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1
Sophia, Arambam. "WOMEN AND PLANNING IN INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 1275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11785.
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Women who comprise half of humanity play a major role in the development of a society yet basic gender based disadvantages prevail all over the world. Hence it is important to make special efforts to empower women, especially through the planning process. Gender Planning frameworks have been implemented in the rest of the world. The objective of gender planning is achievement of gender equity, equality and empowerment through practical and strategic gender needs. Given the importance of women as ends and not just means in the process of development, the paper seeks to find how womens needs have been incorporated in Indian Planning. Indias planning commission was the institution which made five year Plans for India till the 12th Five year plan (2012-2017). It has since been dissolved with NITI Aayog replacing it.The approach towards women in India, in planning remain Gender Aware Planning and not Gender Planning.
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KUDAISYA, MEDHA. "‘A Mighty Adventure’: Institutionalising the Idea of Planning in Post-colonial India, 1947–60." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 4 (July 2009): 939–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07003460.
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AbstractThis essay examines the Indias' political leadership's romantic engagement with the idea of developmental planning in post-colonial India between 1947 and 1960. It looks at the experience of planning in India between 1947 and 1960. It explores some of the early ideas about developmental planning and the setting up of the Planning Commission in March 1950. Although there was widespread acceptance of the need for planning there was little consensus on the kind of planning that was required, or how it should be carried out. This essay examines attempts, which were made to institutionalise the planning idea. It looks at the heady ascent of the Planning Commission as the pre-eminent economic decision-making body in Independent India and the debates and contentions that took place in the early years of its formation. It argues that the 1956 foreign exchange crisis marked a climactic moment for planning. Thereafter, as far as economic decision-making was concerned, the locus of power shifted from the Planning Commission to other governmental agencies and the developmental planning process itself came to be over-shadowed by pragmatic economic management pursued by official agencies. Thus, in overall terms, developmental planning failed to establish strong institutional foundations in independent India and, in all this, the experience of the 1950s was formative.
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JEFFERY, ROGER. "Health planning in India 1951–84: the role of the Planning Commission." Health Policy and Planning 1, no. 2 (1986): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/1.2.127.
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KUDAISYA, MEDHA. "Developmental Planning in ‘Retreat’: Ideas, instruments, and contestations of planning in India, 1967–1971." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 3 (December 10, 2014): 711–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000644.
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AbstractThis article concerns the history of economic planning in India in the late 1960s, when a vigorous debate took place on the institutions, instruments, and ‘personnel’ of developmental planning. Examining the years from 1967 to 1971, this article shows how dramatic attempts were made by warring politicians with the help of technocrats to decentralize economic planning, grant states more fiscal autonomy, and drastically reduce the powers of the Planning Commission. This article examines how these critical economic initiatives unfolded but were ultimately overshadowed by political power struggles in which the planning process and the Planning Commission became important tools in attempts for centralization.
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Mitra, Sona. "Planning and Budgeting for Women’s Empowerment in India: A Historical Process." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 4, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632719832210.
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This article is an overview of the Indian planning exercise from the lens of women. It provides a historical examination of the overall plan process in India, beginning from the First Five Year Plan and how it journeyed through the several plans to finally integrate with the women’s question in India and connect with the larger women’s movement. The article traces the emergence of gender responsive budgeting as part of the process financing the development of women. It argues that while the Planning Commission has been abolished, yet the historical significance of planning for women still remains and the experiences can be used to adopt a more inclusive process of gender responsive budgeting, rather than having a narrow and targeted approach to financing for women’s needs.
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Reddy, Y. V. "New Approaches to Fiscal Federalism in India." Review of Development and Change 24, no. 2 (December 2019): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266119884360.
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Fiscal federalism in India has been impacted considerably by recent events, in particular, the implementation of the award of the 14th Finance Commission (FC), the implementation of Goods and Services Tax, the replacement of the Planning Commission with the NITI Aayog and the terms of reference of the 15th FC. This article examines the issues unfolding from the developments, analyses the new approaches suggested by economists and policymakers and proposes a way forward that synthesises the approaches, while taking account of the lessons of experience. I argue that FC being the bedrock of fiscal federalism in India, it is necessary to strengthen the hands of FC to give an award that is fair and acceptable to the union and states.
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Arora, Ikshula. "Election Commission of India: Institutionalising Democratic Uncertainties." Asian Affairs 52, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2021.1874752.
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Williams, Rebecca Jane. "Storming the Citadels of Poverty: Family Planning under the Emergency in India, 1975–1977." Journal of Asian Studies 73, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813002350.
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This article examines family planning during the Emergency in India, drawing upon the archive of the Shah Commission of Inquiry. It aims, primarily, to understand why family planning became such an important point of state intervention during the Emergency, when millions were sterilized. I argue that family planning was intended as a technocratic fix for the problem of poverty and that, although the family planning program existed before the Emergency, it received a fillip through Indira Gandhi's Emergency-era push for poverty eradication thanks to the established position of population control as a prerequisite for economic development. Secondly, it aims to understand how the Emergency and sterilization have become conflated in popular memory, such that the driving forces of poverty eradication and economic development have dropped out of the story altogether. The link between poverty eradication and population control has been forgotten, and a narrative of arbitrary family planning “excess” endured.
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Zawahri, Neda A. "India, Pakistan and cooperation along the Indus River system." Water Policy 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.010.
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Despite receiving accolades for being the example of cooperation, India and Pakistan's peaceful management of their Indus River system remains largely unexamined. Scholars that do consider this case classify it as passive cooperation. To support their classification, they point to the Indus Waters Treaty's allocation of the river system between India and Pakistan and suggest that it severed the interdependent relationship and need to cooperate. Consequently, this paper seeks to demonstrate that India and Pakistan remain interdependent in managing their Indus River system and for over 40 years, they have sustained active cooperation. To account for the maintenance of this cooperation the paper argues that it is necessary to consider the design of the Permanent Indus Commission, an institution established to manage the Indus River. The ability of Indian and Pakistani commissioners to communicate directly and hold regular meetings permitted them to perform the necessary standard and operating procedures for the functioning of the institution. The commission's ability to monitor development of the river system has enabled it to ease member states’ fear of cheating and confirm the accuracy of all exchanged data. Finally, its conflict resolution mechanisms have permitted it to negotiate settlements to disputes as they arise.
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Shtatina, Marina. "Administrative Reforms in India." Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS 14, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 166–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35427/2073-4522-2019-14-1-shtatina.
