Journal articles: 'Indian Coins'

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Nigam, P. K., and A. K. Saxena. "Metal content of Indian coins." Contact Dermatitis 18, no. 5 (May 1988): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02846.x.

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VIJAYAN, V., R. K. CHOUDHURY, and C. B. PATEL. "IN-AIR PIXE ANALYSIS OF INDIAN COPPER COINS." International Journal of PIXE 15, no. 03n04 (January 2005): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083505000684.

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Coins are important archaeological objects and analysis of metallic compositions of coins can provide valuable information regarding coin minting, methodology, classification, provenance, art, culture and economics of the minting time. In-air Proton Induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is a good scientific method for non-destructive analysis of coins preserved in museum. Selected ten Kushana copper coins (3rd-4th century A. D.) from the Orissa State Museum, Bhubaneswar have been analysed, for the first time as preliminary work, by using an external beam PIXE facility at Institute of Physics. Our study reveals that copper is the main constituent of the Kushana coins, with minor/trace elements like titanium, iron, and nickel, zinc, lead and bismuth.

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Navlani, Drishti, Aditi Maheshwari, Vidhatri Thakkar, Roheel Taunk, Naitik Chaudhary, and Arun Arya. "Fungal flora associated with indian and foreign coins and their potential health risks." South Florida Journal of Environmental and Animal Science 3, no. 4 (January 9, 2024): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53499/sfjeasv3n4-003.

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Potential role of spread of pathogenic microflora on coins and currency notes has been evaluated in different countries. Notes and currency coins may serve as universal vehicles for transmission of potentially pathogenic microorganisms among persons either directly, through hand to hand contact, or indirectly, through water and food. The Purpose of study was to do qualitative and quantitative analysis of microflora associated with new and old Indian and foreign coins. Results of the study revealed that bacteria were present in most of the coins, more than 40% coins showed presence of fungi like Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata, Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium roseum and Trichoderma viride. Fungal species like Aspergillus niger and Fusarium roseum can cause bronchial diseases and may act as potential allergens and few of these are reported to cause skin problems. The use of digital transaction will reduce such harmful transmission of pathogenic microbes. Cleaning the coins with water or UV treatment may reduce the fungal load. But it has to be practised at regular intervals. Total 100 coins were screened of which 20 were foreign coins. Isolation from these coins resulted into 20 cultures and 6 non-sporulating mycelial forms. Oldest coins was 141 years and new coin was of the year 2015. Uncirculated Indian coin of 2003 was also tested for fungal occurrence.

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Sidher, Ashum. "Symbols on ancient Indian coins uncyphered." International Journal of Sanskrit Research 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/23947519.2021.v7.i3b.1402.

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Hajivaliei, M., M. L. Garg, D. K. Handa, K. L. Govil, T. Kakavand, V. Vijayan, K. P. Singh, and I. M. Govil. "PIXE analysis of ancient Indian coins." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 150, no. 1-4 (April 1999): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(98)01066-0.

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RAUTRAY, T. R., V. VIJAYAN, P. K. NAYAK, and S. JENA. "ANALYSIS OF COPPER COINS BY EDXRF TECHNIQUE." International Journal of PIXE 14, no. 03n04 (January 2004): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083504000197.

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Coins are important archaeological objects that can provide useful information regarding preparation methodology and provenance. Their classification plays a fundamental role in dating historical events, in constructing trade routes and in establishing the welfare of population. Several Indian copper coins of different periods have been studied using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopic technique. The method is rapid, efficient, multi elemental and non-destructive in nature. Concentrations of the major and trace elements like Ca , Ti , V , Cr , Mn , Fe , Co , Ni , Cu , Zn , As and Pb have been estimated in these copper coins. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to characterize some Indian copper coins of different periods using EDXRF technique.

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Singh, Anoop, and Asif Rashid Raina. "CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE BASIS OF ₹5 COMMEMORATIVE COINS." Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 12 (January 31, 2023): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v1i12.74.

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The government of India is issuing a series of new coins every year, which make up a valuable aspect of the Indian currency system. Reserve Bank of India is the sole authority to designing and minting of various denominations. These coins are minted at the four Indian Government Mints at Noida (UP), Alipore (Kolkata), Cherlapally (Hyderabad), and Mumbai. Government of India issues commemorative coins to check event of incredible characters with a durable, remarkable, and exceptional contribution towards society, and so forth and to recall occasions which had extraordinary historical importance. The present study focused on the historical perspective of ₹5 commemorative coins, which was first time issued in the commemoration of Indra Gandhi. Furthermore I have examined on composition of metals, and critical analysis of these commemorative coins based on metal, weight, diameter and thickness.

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PURI, N. K., M. HAJIVALIEI, S. C. BEDI, N. SINGH, I. M. GOVIL, M. L. GARG, D. K. HANDA, K. L. GOVIL, B. ROUT, and V. VIJAYAN. "THE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT INDIAN COINS OF KUSANAS AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD USING PROTON INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION (PIXE) TECHNIQUE." International Journal of PIXE 13, no. 03n04 (January 2003): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083503000208.

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As part of the study of trace elemental analysis of ancient Indian coins, twenty-five coins belonging to medieval period (11th-14th century A.D) and fifty-nine coins belonging to Kusanas (78-250 A.D) from India have been analysed using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique. The elements S , Ca , Fe , Cu , Ag , Sn , Pb were detected in 11th-14th century A.D. coins while elements namely S , Cl , K , Ca , Ti , Cr , Mn , Fe , Ni , Cu , As and Zn were detected in most of the Kusanas coins. Based on the elemental analysis different hypotheses put forward in the earlier literature were examined. The presence of Pb determined in medieval period coins does not rule out the utilization of local source of silver extracted from argentiferous galena instead of the Faranjal mines of Afghanistan as normally accepted. From the consistent concentration of Ag in these coins despite the change of Kingdoms it is confirmed that beside the rulers the commercial communities had a great influence in the currency of medieval period. This is the first attempt where reasonable number of ancient coins belonging to different periods were analysed by modern non destructive multi-elemental technique such as PIXE and has put the importance of the elemental analysis of ancient Indian coins in the proper perspective.

