Dissertations / Theses: 'Indian climate'

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Elfadli, Kasem. "Indian Ocean Dipole impacts on northwestern Indian Ocean climate variability." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/396586/.

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The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the equatorial Indian Ocean, with a positive mode characterized by anomalous warming of sea surface temperatures in the west and anomalous cooling in the east. The IOD has been shown to affect inter-annual variability of the Indian monsoon. There is also evidence that the IOD may affect the formation, strength and duration of monsoon-related oceanic features in the North West Indian Ocean (NWIO), including fronts and eddies, the Somali upwelling and the ‘Great Whirl’ system. However, the mechanism by which the IOD develops and details of its connection with monsoon-related oceanic phenomena in the NWIO remain unclear. Satellite datasets of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) over the past two decades have been examined, mainly to investigate the relationship between the IOD and large-scale climate modes like the Indian monsoon, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Rossby/Kelvin Waves. Early results show SSHA in NWIO; is more correlated with the IOD than with the ENSO. Also the results indicate an impact of Rossby wave patterns on the Somali Current system. Satellite datasets of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) over the past two decades have been examined, mainly to investigate the relationship between the IOD and large-scale climate modes like the Indian monsoon, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Rossby/Kelvin Waves. Early results show SSHA in NWIO; is more correlated with the IOD than with the ENSO. Also the results indicate an impact of Rossby wave patterns on the Somali Current system. Satellite datasets of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) over the past two decades have been examined, mainly to investigate the relationship between the IOD and large-scale climate modes like the Indian monsoon, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Rossby/Kelvin Waves. Early results show SSHA in NWIO; is more correlated with the IOD than with the ENSO. Also the results indicate an impact of Rossby wave patterns on the Somali Current system.

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Pattnayak, Kanhu Charan. "Indian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation in the warming atmosphere." Thesis, IIT Delhi, 2015. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/6896.

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Fisher, Susannah Emily. "Networks for climate change : non-state and subnational actors in Indian climate politics and governance." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610233.

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Bader, Jürgen. "The role of the tropical Indian Ocean in global climate." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974330051.

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Mishra, Praveen Kumar [Verfasser]. "Late Quaternary climate variability in the Indian monsoon domain / Praveen Kumar Mishra." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107315081X/34.

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Hughes, Tertia. "Indonesian throughflow and its effect on the climate of the Indian Ocean." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60072.

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An idealized box model of the Indian Ocean is used to examine the hypothesis proposed by Godfrey and Weaver (1991) that the buoyancy-forced Leeuwin Current off the west coast of Australia is a manifestation of a basinwide thermohaline circulation driven by the Indonesian throughflow. The stronger Sverdrup circulation dominates the thermohaline circulation in most of the model ocean except near the eastern boundary. The western boundary currents apparently play a very minor role in this basinwide thermohaline circulation. This differs from the warm water route proposed by Gordon (1986), and supports the alternative hypothesis that the heat from the equatorial Pacific is returned to the South Atlantic via the eastward-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current rather than past the Agulhas Retroflection. The Indonesian throughflow is shown to significantly affect the surface heat fluxes and the meridional heat transport in the Indian Ocean. The role of the throughflow in maintaining the very warm climate of the Indian Ocean (a net exporter of heat) is described. Large-scale, fairly long period ($>$100 days) barotropic eddies are found in the western portion of the basin for some solutions.

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Chu, Eric (Eric Kwok-Wai). "Urban adaptations observed : the politics of governing climate resilience in Indian cities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99081.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Environmental Policy and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 199-223). An increasing number of international policymakers and funders have strongly advocated for programs that integrate and support both climate change adaptation and urban development, arguing that combining these two objectives will help ensure the long-term resilience of cities. This dissertation delves into the cases of Bhubaneswar, Indore, and Surat in India and looks at how urban local governments plan, implement, and advocate for locally grounded, contextually relevant adaptation and development priorities within their jurisdictions given such external mandates and incentives. My findings highlight two interrelated ways to theorize changing institutional relationships between climate adaptation, development planning, and urban political economy. First, through a process that I call street-level resilience making, I find that adaptation planning, implementation, and governance relies on the experimentation and co-creation of adaptation options between urban sectors and actors. Secondly, I show that urban adaptation is governed through power in translation, where different urban actors, groups, and communities contest intervening authorities through their ability to translate climate information, adaptation needs, and resilience-building options. In this context, cities are not in fact unidirectional recipients of external aid and support; rather, cities are taking ownership over how external funds get implemented, which urban actors participate in the process, and why certain sectors and populations receive more support than others. However, as cities gain authority over how external adaptation mandates get translated into concrete programs and interventions, this simultaneously creates more opportunities for local authorities to exclude certain populations in the process. The pursuit of urban resilience can therefore become a moniker for further co-optation of political power and for entrenching existing urban socioeconomic injustices. In response to rising urban inequalities attributed to current and pipeline adaptation interventions, I present a framework for evaluating climate justice from below. This concept takes into account how adaptation is mainstreamed into urban development and its relationship to broader socioeconomic transformations at a global scale. I conclude that the ability to mitigate existing power imbalances rests on the restructuring of governance arrangements available to marginalized communities to advocate for their own interests in the street-level resilience-making process. by Eric Chu. Ph. D. in Environmental Policy and Planning

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Ramirez, Villegas Julian Armando. "Genotypic adaptation of Indian groundnut cultivation to climate change : an ensemble approach." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6372/.

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Climate change has been projected to significantly affect agricultural productivity and hence food availability during the 21st century, with particularly negative effects across the global tropics. However, the uncertainty associated with projecting climate change impacts is a barrier to agricultural adaptation. The work reported in this thesis is a contribution to the understanding of genotypic adaptation to near-term (i.e. 2030s) climate change and many of the associated uncertainties, using model ensembles. This work focuses on Indian groundnut and uses the General Large Area Model for annual crops (GLAM) and the EcoCrop niche model to investigate the response of groundnut under future climate scenarios, and to develop a genotypic adaptation strategy. Under the future representative concentrations pathway (RCP) 4.5, robust positive climate change impacts on crop productivity were found in 3 (western, northern and south-eastern) out of 5 groundnut growing regions. From the remainder of regions, one presented robust negative impacts and in the other uncertainties precluded a robust statement being made about productivity changes. Yield gains were associated with seasonal precipitation increases, a lower frequency of occurrence of terminal drought and its effect on cropping season length. Yield loss in central India was associated with less radiation interception and reductions in crop duration, whereas in the south there was large uncertainty due to temperature biases in GCMs triggering (or not) heat stress during anthesis. The latter result suggests that decisions of whether to correct or not GCM biases and the method of correction may be at least as important as the choice of climate scenario, or the choice of crop model parameters. Adaptation simulations indicated that the most critical traits for groundnut adaptation under future scenarios are increases in maximum photosynthetic rates, greater partitioning to seeds and, where enough soil moisture is available, also increases in the maximum transpiration rate. Changes to crop duration were beneficial if durations did not exceed those of the baseline, and hence allowed for enough water uptake at the end of the cropping season. Yield gains in adaptation scenarios were particularly large in eastern and northern India, and more moderate across the rest of the country.

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Kulkarni, Kedar <1991&gt. ""Indian Agriculture – Productivity, Climate Change and Institutions An essay in Agricultural Economics"." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8815.

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"Agricultural sector in India has recorded tremendous growth since Independence. This has been largely possible due to the new agricultural reforms and the arrival of the green and white revolutions. The impact of the new agricultural reforms can be felt in the massive increase in the productivity of coarse cereals and pulses which has enabled India to attain self-sufficiency in food grains. A by-product of this has been the gradual rise of energy inputs. In particular, fertilizer consumption, diesel use and electricity consumption, have seen a dramatic rise post 1960. There also has been a large scale substitution of capital for labour. This is a direct consequence of the increasing population size and food grain demand as India strives to maintain self-sufficiency. However, more importantly, the extravagant use of energy inputs and substitution of capital for labour coupled with new agricultural technology has had an adverse effect on the climate. This thesis makes an attempt to analyse the growth in Indian Agriculture and derive its implications in relation to energy use and CO2 emissions. The specific objective is to estimate the relationship between carbon emissions and agricultural productivity. Although agricultural production in India has witnessed a tremendous growth, it is unclear whether the high intake of energy has an adverse impact on climate. Over the past years, the northern states of India have blossomed partly due to favourable climatic conditions, while the western and southern states have experienced drastic climatic conditions that have adversely impacted agricultural productivity, repercussions of which are felt in farmer suicides and rural to urban migration. This thesis also investigates this issue by throwing light on the role of institutions in the development of agriculture and its implications on climate change. The findings of the study show the presence of a positive relationship between agricultural productivity and the level of carbon emissions. Further, the study also finds that states with good institution are able to perform better than their competitors endowed with bad institutions."

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Azeem, Muhammad Salman <1992&gt. "regarding Variations of Species Distribution in the Indian Ocean under Climate Change." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14714.

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Species distribution modelling (SDM) plays an important role in the biodiversity conservation and provides better knowledge about the species habitats. Marine habitats have been effected by the growing climate change in the last few years and there is the potential that the situation can get worse. In this thesis twenty fish species from different parts of the Indian ocean are examined for the present and future (2040-2050) scenarios under the climate change by using maximum entropy modelling (Maxent) technique. Different environmental variables are used for building the present and future distribution models of the fish species. Further these models are interpreted to understand which variable influence their distribution more. The results don’t show much of the difference between the present and future scenarios but it is important to store the data for a better far future, which is already under the threat of climate change. This research concludes that species distribution modelling (SDM) plays a vital role in understanding the relationship between the species habitats and their environment.

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CARAGNANO, ANNALISA. "Lithopyllum spp. as proxy of climate variability in the nw indian ocean." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/41553.

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A previously unexplored subfamily of coralline algae, the Lithophylloideae, was investigated as potential paleoclimatic archive. For the first time, seasonal changes in Mg/Ca, Li/Ca and Ba/Ca composition of Lithophyllum spp. from the Gulf of Aden (Balhaf, Yemen), the Arabian Sea (Socotra, Yemen), and the South of Red Sea (Kamaran, Yemen) were investigated by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). For the first time in coralline algae, the Li/Ca composition was analyzed and showed a highly significant and positive correlation with Mg/Ca and SST. Monthly algal Mg/Ca and Li/Ca variations indicate a positive correlation with sea water temperature (SST). Although no correlation between monthly algal Ba/Ca and local (SST) was found, fluctuations in Ba/Ca indicate the influence of nutrients introduced by seasonal upwelling, and record an increase of sediment at the sampling sites. From the age model of Mg/Ca the annual algal extension rates were measured in all specimens of Lithophyllum spp., and they resulted highly variable, mainly influenced by light and occasional burial. The elementary ratio of Mg/Ca, Li/Ca and Ba/Ca, and annual extension rate were successfully used in historical reconstruction of the climate and oceanographic variability of the study area.