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Unlike other developing countries, India abandoned the concept of catching-up development, and all its administrative reforms supported the ideology of Indian identity by introducing the most promising scientific achievements in the field of public administration. We identify three stages of administrative reforming in India: 1) the stage of formation of the national public administration; 2) the stage of the state interventional development of the public administration; 3) the stage of liberalization and informatization of the public administration. Since India had received independence, the new state used of the achievements of the colonial civil service and maintained institutions guaranteeing the unity of the state. The Indian government has succeeded in establishing a "living democracy" as the inherent part of Indian culture which supports the traditions of pluralism and is based on the application of rule by consensus and accommodation. Established in 1966, the First Administrative Reforms Commission ensured the leading role of the state in economic development. It improved the organizational foundations of public administration, including the mechanisms of socio-economic planning. The Commission’s reports prepared the base for constitutional recognition of India as a socialist republic. The most important instrument of the Union public administration was the licensing system, which extended to all spheres of economic activity and spawned the creation of numerous inspections with broad jurisdictional powers. The economic crisis and the inability of the Union to solve the social problems by interventionist methods — these were the reasons of the liberal reforms of the 1990s — 2000s. The rejection of the license system, the transition to the methods of soft administrative and legal regulation, the empowerment of decentralized bodies have changed the main areas of activity of the Indian public administration. The National Institute for Transforming India has provided the solutions to the problems in 80 areas of the country’s socio-economic development, acting through the mediation of all stakeholders — central, state and local government officials, public organizations and citizens. Liberal reforms are also aimed at democratizing governance and forming a citizen-oriented administration. They are focused on the implementation of innovative e-technologies in business and public administration.
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Sinha, Subir. "Lineages of the Developmentalist State: Transnationality and Village India, 1900–1965." Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 1 (January 2008): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417508000054.
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On 2 October 1952, marking Gandhi's fourth birth anniversary after his assassination in 1948, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of postcolonial India, launched the Community Development (CD) Programs. Dedicating the programs to Gandhi's memory allowed Nehru to claim symbolic legitimacy for them. At the same time, this centerpiece of Nehruvian policy in the Indian countryside was heavily interventionist, billed as “the method ... through which the [state] seeks to bring about social and economic transformation in India's villages” (Government of India 1952). In its heyday, CD preoccupied the Planning Commission, was linked to the office of the Prime Minister, had a ministry dedicated to it, and formed part of the domain of action of the rapidly proliferating state and other development agencies. Fifteen pilot projects, each covering 300 villages, were launched in all the major states. Planning documents of the day register high enthusiasm and optimism for these programs. However, by the mid-1960s, barely a decade after the fanfare of its launch, the tone of planners toward CD turned first despairing and then oppositional. They called for abandonment of its ambitious aim of the total development of Indian villages in favor of more focused interventions to achieve a rapid increase in food-grain production.
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SarDesai, D. R., and Ramesh Thakur. "Peacekeeping in Vietnam. Canada, India, Poland, and the International Commission." Pacific Affairs 58, no. 2 (1985): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758309.
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Singh, Kanwal D. P. "Inclusive Growth and Poverty Reduction: A Case Study of India." Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, no. 4 (November 22, 2017): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117726822.
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The article surveys the reduction in poverty in India after Independence. It looks into the idea of development through inclusiveness of all sections of society. Important elements of inclusiveness and causes for low inclusive growth in India are explained. The methodologies adopted by Planning Commission of India to estimate poverty have been analysed. Important committees formed for poverty estimation in India are discussed. The controversies in India over the calculation of a poverty line are discussed and shown in tables and in diagrams. It also discusses the regional disparities in poverty reduction and alleviation of poverty among various castes and groups. The article goes on to discuss the XIth and the XIIth Five-Year Plans and the state action towards alleviation of poverty and promotion of inclusive growth.
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Khanolkar, Prasad. "Yahaan Phaltu Bethna Sakht Mana Hai1: Idling, Storytelling and Planning." Urbanisation 3, no. 2 (November 2018): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455747118816560.
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Taking its cue from the anti- and post-work writings of Georges Bataille and Kathi Weeks, this article explores the relationship among idling, storytelling and planning in a slum settlement in Mumbai, India, with the aim of reimagining cities and planning praxis beyond ‘the logic of work’. It does so in two ways: first, it explores Walter Benjamin’s writings on mimesis and storytelling. Second, it moves through a detailed ethnographic study of storytelling practices in three spaces in the slum settlement—a balwadi, a Human Rights Commission office and a teahouse. The broader aim of the article is to highlight how the paradoxical activities of idling and storytelling can provide clues for reimagining cities and planning praxis beyond the logic of work.
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Singh, Ajay Kumar, Ashutosh Gautam, and Nihalanwar Siddiqui. "Aspects of environment, health and safety at construction." Environment Conservation Journal 14, no. 1&2 (June 16, 2013): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2013.141218.
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The largest segment of workforce in the country belongs to the unorganized sector. The Planning Commission set up a working Group which identified seven sectors namely- agriculture, construction, shops and establishments , beedi and cigar manufacturing , homework, eating places and waste management, as most common in un-organized sector out of which the construction sector is most important. Present paper is an attempt to evaluate the Environmental and Safety aspects of construction sites in India.
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Zodpey, Sanjay, Anjali Sharma, Quazi Syed Zahiruddin, Abhay Gaidhane, and Sunanda Shrikhande. "Allopathic Doctors in India." Journal of Health Management 20, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063418763651.
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India is a country of 1.32 billion. The World Health Organization recommends, one doctor to serve 1,000 people, across all levels of care. This implies, we need a total of 1.2 million doctors to serve our population. India plans to establish 200 new medical colleges in the next 10 years to meet a projected shortage of 600,000 doctors. However, the information available on allopathic doctors have largely been fragmented and unreliable. A comprehensive search was undertaken to find out the estimates, norms and projections for allopathic doctors provided by the various health committees and experts in India. The Bhore, Sokhey & Mudaliar Committees, Five-year Planning Commission Reports, MCI Vision 2015 document and High-Level Expert Group (HLEG) report on Universal Health Coverage in have yielded estimates, norms and projections for allopathic doctors. The targeted doctor population ratio of 1:1000 could be achieved by 2027 as per HLEG and by 2031 as per MCI Vision 2015. This study emphasizes the estimates and norms of doctors as reported by the Government and allied agencies need strengthening for comprehensiveness and reliability to report information on the allopathic doctors. An important recommendation for the state professional councils is to maintain a live register of health workers.
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Bhushan, Sudhanshu, and A. Mathew. "Quality and Excellence in Higher Education and Metamorphosis: Changing Notions in Educational Discourses in India." Higher Education for the Future 6, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347631118802648.