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Kushwaha, Tarang, Ujjwal Verma, Tanya Chaubey, Tanmay Tibrewal, and Nizam Uddin Khan. "Coin Sum Counter from an Image." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48655.

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Abstract: The purpose of our paper is to recognize the coins which exist in the picture taken by the following user, which will be of Indian National Rupees. Almost every sacred place or some tourist place present in India has a charity/donation box. So the partition or segmentation of such coins requires a lot of people or manpower and therefore for that purpose the whole process must be automated so that it can be more efficient as well as reduce time consumption. We will organize and classify them based on the following classes specified by the user while making the model and then calculate the accumulated or total sum of the INR coins. Features of newer Indian coins are also considered. The proposed approach is to use the image classification model to classify the INR coins from the image and use Edge Detection, Gaussian Blur, and other techniques to correctly identify the edges of the coins as well as to find out the denominations of the coins. The implementation of this classification is written in Python and the dataset is taken from Kaggle.

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Ghosh, Suchandra. "State, power and religion in the Indo-Iranian borderlands and North-west India, c. 200 bc–ad 200." Studies in People's History 4, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448917693722.

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The Greek tradition of coinage was maintained by the Bactrians, Indo-Greeks, Śakas and Kushanas, ruling successively in the North-west from the second century bc to second century ad. On their coins, apart from the rulers themselves, appear the figures and names of several deities. These were Greek deities in the beginning, to whom Iranian and Indian deities went on being added. The paper traces this process in detail and examines how the rulers first seem to address, through their coins, only an elite Greek or Hellenised aristocracy and then the wider Iranic and Indian populations, through the medium of deities figured on their coins. There was simultaneously the objective of legitimation and glorification of the rulers themselves by the same means. Curiously, Buddhism so important in Gandhara sculpture has only a rare presence on these coins even under the Kushanas.

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TRIPATHY, B. B., T. R. RAUTRAY, SATYA R. DAS, MANAS R. DAS, and V. VIJAYAN. "ANALYSIS OF INDIAN SILVER COINS BY EDXRF TECHNIQUE." International Journal of PIXE 19, no. 03n04 (January 2009): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083509001850.

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The analysis of some of the Indian silver coins during British rule were analysed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Technique. Eight elements namely Cr , Fe , Ni , Cu , Zn , As , Ag and Pb were estimated in this study which also seems to indicate the fragmentation as well as the impoverishment of the power for the regimes that had produced the studied coins. While Cu and Ag were present as major elements, other elements were found to be present in minor concentration.

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V, Yamuna, Shoba ., and Amsa Lakshmi. "AUTOMATED COIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM USING ANN." International Research Journal of Computer Science 09, no. 07 (July 30, 2022): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/irjcs.2022.v0907.007.

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Coins are integral part of our day to day life. We use coins everywhere like grocery store, banks, buses, trains etc. So it becomes a basic need that coins can be sorted and counted automatically. For this it is necessary that coins can be recognized automatically. In this paper we have developed an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) based Automated Coin Recognition System for the recognition of Indian Coins of denomination `1, `2, `5 and `10 with rotation invariance. We have taken images from both sides of coin. So this system is capable of recognizing coins from both sides. Features are extracted from images using techniques of Hough Transformation, Pattern Averaging etc. Then, the extracted features are passed as input to a trained Neural Network. 97.74% recognition rate has been achieved during the experiments i.e. only 2.26% miss recognition, which is quite encouraging.

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Vijayan, V., T. R. Rautray, and D. K. Basa. "EDXRF study of Indian punch-marked silver coins." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 225, no. 3 (September 2004): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.05.039.

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Devi, P. Durga, and M. Chandrakala. "Morphological based Segmentation and Recognition of Indian Coins." International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 3, no. 2 (February 25, 2016): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488549/ijece-v3i2p102.

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15

Lindtner, Chr. "Ancient Indian Coins. Osmund Bopearachchi and Wilfried Pieper. and Uygur Buddhist Literature. Johan Elverskog." Buddhist Studies Review 19, no. 1 (January 21, 2002): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.v19i1.14439.

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Ancient Indian Coins. Osmund Bopearachchi and Wilfried Pieper. (Indicopleustai. Archaeologies of the Indian Ocean 2), Brepols, Turnhout 1998. 289 pp. + 59 plates. €88. ISBN 2-503-50730-1 Uygur Buddhist Literature. Johan Elverskog. (Silk Road Studies 1), Brepols, Turnhout 1997. 154 pp. €43. ISBN 2-503-50544-9.

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Selvakumar, D. S. "Performance of Gold Monetization scheme in India." International Journal of Management Excellence 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v8i1.873.

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India has topped with largest consumers of gold, next to china in the world. Indians prefer buying gold in the form of jewellery and coins rather than bullion. So, central government has come up with three gold schemes namely GOLD MONETISATION SCHEME, SOVEREIGN GOLD BOND and INDIAN GOLD COIN. The main motive of these schemes is to reduce the requirements of gold through imports. About 20000 tonnes of gold are idle with Indian households, temples, etc which is not being traded or monetized in the form of jewellery. This study attempts to scrutinize the three gold schemes in detail with pros & cons and people awareness towards such schemes particularly in Vellore District , Tamilnadu

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Dutta, Debajit. "Contextualising Numismatic with Religion: Focus on Medieval Northeast India." Indian Historical Review 46, no. 1 (June 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983619856135.