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Rajarshi, Dasgupta. "Enhancing Coastal Community's Disaster and Climate Resilience in the Mangrove Rich Indian Sundarban." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215362.

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Ihara, Chie. "Indian Ocean climate : the state from the late 19th throughout the 20th century." Saarbrücken VDM, Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987722662/04.

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Ambili, Anoop. "Lake sediments as climate and tectonic archives in the Indian summer monsoon domain." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6479/.

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The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is one of the largest climate systems on earth and impacts the livelihood of nearly 40% of the world’s population. Despite dedicated efforts, a comprehensive picture of monsoon variability has proved elusive largely due to the absence of long term high resolution records, spatial inhomogeneity of the monsoon precipitation, and the complex forcing mechanisms (solar insolation, internal teleconnections for e.g., El Niño-Southern Oscillation, tropical-midlatitude interactions). My work aims to improve the understanding of monsoon variability through generation of long term high resolution palaeoclimate data from climatically sensitive regions in the ISM and westerlies domain. To achieve this aim I have (i) identified proxies (sedimentological, geochemical, isotopic, and mineralogical) that are sensitive to environmental changes; (ii) used the identified proxies to generate long term palaeoclimate data from two climatically sensitive regions, one in NW Himalayas (transitional westerlies and ISM domain in the Spiti valley and one in the core monsoon zone (Lonar lake) in central India); (iii) undertaken a regional overview to generate “snapshots” of selected time slices; and (iv) interpreted the spatial precipitation anomalies in terms of those caused by modern teleconnections. This approach must be considered only as the first step towards identifying the past teleconnections as the boundary conditions in the past were significantly different from today and would have impacted the precipitation anomalies. As the Spiti valley is located in the in the active tectonic orogen of Himalayas, it was essential to understand the role of regional tectonics to make valid interpretations of catchment erosion and detrital influx into the lake. My approach of using integrated structural/morphometric and geomorphic signatures provided clear evidence for active tectonics in this area and demonstrated the suitability of these lacustrine sediments as palaleoseismic archives. The investigations on the lacustrine outcrops in Spiti valley also provided information on changes in seasonality of precipitation and occurrence of frequent and intense periods (ca. 6.8-6.1 cal ka BP) of detrital influx indicating extreme hydrological events in the past. Regional comparison for this time slice indicates a possible extended “break-monsoon like” mode for the monsoon that favors enhanced precipitation over the Tibetan plateau, Himalayas and their foothills. My studies on surface sediments from Lonar lake helped to identify environmentally sensitive proxies which could also be used to interpret palaeodata obtained from a ca. 10m long core raised from the lake in 2008. The core encompasses the entire Holocene and is the first well dated (by 14C) archive from the core monsoon zone of central India. My identification of authigenic evaporite gaylussite crystals within the core sediments provided evidence of exceptionally drier conditions during 4.7-3.9 and 2.0-0.5 cal ka BP. Additionally, isotopic investigations on these crystals provided information on eutrophication, stratification, and carbon cycling processes in the lake. Der Indische Sommer Monsun (ISM) ist eines der bedeutendsten Klimaphänomene auf der Erde und hat großen Einfluss auf die Lebensbedingungen und -grundlagen von nahezu 40% der Weltbevölkerung. Trotz großer Bemühungen ist es bisher nicht gelungen ein genaues und umfassendes Verständnis der Monsun-Variabilität zu gewinnen. Hauptgründe dafür sind das Fehlen von langjährigen und hochaufgelösten Klimazeitreihen, räumlichen Inhomogenitäten in den Niederschlagsverteilungen und die Komplexität der treibenden klimatischen Mechanismen (Sonneneinstrahlung, interne Wechselwirkungen des Klimasystems, wie z.B. zwischen Tropen und mittleren Breiten oder die Auswirkungen der El Niño Oszillation). Die Zielsetzung der hier vorgestellten Arbeit ist ein verbessertes Verständnis der Monsun-Variabilität zu entwickeln, auf Basis von hochaufgelösten und weit reichenden Paläoklimazeitreihen aus klimasensitiven Regionen des ISM und der Westwindzone. Um die Zielsetzung umzusetzen habe ich: (i) Proxys identifiziert (sedimentologische, geochemische, isotopische, und mineralogische), die empfindlich auf Umweltveränderungen reagieren; (ii) die identifizierten Proxys zur Erzeugung von langjährigen Paläoklima-Daten für zwei klimasensible Regionen verwendet, eine im NW des Himalaja (Übergangs-Westwindzone und ISM Gebiet von Spity Valley) und eine in der Kernzone des Monsun (Lonar-See) in Zentralindien; (iii) Übersichts-"Momentaufnahmen" der regionalen klimatischen Bedingungen für ausgewählte Zeitpunkte der Vergangenheit erzeugt; und (iv) räumliche Niederschlagsanomalien in Hinblick auf heutige Wechselbeziehungen im Klimasystem interpretiert. Dieser Ansatz stellt allerdings nur einen ersten Schritt zur Identifizierung von paläoklimatischen Wechselbeziehungen im Monsunsystem dar, da sich die Randbedingungen in der Vergangenheit deutlich von den heutigen unterscheiden und diese einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Niederschlagsanomalien haben. Da das Spity Valley im tektonisch aktiven Himalaja-Orogen lokalisiert ist, ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung die regionalen tektonischen Prozesse zu verstehen, um Erosionsvorgänge des Einzugsgebiets und die Einfuhr von Detritus in den See korrekt interpretieren zu können. Mein Ansatz der Nutzung kombinierter strukturell/morphometrischer und geomorphologischer Charakteristiken lieferte klare Beweise für aktive Tektonik im untersuchten Gebiet und demonstrierte damit die Eignung dieser lakustrinen Sedimente als paläoseismisches Archiv. Die Untersuchung lakustriner Aufschlüsse in Spity Valley lieferte auch Informationen saisonale Änderung der Niederschlagsverteilung sowie das Auftreten von häufigen und intensiven Perioden (ca. 6,8-6,1 cal ka BP) detritischer Einfuhr, welche auf extreme hydrologische Ereignisse in der Vergangenheit schließen lässt. Ein regionaler Vergleich dieser Periode deutet auf einen möglicherweise erweiterten „break-monsoon-like“ Modus für den Monsun hin, welcher hohe Niederschläge über dem Tibetischen Plateau, dem Himalaja und seinen Gebirgsausläufern begünstigt. Meine Studien an den Oberflächensedimenten des Lonar-Sees haben dazu beigetragen umweltsensitive Proxys zu identifizieren, die auch zur Interpretation von Paläodaten von einem ca. 10 m langen Sedimentkern genutzt wurden, der 2008 erbohrt wurde. Der Kern umfasst das gesamte Holozän und stellt das erste gut 14C-datierte Archiv aus der Kernmonsunzone Zentralindiens dar. Die Identifizierung von authigenen Evaporit-Kristallen (Gaylussite) innerhalb der Sedimente liefert einen Beweis für ungewöhnlich trockene Bedingungen in den Perioden zwischen 4,7-3,9 und 2,0-0,5 cal ka BP. Darüber hinaus lieferten Isotopen-Untersuchungen dieser Kristalle Informationen zur Eutrophierung, Stratifikation und zum Kohlenstoff-Kreislauf des Sees.

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Welton, R. "Coastal tourism : the response of Indian Ocean island tourism destinations to climate change." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2012. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/266/.

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This research examines tourism within developing island states in the Indian Ocean that will be at extreme risk from the impacts of climate change. Many have a high economic reliance upon tourism and yet will be adversely affected by both higher sea levels and raised water temperatures. However, many developing islands utilise tourism as a vector for economic growth and ironically they too tend to be some of the first destinations to observe possible impacts of climate change like the disappearance of beaches and the greater intensity of storms. Destinations in the developing world are extremely concerned that tourists from developed countries will reduce the number of long haul flights they take to ameliorate their carbon footprint. Three tourism island destinations in the Indian Ocean are used as case studies, namely Sri Lanka, the Maldives and the Seychelles. The research seeks to establish the knowledge levels and actions of public and private sector stakeholders within the tourism industry in response to the impacts of climate change within these island destinations. A multi-method approach is used to gather data: semi-structured interviews, participant observations and documentary evidence. This is useful for the purpose of triangulation and to increase the construct validity of the research. The findings build a detailed picture of the cases and enable an understanding into the respondents’ knowledge of climate change; climate change adaptation and mitigation measures taken or planned within the destination; current and future impacts of climate change and how the tourism industry has responded. This provides an insight as to whether sustainable tourism policies are being encouraged, adaptation and mitigation measures taken or planned and also an assessment of the effectiveness of transfer from policy to practice. The results illustrate that all the destinations are currently experiencing changes which they associate with climate change; these impacts vary within each of the destinations. Contextual factors identified as being significant in understanding the responsiveness of tourism island destinations to climate change within the Indian Ocean were the unique political, economic, social, geographic and technological aspects of each island. These contextual factors influenced the stakeholders’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour regarding climate change. This provides an indication of the tourism islands’ preparedness for the consequences of climate change and an indication of the future of tourism on the islands. Based on the analysis of the findings a model is proposed that seeks to explain the relationship between these factors that will provide an indication of the future shape of tourism on these Indian Ocean island tourism destinations.

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Nicolas, Jean Vincent Arnaud. "Historical climate variability reconstructed from massive coral records in the western Indian Ocean." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9811.

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Includes bibliographical references. Coral δ¹⁸O and Sr/Ca records from massive corals in the western Indian Ocean (WIO) are used to establish the heterogeneous distribution of warming rates across the tropical and subtropical regions and to investigate if it corresponds with that from instrumental sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The coral records correlate with instrumental data better on monthly time scales compared to annual time scales. Coral thermal stress was assessed by the Degree Heating Months (DHM) technique and even though the coral DHM aligns quite well with instrumental DHM, the values from coral data are generally 2-3 times greater in magnitude than the DHM values from instrumental data. It was found that the accumulated thermal stress, calculated from coral and instrumental data, for the majority of the tropical and subtropical WIO sites has been increasing since the 1970’s. From 1870 to 1995, both the tropics and the subtropics have been warming in general, although with different and varying rates as recorded by the coral and the instrumental SSTs. It was further revealed that both the tropical and the subtropical WIO warmed during the summer and winter periods during 1870-1995. On longer time scales, the relationship between the coral records in the WIO and climate indices showed a significant interannual variability approximately centered at periods 3-6 years, indicating a probable link with ENSO and IOD. The extent to which coral reefs from different sites in the WIO are prepared to survive climate change based on historical SST variability and intensity of warming rates are described. It could therefore be suggested that some corals may be more favoured to survive warming climate compared to others because corals in the WIO are located in different oceanographic conditions and experience different climatic variations.