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As seen through the recommendations of University Education Commission (1949) and Education Commission (1964), till about National Policy on Education, 1986, as markers of educational discourses, the concern was to resist expansion, to guard against dilution of quality and standards of higher education and excellence and reputation of higher education institutions. Through 1980s, especially, during the post-1991 reform phase, the benchmarks in educational discourses shifted to survival in sub-optimal resources/facilities conditions in the context of progressive state retreat in funding higher education (HE). The private sector engagement in HE was hotly debated for and against in the discourses through the 1990s and after 2000; the concern was not just about the desirability, in the national bid for expansion and massification of HE, but about its regulation with respect to quality and standards. The Narayanamurthy Committee (Planning Commission, 2012) recommendations regarding corporate sector participation in HE turned out to be both a culmination of earlier trend and a forerunner of private sector’s domination in HE, with the cost burden shifting on to students, despite some strong advocacy in defence of public HE system, by Yashpal Committee (Department of Higher Education, 2009). The reality in the discourses of HE in India has been the drastic shifts of concerns for aspects and parameters of quality and standards of HE and HEIs to many emerging compulsions through the decades.
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Tharakan, P. K. Michael. "From Kothari Commission Report to Some Inputs for Draft National Education Policy 2016." Higher Education for the Future 4, no. 2 (July 2017): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347631117706274.
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The Subramanian Committee Report 2016 and the Some Inputs for Draft National Education Policy 2016 (SIDNEP 2016) are compared with its predecessors, the Kothari Commission Report 1964–1966 and the National Education Policy 1986 along with its Programme for Action 1986 and the revised Programme for Action 1992, to see how well its proposals are contextualized within the socio-economic developments in present Indian society. The review of the Kothari commission Report found that it anchored itself very much in the aspirations of the people of India in building a strong and prosperous nation through the means of long-term planning. It nurtured the hope of parents seeking education for their children with particular regard for creating job opportunities and in preparing graduates to have the necessary qualifications for such jobs. It has to be admitted that in stating their objectives in such terms, the Kothari Commission also let the instrumentalist educational aims to have preference over equally important intrinsic values. Similarly, the NEP 1986 and its Programme of Actions (POAs) suggested streamlining educational expansion in general under central agencies. As a result, its overall effect was in favour of high centralization. The 2016 educational policy documents do pay tribute to the laudable objectives stated by their predecessors, without critically going into the causes of how such objectives got derailed. Even when they address existing issues like that of a fast-changing knowledge economy, they do not offer any critical assessment. Instead they imply that it is a given component and Indian education, has to give in and try to operate inside the knowledge economy as best as possible. With such a passive attitude accepted by the 2016 education policy statements, their recommendations read as disjointed list of limited educational objectives.
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Kaur, Harleen, and Suresh Kumar Rathi. "National Health Policies in Practice: An Explorative Analysis for India." Journal of Health Management 21, no. 3 (September 2019): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063419868554.
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The health ministry of India has released three National Health Policies (NHPs) since independence. These are guiding documents for the government for their health-related expenditure. Till 2017, India allocated central resources through five-year plans (FYPs) formed by the Planning Commission. Thereafter, the newly formed National Institution of Transforming India or the National Institute for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog released its first 3-year action agenda for different sectors. We study the translation of these policies in practice, by comparing policy recommendations with the FYPs. This article also compares the recommendation of the NHP, 2017 with the first 3-year agenda of the NITI Aayog. This explorative analysis also studies the cohesion between the three policies. Hence, it helps to identify five key issues in translating these policies to practise for and provides suggestions. Our study indicates that the NHPs in India need to be released frequently while incorporating tools of accountability, need to generate evidence on which policy decisions can be made, need to be inter-sectoral, but coordinated within different agencies of the government and need to have cohesion with budgetary allocations for allowing a better analysis.
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Kumar, Sharat. "Central Public Sector Enterprises in India: A Case of Policy and Perception Conundrum." Indian Journal of Public Administration 67, no. 2 (June 2021): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00195561211025958.
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The fact that there is a direct relationship between higher investment and higher economic growth is accepted by all. Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs), in this respect, have been vehicles of large-scale investment in the country. A good many of these enterprises are listed on the stock exchanges. Their market capitalisation, however, recorded a significant fall in recent months despite these companies showing good performance on their ‘profit and loss’ accounts. The recent government pronouncements regarding CPSEs are observed to have adversely impacted the market sentiments and consequently their market capitalisation. The article argues that a White Paper on implementation of pending reforms as recommended by the Panel of Experts on Reforms in CPSEs, set up by the Planning Commission earlier, would go a long way in reversing the current trend of fall in market capitalisation of these enterprises.
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Amjad, Rashid. "Shankar Acharya and Rakesh Mohan (eds.) India’s Economy—Performance and Challenges: Essays in Honour of Montek Singh Ahluwalia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010. xv+465 pages." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i2pp.153-158.
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This volume comprises a compilation of essays written by distinguished Indian economists, and international economists and observers on India, in honour of Montek Singh Ahluwalia, an eminent economist and currently Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, widely recognised as one of the main architects and drivers of the economic reform process. In a very well-written Introduction to this festschrift, capturing the essence of the contributions to the volume and weaving them into an excellent overview, Shankar Acharya and Rakesh Mohan state, “Indeed the story of India’s economic policies over the past three decades could easily be woven around Montek’s career as the pre-eminent government economist through most of this time”. This role is earlier acknowledged in the foreword to the volume by the current Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, the initiator of the overall reform process as Finance Minister from 1991-96, when Montek (as he is popularly known) worked under him in important positions. This recognition also finds strong support amongst the authors, who were close associates of Montek in policy-making, as they recount the role he played in both shaping and driving the economic policy reform agenda. How a small but well-knit team of economists, most of whom had earlier worked in the World Bank or the IMF, could actually achieve this in a country as large and complex as India would baffle any observer. While the book provides no explicit answer, the reform process appears to have initially found favour in response to the economic crisis in 1991. The process then gained momentum as the reforms showed measurable success, and this helped win over the trust and confidence of the political ruling élite.
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BHAGAVAN, MANU. "A New Hope: India, the United Nations and the Making of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 2 (June 13, 2008): 311–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x08003600.
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AbstractThis paper explores India's role in the development and design of the United Nations (UN), refracted through the Commission that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Through an analysis of sovereignty, citizenship, nationality and human rights from the 1940s to 1956, the paper discusses what India hoped the UN to be, and more generally what they intended for the new world order and for themselves. The paper challenges existing interpretations of international affairs in this period. It seeks to reform our understanding of Jawaharlal Nehru's intellectual vision, and in the process attempts to recast the very concept of post-coloniality.
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Sasikala, V., and G. Venkatesan. "Time Variant Multi Feature Census Analysis for Efficient Prediction of Migration Risks in Agriculture." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 5323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9424.