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Coins are utility object mostly produced by the state for the use of day-do-day transactions, long-distance trade and sometimes as gifts. Hence, numismatic has mainly been used for the study of economic, political and administrative histories. But numismatic can also be used for the reconstruction of the material culture of our glorious past. By a minute study of our ancient and medieval coinage, we can get an impression about contemporary religious and cultural sensibilities of various ethnic societies. By examining the religious epithets and figures of gods and goddesses and other non-anthropogenic signs present on the coins, one can judge the religious affiliation of the state or the king. This article will address the issue of religious symbolism on medieval Northeast Indian dynastic coins like those of Tripura, Koch Behar and Ahom kingdoms and will try to ventilate how these kingdoms used coins to advocate their religio-cultural affinity as well as to maintain their sovereign stature for quite a long period in their respective domains.

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Rajurkar, N. S., R. P. Bhadane, and D. G. Angal. "Multielemental instrumental neutron activation analysis of some ancient Indian coins." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 44, no. 4 (April 1993): 781–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(93)90150-9.

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Pachkalov, Aleksandr V. "The Finds of Golden Horde Coins in India and China." Golden Horde Review 9, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-3.547-554.

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Research objectives: The study of all known Golden Horde coin finds in India and China. Research materials: All the known coin finds of the Golden Horde in India and China in the context of published coin finds (the research of Ch.J. Rodgers, M.A. Stein, and others). Results and novelty of the research: The author, for the first time ever, summarized the information about Golden Horde coin finds from these two countries. All Golden Horde coins from China and a portion of Golden Horde coins from India (Indian museum) were minted in Khwarazm. There is numismatic catalogue of Islamic coins from the Calcutta Museum where it is possible to find information about Golden Horde coins from the collection of the museum. Any information about finds of these coins is absent in this publication. However, it is most probable that these coins were found in India because the numismatic collections of such local museums were created practically only from local finds. The Golden Horde coins from the Calcutta Museum collection are mainly silver dirhams of the fourteenth century from Khwarazm, but there are also several coins from Lower Volga region. Probably, the Golden Horde coins went to India and China via Khwarazm. The materials published in the article gives archaeological evidence about close trade routes between Khwarazm on one end and India and Eastern Turkestan on the other end. The peak activity on these trade routes is dated to the second half of fourteenth century (mainly the coins of Uzbek and Janibek Khan of the Golden Horde). At the end of fourteenth century, the most important cities of the Golden Horde were in decline or ceased to exist as a result of Timur’s campaigns against it. The main trade routes between East and West shifted towards the south and stopped passing through the territory of the Ulus of Jochi. Not a single specimen of the finds is dated to the fifteenth century.

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Saxena, Mamta. "Ashwamedha Yagya: Gupta Dynasty." Interdisciplinary Journal of Yagya Research 7, no. 1 (May 22, 2024): 09–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/ijyr.v7i1.120.

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The Ashwamedh Yagya, an ancient Vedic ritual extensively documented in Indian epics and Vedic texts, holds significant historical importance. This ritual, detailed in texts such as the Rig Veda and Yajur Veda, is also elaborated upon in the Mahabharata’s Ashwamedha Parva. Despite its ancient prominence, the frequency and depth of the Ashwamedh Yagya declined over time after the Gupta dynasty. Archaeological evidence, including inscriptions and rock edicts, provides substantial insights into the practice of the Ashwamedh Yagya. The Gupta dynasty's inscriptions, particularly those issued by rulers like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II, provide critical genealogical and historical data regarding the Ashwamedh Yagya. These inscriptions mention the performance of the ritual and highlight its significance during their reigns. Samudragupta, in particular, revived the Ashwamedh Yagya and issued commemorative Ashwamedha coins, which serve as crucial historical artifacts. These coins depict the ritual’s elements and were used to honor the Ashwamedh Yagya, showcasing the advanced metallurgical technology of the Gupta period. Furthermore, archaeological discoveries, including inscriptions and rock edicts, illuminate the extensive practice of Ashwamedh Yagya among the Gupta rulers to build the nation and culture against foreign attackers of the time. Overall, the Ashwamedh Yagya's practice and its documentation through archaeological findings, inscriptions, and coins reveal its extensive significance in ancient Indian history, particularly within the Gupta dynasty, for reviving Vedic culture through Ashwamedh Yagya. \\

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Rautray, Tapash R., Suman S. Nayak, Bipin B. Tripathy, Saubhagyalaxmi Das, Manas R. Das, Satya R. Das, and Pranab K. Chattopadhyay. "Analysis of ancient Indian silver punch-marked coins by external PIXE." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 69, no. 10 (October 2011): 1385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.06.008.

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Vijayan, V., T. R. Rautray, P. K. Nayak, and D. K. Basa. "Studies on the composition of ancient Indian punch-marked silver coins." X-Ray Spectrometry 34, no. 2 (2005): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.776.

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Niharika DN and Rakesh. V. "Morphological and Chemical Analysis of Farzi (Fake) Indian Currency." Medico Legal Update 24, no. 1 (February 14, 2024): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/mvc83y64.

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In Forensic Science, Morphological and chemical analysis of farzi currencies plays a very important role in identifying the counterfeit currency. The term “counterfeit” refers to fake or forgery which is an exact replica of the original. As there is a rapid advancement in technology there is a drastic increase in crime rate with respect to technology as well where culprits are using advanced and modern technologies for committing crime, here counterfeit currency falls one among them, where culprits are using wellversed technologies in manufacturing fake notes and coins which cannot be easily recognized by the public. In India though RBI is taking a lot of precautions to overcome counterfeiting by implementing high security features in Indian currency such that it cannot be duplicated easily, some or the other way these fake currencies are circulating in the society and people are lacking knowledge in identifying these fake notes and coins. Some of the security features for identifying these fake currencies is revealed to public by the RBI in its guidelines. Though criminals disguise the original by circulating fake currencies, it is impossible to implement the authenticated security features in it. The composition and its ratio of the original varies from the duplicate which is a loophole, and this can be easily analysed by forensic scientists by keen observations and conducting certain physical and chemical tests. We tried to differentiate between fake and original currencies of India by using RBI guidelines and by performing certain chemical tests through which counterfeit currencies can be analysed.