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Ali, Zainab Faruqui. "Environmental performance of the buildings designed by the modern masters in the tropics : architecture of Le Corbusier and Louis I. Kahn in India and Bangladesh." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340710.

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Boas, Ingrid. "The securitisation of climate migration : securitisation as a strategy in climate change politics: analysing interactions between the UK and Indian governments." Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.650809.

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The issue of climate migration has been gIven the image of a mass phenomenon threatening peace and security. This suggests that this issue has been subject of the process called securitisation, in which non-traditional security issues are discussed and/or acted upon in terms of security and thereby drawn into the security domain. This PhD thesis examines in what manner, to what extent, and with what political consequences climate migration is securitised, and analyses what explains the course of the process. Classical literature on securitisation assumes that securitisation is a straightforward process, with specific outcomes. Instead, I argue that the securitisation of climate migration is not clear-cut, but takes on various forms and meanings. I conduct such an analysis of securitisation by means of a flexible, contextualised and interactive framework for analysis. In this framework, I integrate the four schools of thought on securitisation: the Copenhagen School, the Paris School, Critical Security Studies, and the Risk School. The framework allows for a flexible application of their theoretical insights. It assumes that a securitisation process can take on various meanings, shaped by the context in which it is situated and by interaction processes between the actors involved. Through an analysis of context and of dynamic processes of interaction that shape the securitisation process, it becomes apparent which insights of the four schools can be applied to explain the securitisation process at hand. The securitisation of climate migration is examined in a study of the UK's Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO)'s securitising move on climate migration and the response to this move by the Government of India. In this study, I apply the framework for analysis to trace the diverse and complex manner in which a securitisation process develops. I show how the FCO used a security narrative on climate migration as a strategy to convince other countries, such as India, to sign up to binding mitigation targets under the UN climate convention. The FCO hoped that countries would sign up to binding mitigation targets when knowing that a failure to address climate change could result in climate migration. I examine how India has reacted to such arguments and demonstrate that it has worked in a counterproductive way. The FCO's securitising move compounded a difficult negotiation environment on climate change, and it risks legitimatising India's strict border measures to halt Bangladeshi immigration. As a final step, I review how this (unsuccessful) securitisation process affects the UK's and India's positions in climate change negotiations, and analyse how the FCO is moving towards an economic prosperity narrative to increase the effectiveness of its climate change diplomacy.

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Cowburn, Benjamin. "Coral reefs and climate change in the Indian ocean : a case study of Watamu Marine National Park, Kenya and other Indian Ocean locations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:22c16252-bdf9-4724-a2f8-dbd4c6fe7f09.

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Coral reefs are arguably the most threatened marine habitat because of multiple anthropogenic stressors degrading the health and resilience of these systems. In the past 20 years there have been increasing observations of mass coral bleaching and mortality associated with increasing water temperatures in the tropics. Reefs provide ecosystem services worth billions of dollars to people living in tropical coastal areas and are the architects of one of the most beautiful structures found on earth. Conserving these habitats is paramount, and conservation planning must contend with climate change along with local and regional stressors. In this thesis Watamu Marine National Park in Kenya is used as a case study of the current challenges facing the conservation of reefs in a warming world. The Western Indian Ocean suffered dramatic bleaching during 1998, which caused the mortality of 70% of Watamu's corals. Using datasets from the 1980s to present the historical trajectory of Watamu's reef community is presented. The current ecosystem resilience is assessed to suggest how this reef will respond to future climate stress. It appears that Watamu's coral community has remained in an altered state post-1998, which, based on its past thermal stress and current coral community, should be resistant to future bleaching. Watamu's resilience and reef health is compared with other locations in the Indian Ocean, including reefs in Kenya and the Maldives that bleached in 1998 and examples from Mozambique and Sumatra of reefs with little evidence of historical thermal stress. Resilience is a multi-faceted process with different major components and numerous interacting factors, which act synergistically on the reef community. Conservation options and opportunities are discussed for the 6 locations examined, using current resilience models and theory as a framework for identifying priority actions. Local and regional-scale human impacts on shallow marine habitats during the last 50 years has been dramatic, and with global-scale climate change as an additional major threat, the next 50 years will be critical for the future of reefs. The locations visited during this study showed encouraging signs of resilience to past thermal stress, with evidence to suggest that corals are acclimatising and/or adapting to increasing water temperatures. The future of reefs in locations like Watamu is uncertain. Better understanding of reef ecology, appropriate conservation techniques and ultimately greater public concern for reefs is required to ensure that there is a future for these ecosystems in the Indian Ocean.

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Befort, Daniel J. [Verfasser]. "Indian Summer Monsoon variability under recent, past and future climate conditions / Daniel J. Befort." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130148343/34.

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Singh, Chandrachur. "Ambassadorial cosmopolitanism : an application of Gandhian thought to climate change in the Indian context." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7756/.

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Cosmopolitanism has become highly influential in political theory, philosophy, sociology and other disciplines over the past several decades. In political theory, cosmopolitans have given strong emphasis to universal moral principles and relatively strong duties which cross national boundaries. Thus, many cosmopolitan prescriptions would require some significant changes in attitude and actions from the status quo. Because of this, one of the persistent challenges to the practical application of cosmopolitan principles has been in identifying ways to motivate support for them. This thesis develops a possible answer to the problem of cosmopolitan motivation, in the form of a rooted cosmopolitanism which gives emphasis to the roles that ‘cosmopolitan ambassadors’ could play. The Ambassadorial Cosmopolitan approach presented here emphasizes ways in which support for domestic policy consistent with cosmopolitanism could be generated through (a) highlighting and reinforcing the cosmopolitan strains within existing national traditions and (b) by demonstrating how the ideas of revered national figures connect in significant ways with cosmopolitan principles. The theory is applied in the context of policy action to combat harmful climate change. The exemplar state is India, and the exemplar ambassador is Mahatma Gandhi. The thesis establishes important connections between cosmopolitan theory and Gandhi’s highly influential thought on social change and ethical life practices. It shows how such connections could be used in the Indian context. The final chapter indicates some other contexts where Ambassadorial Cosmopolitanism could also be applied.

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22

Johnson, Katherine. "Deep-water foraminifera of the Kerguelen Plateau responses to climate in the late Neogene /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211895313.

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23

Marathayil, Deepthi. "The Indian Ocean mean state and variability in a high resolution coupled climate model : HiGEM." Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630470.

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The Indian Ocean plays an important role in modulating climate over the surrounding region and around the globe, particularly through its major mode of climate variability, the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). In this thesis, the representation of the Indian Ocean mean state and the IOD in the HiGEM high resolution coupled climate model has been investigated. To understand air-sea coupled processes during the IOD, it is first necessary to evaluate the representation of the Indian Ocean mean state in HiGEM. Although HiGEM has a very good representation of the tropical Indian Ocean, there are some regional biases in the model. Firstly biases in the Arabian Sea. HiGEM has biases in various parameters over the northern Arabian Sea during boreal winter. A major result of this thesis is that a winter cold SST bias in the Arabian Sea in HiGEM is shown to be common among most of the CMIP3 models, relating to cold dry air advection from north-west India! Pakistan during the winter monsoon. This also feeds enhanced convergence over the western equatorial Indian Ocean, potentially interacting with biases along the equator and the IOD. Secondly biases in mean equatorial winds, reversing the tilt of the equatorial thermocline during SON and DJF, which may lead to biases in the evolution of the IOD. To test the impact of the equatorial mean state biases in HiGEM on the IOD, an ensemble experiment correcting ocean surface wind stress over the equatorial Indian Ocean has been performed. When applied the wind stress correction to the ocean wind stress, it reduced the biases in the Cold SST and thermocline depth in the east equatorial Indian Ocean (EElO). This suggests that the seasonal evolution of the IOD is sensitive to the model mean state. As the anthropogenic warming can spin down the tropical circulations, the impact of climate change on the IOD in HiGEM is also investigated. Analysis showed an earlier initiation and termination of the roD in HiGEM in a warm climate compared to the HiGEM control run. This shift in initiation and termination in the seasonal evolution of the IOD is consistent with the change in the Indian Ocean mean state in a wann climate. This study shows the importance of understanding the Indian Ocean processes and their representation in models for regional climate studies.

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Longbottom, Todd L. M. S. "Climatic and topographic controls on soil carbon storage and dynamics in the Indian Himalaya: Potential carbon cycle and climate change feedbacks." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342106746.

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Karmacharya, Jagadishwor. "Climate processes over the Himalaya : the added value from high resolution regional climate modelling." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a8cec5ba-b837-49c0-abd4-62c26d71dffd.

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The Himalaya plays a vital role in shaping the hydro-climate of South Asia and beyond, but their climate has not yet been monitored and modelled as well as some other regions. As the summer monsoon is the dominant climate system over South Asia, including the Himalaya, realistic simulation of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) should be a prerequisite for the satisfactory simulation of the Himalayan climate. The present research tests the assumption that higher resolution modelling will provide improved representation of the SASM, both regionally and over the Himalaya region. The first part of this research assesses the strength and stability of the temporal relationships between the monsoon rainfall indices (MRIs) and the large-scale monsoon circulation indices (MCIs), as a precursor to using such indices for model evaluation. The remainder of the thesis evaluates model performance in simulating various characteristics of SASM, mainly with regard to precipitation. In particular, the sensitivity of a regional climate model (RCM) simulation to domain size and added value of high resolution RCM simulation are evaluated. For this purpose, the Hadley Centre unified model - HadGEM is utilized in its regional and, in few instances, global configurations. The RCM simulations are performed at 0.44° and 0.11° horizontal resolutions and they are forced by the ERA interim dataset. Results show that i) the MRI-MCI relationship exhibits considerable low-frequency variability, ii) RCM simulation of SASM, particularly precipitation, shows sensitivity to domain size and simulation with a moderately sized domain that partially excludes bias prone equatorial Indian ocean outperform those with larger domains, iii) high resolution RCM simulation adds value in many aspects of SASM precipitation, including the seasonal mean, relative frequency distribution, extremes, and active and break monsoon composites, but the improvements are generally seen over the Indo-Gangetic plain rather than the Himalaya. The findings promote use of a high resolution RCM over a moderate sized domain (~ 25,000,000 sq. km) for the realistic simulation of SASM, but the study needs to be repeated with multiple realizations and different RCMs before arriving at a robust conclusion.

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Winther, Hedvig. "Climate change impacts on water resources of the Ganges : Suitable adaptation options for agriculture in the Indian-Himalayan region." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210761.