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The changing dynamics of life and other activities has encouraged the human society to move or migrate between regions of any country. The population in different region and state of India gets increasing and it is necessary for the planning commission to monitor the migrations incur in every year. Number of approaches available for the prediction and analysis of migrations to perform several decision making but suffer to achieve higher performance. In this paper, an efficient time variant multi feature census analysis algorithm is presented. The method keeps track of migrations made in every time stamp. The reasons and purpose of migration also being recorded every year like study, business, work, marriage and others. Using these features the method performs analysis on the ratio of migration in different aspects and predicts the ratio of migration. The result of analysis would be used to perform several planning activities by the government. The method introduces higher performance in migration prediction.
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Malik, Manzoor Hassan, and Nirmala Velan. "An analysis of IT software and service exports from India." International Trade, Politics and Development 4, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itpd-12-2019-0012.
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PurposeThe aims of the paper are to investigate IT software and service export function for India. First, cointegration tests have been used to investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship of the given variables. Second, long-run coefficients and associated error correction mechanism are estimated.Design/methodology/approachAnnual time series data on IT software and service exports, human capital, exchange rate, investment in IT, external demand and openness index have been used for the present study during the period 1980–2017. The data are collected from the National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM), Planning Commission of India, University Grants Commission (UGC) of India, real effective exchange rate (REER) database and World Bank development indicators. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used to analyze both short-run and long-run dynamic behaviour of economic variables with appropriate asymptotic inferences.FindingsResults of the analysis show the stable long-run equilibrium relationship among the given variables. It is found that external demand, exchange rate, human capital and openness index have a substantial long-run impact on the IT software and service exports. We also found that the coefficient of error correction term is negative and significant at 1% of the level of significance, which confirms the existence of stable long-run relationship which means adjustment will take place when there is a short-run deviation to its long-run equilibrium after a shock.Research limitations/implicationsThere may be other determinants of software and service exports apart from those considered by the present study. Due to the non-availability of data, the study considers only important determinants that determine the software and service exports in India. The IT exports are an emerging and dynamic field of economic activity and the rate of change is so rapid that the relevance of individual factors may change over time. The study period is also limited to available data.Practical implicationsThe paper has implications for achieving sustainability in IT software and service exports growth. It is recommended that policies directed at improving the performance of IT software and service exports should largely consider the long-run behaviour of these variables.Originality/valueThis paper focuses on originality in the analysis of the relationship among the given variables including IT software and service exports, human capital, exchange rate, investment in IT, external demand and openness index in India. All the work has been done in original by the authors, and the work used has been acknowledged properly.
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Malik, Manzoor Hassan, and Nirmala Velan. "Software and services export, IT investment and GDP nexus in India." International Trade, Politics and Development 3, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itpd-05-2019-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate both long-run and short-run dynamics among the software and services export, investment in information technology (IT) and GDP in India and to investigate the direction of the relationship among the given three macro-economic variables. Design/methodology/approach The time series data have been taken to investigate the long-run relationship exists among the variables. Annual data were collected from the NASSCOM Annual Reports, Planning Commission of India and Reserve Bank of India during the period 1980–2016. Cointegration and vector error correction model have been used for analyzing the causal relationship among investment in IT, software exports and GDP in India. Findings Cointegration results confirm that software and services export, investment in IT and GDP are cointegrated, implying that there exists the long-run equilibrium relationship among the given three macro-economic variables. Similarly, vector error correction mechanism Granger causality results hold that there is uni-directional long-run causality running from software and services export and investment in IT to GDP, implying that software and services export is an important determinant of economic growth in India. Research limitations/implications The limitations of the paper are generalization of the results and proxy variable for IT investments. Practical implications The paper has implications for the expansion of market concentration, diversification of software and service exports, and investments in R&D for increasing competitiveness of the industry in the global market. Originality/value This paper focuses on originality in the analysis of the relationship among the given variables software exports, investment in the IT sector and GDP in India. All the work has been done in original by the authors and the work used have been acknowledged properly.
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Morgan, Ruth A. "Health, Hearth and Empire: Climate, Race and Reproduction in British India and Western Australia." Environment and History 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734021x16076828553511.
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In the wake of the Indian Uprising in 1857, British sanitary campaigner and statistician Florence Nightingale renewed her efforts to reform Britain's military forces at home and in India. With the Uprising following so soon after the Crimean War (1854-56), where poor sanitary conditions had also taken an enormous toll, in 1859 Nightingale pressed the British Parliament to establish a Royal Commission on the Sanitary State of the Army in India, which delivered its report in 1863. Western Australia was the only colony to present its case before the Commissioners as an ideal location for a foreign sanatorium, with glowing assessments offered by colonial elites and military physicians. In the meantime, Nightingale had also commenced an investigation into the health of Indigenous children across the British Empire. Nearly 150 schools responded to her survey from Ceylon, Natal, West Africa, Canada and Australia. The latter's returns came from just three schools in Western Australia: New Norcia, Annesfield in Albany and the Sisters of Mercy in Perth, which together yielded the highest death rate of the respondents. Although Nightingale herself saw these inquiries as separate, their juxtaposition invites closer analysis of the ways in which metropolitan elites envisioned particular racial futures for Anglo and indigenous populations of empire, and sought to steer them accordingly. The reports reflect prevailing expectations and anxieties about the social and biological reproduction of white society in the colonies, and the concomitant decline of Indigenous peoples. Read together, these two inquiries reveal the complex ways in which colonial matters of reproduction and dispossession, displacement and replacement, were mutually constituting concerns of empire. In this article I situate the efforts to attract white women and their wombs to the temperate colony of Western Australia from British India in the context of contemporary concerns about Anglo and Aboriginal mortality. In doing so, I reflect on the intersections of gender, race, medicine and environment in the imaginaries of empire in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Manjrekar, V. D. "Indian Coal Exploration Scenario." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 11, no. 2 (April 1993): 88–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879301100202.
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The Indian Coal Mining Industry, which now ranks 5th in the world, was started in 1975. After initial sporadic efforts the thrust for coal exploration was given only after independence. The real impetus to the exploration was received after industrialisation of the coal industry in 1971–72 and 1973–74. The National Policy of coal exploration is well defined and is subjected to national level co-ordination by the Planning Commission of the country. For the purpose of exploration, coalfields have been divided into types which consider basinal area of coalfields and category-based on coverage by exploration of potential coal bearing areas. About seventy four coalfields are covered under various exploration systems. India has a three tier system of coal exploration viz. regional, detailed and production support exploration. Most modern techniques are being employed for coal exploration including remote-sensing, HRSS, well logging, geo-engineering investigations, physico-chemical and physico-mechanical studies, hydrogeological investigations and computer applications. The National Coal Inventory placed the reserves of the nation at about 196 billion tonnes which could be augmented by further exploration to about 239 billion tonnes. To this about, 620 billion tonnes of futuristic resources could also be added in the distant future.
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Abraham, Joseph. "Abject Poverty and Multiple Deprivations in Rural India Based on SECC 2011 in Comparison with NSSO and NFHS: Summary Findings Analyzed." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v6.n1.p10.