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A.Chougule, Anant, J. S. Awati, and M. S. Kumbhar. "Fuzzy Power, Converter for Coin Sorting System Based on Weight, Edge." Journal of Remote Sensing GIS & Technology 9, no. 3 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jorsgt.2023.v09i03.001.

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Nowadays, intelligent robot technology is extensively used in every aspect of human existence and production. To achieve automatic sorting, future development must concentrate on employing intelligent robots instead of humans. Coin sorting robots are an important research object in the field of sorting robots. This paper focuses on a machine vision (MV) sorting especially difficult application, in which the `part' is an Indian coin. The lack of distinguishing characteristics between denominations and the variation in features within a single denomination makes the application difficult in part. Even though coin recognition algorithms have been published in the literature, most applications are evaluated offline using the coins' weights. In the end, it was determined that none of these three methods achieved the desired 95% accuracy at 1000 coins per minute.

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Ahirrao, Rajendrakumar, and Mandakini N. Chaudhari. "RD and ED-XRF study of Indian; Modern, Ancient and Historic Coins." JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 65, no. 07 (2021): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37398/jsr.2021.650717.

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Kraus, Joe. "Through Loins and Coins: Derek Walcott's Weaving of the West Indian Federation." Callaloo 28, no. 1 (2005): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2005.0022.

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Smagur, Emilia. ""Indianisation" of a Roman coin design in Early Historic India: a study of an imitation from the British Museum." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 31 (2022): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37343/uw.2083-537x.pam31.17.

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Roman aurei and solidi in India led to imitations of gold being produced there of these coins, with a gradual infiltration of indigenous elements observed in the iconography of some examples. An imitation of a Roman aureus, now in the British Museum collection, demonstrates how the Roman coin design was renegotiated to fit an Early Historic Indian cultural landscape. Specifically, the design of the reverse of this specimen finds no prototype in Roman coinage of the times. It must have been a local development, with the Indian craftsman reworking a representation of a female deity known from issues of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius and adding a temple to it. The Indian form of the building suggests that the figure should be interpreted as a Hindu goddess, possibly Lakshmi, shown in the act of blessing her temple.

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Dutta, Debajit. "Coinage and Economy of Premodern North-East India." Indian Historical Review 44, no. 2 (December 2017): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983617726470.

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The study of coinage and economy of any area has its own appeal. As they are not much affected by outline influence, so they often proceed along their own lines and thus can have significance for people trying to determine the general patterns of development. In precolonial phase of Indian history, the Ahom kingdom situated in the North-Eastern part demands special attention as it had its own glorious series of coinage. As a royal issue, the coins of Ahom kingdom were the emblems of royalty and symbolic majesty of the Ahom kings. The metals, the motifs as well as other accompanying details on the coins depict the details of faiths and customs adopted by the Ahom kingdom. In this write up, we will discuss the origin, growth, importance in contemporary economy and many other aspects of the Ahom coinage in a comprehensive manner.

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CHAKRABORTY, Swarnendu. "History of Animal Keeping in Ancient India and it’s Socio-Economic, Scientific Applicability in 21st Century." British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2023): 06–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/pjpsh.2023.3.1.2.

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The human race is a member of the Mammalian class and the Primate Order. So, a human is also an animal. But what differs from other animal species is human wisdom. It is only humans who can domesticate other animals and use them to fulfill different needs. In hunting/gathering hominid societies, animals were rich sources of meat, skin, and bone. But the artistic and curious human mind kept records of his relationship with the animal world through rock paintings from the Upper Paleolithic era. From different centres of human habitats throughout the Indian Sub-Continent, a huge amount of animal remains have been discovered by Archeologists. Apart from kitchen waste which highlights the on-veg food habit of nomadic people, terracotta animal figurines, day-to-day bone tools, ivory and shell ornaments, artifacts etc., pointed out the importance and use of domesticated animals in human life. Animal domestication and husbandry became synonymous with Indian Proto-Historic and Historic civilizations not only economically / militarily but also with religious and cultural traditions. Sheep and goats were first domesticated by South Indian Neolithic men around 2 thousand and five hundred B.C. as sources of milk, wool, meat, leather and other commodities. Today’s Indian domestic fowl originated from red jungle fowl. Seals of Indus civilization were decorated with humped and hump-less bulls, goats, sheep, elephants, and fowl. Vedic Aryans husbanded horses, dogs, sheep, goats, fowl, elephants, cow-bull etc. During the Mauryan era, buffalo was included in the category of dairy cattle. Domestication of animals is not a new thing in human history. The novelty lies in Indian people’s attention and urge for the wellbeing of domesticated animals. Ancient Indian literature like Vedas, CharakSamhita, SushrutSamhita, HaritaSamhita, Agni Purana, Mastya Purana, Artha-Shastra etc. Provide proper guidance on orientation, construction, and purification of animal houses, besides veterinary Ayurvedic and surgical treatment of numerous diseases. In Vedic literature, Cow was considered as the measuring unit of wealth. Cow received the status of “Aghnya” [Not to be killed]. Priests were the first veterinarians of ancient India. Prominent among them were Shalihotra [Earliest expert in Horse medicine and author of “Haya Ayurveda”], Palakapya [Author of “Hasty- Ayurveda”] etc. 6th Century B.C. Indian rulers of Sravasti, Kousambi, and Lichabi kingdoms issued humped bull/cow inscribed coins. During the Indian invasion of Alexander the Great [326 B.C.], a Prince from Punjab presented Cock with engraved silver coins as a form of tribute. Arthashastra mentioned the King’s duty of ensuring enough pasture land near every village. Gopa was accountable for keeping a record of this land. Horses and Elephants were the two main war animals of the Mauryan army. Proper care was given to them. Hurting/killing of any of these species resulted in the death penalty. The third Mauryan Monarch, Asoka, after his conversion to Buddhism, established veterinary hospitals throughout his domain. Ancient Indians were aware of the technique of animal husbandry as well. In short ancient Indian Veterinary Ayurvedic and surgical treatments are effective in curing dysentery, cough, wound, infertility, and different infections besides psychological stress still in the Twenty-First Century. Besides terrestrial animals’ ancient Indian people were aware of the existence of fish, shells, and turtles. It is my aim in this essay to analyze customs, technologies and history of the domestication of animals by ancient Indian people and its socio-economic-scientific applicability in the scenario of the Twenty-First Century. I will utilize both primary and secondary sources to endure this goal.

