been an impediment in the development of both India and Pakistan. It begins with a brief discussion on the cause of the issue and its international recognition. The paper then explains Article 370 and its implications to India and Pakistan. Then the author discusses in detail the cases of displacement of Kashmiri Pundits and the human rights violations in the conflicted area. The respective perspectives of India and Pakistan on the issue are also discussed and the author critically analyses possible solutions to the issue, proposed by the United Nations and other international authorities. The author then concludes the study by throwing light on the significance of the UN intervention in the permanent solution of the issue. The author then concludes the study by proposing demilitarization of the disputed area on both sides of border, followed by unification of the whole region and then conducting a UN supervised-area wise plebiscite of the whole territory, as the most acceptable and realistic solution to the decades old conflict.

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Rahman, Mahmudur. "Evaluation of Pakistani Challenge to Indian Hegemonic Ambition: A Look into History." Journal of Research in Philosophy and History 5, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n2p1.

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South Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of population and India is the most dominant power among the eight member states that comprise the region, two of which possess nuclear weapons. The region is widely regarded as potential conflict zone because of the historic rivalry between India and Pakistan. As the British exited from the subcontinent, India aspired to inherit the hegemonic pole position of the colonial power as its successor. But refusal of nuclear Pakistan, the second most powerful state in South Asia to surrender to the Indian material superiority resulted in the conflict formation during the last seven decades. The enmity between India and Pakistan commenced from the violent partition of British India in 1947. In addition to the three wars that India and Pakistan fought since the British relinquished colonial occupation, there were many other conflicts that could have ignited full-fledged armed confrontation. One of the core reasons for tension in South Asia is the unresolved Kashmir problem. Pakistan’s possession of nuclear arms has further dented Indian ambition to establish unchallenged regional hegemonic stability. The nuclearization of the subcontinent in the 90’s has benefitted much smaller Pakistan by elevating it to a more potent challenger to the Indian military might. The failure of India to rise above the perennial Indo-Pak confrontation not only has acted against fulfilling its dream of achieving the great power status, but also proven to be a formidable barrier in the creation of favorable environment needed for regional cooperation in order to maintain socio-economic development in the poverty-stricken South Asia. This paper focuses on the root causes of the conflict with chronological history of events.

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Rahman, Mahmudur. "Evaluation of Pakistani Challenge to Indian Hegemonic Ambition: A Look into History." Journal of Research in Philosophy and History 5, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v5n2p1.

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South Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of population and India is the most dominant power among the eight member states that comprise the region, two of which possess nuclear weapons. The region is widely regarded as potential conflict zone because of the historic rivalry between India and Pakistan. As the British exited from the subcontinent, India aspired to inherit the hegemonic pole position of the colonial power as its successor. But refusal of nuclear Pakistan, the second most powerful state in South Asia to surrender to the Indian material superiority resulted in the conflict formation during the last seven decades. The enmity between India and Pakistan commenced from the violent partition of British India in 1947. In addition to the three wars that India and Pakistan fought since the British relinquished colonial occupation, there were many other conflicts that could have ignited full-fledged armed confrontation. One of the core reasons for tension in South Asia is the unresolved Kashmir problem. Pakistan’s possession of nuclear arms has further dented Indian ambition to establish unchallenged regional hegemonic stability. The nuclearization of the subcontinent in the 90’s has benefitted much smaller Pakistan by elevating it to a more potent challenger to the Indian military might. The failure of India to rise above the perennial Indo-Pak confrontation not only has acted against fulfilling its dream of achieving the great power status, but also proven to be a formidable barrier in the creation of favorable environment needed for regional cooperation in order to maintain socio-economic development in the poverty-stricken South Asia. This paper focuses on the root causes of the conflict with chronological history of events.

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Qaddos, Dr Maira. "A Colossal Irony: Exploring The Role Of Media During “Fall Of Dhaka 1971”." Migration Letters 21, S8 (March 14, 2024): 1098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/ml.v21is8.9541.