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<em>This paper analyzes latest findings from the recently completed Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011(SECC2011), by focusing on rural abject poverty and multi-dimensionality of it by the pre-set seven deprivation parameters across rural India .As per schema of SECC2011 for analyzing the various facets of multi-dimensional poverty, firstly one set of households will be excluded on the basis of 13 automatic exclusion parameters, and subsequently another set of households will be automatically included on the basis of five parameters and finally the remaining set would be subjected to verifications by seven deprivations. Thereby, the SECC 2011 had set in motion an effort to capture some specifics of multidimensional poverty as desired by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) in the Government of India. It is surmised here that the union of automatically included and deprived households will provide a base line of the number of poor through a multi-dimensional mode. The intersection of automatically included households with the seven deprivations variables will also identify the socio economic characteristics of the abjectly poor. Besides presenting the above analysis of SECC data, an attempt is made to compare these findings with those based on the unidimensional National Sample Survey (NSSO) poverty ratios ( by S.Tendulker 2009, C Rangarajan 2012) and multi-dimensional (R. Radhakrishna et al 2010) NFHS data based studies. A separate set of multi-dimensional poverty numbers were arrived at in the past for three Five Year Plans (1992-97, 1997- 02, 2002-07) through the Below Poverty Line (BPL) Censuses that were under taken by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) to identify the poor households through the State/UT Governments. These later estimates of poor households were never permitted to exceed the official poverty ratio worked out by the Planning Commission for respective State/UT governments. The concepts used to arrive at these poor households will be briefly reviewed here as a prelude to explaining the modes operandi of identifying multi dimensional poverty via SECC 2011. A committee was set in up in February 2013 under the Chairmanship of Abhijit Sen , then Planning Commission Member, to examine the SECC indicators for data analysis, to recommend appropriate methodologies for determining classes of beneficiaries for different rural development programmes. Some of the recommendations of the committee would also be put to scrutiny. </em>
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Muneeswaran, P., and C. Sundarapandian. "A STUDY ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF MGNREGA HOUSEHOLDS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 6 (July 9, 2021): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i6.2021.4044.
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The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005 is one of the foremost social security in India. It guarantees minimum wage, reduces poverty and checks large scale migration in rural India. It has reduced rural hunger. After implementation of MGNREGA, the Planning Commission estimated that the poverty among Scheduled Castes () in rural areas fell 22 percentage points- from 53.5 per cent in 2004-05 to 31.5 per cent in 2011-12. For that reason, the study focuses on income distribution and the conditions of MGNREGA workers and their households in district of Tamil state. The sample size of this research work is 345 MGNREGA Scheduled Castes () workers. The study found that there is a significant level of association existing between the annual income of MGNREGA workers/households and their conditions, such as the participants’ gender, age, community and occupation, type of family, size of family, number of employees and migrant workers of the family in the study area.At the same time this study found that there is no significant level association existing between annual income and conditions such as education, type of houses, and marital status. Hence, the MGNREGA is one of themajor factors in determining the income level and also the conditions of the of scheduled castes workers in the study area.
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Behera, Suchitra, and Samir Ranjan Behera. "District-wise Comparative Study of Banking Penetration and Financial Inclusion in Odisha." Emerging Economy Studies 4, no. 2 (October 14, 2018): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394901518795049.
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This article attempts to analyze the economic growth in the districts of Odisha by compiling an index for financial inclusion which included various dimensions of financial inclusion and resulted in a number between 0 and 1, where 0 is the worst condition of a district and 1 gives complete financial inclusion. The indicators used here are banking penetration, availability of banking services and usage of banking system. The study shows that Khurda district leads with the highest value, followed by Ganjam and Cuttack districts. The results were in accordance with the Planning Commission, Government of India, in defining underdeveloped districts. Some empirical findings were also conducted to examine the dynamic relationship between the financial inclusion indicators such as credit flows to the districts of Odisha, deposits in the banking sector and presence of bank branches per 1,000 sq km, and growth indicators like gross domestic product (GDP) in the case of districts of Odisha.
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Rengarajan, V., and K. Sivasubramaniyan. "THEORIES OF CHANGE IN THE PROCESS OF RURAL TRANSFORMATION: A REFINED WAY FORWARD." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.727.
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Theory of change has been a useful evaluation tool for social science research. The interest in its use has been notable in recent years amongst international aid organisations and public authorities who make huge investment in social oriented intervention with more focus on the challenges related to gender empowerment and poverty cure in rural area. Logically, the achievement of intended change (impact) matters. In this context, the emerging question is: 'How are we getting a candid profile of change after the project implementation? The sources of data for analysis are taken from evaluation reports of Programme Evaluation Organisation, Planning Commission, Government of India.
Among the convolutions, found in the theory of change the important one is that the monitoring system does not extend beyond output level in the causal path revealing only impaired impact confining to the physical achievement vs target. This apart, there is no process monitoring of implementation and mid-course corrections. The paper suggests a slew of critical constituents for the refined theory of change which include: (a) process monitoring; (b) result based monitoring and evaluation (c) transparent outcome and the impact; and (d) human behaviour.
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Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. "Failure of education policies in West Bengal, since 1951: An analysis." Studies in People's History 4, no. 2 (October 10, 2017): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448917725859.
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West Bengal, in 1951, was ranked second in the country, with a literacy level of 24.0 per cent, though far behind Kerala with a literacy level of 47.18 per cent. From the very beginning there was an elitist bias in educational planning, so that primary education was badly neglected, and so subsequently West Bengal began to slide in relation to states like Kerala, Maharashtra, Mizoram or Goa. Unfortunately, the elitist bias also persisted during the Left Front rule. As a result, by the time of Census 2011, the literacy level of West Bengal had slid down so far that it was barely above the national average. At the same time, the small state of Tripura, also ruled by a Left Front government, coming up from far behind had caught up with and then had overtaken West Bengal, and was only a little behind Kerala, the most literate state in India. Although this article is supposed to be an account of the state of education in West Bengal since independence it concentrates essentially on the primary school sector, because that is the foundation of all further education. It refers to the Bhabatosh Datta Commission on higher education whose recommendations still remain valid and unfortunately unimplemented.
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Limbu, Yam B., C. Jayachandran, Christopher McKinley, and Jeonghwan Choi. "Exploring how structural and cognitive social capital influence preventive health behavior." Health Education 118, no. 5 (August 6, 2018): 370–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-09-2017-0045.