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Mittal, Alka. "AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF PRESENT POSITION OF BITCOINS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i1.2017.1913.

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Bitcoin is a virtual currency that is created from computer code. It has no central bank and is not backed by any government. But it can be exchanged for goods and services or for any other currencies. They were launched in 2009 as a bit of software written under the name Satoshi Nakamoto. The present paper analyse the Indian Tax and legal considerations regarding Bit coins. It also analyse the problems and risks related with Bitcoins.

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Navlani, Drishti, Aditi Maheshwari, Vidhatri Thakkar, Roheel Taunk, Naitik Chaudhary, and Arun Arya. "Fungal Flora Associated with Indian and Foreign Coins and Their Potential Health Risks." Acta Scientific Microbiology 3, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2020.03.0519.

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Sinha, Tanusri. "REFLECTION OF MUSIC & DANCE IN ANCIENT INDIAN INSCRIPTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 4 (May 6, 2021): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i4.2021.3875.

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The word ‘inscription’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Inscripto’ which means something that is inscribed or engraved. It was engraved on clay (terracotta), stone pillars, copper plates, walls of temples, caves, and on the surface of much other metal and also even palm leaves. Very often we’ve seen it on coins and seals. It consists of important texts or symbols that reveal crucial information and evidence of ancient kings and their empires. Music is the soul of Indian culture. Indian music has an affluent tradition with its root in Vedic time. It is said that Indian music owes its origin to the Sāma Veda. The Vedic hymns were chanted with a particular pitch and accent which are used in religious work. Dance in India also has a rich and vital tradition since the beginning of our civilization. Dances of Indi were to give symbolic expressions which are also enlightened to religious ideas. Ancient Inscriptions, Engraving of Inscription, Music, Dance, Epigraphical Evidence.

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Taasob, Razieh. "Representation of Wēś in early Kushan coinage: Royal or local cult?" Afghanistan 3, no. 1 (April 2020): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2020.0046.

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The religious significance of Wēś is a widely debated topic in the historical and numismatic study of Central Asia, including contributions from several scholars who claimed that the representation of Wēś in early Kushan coinage, particularly in the coins of Vima Kadphises (ca. ce 113–127), was an allusion to the conversion of the king to Shivaism. This paper contests the claim that the certain attributes depicted with Wēś should not be construed as belonging to the Indian god Śiva or the Greek god Heracles. The royal portrait on the obverse of the coinage of Vima Kadphises shows the king taking part in the Iranian practice of sacrificing at a fire altar, which further supports the claim that the depiction on the reverse is of the Iranian god Wēś. This paper also challenges recent studies, which suggest that the representation of Wēś may have served only as a royal cult or merely to announce the personal faith of the king. Therefore, this account seeks to remedy this misconception by pointing to the absence of other types of coins used for normal transactions by ordinary people which could have likewise represented their religious cults. Consequently, this article shows that Wēś was a religiously syncretic phenomenon that displays the religious practice of all levels of Kushan society including both the king and the locals who were mostly Bactrian-Iranian during the early Kushan period rather than Indian.

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Taylor, Lloyd W. H. "Sophytes and the Mirage of an ‘Indian’ Weight Standard." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 5 (November 9, 2022): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v5i.1656.

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For more than 150 years numismatic scholarship postulated that a coinage associated with Sophytes was struck on an ‘Indian’ weight standard. Despite mounting evidence to the contrary, this evolved into an enduring mirage, accompanied by an added dimension of complexity, one that posited that the coinage was struck simultaneously on two weight standards, Attic and ‘Indian.’ This mirage, and its associated complexity is dispersed completely by a comprehensive metrological analysis of 957 coins across seven silver denominations in the coinage of Sophytes, and his predecessor Andragoras, struck in Parthia during the period 250s-238 BC. It confirms that eleven series of issues in the coinage constitute a single currency system, an epichoric coinage that was systematically weight adjusted based on a reduced Attic weight standard tetradrachm of 17.00 grams, with an increased component seigniorage, up to fifteen percent, applied to the smaller denominations. This metrology is reflective of its origin in the mid 3rd century BC.

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Chougule, Prakash S., Tejaswi S. Kurane, Suresh T. Salunkhe, and Puja A. Pawar. "A Study of Impact of Cashless Transaction on Society Using Statistical Methods." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (July 24, 2020): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul233.

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A cashless society describes an economic state whereby financial transaction are not conduced with money in the form of physical banknotes or coins but rather though the transfer of digital information (usually an electronic representation of money) between the transacting parties. Cashless society have existed based on barter and other methods of exchange, and cashless transactions have also become possible using digital currencies such as bit coins. Cashless India is a mission launched by the government of India led by prime minister Narendramodi to reduce dependency of Indian economy on cash and to bring hoards of stashed black money lying unused into the banking system. The country embarked upon this transition to a cashless economy when the government took the revolutionary step of demonetization of old currency notes such as Rs.500 and Rs.1000 on November 8, 2016. Different activities needed to be planned in all the point of view for migration to cashless society and digital India to achieve the aim of payment and settlement system of India: Vision 2018.