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December 16, 1971 is remembered as a darkest day in the history of Pakistan because on that day Paksitani troops surrendered to India and met a humiliated defeat resulting in dismemberment of Pakistan into two different states i.e., newly formed Bangladesh leaving only West Pakistan as Pakistan. This war was followed by years of Indo-Pakistan conflicts, political unrests, differences between Bengalis and West Pakistanis on the basis of language and ethnicity. There is a disagreement on who was actually behind that violent conflict between three nations because Pakistan, India and Bangladesh view this event through the lens of their own media and socio-political perspectives. This paper is an attempt to explore the role of media during that tragic period of war, bloodshed, hatred and interplay of many national and international actors in South Asian region to change the whole regional dynamics. For this paper, previous knowledge and literature is synthesized into a new context to develop a logical understanding of the role played by media during 1971 war. After doing a systematic literature review, this paper concludes that media of East Pakistan and West Pakistan was divided into entirely different and poles apart wings. Media essentially played a negative role during that conflict by playing as a puppet in the hands of government. Media did not show the real picture of the issue instead kept on highlighting the negativities and atrocities that gave air to the conflict ultimately resulting in dismemberment of Pakistan.

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Gunawan, Yordan, Desi Nur Cahya Kusuma Putri, Ravenska Marchdiva Sienda, Sigit Rosidi, and Ami Cintia Melinda. "PAKISTAN-INDIA CONFLICT AND THE RIGHT OF SELF-DETERMINATION OF KASHMIR." Diponegoro Law Review 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.6.1.2021.139-156.

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The dispute in Jammu and Kashmir has been tensed by the revocation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution by the Indian government in the end of 2019. The existence of Kashmir has become one of matters as the main focus between India-Pakistan conflicts. People are under diverse senses of de facto and de jure martial law. Estimated from 1990, thereabouts 70,000 people have been killed, 8,000 people have been subjected to enforced disappearances, thousand of them also victims of repressive laws and Indian security forces humiliate the protestors and detainees frequently. The research is normative legal research by using statute approach and case approach through literature review. The research aims to discuss and analyze the implementation of the rights of self-determination pursuant to Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. The results of the study indicate all the disputes should be ended by giving the right to self-determination, which should be given to the people of Kashmir, thus the disputes between the two countries can be resolved properly and making a clarity of Kashmir status.

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Bhat, Sabzar Ahmad. "The Kashmir conflict and human rights." Race & Class 61, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396819850988.

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The Kashmir conflict is one of the most longstanding and intractable − between India and Pakistan ( over Kashmir) and between India and the people of Jammu and Kashmir ( in Kashmir). The dynamic nature of the conflict affects the lives of millions of people, across political, social, economic and cultural spheres. Taking off from the analyses provided in ‘Memory and hope: new perspectives on the Kashmir conflict’ Race & Class 56, no. 2 (2014), the author looks at the massive scale of human rights violations. As he details the toll for 2018, he argues how one should not view the conflict as simply that between India and Pakistan over territory, but as continued and continual violations of the people of Kashmir.

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Jahanzaib, Sardar. "INDO-PAK HYDROPOLITICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DISPUTED JAMMU AND KASHMIR." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i02.199.

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India and Pakistan have been fighting over Kashmir, a contested region that is claimed by both the countries. Competition over waterways and dependence over water assets of Kashmir remains a bone of contention between India and Pakistan. This Research paper discusses the dependence of India and Pakistan over water sources originating from Kashmir. Kashmir, besides emotional attachment also has strategic, economic and political benefits for India and Pakistan. In the twenty first century, traditional concepts of state security have been changed. We have moved from traditional security aspects to non-traditional security aspects. Water is included in one of the non-traditional security aspects. India having all cards in hands is showing its’ hegemonic by choking the loose points of Pakistan. Though Indus Water treaty was signed in 1960’s to resolve the water issues between the two countries, but still we have not found any direct solution that will resolve the water crisis and provide permanent peace in the region. There is no way forward which will provide a win win situation for India, Pakistan and Kashmir in Indus water treaty. The researcher accounted that Indus Water Treaty has proved successful as far as its’ theoretical approach is concerned, but has failed in implementation and practicality. The researcher has used Hourglass model to analyze the Indus Water Treaty and to suggest the way forward that will lead towards a conflict resolution. Mixed methods have been used in the research from secondary sources to analyze water dependence. The research also seeks to analyze Indus water treaty and to explore the prospects for equal division of water resources. The subject matter of the research is Indo-Pak water dependency over water of Kashmir with a focus on how it will contribute towards the socio-economic status of India and Pakistan in the region and also how much dependence on water would affect the regional peace and stability in Kashmir conflict. Keywords: Conflict resolution, Hourglass glass model, Kashmir conflict, India-Pakistan water dependency, Indus water Treaty, Composite Dialogue process.