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Purpose People living on poverty-level incomes in developing nations face unique health challenges as compared to those in developed nations. New insights emerge from a bottom of the pyramid context (India) where culture-based health notions, preventive orientation and health resources differ from developed western health orientations and resources. The purpose of this paper is to explore how structural and cognitive social capital indirectly influence preventive health behavior (PHB) through perceived health value. Design/methodology/approach The participants for this study include rural people from Tamil Nadu, a state of India who are classified as those living below poverty level based on a per capita/per day consumption expenditure of Rupees 22.50 (an equivalent of US$0.40 a per capita/per day) (Planning Commission, Government of India, 2012). The study included a total number of 635 participants (312 males and 323 females). Relatively a high response rate (79 percent) was achieved through personal contacts and telephone solicitation, cash incentive and multiple follow-ups. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing structural and cognitive social capital, preventative health behavior, perceived health value, and health locus of control (HLC). Findings The results show that perceived health value mediates the relationship between cognitive social capital and PHB. Specifically, cognitive social capital influences BoP people’s assessment of benefits of engaging in PHB, that, in turn, influences PHB. In addition, the findings showed that HLC moderates the effect of social capital on PHB. Social capital positively related to enhanced PHB only among those who believe that health outcomes are controllable. Originality/value The authors findings indicate that cognitive social capital has enormous potential in promoting health intervention and the health of poor communities, a sentiment shared by prior researchers (Glenane-Antoniadis et al., 2003; Fisher et al., 2004; Martin et al., 2004; Weitzman and Kawachi, 2000). Overall, from a theoretical, empirical and methodological perspective, the current study offers a unique contribution to the social capital and PHB literature. First, drawing from the HBM and HLC, the findings provide a more nuanced explanation of how distinct aspects of social capital predict PHB. Specifically, the relationship between social capital and PHB is qualified by the extent one perceives personal control over her health. In addition, the cognitive component of social capital influences PHB through perceptions of health value.
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Pachauri, Rajendra K. "Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development in South Asia (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 52, no. 4I (December 1, 2013): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.273-288.
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Honourable Federal Minister for Planning, Development and Reform, his excellency Mr Ahsan Iqbal, the President, Pakistan Society of Development Economists, discussants, Dr Ashfaque Hasan Khan and Dr Rehana Siddiqui, Dr Durr-e-Nayab, distinguished ladies and gentlemen, let me say at the outset that it is a great privilege for me to be here and to be given this opportunity to deliver the Quaid-i-Azam Lecture. I regard this as a signal honour and I feel particularly privileged coming from India being able to speak in honour of the Quaid-i-Azam, the founder of this country. I want to express my gratitude for this particular privilege which I have been given. I also want to acknowledge the very warm sentiments expressed by his Excellency the Minister. I certainly believe that in this day and age we have to look forward, we have to look at the future and I think we have to erase some of the problems, demolish some of the barriers and the hindrances that have prevented South Asian cooperation in the past. So Sir, your words in that context are certainly appreciated and I would say that we have to put them into effect by ushering in a new future for this region. I want to mention that when I had the privilege of accepting the Nobel peace prize on behalf of Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 along with Mr Al Gore, in my acceptance speech I used a Sanskrit phrase which is Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and that means the universe is one family. Now if the universe is one family, may I submit that, we particularly in Pakistan and India are really the core of that family. I believe the future lies in our ability to develop a model of economic growth and development that serves as an example for the rest of the world. Let me at the very outset say that we have been somewhat negligent and perhaps short sighted in emulating what has been established as a form of development in other parts of the world and I will say a little more about this as I move on. Let me start by referring to the definition of sustainable development which essentially comes out of the work of the Brundtland Commission that was completed in 1987 and it’s a very simple definition. It defines sustainable development as that form of development which allows the current generation to meet their own needs without compromising on the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. So, therefore, it essentially takes into account the issue of intergenerational equity. Whatever we do today should not be selfishly oriented by which we might meet more than our needs today
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Datta, Prabhat Kumar, and Inderjeet Singh Sodhi. "DECENTRALIZED PLANNING IN AN INDIAN STATE: AN EXPLORATORY EXERCISE." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 4, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v4i2.2254.
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In India, the idea of decentralized planning gained momentum after the country became independent in 1947 but its rudimentary practice was not completely unknown before 1947. In post-independent India a number of government committees and commissions had recommended for introduction of decentralized planning at different points of time. The most remarkable event in this regard were twin Constitutional amendments which clarified the role of local bodies and institutionalized participation of the people which signaled what is often called a paradigmatic change. The amendments gave decentralized planning constitutional sanction and sanctity, and provided a model of planning for the whole country. In this paper, an attempt has been made to capture the different phases in the evolution of the decentralized planning processes in India as a backdrop and to assess and analyze the experiences of introduction of decentralized planning in one state of the Union of Indian states called West Bengal. It is one of the states where the exercise was done through active participation of people sought to be achieved through institutional structures created in the villages. This paper tries to make use of the available secondary data to arrive at some of the major conclusions and to justify the contentions made. Reference has also been made to some limited field work which was done through village survey. The authors have also highlighted some of the key emerging issues which call for further research. It also seeks to explores what could be the probable lessons the developing countries in general, and India, in particular.
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Grunfeld, A. Tom. "Tibet. The Facts. A Report Prepared by the Scientific Buddhist Association for the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. By Paul Ingram. [Dharamsala, India: Tibetan Young Buddhist Association, 2nd edition, 1990. 384 pp. £7.50.]." China Quarterly 127 (September 1991): 638–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100003126x.
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Kumari, Priyanka, and Sushil Kumar. "Estimation of Design Flood for Rivers of Saurashtra Region Contributing into the Gulf of Khambhat." Current World Environment 11, no. 3 (December 25, 2016): 869–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.3.23.
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Design flood has been estimated for rivers of Saurashtra region contributing into the Gulf of Khambhat using deterministic as well as statistical approach for planning, design and management of hydraulic structures. By comparing the results obtained by these approaches, one can easily estimate the flow rate or peak discharge to a given design return period and can establish the suitability of approach for this study area. Nine river basins with 20 dams of Saurashtra region were analyzed in this study. Though Saurashtra is one of the most water scarce regions of India yet it suffers from the flooding problem, as the numbers of rainy days are very less and the rainfall intensity is very high. Due to being a regulated basin, dam wise study was preferred. Deterministic approach was carried out using synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH) and regional flood formulae (RFF) methods for subzone-3a provided in Central Water Commission (CWC) report, 2001. Statistical approach was carried out using Rainfall frequency analysis employingGumbel’s EV1distribution. As there is no spill by these hydraulic structures and the annual flood data for the nine river sites are heavily affected by the storage dams in the upstream. Hence these data violate the basic principle of virgin flow. Hence the analysis of these data was not attempted further. The main objective of study was to carry out the rainfall frequency analysis for these river basins to get 24 hour rainfall for a return period of 25, 50 and 100 years for an individual basin instead of using the value obtained by iso-pluvial map to estimate the design flood. The overall results reveals that due to construction of number of dams in 9 river basins, design flood estimation on each dam by using deterministic approach is more feasible.Revised design floods using SUH and RFF method on the basis of estimated rainfall indicates over-estimated and under-estimated design floods. Since the percentage difference is very less between revised SUH and revised RFF method. So, for safety purpose one with higher value should be used.