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Ghosh, Suchandra. "Iran and India in the early historic period: A preview of their politico-cultural interface." Studies in People's History 5, no. 2 (October 12, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448918795741.

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The Achaemenid Empire’s expansion towards the Indus basin initiated a new confluence of Iranic and Indian cultures. Alexander’s conquests added a Greek component to this confluence, marked by Aśoka’s Aramaic and Greek edicts. The Seleucids and their successor Greek states in Bactria and other parts of Afghanistan, while continuing their homage to Greek divinities on coins, also incorporated concepts, customs and art inherited from the Achaemenids. Their Saka and Parthian successors continued the same policy as indicated by their cons. It was the Kushans beginning with Kanishka (with Huvishka continuing the practice) who shifted to Iranian gods and goddesses.

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Hemapriya, T., K. S. Archana, and T. Anupriya. "Comparison of preprocessing techniques for coin recognition using image processing methods." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.21 (April 20, 2018): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.21.12405.

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Coin is very important role in human’s day life. For daily routine like shop, super market, banks etc the coins to be used. The coin is important part of economies and currency and it is used to pay for goods and also for our needs. Here the Indian coin has many number of count five rupee, ten rupee, two rupee, from this any one of the coin we are going to extract the texture feature for our Indian coin, first step is to preprocess the image is that method to enhance the image and remove the noise from enhanced image. For extracting clear information the image has to be preprocessed through some of the filtering techniques such as image size has to be resized, changing the contrast of the image, changing RGB to grayscale conversion for further operation such as segmentation and classification. At last the values to be compared by using PSNR, SNR, MSE of Filter noise removal with respective coin images.

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TANDON, PANKAJ. "The Identity of Prakāśāditya." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 25, no. 4 (July 7, 2015): 647–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186315000346.

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AbstractOne of the enduring open questions in ancient Indian history is the identity of the king who identifies himself on the reverse of his gold coins as prakāśāditya. Most authors have assumed that he was a Gupta king. This paper reviews the various proposals on the identity of Prakāśāditya, arguing why we can be quite sure, as suggested by Robert Göbl, that he was in fact a Hun king and not a Gupta. Then, by presenting a near-complete reading of the obverse legend, it is shown that it is virtually certain that he was in fact the Hun king Toramāṇa, as Göbl had speculated. Implications of this finding are then considered.

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Mamania, Divija, M. R. Singh, and U. S. Lal. "Examination and analysis of Indian silver punch-marked coins employing WD-XRF and other noninvasive techniques." Surface and Interface Analysis 50, no. 10 (July 18, 2018): 947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.6511.

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Najafi, Masoumeh, and V. Shobha. "Assimilation of Indo-Parthians in Indian Society: Effects and Results." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (June 25, 2022): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/82.

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Due to a dearth of relevant information, the Indo Parthian kingdoms are not well-known archaeologically or historically. They aren't mentioned in mythological history or historical records from the early Islamic period. They dominated the land ruled by Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians. Some researchers have failed to distinguish between Parthian and Scythian kings, and have made no obvious distinctions between the two countries' leaders. The goal of this research is to look into the history of the Indo-Parthian monarchy. By relying on numismatic sources and evaluating historical researches, the study's research technique is descriptive-analytical, and an attempt has been made to pay attention to the ambiguities and complexity of the Parthian control of India. The study found that the Parthians of India were politically independent of the Parthians of Iran, and that despite their seeming independence, the two governments had no antagonistic relations; rather, the Parthian rulers of Iran considered the Parthians of India as intruders in their domain. The following order of reign of kings can be considered in the sequence of Parthian kings of India according to numismatic documents: Gondophares (simultaneously with Orthagnes and Guda), Abdagases, Pacores, Sanabares I, II, and III, and other kings named Parhas and Semara who are known by their names on the coins. Keywords: Gondophares, Indo-Pathian, India, Parthians and Kindgom

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Sari, Ida Ayu Putu Widya Indah. "Acculturation of Indian and Chinese Cultures on Pis Bolong Bali." Bali Tourism Journal 6, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36675/btj.v6i2.77.

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Kamasan, a village in the Klungkung regency, Bali, not only gains its popularity from classical painting. The Village is also widely noticeable for its metallurgy business, especially Pis Bolong Industry. In other areas, the coin is referred to as Uang Kepeng. Historically, the existence of Pis Bolong or holed coin in Bali was brought by Chinese traders between the eighth to fifteen centuries. It has been circulating as a currency for at least 1,100 years. Today, in Bali, Pis Bolong consists of Pancadatu, combining several elements such as Gold, silver, copper, zinc, and iron. The coin plays an important role in Hindu religious activities entrenched in Balinese society. However, since the supply of old holed coins cannot fulfill the demand of Balinese ceremonies today, The Government of Bali decided to reproduce the holed coin. It is viewed as a solution to preserve Pis Bolong's existence despite the currency no longer serving as a payment method. Through the Bali Heritage Trust, the officer made the standardized version of the new Pis Bolong, which is suggested to consist of the Pancadatu element. The first pioneer of Pancadatu-based Pis Bolong manufacture is UD. Kamasan, one of the home-industry businesses from Klungkung that supplies the needs of Pis Bolong on the island. Creativity in creating Pis Bolong handicraft products, in addition to elevating the current value of Pis Bolong, also acts as an effort of cultural preservation that reflects the local wisdom of the Balinese people.