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Climate change is affecting several environmental factors and together with socio-economic changes put high pressure on water resources. Climate change manifest itself through increasing temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns and intensities, with knock-on effects on hydrologically-relevant parameters such as water flows, evapotranspiration rates, glacial melt etcetera, all of which have already been observed in the recent past and are predicted to continue in the future. India has the world’s second largest population. The majority of the population live in rural areas and are dependent on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, forestry and fishery. The Indian-Himalayan region supplies 600 million people with water, thus future climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle in the area are of great interest and concern. In order to cope with these predicted impacts, there is a need to adapt to the changing climate. This study combines data analyses from a hydro-climatic modelling campaign (carried out externally to this thesis), a literature review on climate change effects on agriculture and opportunities to adapt to these effects and participatory methods bringing stakeholders and scientists together in order to co-create adaptation options that are suitable to minimise short- and long-term climate change impacts on the water flows of the Ganges and hence agriculture in the region. The study concentrates on two districts in the Indo-Gangetic Plain that are characterised by their high dependency on the farming sector: Uttarkashi (upstream Ganges, Uttarakhand) and Patna (downstream Ganges, Bihar). The analysis of hydro-climatic data based on a modelling campaign focussed on three climate variables that are of significance for agriculture: precipitation, temperature, and evapotranspiration. To characterise future climates, four climate change projections based on IPCC’s representative concentrations pathways (RCPs) have been chosen: RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5. The impacts of these scenarios on the above listed three climate variables are analysed over three time periods: 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100, with a special focus on the monsoon months from June to October, as this is the main crop (rice) growing season. The results from the hydro-climatic modelling indicate that the maximum, minimum, and average temperature will be increasing over the next century in both districts. An increase in evapotranspiration can be seen for both districts, with a few exceptions for RCP scenarios 2.6, 6.0 and 8.5 in April and May in Patna, and for all RCP scenarios in April, May and June in Uttarkashi. An increase in maximum and average precipitation can be seen for most RCP scenarios and future time periods (e.g. of exceptions in average precipitation: RCP 4.5 and 8.5 in June and July in the period 2011-2040) during the monsoon period in Patna. Similarly, in Uttarkashi maximum and average precipitation increases for all three time periods and RCP scenarios during the monsoon months of September and August (only for RCP scenarios 2.6 and 8.5). For the remaining months, the precipitation patterns show great variability for all scenarios and both regions. The literature review resulted in a table of adaptation options, where nine out of 63 were considered as transformational adaptation, and enabled identification of possible climate change impacts on agriculture in the two districts. The minimum temperature could result in more severe and intense hailstorms in the future for both districts. The increase in temperature could lead to a prolonged growing season in Uttarkashi, whilst the increase in average and maximum temperature in Patna could lead to heat-stress for the crops. Furthermore, the increase in average and maximum precipitation could lead to more severe and intense natural disasters e.g. landslides in Uttarkashi and floods in Patna. Moreover, the increase in average evapotranspiration combined with the decrease in average precipitation during some months could lead to an increasing need of irrigation. Two workshops were held in the region with the aim to bring together researchers and stakeholders (e.g. famers) in order to jointly discuss 1) the suitability of hydrological modelling data for preparing the agriculture sector to a changing climate, and 2) suggest suitable adaptation options based on researchers’ and stakeholders’ knowledge and experience. Information from the first workshop was obtained by a workshop report, whilst information from the second workshop was obtained from the author’s own participation. The result from the workshop showed that the farmers had several suggestions of suitable adaptation options e.g. implementation of irrigation system and improved access to credit. It also showed that the farmers already adapted to climate change e.g. usage of short- and long duration variations of rice and sowing date adjustment. The combination of these results informed the suggestions for adaptation options for the two districts, namely the development of disaster reduction plans and early warning systems for weather extremes, as well as a diversification of agriculture and more generally livelihoods. In addition, indirect adaptation measures suggested for both districts included insurance schemes against yield failure, improved access to credit schemes, and right/fair market prices. Specific measures for each district were also suggested e.g. heat-tolerant crops in Patna and implementation or irrigation systems in Uttarkashi. Klimatförändringarna påverkar åtskilliga miljöfaktorer och tillsammans med socioekonomiska förändringar sätter de stort tryck på vattenresurser. Klimatförändringar manifesterar sig i stigande temperaturer och ändrade nederbördsmönster och nederbördsintensitet, med påföljande effekter på hydrologiskt relevanta parametrar så som vattenflöden, evapotranspirationsvärden, smältande glaciärer etcetera, vilka alla är effekter som redan observerats och är förutspådda att fortsätta under innevarande århundrande. Befolkningen i Indien är näst störst i världen. Större delen av befolkningen i Indien bor på landsbygden och är beroende av klimatkänsliga sektorer så som jordbruk, fiske och skogsbruk. Indiska Himalaya förser 600 miljoner människor med vatten, framtida effekter på den hydrologiska cykeln, orsakade av klimatförändringarna i området, är därför av största intresse. För att kunna hantera de framtida effekterna orsakade av klimatförändringarna är det viktigt att implementera klimatanpassningsstrategier. Den här studien kombinerar data analyser från en hydro-klimatisk modelleringskampanj (som är genomförd externt till det här arbetet), litteraturstudie över effekter på jordbruk orsakade av klimatförändringar och möjligheter att anpassa sig till dessa förändringar, samt involverar preferenser och kunskaper från intressenter inom det aktuella området för att kunna identifiera lämpliga klimatanpassningsstrategier. Studien har ett huvudfokus på klimatanpassning för jordbruksområden i två distrikt i Indien: Uttarkashi (uppströms Ganges, Uttarakhand) och Patna (nedströms Ganges, Bihar). Analysen av hydro-klimatisk data, baserad på en modelleringskampanj, fokuserar på tre klimatvariabler som är av betydelse för jordbrukssektor: nederbörd, temperatur, och evapotranspiration. För att kunna karakterisera framtida klimat har IPCCs fyra representativa koncentrationsvägar (RCPs) tagits hänsyn till: RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, och RCP 8.5. Effekterna av dessa scenarier på de tre ovan listade klimatvariablerna är analyserade över tre framtida tidsperioder: 2011-2040, 2041-2070, 2071-2100, med ett speciellt fokus på monsunperioden från juni till oktober. Resultatet från analysen av hydro-klimatisk data indikerar en ökning under århundrandet i minimal, maximal, och genomsnittlig temperatur i båda distrikten. En ökning i evapotranspiration för båda distrikten kunde också identifieras, med några få undantag för RCP 2.6, 6.0 och 8.5 i april och maj i Patna, samt för alla RCP scenarier i april, maj och juni för Uttarkashi. Trender i nederbörd visar en ökning i maximal och genomsnittlig nederbörd för nästan alla scenarier under monsunperioden i Patna (exempel på scenarier där den genomsnittliga nederbörden inte ökar är RCP 4.5 och 8.5 i juni och juli under perioden 2011-2040). En ökning i maximal och genomsnittlig nederbörd identifierades i september för alla RCP scenarier och framtidsperioder, samt i augusti för RCP 2.6 och 8.5 i Uttarkashi. Kvarvarande månader visar på stor variabilitet i nederbörd för alla scenarier i båda distrikten. Litteraturstudien resulterade i en tabell med klimatanpassningsstrategier, där nio av 63 ansågs vara transformerande, samt identifierade möjliga effekter på jordbruket i de två distrikten orsakade av klimatförändringar. Ökningen i minimal temperatur kan leda till mer allvarliga och intensifierade hagelstormar i framtiden. Temperaturökningen kan i Uttarkashi leda till förlängd odlingssäsong medan ökningen i genomsnittlig och maximal temperatur kan leda till värmestress på grödorna i Patna. Vidare gäller att ökningen i maximal och genomsnittlig nederbörd kan leda till mer allvarliga naturkatastrofer i framtiden som exempelvis jordskred i Uttarkashi och översvämningar i Patna. Ökningen i evapotranspiration kombinerat med minskningen i genomsnittlig nederbörd under vissa månader skulle kunna leda till ett ökat bevattningsbehov. Två ”worskhops” anordnades i regionen med målet att sammanföra forskare och intressenter (exempelvis bönder) för att gemensamt diskutera 1) lämpligheten av användandet av hydrologiskt modellerad data för att förbereda jordbruket på klimatförändringar, och 2) föreslå lämpliga klimatanpassningsstrategier baserat på forskarnas och intressenternas kunskap och erfarenheter. Informationen från den första workshopen erhölls genom en workshoprapport, medan informationen i den andra workshopen erhölls genom författarens eget deltagande i workshopen. Resultatet från workshopen visade på att bönderna hade flertalet egna föreslag vad gäller lämpliga klimatanpassningsstrategier så som exempelvis implementerande av bevattningssystem och ökade kreditmöjligheter. Bönderna hade även börjat anpassa sig till klimatförändringar genom exempelvis ha lång- och korttids variationer av ris samt att de hade flyttat på datumet för sådden. Kombinationen av hydro-klimatisk data, litteratur och intressentpreferenser och kunskap möjliggjorde förslag på klimatanpassningsstrategier i de två distrikten. Strategier för att reducera skador på grödor och jordbruksmark orsakade av extrema händelser, varningssystem som varnar i ett tidigt skede, och diversifiering av försörjning är direkta klimatanpassningsstrategier som identifierades för båda distrikten. Försäkringslösningar, ökade kreditmöjligheter, och ett rättvist marknadspris var indirekta anpassningsstrategier som identifierats för båda distrikten. Även specifika anpassningsstrategier för respektive distrikt har identifierats, där exempelvis värme-tåliga grödor identifierades som viktigt för Patna och implementering av bevattningssystem identifierades som extra viktigt för Uttarkashi.

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27

Reid, Kirrin Gail. "A survey of anticyclonic mesoscale eddies, within the Southern Ocean, and their propagation south from the South West Indian Ridge." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24465.