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McDougall, Derek. "The Indian Ocean commission: Regional cooperation in the South‐West Indian ocean." Round Table 83, no. 332 (October 1994): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358539408454228.
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Sarmad, Khwaja. "P. R. Dubhashi. Policy and Performance, Agricultural and Rural Development in Post-Independence India. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1986. 320 pp.List of References; Index. Price (hardbound edition) Rupees (Indian) 185.00." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i1pp.77-80.
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This book is a fine and straightforward account of the socioeconomic dynamics of the formulation of agricultural and rural development policies in post-independence India. It makes a critical appraisal of the process of policy formulation at various levels of government, of the circumstances in which these policies evolved, and of the impact of those policies on the process of rural transformation. It outlines the case for an integrated agricultural policy in the future, which pays equal attention to distributional and production aspects of the development process so that the imbalances that have plagued Indian agricultural and rural development policy in the past are avoided. The author has had a long experience of agricultural and rural development administration, which provides a rich background for this book and enables the author to have a systemic outlook on agricultural policies. In addition, the author has made use of an impressive array of reports of various committees and commissions on agricultural and rural development, relevant Parliamentary proceedings and other Government documents as well as related published work to paint a compelling picture of agricultural and rural development policy and performance in India.
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Bates, Crispin N. "Regional Dependence and Rural Development in Central India: The Pivotal Role of Migrant Labour." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007733.
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The problem of regional underdevelopment, particularly in tribal India, has long been recognized and more than one political party has campaigned on this issue. The Indian constitution and state and central government development plans have included special clauses aimed at assisting those groups, the tribals or adivasis, who are most affected by the problem. Reports have been commissioned and investigations conducted, but rarely have these ended in constructive or relevant action. The work of anthropologists over a number of generations since the 1920s has perhaps done most to tell us of the real depth of the problem as it has affected central India. Foremost amongst them was W. V. Grigson, the aboriginal tribes enquiry officer of the government of the Central Provinces and Berar, whose 1944 report stands as the most comprehensive study available of the condition of the tribal peoples of this region at the end of the colonial period.
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Pal, Satyabrata. "Address by Satyabrata Pal, High Commissioner of India in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i3pp.463-469.
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Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, The problem with speaking at a valedictory session, without being at the earlier sessions, is that you do not quite know what it is you are saying goodbye to. Today, however, that is less of a problem, because none of us is bidding SAFTA goodbye; it needs a benediction, which I hope you have pronounced, not a valediction. Your Roundtable follows what has been described as the smoothest SAARC summit ever. It went so well because all its members perhaps now believe that it can help them, and that it must roll up its sleeves and work, moving quickly from declarations to implementation.
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Malik, Shahid. "Address by Shahid Malik High Commissioner of Pakistan in India." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i3pp.471-474.
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President PHD Chamber, Mr Sanjay Bhatia, Distinguished Members of the Chamber, Ladies and Gentlemen. It gives me immense pleasure to be amongst you once again, after nearly a decade. Having served on an assignment in Delhi in the past, the PHD Chamber and many of your senior members present here today are well known to me. Given the geographical contiguity of this area with Pakistan and a history of economic linkages, the interest of the Chamber in seeking mutually beneficial economic relations with Pakistan is well known and understandable. Only last month, a delegation headed by Mr Bhatia, with past PHD Presidents as its members, undertook a tour of EXPO-2007 to Karachi. As on various occasions in the past, the Chamber also hosted a high level delegation from the Islamabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry recently. Such contacts are useful and need to be encouraged.
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Ahmad, Masroor. "Public finance, political manoeuvering, and the role of independent and controlled commissions: contrasting experience of the Finance and Planning Commissions in India." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 38, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 186–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2016.1221610.
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Saxena, Saumya. "Commissions, Committees, and Custodians of Muslim Personal Law in Postindependence India." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 38, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-7208768.
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Ghosh, Nabaparna. "MODERN DESIGNS: HISTORY AND MEMORY IN LE CORBUSIER’S CHANDIGARH." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 40, no. 3 (September 25, 2016): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2016.1210048.
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Located at the foothills of the Sivalik Mountains, Chandigarh was the dream city of independent India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1952, Nehru commissioned the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier to design Chandigarh. Scholars often locate in Corbusier’s plans an urban modernity that required a break with the past. Moving away from such scholarship, this article will argue that Chandigarh marked a climactic moment in Le Corbusier’s career when he tried to weave together modern architecture with tradition, and through it, human beings with nature. A careful study of the cosmic iconography of Chandigarh clearly reveals that nature for Le Corbusier was more than a vast expanse of greenery: it was organized in symbolic ways, as a cosmic form emblematic of Hindu mythologies. I will argue that in addition to local conditions – economic and cultural – that impacted the actual execution of Le Corbusier’s plans, cosmic iconography shaped a modernism profoundly reliant on Hindu traditions. This iconography also inspired a new generation of Indian architects like Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi (1927 – present). Doshi played a key role in authoring the postcolonial architectural discourse in India. Following Le Corbusier, he advocated an architectural modernism anchored in sacred Hindu traditions.
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Wong, J. Y. "British Annexation of Sind in 1843: An Economic Perspective." Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 2 (May 1997): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00014293.
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Generally speaking, there are two dominant schools of thought with regard to the British annexation of Sind in the Indian sub-continent in 1843. One takes the view that individuals on the spot make history. It was a harsh, bitter and frustrated soldier by the name of General Sir Charles Napier who was determined to seek glory and wealth for himself by annexing Sind. In this respect, the eminent historian and former Special Commissioner for Sind (1943–46), H. T. Lambrick, has put his case extremely well. The other school interprets the annexation in strategic terms, as part of a search for a defence system which would safeguard British India from the dangers of attack from the northwest. In about 600 pages, the distinguished historian M. E. Yapp has achieved his goal with remarkable success. Furthermore, Yapp has done so without discounting the first school of thought. Indeed, the two are not mutually exclusive. In this paper I wish to suggest that there is a third dimension, an economic one; and that the three are not mutually exclusive either. Indeed, all three appear to have different weights at different levels of the policy-making process.
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Prasad, D. Ravindra, and Y. Pardhasaradhi. "Twenty-five Years of the Constitution Seventy-fourth Amendment Act (74th CAA),1992: Promise and Performance." Indian Journal of Public Administration 66, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120923900.