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Ding, Jianjun, and Sainan Wen. "India-Pakistan Conflict facing the Construction of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor." Asia Social Science Academy 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2021.5.3.7.

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YAŞAR, Mahmut. "Pakistan Talibanı ve Pakistan’ın Ulusal Güvenliğine Etkileri." International Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 26 (September 19, 2022): 188–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.26.12.

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Pakistan has a common history with the Indian Sub-continent, which has a geostrategic location and natural richness and is home to many civilizations, cultures and states. It was founded in 1947 after Britain left the region, but due to the border conflict with India, it faced many problems as conflicts occurred. The invasion of Afghanistan by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Twin Tower attacks on September 11, 2001 are two events that deeply affected Pakistan as well as neighboring Afghanistan. Pakistan had to deal with many problems after these two events, which were the main reason for the ongoing active problems in the region, and went through a period of civil war. The main reason for these conflicts is the foreign fighters who immigrated from Afghanistan and took shelter in the tribes region of Pakistan after the military operation carried out by the USA in Afghanistan, and the Pashtun people hosting these fighters and Pakistan's conflict. As a matter of fact, as a result of this conflict, the Pakistani Taliban was established, and then there was a series of events that affected Pakistan's national security. Keywords: Pakistan, 9/11, Pakistani Taliban, al-Qaeda, USA

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Saragih, Hendra Maujana. "True Agreement Between India and Pakistan Regarding Disputes for The Kashmir Territory." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) 12, no. 03 (March 4, 2024): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v12i03.ps.01.

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Kashmir is an area located around the Himalayas which is located in northern India and Pakistan. Kashmir has been a trigger for conflict between India and Pakistan as both countries claim the Himalayan region. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the Kashmir region, namely the India-Pakistan War in 1947 and the Kargil War in 1999. In 2019 tensions between India and Pakistan flared up again after India revoked the autonomy of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The military leadership of India and Pakistan in February 2021 announced a truce agreement along the disputed border region in Kashmir. This was done after the exchange of fire between the militaries of the two countries in recent months.

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Shamim, Syed Jazib, Misbah Mohammad Nasim, and Tahir Ali. "Indo-Pak conflict in South Asia: dynamics of Kashmir issue and the way forward for peace." Asian Journal of Politicology and Allied Studies (AJPAS) 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.ajpas/2.1.1.

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India and Pakistan have experienced various military conflicts since their inception in 1947. The Kashmir issue is one of the most pertinent causes of conflict between both nations as they have gone to war in 1948, 1965 and 1999 on the issue of Kashmir. This matter was also brought to the United Nations Security Council for resolution. However, India has categorically refused to seek any international mediation over this issue by terming it as an internal issue of India. Both countries officially joined the nuclear club in May 1998, which posed a severe threat to the security of the South Asian region as it enabled them to use the nuclear option in future. After acquiring atomic status, both countries came close to war in 2001 when armies were deployed on forward positions on international borders and in 2019 when Pakistan shot down the Indian Air Force fighter jet in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Since 2019, especially after India revoked Article 370, relations between the two countries have been dismal. The paper contemplates the background of this conflict and the resultant wars between India and Pakistan and presents confidence-building measures for the pursuit of peace-making in South Asia.

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Bhattacharjee, Dhrubajyoti. "India, Pakistan and China." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v1i2.97.

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China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project of OBOR or BRI, has brought China and Pakistan economically and strategically close. As significant part of the corridor develops through the disputed region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK), it has been difficult for India to accept the project as it infringes on its sovereignty. The nature of investment, the controversies associated with the location of the corridor in Pakistan, the opacity of the investments, the conflict in Baluchistan, and the manner in which Pakistani civilian and military administration has become embroiled in the multi-billion-dollar project, has made CPEC more of a challenge to the region, than a corridor of opportunity. The paper will try to assess the nature of the project and the various challenges that it entails. Building upon these notions, the article in the end would attempt to make future predictions for the region.

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Mukhtar, Shabnum. "History of Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir." Shanlax International Journal of Management 8, S1-Feb (February 26, 2021): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/management.v8is1-feb.3774.