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Eddies within oceans act as vehicles, transporting smaller bodies of water, with certain oceanographic characteristics, from one place to another within a larger body of water. The South West Indian Ridge [SWIR] is a topographically complex bathymetric feature which amplifies the production of mesoscale eddies in and around the Antarctic Circumpolar Current [ACC]. Within the Southern Ocean [SO], a section of this ridge - the Andrew Bain Fracture Zone [ABFZ] - has been found to be the starting line of an eastward extending eddy corridor. Earlier research shows an area of diminishing mesoscale variability within this corridor which extends down from 45°S to approximately 60S. A recent study focused on a southward extending anticyclonic eddy corridor and proved its existence. The anticyclonic [warm core] eddies which are propagating south, not previously investigated through in situ means, were observed during the 2014 Marion Island Relief Cruise [MIRC2014] aboard the SA Agulhas II. Two anticyclonic mesoscale eddies [one juvenile and one mature] were bisected with transects of conductivity, temperature and depth stations and expendable bathythermograph deployments. This paper used the in situ data captured during the MIRC2014 to study the internal structure of the two eddies. The objectives of this study were also to examine both the recent and the historical trajectory characteristics of the southward advecting anticyclonic eddies, to confirm the origin of the two sampled eddies, and to assess the structural differences between the two anticyclonic eddies. This paper plots the behaviour of the anticyclonic mesoscale eddies found within the area of the southward eddy corridor, firstly using website available data collected over a two year period [May 2012 - May 2014] and then utilizing a previously compiled data set to plot the historical dynamics [October 1992 - April 2012]. The trajectories of the southward anticyclones during that time period were found to be predominantly southward, typically following the south west slope of the SWIR. The two MIRC2014 eddies were confirmed to originate from the ABFZ section of the SWIR. Each eddy had a similar grouping of water masses; Antarctic Bottom Water, Circumpolar Deep Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, Winter Water and Sub-Antarctic Surface Water: water masses characteristic of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone [APFZ]. The in situ measurement and analysis of these eddies allowed the first comparison between a juvenile and a mature anticyclonic eddy in the recently discovered southward extending eddy corridor. Thermal section comparisons of these two sampled anticyclonic eddies showed that, over time, these anticyclonic eddies appear to shrink in surface diameter, deepen and lose heat to host waters. This loss of heat occurs due to the degradation of water mass boundary integrity over time and is theorised to accelerate as time passes. This study shows that the southward extending eddy corridor is a means of shifting heat and salt further south within the SO, large sections of which are sink areas for atmospheric CO₂. This poleward heat transport influences the capability of the SO to absorb atmospheric CO₂, since higher temperatures negatively affect the ocean's CO₂ uptake capability. The results of this study are proposed to be a catalyst for future in situ sampling across eddies in this area, in order that heat and salt transport, through this southward anticyclonic eddy corridor, can be monitored for fluctuations. As this carbon sink is vitally important with regards to climate change, the quantification of the heat and salt sources of the SO, which alter the SO's ability to absorb CO₂, is imperative.

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Li, Peng. "Temporal and Spatial Variability of Surface Solar Radiation over the South-West Indian Ocean and Reunion Island : Regional Climate Modeling." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0021/document.

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Ce travail documente la variabilité spatiale et temporelle du rayonnement solaire à la surface sur le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien (SOOI) et l'île de La Réunion à l'aide de deux modèles régionaux de climat (MRC) : les modèles RegCM et WRF. La première partie de ce travail est dédiée à l'analyse de la variabilité temporelle du rayonnement solaire à l'aide du modèle RegCM sur le SOOI avec une résolution spatiale modérée (50km). S'agissant du premier travail sur la modélisation régionale du climat pour l'étude du rayonnement solaire dans le SOOI, une première série de tests pour illustrer les performances du modèle et sa sensibilité au choix des paramétrisations physiques (transfert radiatif, convection), à la taille du modèle, et à la résolution spatiale, est effectuée. Le schéma radiatif par défaut, le schéma CCM, et le schéma convectif mixte : Grell sur les terres et Emanuel sur les océans, donnent les résultats les plus satisfaisants pour la région, comparés aux autres options disponibles. La variabilité climatique interannuelle, intrasaisonnière et jour-à-jour est ensuite examinée sur la base des indices climatiques. Dans un premier temps, plusieurs paramètres (vent horizontal, température, humidité relative) issus des réanalyses ERA-Interim et utilisés comme paramètres d'entrée pour le modèle RegCM, sont analysés en lien avec ceux correspondant fournis en sortie du modèle, pour vérifier l'aptitude du modèle à maintenir les signaux ENSO (El-Nino Southern Oscillation), IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole), MJO (Madden-Julian Oscillation) et les Talwegs Tropicaux-Tempérés (TTT). Dans un second temps, le rayonnement solaire à la surface simulé par le modèle RegCM est mis en lien avec ces différents modes de variabilité. La seconde partie du travail est consacrée à l'analyse de la variabilité spatiale du rayonnement solaire à la surface à La Réunion à l'aide du modèle WRF à très haute résolution spatiale (750m) pour différentes échelles de temps : interannuelle, intrasaisonnière, jour-à-jour. Une classification est appliquée sur les sorties de rayonnement produites par WRF, et le lien avec la circulation atmosphérique de grande échelle est analysé dans chacune des classes. Les résultats de la modélisation sont validés à l'aide des données d'observations du réseau Météo France et des produits satellite CM SAF. Les résultats indiquent que les MRC ont la capacité de représenter la variabilité temporelle et spatiale du rayonnement solaire à La Réunion This work documents the temporal and spatial variability of surface solar radiation (SSR) over the southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) and Reunion Island using two complementary Regional Climate Models (RCMs): RegCM4 and WRF. The first part of the work is dedicated to the analysis of the temporal variability of SSR based on RegCM4 over the SWIO at a moderate spatial resolution (50km). Because RegCM4 is the first RCM that focuses on the solar radiation research over the SWIO region, a first series of test experiments with this model to illustrate the model performance and its sensitivity to the choice of the physical parameterizations (radiation, convection), the domain size, and the spatial resolution, are performed. The default CCM radiative and the mixed convective scheme: Grell scheme over land and Emanuel scheme over ocean, give better performance over the SWIO compared to the other available options. The interannual, intraseasonal and synoptic climate variability is then examined through the climate indices and several ERA-Interim parameters (U, V, T and RH) are firstly analyzed along with the corresponding RegCM4 output data to check whether the RegCM4 model forced by ERA-Interim reanalyses is able to maintain the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the Tropical Temperate Trough (TTT) signals. Secondly, simulated SSR in association with the different modes of variability is examined. In the second part, SSR spatial variability over Reunion Island is analyzed based on WRF simulations at very fine resolution (750m) for seasonal, intraseasonal, and daily time scales. Clustering classification is applied to WRF simulated SSR over Reunion and the effect from the atmospheric circulation is checked together. Météo France observations and CM SAF are used to validate the results of the model. The results indicate that regional climate models have the ability to present the temporal and spatial variability of SSR over Reunion

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Tang, Chao. "Model estimations of possible climate changes of surface solar radiation at regional scales over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0055/document.

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Les variations du rayonnement solaire en surface (SSR) peuvent avoir un impact significatif sur divers aspects du système climatique, et notamment sur le développement socio-économique d’un pays. Pour identifier les impacts possibles du changement climatique sur le rayonnement solaire en surface à l'échelle régionale (~ 50 km) en Afrique australe jusqu'à la fin du 21ème siècle, on a analysé les données mensuelles produites dans le cadre du projet CORDEX-Afrique sur la période 1979-2099. Ces données sont issues des sorties de 5 modèles régionaux de climat (RCM) forcés par 10 modèles globaux de climat (GCM) CMIP5, pour deux scénarios d’émissions, RCP4.5 et RCP8.5, en Afrique australe (SA) et sur une partie du SWIO (0-40°S ; 0- 60°E). Pour contribuer au projet futur proposé qui vise à approfondir l'étude des changements de SSR à l'échelle locale (~ 1 km de résolution horizontale) à l'île de la Réunion et à l'île Maurice, situées dans le Sud-ouest de l'océan Indien (SWIO), près du bord d’Est du domaine CORDEX-Afrique, des simulations climatiques ont été réalisées sur trois fenêtres temporelles de 10 ans : a) le passé 1996-2005 ; et b) le futur 2046-2055 et 2090-2099, en utilisant la version 4 du RCM RegCM (RegCM4), forcé par : 1) les réanalyses climatiques ERA-Interim (ERAINT) du centre européen pour les prévisions météorologiques à moyen terme (ECMWF) pour simuler un passé récent seulement ; et 2) deux GCMs (HadGEM2-ES et GFDL-ESM2M) de l’exercice CMIP5 de simulations du climat passé et futur pour le scénario d’émissions RCP8.5 à l’échelle régionale de 50km en Afrique australe et dans le sud-ouest de l’océan Indien (0-40°S ; 0- 100°E). L’analyse de l’impact du changement climatique sur le SSR sur la base de ces simulations reste cependant limitée, à cause de leur couverture temporelle (3 périodes de 10 ans) et du nombre de modèles (2 GCMs, 1 RCM) et de scénarios (1 RCP) utilisés. Il ressort de l’analyse des simulations de l’ensemble CORDEX-Afrique que : 1) sur la période passée récente, les GCMs forceurs surestiment généralement SSR d'environ 1 W/m2 en été austral (DJF : Décembre-Janvier-Février), et de 7,5 W/m2 en hiver austral (JJA : Juin-Juillet-Août), tandis que les RCMs, forcés par ces GCMs, sous-estiment SSR d'environ -32 W/m2 et de -14 W/m2 en été et en hiver, respectivement. 2) Les projections multi-modèles de changement de SSR simulées par les RCMs et leurs GCMs forceurs sont assez cohérentes. Les GCMs prévoient, en moyenne multi-modèles, une augmentation statistiquement significative de SSR d'environ 8 W/m2 en 2099 selon le scénario RCP4.5 et de 12 W/m2 en 2099 selon le scénario RCP8.5 sur le Centre de l’Afrique australe (SA-C), et une diminution de SSR, avec un degré de confiance élevé, d'environ -5 W/m2 en 2099 selon le scénario RCP4.5 et de -10 W/m2 en 2099 selon le scénario RCP8.5, pendant la saison DJF, en Afrique équatoriale (EA-E). Dans ces deux régions, les RCMs produisent, en moyenne multi-modèles, des tendances similaires (avec un degré de confiance élevé) à celles des GCMs, mais sur des zones d’extension spatiale plus faible que celle des GCMs. Cependant, pour la saison JJA, une augmentation de SSR, d'amplitude similaire dans les simulations GCMs et RCMs (~5 W/m2 en 2099 selon le scénario RCP4.5 et 10 W/m2 selon le scénario RCP8.5), est attendue dans la région EA-E. 3). Une diminution significative de la nébulosité (environ -6% en 2099) est attendue sur le continent sud-africain pour les GCMs comme pour les RCMs. 4) Le scénario RCP8.5 produit des changements d’amplitude supérieure de 2.5W/m2 pour les GCMs forceurs et de 5W/m2 pour les RCMs en 2099 à celle pour le scénario RCP4.5. 5). Comme pour les sorties du modèle RegCM4, les structures des biais ou des changements de SSR issu des RCMs du programme CORDEX-Afrique sont globalement corrélées avec celles de couverture nuageuse totale des RCMs. L’analyse des sorties du modèle RegCM4 indique que : Changes in Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) have the potential to significantly impact diverse aspects of the climate system, and notably the socio-economic development of any nation. To identify the possible impacts of climate change on SSR at regional scales (~50 km) over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean (SA-SWIO; 0-40°S ; 0- 100°E) up to the end of the 21st century, a slice downscaling experiment consisting of simulations covering three temporal windows: a) the present 1996-2005; b) the future 2046-2055 and 2090-2099 conducted with the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RegCM version 4, driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAINT, only present) and 2 Global Climate Model (GCMs: HadGEM2-ES and GFDL-ESM2M) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under RCP8.5 scenario, are performed and evaluated. Since the slice simulation is of limited temporal coverage, number of regional and driven global models and climate change forcings, mainly because of the limit of available computational resources, the study towards a comprehensive knowledge of SSR changes in context of climate change is thus extended: an ensemble consisting of outputs from 20 regional climate downscaling realisations based on 5 RCMs that participated in the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) program (CORDEX-Africa) along with their 10 driving GCMs from CMIP5 covering southern Africa (0-40°S; 0- 100°E) during the period of 1990-2099 is analyzed under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 up to 2099.The slice experiment indicates that 1) RegCM4 simulates present-day seasonal climatology, (surface air temperature, precipitation and SSR) quite well, but has a negative total cloud cover bias (about -20% in absolute percentage) when forced by the ERAINT and the two GCMs. 2) Internal variability of RegCM4-simulated annual means SSR (about 0.2 W/m2) is of one order smaller than the model bias compared with reference data. 3) RegCM4 simulates SSR changes in opposite signs when driven by the different GCMs under RCP8.5 scenario. 4) Electricity potential calculated using first-order estimation based on the RegCM simulations indicates a change less then 2% to 2099 with respect on present level.It is also found from the ensemble study that: 1) GCMs ensemble generally overestimates SSR by about 1 W/m2 in austral summer (December, January, and February, short as DJF) and 7.5 W/m2 in austral winter (June, July and August, short as JJA), while RCMs ensemble mean shows underestimations of SSR by about -32 W/m2 and -14 W/m2 in summer and winter seasons respectively when driven by GCMs. 2) Multi-model mean projections of SSR change patterns simulated by the GCMs and their embedded RCMs are fairly consistent. 3) GCMs project, in their multi-model means, a statistically significant increase of SSR of about 8 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and 12 W/m2 in RCP8.5 by 2099 over Centre Southern Africa (SA-C) and a highly confident decreasing SSR over Eastern Equatorial Africa (EA-E) of about -5 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and -10 W/m2 in RCP8.5 during the DJF season. RCMs simulate SSR change with statistical confidence over SA-C and EA-E area as well with a little spatial extension compared to GCMs. However, in the JJA season, an increase of SSR is found over EA-E of about 5 W/m2 by 2099 under RCP4.5 and 10 W/m2 under RCP8.5, of similar amplitudes in both the GCMs and RCMs simulations. 4) Significant cloudiness decrease (about -6 % to 2099) is found over continent of SA for GCMs and also shown in RCMs. 5) Larger SSR changes are found in the RCP8.5 scenario than in the RCP4.5 scenario in 2099, with about 2.5 W/m2 enhanced changes in GCMs and about 5 W/m2 in RCMs. 6) Either the biases or the changes pattern of SSR are overall correlated with the patterns of total cloud cover from RCMs in CORDEX-Africa program (for RegCM4 as well). The slice experiment indicates that