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Spinks, Jennifer. "The Southern Indian “Devil in Calicut” in Early Modern Northern Europe: Images, Texts and Objects in Motion." Journal of Early Modern History 18, no. 1-2 (February 11, 2014): 15–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342383.

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Abstract For sixteenth-century Europeans, the so-called demon and idol known as the “devil in Calicut” vividly epitomized the town of Calicut on India’s Malabar coast. Ludovico di Varthema’s textual invention of the devil in 1510 was rapidly followed by a range of visual images that circulated in print. This article explores how and why the most persistent and vigorous images of this devil emerged from Reformation and Counter-Reformation northern Europe. It further proposes that aspects of the visual and material culture of southern India—and specifically metal sculptures and coins—should be mined in order to better understand the European creation of the “devil in Calicut” and its constant reinvention and circulation. The article argues that the devil maintained its polemical usefulness to a northern European world view in which the heresy of non-Europeans mattered a great deal, but so too did religious changes in Europe that were shaping views about idolatry, materiality, and the role of religious images.

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AS, Shabir. "Emergency Endoscopic Management of Pediatric Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Foreign Bodies: A North Indian Study." Gastroenterology & Hepatology International Journal 5, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ghij-16000172.

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Introduction: Ingestion of a foreign body (FB) is a common pediatric emergency seen in daily clinical practice all over. Scarce data on this problem is available from this part of the world. Methods: We present our experience over four years about the spectrum of foreign bodies presenting to a gastrointestinal endoscopy (GI) centre and their subsequent management. Data was collected from all consecutive patients with FB ingestion presenting to our endoscopy center from January 2015 to December 2018. The demographic data, clinical presentation and endoscopic management was reviewed and analyzed. Results: A total of 130 patients with suspected FB ingestion underwent endoscopic management. 130 FBs were found in 130 patients with suspected FB. Scarf pin was most common type seen in 69 % cases followed by coins in 10.7 % cases. Button battery was noted in 7.7 % patients. Most of the FBs were located in the stomach (69 %) followed by esophagus (13.8 %). The majority of patients (94.4 %) were successfully removed with flexible endoscopy with the addition of suitable devices without any serious procedure-related or anesthesia -related complications. Conclusion: In this part of the world the pattern and types of Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract foreign bodies in pediatric population is unique not seen elsewhere across the globe. Early endoscopic management was found to be highly safe and efficacious.

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Falk, Harry. "Two Dated Sātavāhana Epigraphs." Indo-Iranian Journal 52, no. 2-3 (2009): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/001972409x445924.

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AbstractThe length of reign of the individual Sātavāhana kings is often defined on the basis of the records of the Purānas. Contradictory as these records are, more reliable evidence is provided by dated documents of their time, which are, unfortunately, rare. A sealing re-interpreted here, shows that Sātakanni, starting the dynasty, lived for at least 30 years, in line with the Purānas who allot him 56 years. A dedicatory plaque from Kanganhalli is dated to the 35th year of Śrī-Pulumāvi, a date supported by a single line in the Matsyapurāna, which, however, has mixed several accounts into one, so that up to now a much shorter life-span for Vāsisthīputra Pulimāvi was expected. In addition, this epigraph presents evidence for a place otherwise only known through Ptolemy's list of Indian cities, and for the habit of buying in favour of the sangha by spreading out coins, as known from the much older story of Anāthapindada.

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M. S., Sudhakar Rao, and Deepak Karade. "A retrospective clinical study and management of ingested Indian currency coin found in the oesophagus among paediatric age group." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 5, no. 6 (October 23, 2019): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20194939.

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Background: Foreign body ingestion is a common event in children and carries significant morbidity and mortality. Indian currency coins are found to be the common ingested foreign bodies hence, to be treated accordingly.Methods: A 7 years retrospective review of 133 children diagnosed, admitted and managed for “ingested Indian currency coin” between January 2011 to December 2017 in the Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology and Head and Neck surgery, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari, Karnataka, India. A plain radiograph of the relevant views of neck and chest were taken to identify the foreign body. Results: There were 80 (60.2%) males and 53 (39.8%) females, ranging in age from 6 months to 15 years. Most of the patients 98 (73.7%) presented within 12 hours of the coin ingestion. 109 patients presented with one or more symptoms, common being vomiting 83 (62.4%). Coin was located mostly at the cricopharynx 111 (83.5%). Coin removal was possible using Macintosh laryngoscope and Magill’s forceps in 106 (79.7%) patients, and 27 (20.3%) patient’s required rigid oesophagoscope.Conclusions: Indian currency coin ingestion is commonly found in cricopharyngeal area of the oesophagus among preschool age group. The duration of retention of the foreign body, procedural time, hospital stay of the patient, diameter of the coin in both the genders have no impact on clinical outcome on retrieval of them.

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Shokoohy, Mehrdad. "Architecture of the Sultanate of Ma'bar in Madura, and other Muslim Monuments in South India." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1, no. 1 (April 1991): 31–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300000055.

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During the fourteenth century on the Travancore coast of South India an independent Muslim sultanate was established which lasted for less than half a century, and was eventually terminated by the newly established neighbouring kingdom of Vijayanagar. The short, brutal and enigmatic period of this sultanate has attracted the attention of a number of modern scholars who have tried to put together its history through study of the coins, a few inscriptions, and the brief, often dismissive remarks found in the North Indian histories, as well as, most informative of all, the travel account of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, who visited the region when the power of the sultanate was at its peak. However, none of these studies agrees even in the number and chronology of the sultans, let alone the details of the events: a confusion which is a direct result of the lack of adequate information at the present time. Under the circumstances it may appear presumptuous to embark on a description of the architectural monuments of this sultanate.

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Chandel, Ekta. "Performers and Sites of the Ashwamedha Yagya in Medieval India." Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal 23 (May 3, 2024): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.23.340.