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The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, completed 25 years of implementation. All states in India amended the municipal laws in conformity with the Act and are implementing them. As a consequence, provisions have been made to hold urban local body elections regularly, reservations to women and weaker sections, constitute election and finance commissions, and district and metropolitan planning committees. However, a closer analysis, after 25 years of its implementation, brings out certain deficiencies. The states seem to be half-hearted to decentralise democracy, reluctant to empower urban local bodies, functionally and financially and unwilling to clothe them with autonomy. It is time to revisit the Act, review its performance based on 25 years of experience and suggest measures to achieve the objectives that lay behind its enactment.
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Reddy, M. Gopinath, and Bishnu Prasad Mohapatra. "Decentralized Governance and Devolution of Funds to the Panchayats in India: A Critical Analysis of Two States." Studies in Indian Politics 5, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321023017698259.
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The debates on the devolution of powers to the panchayats since the last two decades received enormous attention because of the increasing role played by these institutions in planning and implementation of the development programmes in rural India. But it is observed that devolution agenda including the agenda of fiscal devolution and tax decentralization has not been taken up sincerely in many states including the states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Based on the review of secondary data, the present article critically examines the status of the fiscal devolution to the panchayats in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. This article argues that both the states need to strengthen the own revenue of panchayats based on the recommendations of the Finance Commissions of the respective states. In this context, the process of tax decentralization and principles of sharing the state taxes should receive paramount importance.
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Sinan, Hussain, and Megan Bailey. "Understanding Barriers in Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Allocation Negotiations on Fishing Opportunities." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 6665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166665.
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Tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) have been given an arduous mandate under the legal framework of the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement. Member states with different interests and objectives are required to cooperate and collaborate on the conservation and management of tuna and tuna-like species, which includes the allocation of fishing opportunities. It is well understood that the main RFMO allocation disagreements are the inability to agree on a total allowable catch, the lack of willingness to accept new members, disagreement on who should bear the conservation burden, and non-compliance with national allocations owning to perceived inequities. Addressing these elements is crucial for any organization if it is to sustain its credibility stability and legitimacy. This paper identifies additional barriers facing an equitable allocation process at the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). These challenges are multi-faceted and include institutional, political, and scientific barriers in the ongoing allocation negotiations, and further inhibit effective negotiation and resolution adoption as a whole. After almost 10 years of negotiations, the process has progressed little, and without agreement on these barriers it will be a challenge to adopt a stable systematic allocation process.
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Topping, Kenneth C., Haruo Hayashi, William Siembieda, and Michael Boswell. "Special Issue on “Building Local Capacity for Long-term Disaster Resilience” Toward Disaster Resilient Communities." Journal of Disaster Research 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2010.p0127.
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This special issue of JDR is centered on the theme of “Building Local Capacity for Long-term Disaster Resilience.” Eight papers and one commentary describe challenges in various countries of promoting disaster resilience at local, sub-national, and national levels. Resilience is broadly defined here as the capacity of a community to: 1) survive amajor disaster; 2) retain essential structure and functions; and 3) adapt to post-disaster opportunities for transforming community structure and functions to meet new challenges. This working definition is similar to others put forward in the growing literature on resilience. Resilience can also be seen as an element of sustainability. Initially referring only to environmental conditions, the concept of sustainable development was defined as that which meets the needs of present generations while not compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Bruntland Commission, Our Common Future, 1987). Now, the term sustainability has come to mean the need to preserve all resources for future use, including social, physical, economic, cultural and historical, as well as environmental resources. Disasters destroy resources, making communities less sustainable or even unsustainable. Resilience helps to protect resources, among other things, through coordination of all four disaster management functions: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Mitigation commonly involves reduction of risks and prevention of disaster losses through long-term sustained actions modifying the environment. Preparedness involves specific preparations for what to do and how to respond during a disaster at the personal, household, and community level. Response means actions taken immediately after a disaster to rescue survivors, conduct evacuation, feed and shelter victims, and restore communications. Recovery involves restoring lives, infrastructure, services, and economic activity, while seeking long-term community improvement. When possible, emphasis should be placed on building local resilience before a disaster when opportunities are greater for fostering sustainable physical, social, economic, and environmental structures and functions. Waiting until after a disaster to pursue sustainability invites preventable losses and reduces post-disaster resilience and opportunities for improvement. Community resilience involves both “soft” strategies which optimize disaster preparedness and response, and “hard” strategies which mitigate natural and human-caused hazards, thereby reducing disaster losses. Both “soft” and “hard” strategies are undertaken during disaster recovery. In many countries “soft” and “hard” resilience approaches coexist as uncoordinated activities. However, experience suggests that disaster outcomes are better when “soft” and “hard” strategies are purposely coordinated. Thus, “smart” resilience involves coordination of both “soft” and “hard” resilience strategies, i.e., “smart ” resilience = “soft ” resilience + “hard ” resilience. This concept is reflected in papers in Part 1 of this special issue, based on case studies from India, Japan, Mexico, Taiwan, and the US. Additional resilience studies from Japan, the US, and Venezuela will be featured in Part 2 of this special issue. The first group of papers in Part 1 review resilience issues in regional and community recovery. Chandrasekahr (1) uses a case study to illustrate varying effects of formal stakeholder participatory framework on capacity building following the 2004 Southeast Asia Tsunami from post-disaster recovery in southern India. Chen and Wang (2) examine multiple resiliency factors reflected in community recovery case studies from the Taiwan 1999 Chi Chi Earthquake and debris flow evacuation after Typhoon Markot of 2009. Kamel (3) compares factors affecting housing recovery following the US Northridge Earthquake and Hurricane Katrina. The second group of papers examines challenges of addressing resiliency at national and sub-national scales. Velazquez (4) examines national factors affecting disaster resilience in Mexico. Topping (5) provides an overview of the U.S. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, a nationwide experiment in local resilience capacity building through federal financial incentives encouraging local hazard mitigation planning. Boswell, Siembieda, and Topping (6) describe a new method to evaluate effectiveness of federally funded hazard mitigation projects in the US through California’s State Mitigation Assessment Review Team (SMART) loss reduction tracking system. The final group of papers explores methods of analysis, information dissemination, and pre-event planning. Siembieda (7) presents a model which can be deployed at any geographic level involving timely access to assets in order to reduce pre- and post-disaster vulnerability, as illustrated by community disaster recovery experiences in Central America. Hayashi (8) outlines a new information dissemination system useable at all levels called “micromedia” which provides individuals with real time disaster information regardless of their location. Finally, Poland (9) concludes with an invited special commentary addressing the challenges of creating more complete earthquake disaster resilience through pre-event evaluation of post-event needs at the community level, using San Francisco as the laboratory. The Editorial Committee extends its sincere appreciation to both the contributors and the JDR staff for their patience and determination in making this special issue possible. Thanks also to the reviewers for their insightful analytic comments and suggestions. Finally, the Committee wishes to thank Bayete Henderson for his keen and thorough editorial assistance and copy editing support.