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Raghavan, Sathyan Archana [Verfasser]. "Climate change vulnerability assessment among rainfed smallholder farmers: a case analysis from Indian watersheds / Archana Raghavan Sathyan." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187658324/34.

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Ambili, Anoop [Verfasser], and Achim [Akademischer Betreuer] Brauer. "Lake sediments as climate and tectonic archives in the Indian summer monsoon domain / Anoop Ambili. Betreuer: Achim Brauer." Potsdam : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1034204564/34.

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Amollo, Joseph Odhiambo. "Aspects of sea level variability in the southwest Indian Ocean and the east coast of Africa - (latitude 0-35°S and from the coast to 60°E)." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14100.

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Analysis of tide gauge sea level observations of varying durations in the southwest Indian Ocean and the East coast of Africa (Lamu, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Durban, Port La Rue and Port Louis) show variability which are related to global, regional time scales, local weather and climatic changes, oceanographic and hydrological forcing that manifest in both short and long time scales. The investigations on the tide gauge sea level observations are conducted through the separation of the total sea level measurements into the contributing components (tides and residuals) using a Matlab in built software (t-tide). Short time scale sea level variability in the southwest Indian Ocean is due to the effects of tides which exhibit tidal range variations with latitude and shelf width, storm surges resulting from tropical cyclones passage especially in the mid-latitude region, atmospheric pressure fluctuations over the surface of the sea and local wind fields. Sea surface temperature variations during summer and winter result in differential heating of the ocean surface and contribute to the observed sea level variability at seasonal time scale especially in the region 25°S and southwards where the temperature differences are large. The equatorial region is characterized by a near constant sea surface temperature that sustains thermal expansion of the upper layer of the ocean water throughout the year. Monsoon periods show significant and variable wind speeds that impact on sea level variability in the southwest Indian Ocean and the East coast of Africa and are greatest during the summer monsoon (from June to August). On longer time scales (Interannual and decadal), sea level variations in this region is mostly influenced by the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). During the 1997/98 El Nino event, the sea levels are significantly higher than normal at the coast and the islands. During the 2000/2001 La Nina, the sea levels are significantly lower than normal at the coasts in the southwest Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean Dipole effects are significant in the southwest Indian Ocean during the period 2006 through to 2008 and are more enhanced in 2007. The annual highest sea levels in this region are influenced by the year to year changes in weather pattern and the perigean cycle of the tides on a 4.4 year period but their secular trends are not statistically significant.

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Zickfeld, Kirsten. "Modeling large-scale singular climate events for integrated assessment." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2003. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2005/153/.

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Erkenntnisse aus paläoklimatologischen Studien, theoretischen Betrachtungen und Modellsimulationen deuten darauf hin, dass anthropogene Emissionen von Treibhausgasen und Aerosolen zu großskaligen, singulären Klimaereignissen führen könnten. Diese bezeichnen stark nichtlineare, abrupte Klimaänderungen, mit regionalen bis hin zu globalen Auswirkungen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung von Modellen zweier maßgeblicher Komponenten des Klimasystems, die singuläres Verhalten aufweisen könnten: die atlantische thermohaline Zirkulation (THC) und der indische Monsun. Diese Modelle sind so konzipiert, dass sie den Anforderungen der "Integrated Assessment"-Modellierung genügen, d.h., sie sind realistisch, recheneffizient, transparent und flexibel. Das THC-Modell ist ein einfaches, interhemisphärisches Boxmodell, das anhand von Daten kalibriert wird, die mit einem gekoppelten Klimamodell mittlerer Komplexität erzeugt wurden. Das Modell wird durch die globale Mitteltemperatur angetrieben, die mit Hilfe eines linearen Downscaling-Verfahrens in regionale Wärme- und Süßwasserflüsse übersetzt wird. Die Ergebnisse einer Vielzahl von zeitabhängigen Simulationen zeigen, dass das Modell in der Lage ist, maßgebliche Eigenschaften des Verhaltens komplexer Klimamodelle wiederzugeben, wie die Sensitivität bezüglich des Ausmaßes, der regionalen Verteilung und der Rate der Klimaänderung. Der indische Monsun wird anhand eines neuartigen eindimensionalen Boxmodells der tropischen Atmosphäre beschrieben. Dieses enthält Parmetrisierungen der Oberflächen- und Strahlungsflüsse, des hydrologischen Kreislaufs und derHydrologie der Landoberfläche. Trotz des hohen Idealisierungsgrades ist das Modell in der Lage, relevante Aspekte der beobachteten Monsundynamik, wie z.B. den Jahresgang des Niederschlags und das Eintritts- sowie Rückzugsdatum des Sommermonsuns, zufrieden stellend zu simulieren. Außerdem erfasst das Modell die Sensitivitätdes Monsuns bezüglich Änderungen der Treibhausgas- und Aerosolkonzentrationen, die aus komplexeren Modellen bekannt sind. Eine vereinfachte Version des Monsunmodells wird für die Untersuchung des qualitativen Systemverhaltens in Abhängigkeit von Änderungen der Randbedingungen eingesetzt. Das bemerkenswerteste Ergebnis ist das Auftreten einer Sattelknotenbifurkation des Sommermonsuns für kritische Werte der Albedo oder der Sonneneinstrahlung. Darüber hinaus weist das Modell zwei stabile Zustände auf: neben dem niederschlagsreichen Sommermonsun besteht ein Zustand, der sich durch einen schwachen hydrologischen Kreislauf auszeichnet. Das Beachtliche an diesen Ergebnissen ist, dass anthropogene Störungen der plantetaren Albedo, wie Schwefelemissionen und/oder Landnutzungsänderungen, zu einer Destabilisierung des indischen Monsuns führen könnten. Das THC-Boxmodell findet exemplarische Anwendung in einem "Integrated Assessment" von Klimaschutzstrategien. Basierend auf dem konzeptionellen und methodischen Gerüst des Leitplankenansatzes werden Emissionskorridore (d.h. zulässige Spannen an CO2-Emissionen) berechnet, die das Risiko eines THC-Zusammenbruchs begrenzen sowie sozioökonomische Randbedingungen berücksichtigen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen u.a. eine starke Abhängigkeit der Breite der Emissionskorridore von der Klima- und hydrologischen Sensitivität. Für kleine Werte einer oder beider Sensitivitäten liegt der obere Korridorrand bei weit höheren Emissionswerten als jene, die von plausiblen Emissionsszenarien für das 21. Jahrhundert erreicht werden. Für große Werte der Sensitivitäten hingegen, verlassen schon niedrige Emissionsszenarien den Korridor in den frühen Jahrzehnten des 21. Jahrhunderts. Dies impliziert eine Abkehr von den gegenwärtigen Emissionstrends innherhalb der kommenden Jahrzehnte, wenn das Risko eines THC Zusammenbruchs gering gehalten werden soll. Anhand einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen - von Sensitivitäts- über Bifurkationsanalysen hin zu integrierter Modellierung - zeigt diese Arbeit den Wert reduzierter Modelle auf. Die Ergebnisse und die daraus zu ziehenden Schlussfolgerungen liefern einen wertvollen Beitrag zu der wissenschaftlichen und politischen Diskussion bezüglich der Folgen des anthropogenen Klimawandels und der langfristigen Klimaschutzziele. Concerns have been raised that anthropogenic climate change could lead to large-scale singular climate events, i.e., abrupt nonlinear climate changes with repercussions on regional to global scales. One central goal of this thesis is the development of models of two representative components of the climate system that could exhibit singular behavior: the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) and the Indian monsoon. These models are conceived so as to fulfill the main requirements of integrated assessment modeling, i.e., reliability, computational efficiency, transparency and flexibility. The model of the THC is an interhemispheric four-box model calibrated against data generated with a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity. It is designed to be driven by global mean temperature change which is translated into regional fluxes of heat and freshwater through a linear down-scaling procedure. Results of a large number of transient climate change simulations indicate that the reduced-form THC model is able to emulate key features of the behavior of comprehensive climate models such as the sensitivity of the THC to the amount, regional distribution and rate of change in the heat and freshwater fluxes. The Indian monsoon is described by a novel one-dimensional box model of the tropical atmosphere. It includes representations of the radiative and surface fluxes, the hydrological cycle and surface hydrology. Despite its high degree of idealization, the model satisfactorily captures relevant aspects of the observed monsoon dynamics, such as the annual course of precipitation and the onset and withdrawal of the summer monsoon. Also, the model exhibits the sensitivity to changes in greenhouse gas and sulfate aerosol concentrations that are known from comprehensive models. A simplified version of the monsoon model is employed for the identification of changes in the qualitative system behavior against changes in boundary conditions. The most notable result is that under summer conditions a saddle-node bifurcation occurs at critical values of the planetary albedo or insolation. Furthermore, the system exhibits two stable equilibria: besides the wet summer monsoon, a stable state exists which is characterized by a weak hydrological cycle. These results are remarkable insofar, as they indicate that anthropogenic perturbations of the planetary albedo such as sulfur emissions and/or land-use changes could destabilize the Indian summer monsoon. The reduced-form THC model is employed in an exemplary integrated assessment application. Drawing on the conceptual and methodological framework of the tolerable windows approach, emissions corridors (i.e., admissible ranges of CO2- emissions) are derived that limit the risk of a THC collapse while considering expectations about the socio-economically acceptable pace of emissions reductions. Results indicate, for example, a large dependency of the width of the emissions corridor on climate and hydrological sensitivity: for low values of climate and/or hydrological sensitivity, the corridor boundaries are far from being transgressed by any plausible emissions scenario for the 21st century. In contrast, for high values of both quantities low non-intervention scenarios leave the corridor already in the early decades of the 21st century. This implies that if the risk of a THC collapse is to be kept low, business-as-usual paths would need to be abandoned within the next two decades. All in all, this thesis highlights the value of reduced-form modeling by presenting a number of applications of this class of models, ranging from sensitivity and bifurcation analysis to integrated assessment. The results achieved and conclusions drawn provide a useful contribution to the scientific and policy debate about the consequences of anthropogenic climate change and the long-term goals of climate protection. --- Anmerkung: Die Autorin ist Trägerin des von der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam vergebenen Michelson-Preises für die beste Promotion des Jahres 2003/2004.