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India has a very rich cultural history. The Ashwamedh Yagya, an important ritual and experiment from Vedic times, aimed to refine consciousness. Since the Vedic era, many Ashwamedha Yagyas have been performed. In light of scriptural texts and archaeological findings, the present study aimed to retrospectively analyze the performers and sites of the Ashwamedha Yagya in medieval India. The study found that 27 kings from 18 dynasties had performed a total of 81 documented Ashwamedha Yagyas from the 1st century BCE to the 18th century CE. Although the study tried to comprehensively identify all instances of Ashwamedha performed in medieval India, there may be more awaiting further study. The study observed that these findings were based on archaeological evidence, including copper plate inscriptions, stone inscriptions, brick and pillar inscriptions, yagya kunds, and coins. Ashwamedha sites were present throughout present-day India. An interdisciplinary approach combining archaeological, inscriptional, scriptural, and sociological findings, along with expertise from ritualistic scholars, could unveil new research directions on the rich history of Ashwamedha Yagya in Indian culture.

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bin Sauffi, Mohd Sherman, and Daniel Perret. "The Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient - Sarawak Museum Department Archaeological Project in Santubong." Sarawak Museum Journal LXXXII, no. 103 (December 1, 2019): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.61507/smj22-2019-vp4t-03.

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Archaeological research in Sarawak began just after the Second World War under the leadership of Tom Harrisson. As Curator of the Sarawak Museum since 1947, he began exploring the Sarawak River Delta, a 600 km area between Telaga Air in the northwest, Tanjung Sipang in the north, Tanjung Po in the northeast, Samarahan in the southeast and Kampung Makam in the southwest. It is the village of Santubong at the mouth of the Santubong River, one of the branches of the delta, that first caught Harrisson's attention because of observations and chance finds made there since the middle of the nineteenth century. Mention should be made of the famous Batu Gambar, an anthropomorphic sculpture in high relief on a rock at the Sungai Jaong site, rediscovered by a local in the 1880s, and near which was found a "Hindu" terracotta figurine, of carved stones reported at the beginning of the twentieth century on the neighbouring site of Bongkissam, "Indian character" pottery, as well as various objects in gold, Chinese coins and a few residues from ironworking (cf. especially Evans 1929).

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Skupniewicz, Patryk, and Katarzyna Maksymiuk. "The Warrior on Claps from Tillya Tepe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.215.

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Among the objects excavated in 1978 at the site of Tillya Tepe (Northern Afghanistan) by the Soviet-Afghan archaeological expedition led by Victor I. Sarianidi, the twin golden clasps from Burial III attract special and instant attention of any military historian or a researcher of ancient arms and armour. The identity of the personage(-s) on the Tillya Tepe clasps has quite rarely been studied. Scholars are usually satisfied with a generic term a “warrior”. Kazim Abdullaev has identified the personage as Ares-Alexander. Jeannine Davis-Kimball has identified the personage as Enaree, the castrated priest of one of the epiphanies of Great Goddess. Patryk Skupniewicz supported the latter identification associating the personages from Tillya Tepe clasps with the North Indian, mainly Gandharan iconography of Skanda Kartikeya who, as a war-god, was an Indian equivalent of Ares. This article establishes the correspondence between the images on Tillya Tepe clasps with the representations of enthroned and armed goddesses which are quite common in the iconography related to the discussed clasps. The armed and enthroned goddess has been identified as the Iranian goddess Arshtat on Kushan coins. The warrior depicted on the golden clasps from Tillya Tepe should be interpreted as a portrayal of Arshtat, whose image was borrowed from the iconography of Athena. The goddess is shown seated on the throne with griffin-shaped legs known already in the Achaemenid times in the pose developed in the images in the late Hellenistic period, which is in line with the date of the entire site.

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Trivedi, Bimal. "COINAGE OF THE INDO-GREEKS CHALLENGES OF THE ANCIENTS AND THE SOLUTIONS IN THE MODERN WORLD." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2021-5-93-104.

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When Alexander had to leave his conquest of India midway, some of his generals stayed back to rule the conquered north-west India the part which was known as Bactria. These Kings and generals held sway and minted their coins with pure Hellenistic motifs, scripts/legends, and styles. By the middle of the 2nd century BCE, by the inclusion of the Indian script Kharoshthi, Indian elements started appearing and became mainstream. Not only the legend but the weight standard was changed and the Indian standard was adopted. This was the most important change. Problems: The vast sum of Indo-Greek coinage has been unearthed so far but had remained under-studied for more than one reason. As it remains, the problem areas have remained unaddressed and unanswered. This has mainly happened due to the study of coinage in isolation far away from the find spots and devoid of stratigraphy and ignoring local knowledge of the subject. This situation has been aggravated by political turmoil and insulating archaeological finds and records by limiting the access combined with poor local scholarly work or absence of scientific approach due to poor economic conditions and access to modern methods and technology to approach, enhance, and understand the historically very important Indo-Greek coinage. Unfortunately, Indo-Greek coinage study is clubbed with Hellenistic outlook and mostly aggravated by vogue historicity. Scope of Study: This paper highlights challenges in studying Indo-Greek coinage and other factors that have not been addressed and difficulties in the way of scholarly pursuit. A modern tech-driven approach is recommended for addressing the challenges. Scientific Evaluation: A more technology-driven approach to study the Indo- Greek coinage will unravel the mysteries and remove the historical blind spots. Exclusively treating the subject of Indo-Greek coinage and thus providing recognition it deserves as unique, de-bracketed from Hellenistic coinage. Conclusions: The modern technology-driven data management scientifically adopted archaeological exploration and excavation paired with the latest Information Technology tools including the use of social media platforms can be networked effectively to build up a fresh modern repository of findings that will help historians, archaeologists, scholars, students, and numismatists/collectors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Indian Coins'

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