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After the independence of India in 1947, it got divided into two territories of India and Pakistan. Kashmir, which was a princely ruled state at that time, was in a state of confusion whether it should accede to India or Pakistan or stay sovereign. Hari Singh, the then Maharaja of Kashmir, felt it better to accede with India than Pakistan and signed the instrument of accession with India. The government of Pakistan resisted this accession as they were keen to add this region to their territory and thus started the Kashmir conflict. India and Pakistan have fought for more than seventy years over Kashmir. Wars over Kashmir resulted in eleven United Nations resolutions and two peace agreements, but the problem of Kashmir remained unsolved. For more than seventy years, India and Pakistan have driven a cycle of violence, retaliation, and exploitation in Kashmir, and this dispute over Kashmir has caused at least forty-seven thousand deaths and made Kashmir one of the most militarized1 regions of the earth and is still a bone of contention between India and Pakistan. Kashmiris have roused many times against oppression, tyranny, and occupation. There are umpteen historical documents of earlier times, where they have challenged numerous rulers for their ugly behavior, right from 1585, at the onset of the Mughal rule.This paper deals with the origin of the Kashmir conflict and historical and political background, and its effect on India and Pakistan.

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Fajria, Rayhana. "Menilai Potensi Perang dibalik Kepemilikan Nuklir India dan Pakistan." Nation State Journal of International Studies 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 180–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24076/nsjis.2018v1i2.131.

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India and Pakistan are two nuclear ownership that flank Kashmir. Claims against Kashmir territory and their history sparked long debate between countries. The conflict became one of the main roots of why India and Pakistan still continue to increase their nuclear power. Conflict continues to heat up creating such an arms race which makes both of them consider the existence of a potential big threat to their sovereignty. In analyzing the issue, this article examine the use of the deterrence theory, where this theory says there are several factors that are important conditions in seeing the possibility of nuclear war. Some of these factors are like; rational state as a condition of the nuclear launch command system, the two countries’ abilities to develop second strike, and the India-Pakistan history of direct involvement in armed conflict.

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Sandip Kumar Mishra. "Prolonged Conflict and Reconciliation between India and Pakistan." International Journal of Korean Unification Studies 28, no. 2 (December 2019): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33728/ijkus.2019.28.2.002.

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Lautemann, Eva. "Sources: Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia." Reference & User Services Quarterly 48, no. 4 (March 1, 2009): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.48n4.403.

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ADHIKARI, SUDEEPTO, and MUKUL KAMLE. "GEOGRAPHICAL BASIS OF CONFLICT BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN." Annals of the National Association of Geographers India 41, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/atnagi.2021.41.01.4.

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Rajagopalan, Rajesh. "Neorealist theory and the India‐Pakistan conflict∗‐I." Strategic Analysis 22, no. 9 (December 1998): 1261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700169808458882.

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Rajagopalan, Rajesh. "Neorealist theory and the India‐Pakistan conflict‐II*." Strategic Analysis 22, no. 10 (January 1999): 1525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700169908458901.

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Sridharan, E. "International Relations Theory and the India–Pakistan Conflict." India Review 4, no. 2 (April 2005): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14736480500225582.

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Anand, Aanchal. "Countering Hidden Risks in the India-Pakistan Conflict." SAIS Review of International Affairs 32, no. 1 (2012): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.2012.0012.

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Nabi, Peer Ghulam, and Muhammad Ammad Khan. "Kashmir Conflict: Tracing the History Suggesting the Solution." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v1i1.280.

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Kashmir, once known for its mesmerizing beauty, peace and tolerance in the world, has now been seen as a bloody conflict zone, since 1989. Over the years, numbers of Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) were taken by India and Pakistan, but all the initiatives fail to bring long-term peace in the region. This paper examines two questions: why Kashmiris chose to go for armed struggle against India and why peace building initiatives lead by India and Pakistan failed to bring long term peace in the region? The study will further try to analyze the interests of the different stakeholders in order to find a peaceful, acceptable, and achievable solution to the conflict region. On the basis of Stakeholder Analysis the paper argues that India and Pakistan need to go beyond existing non-engagement and occasional bilateral policy of negotiation to trilateral negotiation by engaging Kashmiri political leadership to get the win-win, peaceful resolution of the conflict. The absence of Kashmiris in any negotiation process will not bring long lasting solution to the region. JEL Classification Code: R5

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Sachan, Bandana, Neelam Patel, Gaurav Singh, and Nisar ul_Haq. "A Triumph for the Indus Water Treaty: Transboundary Dispute Resolution in 1960." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.016.