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Bookhagen, Bodo. "Late quaternary climate changes and landscape evolution in the Northwest Himalaya geomorphologic processes in the Indian summer monsoon domain /." Phd thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974115487.

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Vinyeta, Kirsten. "A Cultural Snapshot: Exploring the Value of Community Photography for the Coquille Indian Tribe in a Climate Change Era." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/17880.

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Like many American Indian tribes, the Coquille Indian Tribe of Oregon has endured long struggles to preserve its cultural traditions despite the impacts of colonization. Now, advancing climate change poses additional threats to indigenous ways of life. In recent decades, the Coquille have archived historical documents and photographs as a means to protect and assert their tribal sovereignty. There has also been a surge in photography within the Tribe to document contemporary tribal activities. Community photography may be a useful tool for the purpose of asserting tribal culture and self-determination in the face of a changing climate. Photovoice, a type of community photography in which photographs are combined with oral descriptions, may be particularly well suited for tribal purposes. This collaboration explores the value of community photography in general, and photovoice in particular, when used by the Coquille Indian Tribe in the context of climate change.

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Power, Katherine. "Regional and local impacts of the ENSO and IOD events of 2015 and 2016 on the Indian Summer Monsoon - A Bhutan case study." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-193611.

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The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) plays a vital role in the livelihoods and economy of those living on the Indian subcontinent, including the small, mountainous country of Bhutan. The ISM fluctuates over varying temporal scales and its variability is related to many internal and external factors including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). In 2015, a Super El Niño occurred in the tropical Pacific alongside a positive IOD in the Indian Ocean and was followed in 2016 by a simultaneous La Niña and negative IOD. These events had worldwide repercussions. However, it is unclear how the ISM was affected during this time, both at a regional scale over the whole ISM area and at a local scale over Bhutan. First, an evaluation of data products comparing ERA5 reanalysis, TRMM and GPM satellite, and GPCC precipitation products against weather station measurements from Bhutan, showed that ERA5 reanalysis was the most suitable product to investigate ISM change in these two years. Using the reanalysis datasets, it was shown that there was disruption to the ISM during this period, with a late onset of the monsoon in 2015, a shifted monsoon flow in July 2015 and in August 2016 and a late withdrawal in 2016. However, this resulted in neither a monsoon surplus nor deficit across both years but instead large spatial-temporal variability. It is possible to attribute some of the regional scale changes to the ENSO and IOD events, but the expected impact of a simultaneous ENSO and IOD events are not recognisable. This may be due to a supposed weakening of the ENSO/ISM relationship and it is likely that 2015/16 monsoon disruption was driven by a combination of factors alongside ENSO and the IOD, including varying boundary conditions, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, and more. At a local scale, the intricate topography and orographic processes ongoing within Bhutan further amplified or dampened the already altered ISM. Whilst ENSO and IOD driven monsoon variability can be recognised at a regional scale, a direct link between ENSO and IOD activity and changes to the monsoon at a local scale over Bhutan is hard to distinguish. It is unknown how the ISM, ENSO, and the IOD will evolve under a future changing climate and therefore this presents a concern to Bhutan with its inherent vulnerability to monsoon variability.

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Wall-Palmer, Deborah. "Response of pteropod and related faunas to climate change and ocean acidification." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1398.

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Recent concern over the effects of ocean acidification upon calcifying organisms in the modern ocean has highlighted the aragonitic shelled thecosomatous pteropods as being at a high risk. Laboratory studies have shown that increased pCO2, leading to decreased pH and low carbonate concentrations, has a negative impact on the ability of pteropods to calcify and maintain their shells. This study presents the micropalaeontological analysis of marine cores from the Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. Pteropods, heteropods and planktic foraminifera were picked from samples to provide palaeoenvironmental data for each core. Determination of pteropod calcification was made using the Limacina Dissolution Index (LDX) and the average shell size of Limacina inflata specimens. Pteropod calcification indices were compared to global ice volume and Vostok atmospheric CO2 concentrations to determine any associations between climate and calcification. Results show that changes in surface ocean carbonate concentrations throughout the Late Pleistocene did affect the calcification of thecosomatous pteropods. These effects can be detected in shells from marine sediments that are located well above the aragonite lysocline and have not undergone post-depositional dissolution. The results of this study confirm the findings of laboratory studies, showing a decrease in calcification during interglacial periods, when surface ocean carbonate concentrations were lower. During glacial periods, calcification was enhanced due to the increased availability of carbonate. This trend was found in all sediments studied, indicating that the response of pteropods to past climate change is of global significance. These results demonstrate that pteropods have been negatively affected by oceanic pH levels relatively higher and changing at a lesser rate than those predicted for the 21st Century. Results also establish the use of pteropods and heteropods in reconstructing surface ocean conditions. The LDX is a fast and appropriate way of determining variations in surface water carbonate saturation. Abundances of key species were also found to constrain palaeotemperatures better than planktic foraminifera, a use which could be further developed.

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Le, Blanc Jean-Luc. "The role of the Indian Ocean in the global climate system : the propagation of Indian Ocean Kelvin waves in the Indonesian Seas and their influence on western Pacific sea level variability." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402544.

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Maoyi, Molulaqhooa Linda. "Simulating the characteristics of tropical cyclones over the South West Indian Ocean using an adaptive Stretched-Grid Global Climate Model." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19989.

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Tropical Cyclones are one of the most devastating natural phenomena. Previous attempts to simulate Tropical Cyclones (TCs) over the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) have used Global Circulation Models (GCMs) with uniform grid. This study examines the capability of a GCM with adaptive grid stretching (CAM-EULAG, hereafter CEU) in simulating the characteristics of TCs over the SWIO. In the study, the CEU model is applied with a fine horizontal grid resolution (0.5°x0.5°) over the SWIO and coarser resolution (1°x1° - 2°x2.25°) over the rest of the globe. The model simulation is performed for 11 years (1999-2010) and validated against the Joint Typhoon Warning Centre (JTWC) best track observation, Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) satellite data, and ERA-Interim (ERAINT) reanalysis data. The study also considers the impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the South Atlantic Subtropical Dipole (SASD) on TC counts over the SWIO.

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Papiez, Chelsie. "Climate change implications for the Quileute and Hoh Tribes of Washington a multidisciplinary approach to assessing climatic disruptions to coastal indigenous communities /." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2009. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Papiez_C%20MES_Thesis2009.pdf.

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Gupta, Ananya. "The Politicization of Water: Transboundary Water-Conflict in the Indian Subcontinent." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin159016833466416.

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Ranasinghage, Pradeep Nalaka. "Holocene Coastal Development in Southeastern-Eastern Sri Lanka: Paleo-Depositional Environments and Paleo-coastal Hazards." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1286816740.

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Salzmann, Marc, and Ribu Cherian. "On the enhancement of the Indian summer monsoon drying by Pacific multidecadal variability during the latter half of the twentieth century." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-211254.

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The observed summertime drying over Northern Central India (NCI) during the latter half of the twentieth century is not reproduced by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) model ensemble average. At the same time, the spread between precipitation trends from individual model realizations is large, indicating that internal variability potentially plays an important role in explaining the observed trend. Here we show that the drying is indeed related to the observed 1950–1999 positive trend of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index and that the relationship is even stronger for a simpler index (S1). Adjusting the CMIP5-simulated precipitation trends to account for the difference between the observed and simulated S1 trend increases the original multimodel average NCI drying trend from −0.09 ± 0.31 mm d−1 (50 years)−1 to −0.54 ± 0.40 mm d−1 (50 years)−1. Thus, our estimate of the 1950–1999 NCI drying associated with Pacific decadal variability is of similar magnitude as our previous CMIP5-based estimate of the drying due to anthropogenic aerosol. The drying (moistening) associated with increasing (decreasing) S1 can partially be attributed to a southeastward (northwestward) shift of the boundary between ascent and descent affecting NCI. This shift of the ascent region strongly affects NCI but not Southeast Asia and south China. The average spread between individual model realizations is only slightly reduced when adjusting for S1 as smaller-scale variability also plays an important role.

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Salzmann, Marc, and Ribu Cherian. "On the enhancement of the Indian summer monsoon drying by Pacific multidecadal variability during the latter half of the twentieth century." American Geophysical Union, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14975.

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The observed summertime drying over Northern Central India (NCI) during the latter half of the twentieth century is not reproduced by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) model ensemble average. At the same time, the spread between precipitation trends from individual model realizations is large, indicating that internal variability potentially plays an important role in explaining the observed trend. Here we show that the drying is indeed related to the observed 1950–1999 positive trend of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index and that the relationship is even stronger for a simpler index (S1). Adjusting the CMIP5-simulated precipitation trends to account for the difference between the observed and simulated S1 trend increases the original multimodel average NCI drying trend from −0.09 ± 0.31 mm d−1 (50 years)−1 to −0.54 ± 0.40 mm d−1 (50 years)−1. Thus, our estimate of the 1950–1999 NCI drying associated with Pacific decadal variability is of similar magnitude as our previous CMIP5-based estimate of the drying due to anthropogenic aerosol. The drying (moistening) associated with increasing (decreasing) S1 can partially be attributed to a southeastward (northwestward) shift of the boundary between ascent and descent affecting NCI. This shift of the ascent region strongly affects NCI but not Southeast Asia and south China. The average spread between individual model realizations is only slightly reduced when adjusting for S1 as smaller-scale variability also plays an important role.

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Menzel, Philip [Verfasser], and Kay-Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Emeis. "Reconstruction of the Holocene Indian monsoon climate variability based on biogeochemical analyses of lake sediments / Philip Menzel. Betreuer: Kay-Christian Emeis." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053811144/34.

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Polanski, Stefan. "Simulation der indischen Monsunzirkulation mit dem Regionalen Klimamodell HIRHAM." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5250/.

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In dieser Arbeit wird das regionale Klimamodell HIRHAM mit einer horizontalen Auflösung von 50 km und 19 vertikalen Schichten erstmals auf den asiatischen Kontinent angewendet, um die indische Monsunzirkulation unter rezenten und paläoklimatischen Bedingungen zu simulieren. Das Integrationsgebiet des Modells erstreckt sich von etwa 0ºN - 50ºN und 42ºE - 110ºE und bedeckt dabei sowohl die hohe Topographie des Himalajas und Tibet Plateaus als auch den nördlichen Indischen Ozean. Das Ziel besteht in der Beschreibung der regionalen Kopplung zwischen der Monsunzirkulation und den orographischen sowie diabatischen Antriebsmechanismen. Eine 44-jährige Modellsimulation von 1958-2001, die am seitlichen und unteren Rand von ECMWF Reanalysen (ERA40) angetrieben wird, bildet die Grundlage für die Validierung der Modellergebnisse mit Beobachtungen auf der Basis von Stations- und Gitterdatensätzen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der atmosphärischen Zirkulation, der Temperatur und dem Niederschlag im Sommer- und Wintermonsun, wobei die Qualität des Modells sowohl in Bezug zur langfristigen und dekadischen Klimatologie als auch zur interannuellen Variabilität evaluiert wird. Im Zusammenhang mit einer realistischen Reproduktion der Modelltopographie kann für die Muster der Zirkulation und Temperatur eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Modell und Daten nachgewiesen werden. Der simulierte Niederschlag zeigt eine bessere Übereinstimmung mit einem hoch aufgelösten Gitterdatensatz über der Landoberfläche Zentralindiens und in den Hochgebirgsregionen, der den Vorteil des Regionalmodells gegenüber der antreibenden Reanalyse hervorhebt. In verschiedenen Fall- und Sensitivitätsstudien werden die wesentlichen Antriebsfaktoren des indischen Monsuns (Meeresoberflächentemperaturen, Stärke des winterlichen Sibirischen Hochs und Anomalien der Bodenfeuchte) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass die Simulation dieser Mechanismen auch mit einem Regionalmodell sehr schwierig ist, da die Komplexität des Monsunsystems hochgradig nichtlinear ist und die vor allem subgridskalig wirkenden Prozesse im Modell noch nicht ausreichend parametrisiert und verstanden sind. Ein paläoklimatisches Experiment für eine 44-jährige Zeitscheibe im mittleren Holozän (etwa 6000 Jahre vor heute), die am Rand von einer globalen ECHAM5 Simulation angetrieben wird, zeigt markante Veränderungen in der Intensität des Monsuns durch die unterschiedliche solare Einstrahlung, die wiederum Einflüsse auf die SST, die Zirkulation und damit auf die Niederschlagsmuster hat. In this study the regional climate model HIRHAM with a horizontal resolution of 50 km and 19 vertical levels is applied over the Asian continent to simulate the Indian monsoon circulation under present-day and past conditions. The integration domain extends from 0ºN - 50ºN and 42ºE - 110ºE and covers the high topography of Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau as well as the northern Indian Ocean. The main objective is the description of the regional coupling between monsoon circulation and orographic as well as thermal driving mechanisms of monsoon. A 44-years long simulation from 1958-2001, driven at the lateral and lower boundaries by European reanalysis (ERA40), is the basis for the validation of model results with observations based on station and gridded data sets. The focus is on the the long-term and decadal summer and winter monsoon climatology and its variability concerning atmospheric circulation, temperature and precipitation. The results successfully reproduce the observations due to a realistic simulation of topographic features. The simulated precipitation shows a better agreement with a high-resolution gridded data set over the central land areas of India and in the higher elevated Tibetan and Himalayan regions than ERA40. In different case and sensitivity studies the main driving mechanisms of the Indian monsoon (Sea Surface Temperatures, strength of the Siberian High in winter and soil moisture anomalies) are investigated. The results show, that the simulation of these mechanisms with a regional climate model is also difficult related to the complex non linear monsoon system and the small-scale processes, which are not just sufficiently parameterized and understood in the model. A paleoclimatic experiment for a 44-years long time slice in mid-holocene (6000 years before present), which is driven by a global ECHAM5 simulation, shows significant changes in the monsoon intensity due to the different solar forcing, which influences the SST, the circulation and the precipitation.

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47

Jones, Penelope Jean. "Climate change, water stress and agriculture in the Indus Civilisation, 3000-1500 BC." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270736.

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This thesis investigates the relationship between climate, agriculture and social change in South Asia’s Bronze Age urban Indus Civilisation. Specifically, my research tests the hypothesis that an abrupt weakening of the Indian Summer Monsoon ca 2100 cal BC led to increasing crop water stress, and hence potentially contributed to the Civilisation’s decline by reducing food supply. This hypothesis is frequently invoked in discussions of the Civilisation’s end, yet until now, has not been empirically tested. Using material excavated from several Indus settlements, this study uses a novel combination of isotopic techniques to directly test the connection between climate change and agricultural stress. These techniques are first, oxygen isotope analysis of faunal bones and teeth; and second, stable carbon isotope analysis of crop remains. The oxygen analyses provide detailed records of monsoon intensity at a local, human scale, while the carbon analyses provide an empirical test of whether crop water stress increased. Applied in parallel across a diverse suite of Indus sites, these techniques together provide an archaeologically and ecologically-nuanced analysis of climatic impacts. The archaeological analyses are supported by a methodological study, which investigates how water status relates to the stable carbon isotope signature in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and the Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) along a climatic transect in north-western India today. Overall, the isotopic results suggest that at the sites sampled here, climate change probably had minimal impacts on crop water availability. This does not necessarily mean that climate change had no impacts on agriculture across the greater Indus sphere, and indeed there are hints that there may have been climatic stress in more vulnerable settings. However, at the sites studied here, any hydrological consequences of climate change—including the 4.2 ka event—appear to have had neither a lasting nor a pervasive impact on the adequacy of crop water supply. This is an important finding, and necessitates a clear refinement of how we think about climatic sensitivity, climatic vulnerability, and climatic impacts across—and indeed beyond—the greater Indus.

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48

Regenberg, Anke [Verfasser]. "Climate variability in the Eastern Indian Ocean during marine isotope stage 3 : high-resolution proxy studies from the Timor Sea / Anke Dürkop." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1019982810/34.

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49

Yahya, Saleh A. S. "Habitat structure, degradation and management effects on coral reef fish communities." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-62187.

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Coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems on earth, and are critical to the survival of tropical marine ecosystems and sustenance of local human populations. However, coral reefs are quite vulnerable to disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic. This thesis looks at how coral reef communities have responded to climactic disturbances, particularly the 1997-98 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and subsequent coral bleaching and mortality that affected much of the Indian Ocean, including the coastal waters of Tanzania, where the study was conducted. In particular, it investigates the effects of coral bleaching, habitat degradation and reef spatial arrangement on reef fish assemblages. Habitat structural complexity and spatial arrangement of reefs had an effect on reef fish communities. Fish communities showed patterns in distribution among habitats and between patch and continuous reefs. Fishes preferred live to bleached/dead or eroded coral, but trophic groups reacted differently to patch and continuous reefs. There were slight changes in fish abundance and significant changes in fish diversity on experimental, bleached branching Acropora coral plots over a period of one year. While fish abundance on one site increased shortly after a bleaching event, 6 years later fish abundance had decreased significantly. Conversely, coral reef communities in northern Tanzania had changed little over an 8-year period, with minor changes associated with the 1997-98 ENSO and the presence or absence of fisheries management. The coral reefs in the region were found to show high variability in community structure and responses of associated fish and invertebrate communities. The findings of this thesis indicate the importance of habitat structure and spatial arrangement of reefs, the detrimental effects of coral bleaching, and the possibility that some reefs and some (generalist) reef fish taxa may exhibit resilience to climate change. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Forselius, Ellen. "The Good, The Bad and The Seascape : Possible Effects of Climate Change in Tropical People and Ecosystems in the Western Indian Ocean Using a Gender Perspective." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96064.

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The tropical seascape is herein defined as a landscape made up of five ecosystems: coastal terrestrial forests, mangrove forests, seagrass beds, coral reefs and the deep sea. Previous studies have shown that men and women use the tropical seascape in different ways. If the seascape was to change as a result of anthropogenic climate change, then men and women could potentially be affected differently by those changes. The seascape is particularly vulnerable to the predicted rise in sea-level and ocean warming, but the coastal terrestrial forests and mangrove forests are in addition vulnerable to the increased storms and hurricanes a warmer climate is predicted to lead to. While men and women utilizes these ecosystems in many different ways, this study found, based on the literature reviewed, that in a worst-case scenario all parts of the seascape could potentially be destroyed and none of the activities performed there today could be performed in the future. The deep sea would not be destroyed, but the fish living there would move to higher latitudes and deeper waters, effectively ending the fishing practices in the tropical waters. To save the tropical seascape anthropogenic climate change would have to stop on a global scale, since the problem cannot be solved on a local or regional level.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Indian climate'

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