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During the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, at the time of independence from Britain, the borders were drawn with little consideration to water resources. After nine years of negotiations, the Indus Water Treaty was finally signed on September 19, 1960, with the cooperation of the World Bank. This article presents important conflicts between India and Pakistan on sharing Indus water including, Wullar barrage, Baglihar dam and Kishenganga projects and their successful resolution. The treaty has withstood the test of time and has been successful in maintaining peace on sharing of Indus water between not so friendly nations India and Pakistan. The disagreement has been successfully contained by the Treaty’s built-in mechanisms for conflict settlement at several levels, including the Permanent Indus Commissioner, Joint Secretaries, neutral expert, International Court of Arbitration, and UN.

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Saifur Rauf, Komang Febrinayanti Dantes, Si Ngurah Ardhya, and Muhamad Jodi Setianto. "IMPLEMENTASI HUKUM INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP PERSENGKETAAN WILAYAH KASHMIR ANTARA INDIA-PAKISTAN." Ganesha Law Review 4, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/glr.v4i2.1426.

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This study aims to determine the view of international law on the dispute over the Kashmir region between India and Pakistan as a form of conflict resolution efforts. The legal research used is normative legal research or what is commonly referred to as library research with the acquisition of secondary data sourced from the internet. The results show that the status of the Kashmir region under international law is being contested because both India and Pakistan declare Kashmir as their territory. The dispute over the Kashmir region arises because of the conflict of political interest between the two countries and the unilaterally declared power of India and Pakistan. Pakistan also states that the Muslim majority, including religious factors, is an integral part of Pakistan, and India also claims that there is a Hindu community in Kashmir integrated with India. Furthermore, in order to resolve the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan, it must be carried out through bilateral relations between the two countries. The United Nations can grant rights to India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region according to their territorial location, so that there is no longer any reason for the two countries to fight over each other's territory. And countries that do not follow the decision could face severe penalties set by the United Nations.

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Levin-Banchik, Luba. "Conflict change and persistence: the India-Pakistan and Arab-Israeli conflicts compared." Journal of Contemporary European Studies 28, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1736384.

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Liaqat, Yushfa. "Siachin Dilemma: Strategic Importance and the way forward for India and Pakistan." Global Pakistan Studies Research Review I, no. I (December 30, 2018): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpsrr.2018(i-i).05.

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The aim of this paper is to study the significance of the issue entailing military presence of India and Pakistan with a view to offer way forward to avert similar future conflicts between the two nuclear states. Ranked amongst the top five largest glaciers in the Eastern Karakorum Range of Himalayas, Siachin is situated at the average altitude of 18000 feet above the sea level. Spread over more than 700 kms, bed of the glacier is point NJ 9842. Siachin, being the highest battleground of the world, continues to be the bone of contention between Pakistan and India since 1984 which has cost immense loss men and material to the two neighboring states as a result of unfinished partition plan 1947. In the backdrop this paper focuses the history of conflict, the paper endeavors to analyze the environmental challenges and offer recommendations to resolve the long standing military conflict.

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Rizwan Zeb. "Revisiting the Role of Nuclear Weapons in India-Pakistan Conflict: A Case Study of the Kargil Conflict." Strategic Studies 41, no. 1 (May 9, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.041.01.0059.

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The Kargil conflict is categorised as a “staircase nuclear conflict.” According to the literature, in such conflicts, the incentives for the first use of nuclear weapons are present. The Kargil conflict, along with the Cuban Missile Crisis between the US and the USSR and the 1969 Sino-Soviet border clash, are taken as the only incidents when two nuclear states fought each other since the advent of nuclear weapons. Contrary to the generally held belief, this paper argues that Kargil was not a nuclear conflict. This paper will raise some questions about the categorisation of Kargil as a nuclear conflict. Prime amongst them: what was the level of readiness and operationalisation of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons at the time of the Kargil operation? The paper argues that Kargil occurred too soon after the nuclearisation of India and Pakistan and that because it occurred one-year post-Indo-Pakistan nuclear tests should not elevate it to be a nuclear conflict. The paper further argues that there is a need for more rigorous analysis to work out criteria for how, when and why a conflict should be categorised and analysed as a nuclear conflict.

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Journal articles on the topic 'India-Pakistan Conflict'

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